deriba thesis defence. pdf

7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF

1/54

AMBO UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIESINSTITUTE OF COOPERATIVES AND DEVELOPMENT

STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF COOPERATIVES

29/06/2011


2/54

By: Deriba Mekonnen

Advisor: Dr. J. Subramani

East Shoa Zone,

Oromia Reginal State

June, 2011

Ambo, Ethiopia


3/54

Background

To enhance the productivity of agriculture, farmers have to

have access to improved seeds of the right type, at the right

time, at the right place, at a reasonable price and with right-

size seed packages.

For the supply of such seeds, the informal seed sector and theformal seed system have per amount role to play in

developing countries like Ethiopia. (Alemu, 2010)

29/06/2011


4/54

Statement of the problem Agriculture remains an important economic sector inmany developing countries. It is a source of growth and a

potential source of investment opportunities for the

private sector. (World Bank 2005)

As the main producer of certified seed, Ethiopian Seed

Enterprise (ESE) currently provides less than 5% of

national seed requirement. The bulk of seed used

nationwide is farm saved from harvests of previouscrops, a practice that has existed for centuries. (ESE, 2005)

29/06/2011


5/54

cont ---

Seed of improved varieties is a costly input and veryscarce in the case of cereal seeds in Africa.

There remains a large gap between the cereal seeddemand and seed supply resulting in low area coverage

by the improved varieties in these crops. The problem is further emphasized by the low seed

multiplication ratio in cereal crops.

Therefore, unless enterprising and progressive farmers,

agro dealers, cooperatives and NGOs come forward totake up formal/informal seed production, this situationis likely to remain unchanged. (Mugai, 2010)

29/06/2011


6/54

Objectives

General Objective

The general objective of the study is to analyze the role of actors involved

in local seed multiplication activities facilitated by Lume Adama Farmers

Cooperative Union (LAFCU).

Specific Objectives

1. To examine the supportive activities extended by LAFCU to its memberaffiliates for local seed multiplication.

2. To analyze factors affecting farmers participation in local seed

multiplication facilitated by LAFCU.

3. To assess the state of pre and post local seed multiplication activities

performed by cooperatives and farmers.

4. To study the challenges and prospects of local seed multiplication

activity in the study area.

29/06/2011


7/54

Research Questions

1. What are the supportive activities extended by LAFCU to its

member affiliates for local seed multiplication?

2. What factors affecting farmers participation in local seed

multiplication facilitated by LAFCU?

3. What are the state of pre and post local seed multiplication

activities performed by cooperatives and farmers?

4. What are the challenges and prospects of local seed

multiplication activity in the study area?

29/06/2011


8/54

Significance of the Study

Since no such work has been undertaken in this area, the

study result might initiate other researchers to conduct

different research works from different perspectives, which

may contribute for the enhancement of agricultural

production and marketing.

It also helps institutions interested in the establishment,

development and well performing agricultural cooperatives in

Ethiopia.

It would also be a useful reference for researchers and other

personnel interested in the area of study.

29/06/2011


9/54

This research work was carried out on LAFCU and its affiliatedprimary cooperatives as well their individual members that are found

in one Woreda of the three Woredas of the Unions working area.

The study covered five years data on seed multiplication activities

starting from 2006 to 2010.

Other institutions that were incorporated in this particular study

were Cooperative Promotion Offices, Agriculture Offices, Agricultural

Research Institutes and NGOs were the major ones.

Due to time and financial constraints, it was out of the reach of the

researcher to include all cooperative unions in the region.

Therefore, the study was limited to this pioneer union that has an

ample experience in agricultural technology dissemination and large

potential in the future.

Scope and limitation of the study

29/06/2011


10/54

Related Literature Reviewed

The concepts of cooperatives Definition of Cooperatives

Definition of seed

The Ethiopian seed system

History and evolution of the Ethiopian seed sector Recent efforts to build a vibrant seed sector

