DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

MINERALOGY AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY DEPOSITS IN THESALT RANGE AND KALA CHITTA RANGE,

PUNJAB PROVINCE, PAKISTAN

Gene Whitney1 , Syed Qamar Abbas2 , and Kenneth Esposito 1

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-657

Report prepared jointly by the Geological Survey of Pakistan and the U.S. Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Agency for International Development.

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with the U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature.

1 U.S. Geological Survey, Box 25046, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225

2 Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan 54590

MINERALOGY AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY DEPOSITS IN THE SALT RANGE AND KALA CHITTA RANGE, PUNJAB PROVINCE, PAKISTAN

Gene Whitney, Syed Qamar Abbas, and Kenneth Esposito

INTRODUCTION

The Salt Range and Kala Chitta Range, Pakistan, contain many small deposits of laterite, bauxite, bentonite, and other economic clay deposits. Many of these deposits