Seed production and management

Seed Marketing

Nature of seed marketing The role of quality control and certification with

respect to farmers multiplied seed

The potentials and limitations of farmers based seed

multiplication 29/06/2011


11/54

Conceptual framework

Role of actors

in local seed

multiplication

Other supportive

wings/actors Agriculturaloffices, Research institutes,

cooperative promotion offices

and NGOs

Provide technical services

Dissemination of new varieties

Training on behavior of specific

crop seeds

Demographic and socio-

economic factors

Age, sex, marital status

Education levelFarming land owned

Capacity to purchase

input on cash

Farming experience

Individual farmers

Land preparationSowing

Crop production

practices

Marketing

Sharing experience

Primary Cooperative

Select model farmers

Provide other inputs

Procure grains from

member farmers

Cooperative Union

Training

Provision of seeds

and other agri-inputs

Collection

Processing

Dissemination

29/06/2011


12/54

Research MethodologyDescription of the study area

The study was conducted in Lume Adama FarmersCooperative Union that was established as the firstcooperative union in the country by four primarycooperatives societies holding 3,975 individual farmers inLume Woreda of Eastern Showa Zone in 1997, with theinitial total capital of Birr 150,000.

At present the Union has 33 primary coop > 23,000individual farmers, 3w

Currently the total capital of the union reached more

than 20 million. It is located in the central part of the country at 70 km

South East of Addis Ababa.


13/54

Map of the study area

3. Study area

1. Ethiopia

2. Oromia

29/06/2011


14/54

Sampling design

1st

one cooperative union which was selectedpurposely due to it is pioneer cooperative union in

the country and in implementing local seed

multiplication activities respectively.

2nd one woreda was selected purposively again for

the research being major production area in the

operational area.

3

rd

three primary cooperatives were selected from 14primary cooperative societies in selected woreda

based on their year of membership and participation

in seed multiplication activities facilitated by the

union. 29/06/2011


15/54

n = Z2. p. q. N

e2 (N-1) +p.q.N Where

n = Sample sizeZ = 95% Confidence interval under normal curve (1.96)

e = acceptable error term (0.05) /standard error

p = Sample proportionN= population size

q =1-p

n = 139

29/06/2011

Random sampling techniques was used to select the individual participants from each

of three cooperative societies after n is calculated by using the following formula

(Kothari, 2004)


16/54

Distribution of individual respondents, FGD and KI

Name of

coop

Members Respondents

Male Female Total Male Female Total

Dibandiba 1488 108 1596 56 5 61

Ejere 1064 127 1191 41 5 46

Dhekabora 738 98 836 28 4 32

Total 3290 333 3623 125 14 139

Distribution of individual respondents by sample cooperatives

29/06/2011


17/54

Key informant and focus group discussion

Tool Type of groups Person

Key informants

(KIs)

Woreda Agri-Office 3

Woreda coop PO 2

DAs 3

Coop employees 3

Researchers 2

Sub total 13

FGDs Current MCs 12Former MCs 9

Sub total 21

29/06/2011


18/54

Types and sources of data

Both primary and secondary types of data were

used.

Primary data were collected from sampled

respondents, FGDs & KIs The secondary data were also collected from

cooperative union, primary cooperatives,

cooperative promotion office, agricultural

development office, agricultural research institutes,

and other recorded documents.

29/06/2011


19/54

Method of data collection

A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches

was employed to collect data.

Primary data were collected from sample respondents by

using questionnaire assisted personal interview, which

were designed to generate data on some social,institutional and economic variables.

FGDs and KIs from different groups was also used.

29/06/2011


20/54

Method of data analysis

The study used both qualitative and quantitativemethods of data analysis.

In addition analytical methods such as correlation and

regression were employed to analyze the data and make

the inferences.

SPSS Version 19 was employed for correlation and

regression analysis.

29/06/2011


21/54

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. The supportive activities extended by Lume Adama FarmersCooperative Union to its member affiliates for local seed multiplication.

4.1.1. Local Seed Multiplication Activity of the Union

LAFCU began the supply of agricultural inputs both fertilizers andimproved seeds since1997 when the union was established.

The objective of the establishment of the union was to solve the problemsof these major agricultural inputs which could not be solved by theexisting primary cooperatives and to increase the bargaining power ofthose cooperatives in other aspects.

As per the discussion made with senior cooperative experts, there werestrong debates among officials and cooperative experts on theestablishment of LAFCU.

According to this information from those senior experts the contributionof Haile Gebre, the former General Director of Federal Cooperative Agencywas remarkable not only in the establishment of LAFCU but also inbringing change to cooperative movement in Ethiopia.

29/06/2011


22/54

The founders of LAFCU, the 1st cooperative union in

Ethiopia led by Ato Haile Gabre

29/06/2011

Source: Photo Album of the Union


23/54

Seed multiplication steps and flows

As it is indicated in the following diagram, the main source of basic seed is research centers.

The basic seeds developed in research centers are distributed to cooperative union and otheractors like SE, NGOs and Private PLC for re-multiplication and commercialization of those

seeds.

The basic seeds once submitted to the said actors and multiplied become certified seeds

(C1,C2) based on the existing conditions like favorable climate, seed types and varieties.

The union distributes basic seeds received from research centers to few selected farmers for

multiplication.

It again purchases the multiplied seeds, processes and redistributes to larger farmers . It also

purchases certified seeds from Seed Enterprises, NGOs, PLCs and other cooperative unions.

The union may also sells certified seeds to other actors when it collected in excess from its

members.

Finally, it purchases seeds which are converted to grains from farmers and sells to other

actors like processors, exporters, World Food Program (WFP) and Ethiopia CommodityExchange (ECX).

29/06/2011


24/54

Sources of basic seeds

Sources of certified seeds

Seed enterprises

NGOs,

PLCs and other cooperative unions

Few Farmers

Union

Large Farmers

Processors

Exporters

WFP

ECX

Research Centers

Source: Researchers own design

29/06/2011

Seed course from source up to destination


25/54

Demographic and socio-economic xlcs of respondents

54.7% were in adult age group 90% were male

> 90% were married

25.9% read and write and again similar percent have

attended secondary education HH size was 6.63 person in average

38% have 5-10 years of membership in coop

Owned 4.19 oxen in average

Owned 2.46 donkeys in average Owned 2.35 ha of land in average

43% have 3-6 yrs of experience on local seed muln.

29/06/2011


26/54

Other Factors affecting the seed production practices in the area

Types of input Frequency Percent

Fertilizer 29 20.9

Chemicals 5 3.6

Both fertilizer and chemicals 90 64.7

Others too 15 10.8

Total 139 100.0

Source of fertilizer

Cooperative 81 58.3

Traders 12 8.6

1 and 2 34 24.5

Others 12 8.6

Total 139 100.0

Source of chemical

Cooperatives 36 25.9

Traders 65 46.8

1 and 2 above 30 21.6

Others 8 5.8

Total 139 100.0Source: Own survey result, 201129/06/2011


27/54

Reasons for purchasing inputs from cooperative and

preconditions to get credit from cooperatives

Reasons Frequency PercentCredit provision 19 13.7No other source provide sufficient amount 33 23.7Lower price 65 46.8To get patronage funds 3 2.2All of the above 19 13.6Total 139 100.0

Precondition to get credit from cooperativesMembership 73 52.5Personal guarantee 2 1.4Agricultural land 19 13.7Group guarantee 1 0.7All of the above 10 7.21 and 3 above 34 24.5

Total 139 100.0Capacity to purchase input in cash

Yes 123 88.5No 16 11.5Total 139 100.0

Source: Own survey result, 201129/06/2011


28/54

4.1.5. Factors affecting farmers participation in local seed

multiplication facilitated by LAFCU

In this study, members participation in local seed multiplicationwas assumed, as it has no difference among members.

It was tried to identify the relation and the significance ofmembersparticipation in local seed multiplication and members personaland household data using statistical methods such as regression

and correlation. Based on this, number of family size, amount of cultivated land,

Capacity to purchase input on cash, and number of oxen ownedfound statistically significant at P = 0.05 significance level and alsopositively correlated with members participation in local seedmultiplication.

Other variables like age of the member, sex of the member,educational level, marital status and years of cooperativemembership found to have no significant relation to participation inlocal seed multiplication.

29/06/2011


29/54

Correlations

Selected variablesAge of

respondents

Sex of

respondents

Marital status

of respondent

Education

level of

respondents

Years of

Cooperative

Membership

Total birr gained

from seed

Age of respondents Pearson

Correlation

1 .077 -.235(**) -.455(**) .594(**) .005

Sex of respondentsPearsonCorrelation

.077 1 .176 -.294(**) .68 .92

Marital status of

respondents

Pearson

Correlation

-.235(**) .176 1 .135 -.142 -.127

Education level of

respondents

Pearson

Correlation

-.455(**) -.294(**) .135 1 -.489 -.068

Years of Cooperative

Membership

Pearson

Correlation

.594(**) .068 -.142 -.489(**) 1 .084

Total birr gained from

seeds

Pearson

Correlation

.005 -.092 -.127 -.068 .084 1

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 23. Correlation result for insignificant variables

for members participation in local seed multiplication

Source: Own survey result, 2011

29/06/2011


30/54

Correlations

Selected variables

Family size Land owned

Capacity to

purchase input

on cash

Number of

oxen owned

Total birr gained

from seed

Family size Pearson

Correlation

1 .288(**) .090 .398(**) .331(**)

Land owned Pearson

Correlation

.288(**) 1 .065 .769(**) .608(**)

Capacity to purchase input

on cash

Pearson

Correlation

.090 .065 1 .127 .192(*)

Number of oxen owned Pearson

Correlation

.398(**) .769(**) .127 1 .471(**)

Total birr gained from seed Pearson

Correlation

.331(**) .608(**) .192(*) .471(**) 1

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 24. Correlation result for significant variables for

members participation in local seed multiplication

Source: Own survey result, 2011

29/06/2011


31/54

Table 25. Regression result of selected variables for

members participation in local seed multiplication

Mode

1 R R Square

Adjusted

R Square

STD. ErrorOf the

Estimate

1

.687 .471 .428 1249.9292

a Predictors: (Constant), Number of Oxen for cultivation,

Age of the Member, Capacity to purchase input on cash,Sex of the Member, Marital Status of the Member, Family

Size of the Member, Educational Level of the Member,

Years of Cooperative Membership, Total cultivable land.

29/06/2011


32/54

Correlations

Selected variablesUnstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t

Sig.

B Std.Error Beta

Constant -144.684 1190.781 -.122 .904

1 Age of respondents -5.387 15.138 -.033 -.356 .723

2 Sex of respondents -19.872 378.359 -.004 -.053 .958

3 Marital status of

respondents

-68.283 186.437 -.028 -.366 .715

4 Education level of

respondents

99.618 127.401 .071 .782 .436

5 Years of Cooperative

Membership

-29.527 17.099 -.166 -1.727 .087

6 Family size 168.106 52.988 .266 3.173 .002**

7 Land owned 385.637 62.702 .681 6.150 .000**

8 Capacity to purchase input

on cash

541.831 273.782 .141 1.979 .050**

9 Number of oxen owned -69.992 87.847 -.095 -.095 .427

A Dependent Variable: Total Birr from participating in local seed multiplicationThe regression result of Table 25. Shows that participation of sampled members in

local seed multiplication is significant at significance level of 0.05 and explained

by variables such as family size, total farm land owned and capacity to purchase

input on cash.

Coefficients (a)

29/06/2011


33/54

4.2. The state of pre and post local seed multiplication activities

performed by cooperatives and member farmers

Actors in local seed multiplication are expected to play

respective role in local seed multiplications facilitated by

LAFCU

The role of different actors are discussed as follows based on

data from MoU and Discussion made with FGDs and KI

29/06/2011


34/54

4.2.1 Role of actors in local seed multiplication

facilitated by cooperative union

Actors such as farmers, primary cooperatives, the union,Agriculture Office, Cooperative Promotion Office,Research Centers, Seed Enterprises and NGOs.

In addition to the above actors insurance companies are

providing crop insurance product coverage for seedmultiplying farmers which was facilitated by the union.

They all are working together to assist the productionand productivity of the agricultural sector, which is theengine for all other sectors in the country.

According to the MoU developed by these actors anddiscussion made with FGDs and KI, have their own rolesto play.

29/06/2011


35/54

Farmers

Primary coops

Coop Union

Agricultural offices at different levels Research centers

29/06/2011

Role of Actors


36/54

4.2.2 Post-seed multiplication activities performed by the union

4.2.2.1. Collection of multiplied seeds

29/06/2011


37/54

4.2.2.2. Processing of collected seeds

Source: photo from union, 2011

29/06/2011


38/54

The seeds once cleaned will be packed with

different sizes in kg (mostly 30kg and 50kg) with

small labeling and stored for next crop season.29/06/2011

Storing


39/54

4.3. Challenges and opportunities of local seed

multiplication by LAFCU

4.3.1. Benefits of participating in local seed multiplication by

farmers

38.8% raised high yield is the benefits the other benefits were

priority to other inputs and high price

29/06/2011


40/54

According to FGDS and KI,

Cooperatives lack skilled man power and materials to process, grade, pack andtransport seeds collected from producer farmers that has limited the role of

cooperative in seed multiplication.

Reluctance of the union in taking action when farmers faced seed problem

The union has not served its members to its full capacity

Weather problem has dual influence on seed multiplying farmers

Delay in distribution of seed on time and setting the price

Inadequacy of seed distributed and other allied inputs

Absence of agronomists at union level to assist the seed multiplication work

technically Lack of appropriate storage place and modern cleaning machines

Shortage of credit extended for seed multiplication project by the government

In addition > 40% respondents raised quantity problem

Problems/challenges of local seed multn

29/06/2011


41/54

Solutions recommended by FGDs, KI Looking for sources of seeds before the coming of the sowing time.

Seeing seed quality in terms of purity, germination percentage andvariety.

Allocating resources ( as agronomists, storage place and processing

materials).

Special storage should be arranged along with packing materials both

before and after processing of seed.

Farmers needs the guidance of DA and other technical bodies.

Agricultural office should recruit, capacitate and control very carefully the

seed multiplying farmers.

Research institutes should introduce productive seed varieties on time

and in required quantity.

> 44% respondents said union should solve the problem.

29/06/2011


42/54

The operational area of the union is in the central part ofthe country where multiple options are there as sources ofdifferent seeds required by the member farmers.

Availability of two national research institutions.

The ample experience gained in being the pioneercooperative union in distributing agricultural technologies.

Extension of crop insurance policy schemes developed byNISCO and OIC to overcome uncertainties.

Allocation of some budget by the government for seed

multiplication activity. GTP

4.3.4. Opportunities for LAFCU to facilitate local seed

multiplications

29/06/2011


43/54

5.1. Conclusions

GTP laid down by the country, increasingagricultural productivity using modern

agricultural input plays a vital role. Among the important agricultural inputs, seed

took the major place.

To improve the use of improved seed, ensuring

the supply of standard quality at the requiredquantity, at the right time and at fair price isdecisive.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

29/06/2011


44/54

Cont---

Different literatures reviews made in developing

countries including Ethiopia emphasized on farmersbased seed multiplications by cooperatives as the mainalternative seed source.

Seed multiplication by cooperatives can be considered asa means to generate additional income or even analternative to specialize on as an income generatingactivity.

The large amount of seeds multiplied by the farmers inthe area during past five years was wheat followed bychick pea. Teff and lentil were found to be the least seedmultiplied in the area.

29/06/2011


45/54

Cont--- The main reason for the establishment of LAFCU was for

distribution of agricultural inputs mainly Fertilizers andimproved Seeds.

Wheat, Chick pea and Teff were found to be the majorseeds multiplied by the farmers in the study arearespectively.

Majority of the farmers purchase input from cooperativesbecause of their low price and again most of the farmershave the capacity to purchase input on cash.

From all demographic and socio-economic factors familysize, land owned, capacity to purchase input on cash and

number of oxen owned were found to positively correlatewith farmers use of improved seed from factors affectingfarmers participation in local seed multiplication.

29/06/2011


46/54

Cont---

Farmers, primary cooperatives, and Union were the major actors playing

different role in local seed multiplication activities in the studyarea. Agricultural Offices, Cooperative Promotion Offices, ResearchInstitutes, Seed Enterprises and NGOs are the other supporting wings.

Processors, ECX, WFP and Exporters were the final actors for which seedconverted to grains will be targeted by farmers and their cooperatives.

Agricultural insurance is the other best technology option to transfer

natural risk of seed multiplication activity in the study area. Collection, storing, processing and dissemination of seed were the post

seed multiplication activities performed by LAFCU.

Inadequacy of seed quantity, poor quality, problem of weather condition,weak linkage between primary cooperatives and union, absence ofagronomists and special service storage at union level, delay in setting

price of seed multiplied and unfair selection of farmers were the majorchallenges of local seed multiplication found in the study area.

29/06/2011


47/54

5.2. Recommendations

Based on the research findings of this study, the following points arerecommended to improve farmers participation in multiplicationof seed and overall supply of seed in the area.

Farmers based seed multiplication by cooperative has to bestrengthened since it has vital role in minimizing shortage of seedand increasing agricultural productivity.

The involvement of cooperative has positive impact inincreasing the bargaining power of farmers and to get marketinformation and materials as well as technical support whichare difficult to own individually like seed cleaning machine andstandard storage for seed.

But due to lack of skilled man power and other importantresource, it is difficult to conclude that they were givingeffective and efficient service to seed producing memberfarmers.

29/06/2011


48/54

Cont ---

The union should serve its farmer members with its full capacity

and fairly in both provision of basic seeds and collection ofmultiplied seeds at the right time and reasonable price.

Primary cooperatives should be strengthened to create bothupward and downward linkage as major intermediary betweenfarmers and the union.

Clear and transparent MoU should be developed and dully signedamong actors in local seed multiplication to insure activeparticipation of all concerned.

Crop insurance technology began in the area needs to be extendedto member farmers with the initiative of the union to protectmember farmers in general and seed multiplying farmers in

particular from natural disasters. Cooperatives are important actors in facilitating local seed

multiplication and can contribute a lot in minimizing the seedshortage of the country and boost agricultural production andproductivity, if responsible organizations pay attention tostrengthen and make use of them.

29/06/2011


49/54

29/06/2011

Farmers


50/54

Preparing farm land which is managed very well in advance and cangive good production of expected seed.

Purchasing basic seeds from the union or cooperatives according to

the price set by the concerned body. Sowing seeds according to the recommendations of the respective

development agents with other recommended inputs.

Taking necessary crop production practices such as weeding orusing herbicides and pesticides recommended for specific crop.

Protecting seeds from mixing with other crop both on field and ontrashing field by using separation means at field and preparingtrashing place very carefully.

Selling harvested seeds directly to the union according to the priceagreed and determined by the concerned body (which will bementioned on the agreement made between farmers and the union

in collaboration with Woreda agricultural office). Seeds multiplying farmers are expected to share their experience to

other farmers who are supposed to buy seeds multiplied by them.

Primary Coops


51/54

Primary cooperatives have little contribution inseed multiplication but they indirectly contribute

in providing other inputs like fertilizer and inrecruiting model farmers for seed multiplicationactivity.

They purchase seeds which are converted into

grain from the farmers by using the creditarranged by the union.

They serve as channels for upward and

downward linkage between farmers and union indistributing inputs to and procuring outputs frommember farmers.

Coop Union


52/54

Identifying the seed demand of member farmers and seeds that suit bothclimate of the area and have high market demand.

Cooperative union will search for sources of basic seed in collaborationwith agricultural office.

The union provides the available seeds to farmers on time through theirprimary cooperatives.

Providing other inputs that assist the success of seed multiplicationactivity.

Preparation of storage place and packing materials for seeds multipliedthat need to be redistributed to other farmers after processing.

Purchasing/procuring multiplied seeds from farmers on time and atreasonable/agreed price.

Performing processing activities such as cleaning, packaging, storing andredistributing quality seeds to other farmers in order to increase theproduction of the area.

Supply of other agricultural inputs like quality herbicides, pesticides,

animal drugs and other small agricultural equipments. Consumer goods/industrial products such as sugar, soap, food oil and fuel

oil if possible.

Agricultural offices


53/54

The agriculture office through its structure at different levels isexpected to contribute much effort in assisting local seedmultiplication facilitated by the cooperative union.

Development agents at kebele level follow, assist and give specialattention to the day to day activities of the farmers involved in localseed multiplication. They are aware of the capacity and demand ofeach farmer under their jurisdiction.

Agricultural offices existing at zonal and beyond provide capacitybuilding activities such as training, allocation of budget for seed

multiplication activity in addition to searching for sources of basicseeds and other allied technologies assisting such activity.

Arranging research centers and Farmers Training Centers (FTC) fornew agricultural technology demonstration.

Allocation of necessary technicians assisting this activity whenneeded.

Arranging field days whereby the experience of well performingfarmers will be demonstrated on field.

Research Institutes


54/54

Both the national and regional research

centers are working on producing basic andpre-basic seeds which can be commercialized

by seed enterprises and other actors like

cooperatives etc.

They also produce agricultural tools and

equipments that assist modern farming.

Training farmers on the use and application of

new agricultural technologies.

deriba thesis defence. pdf

Documents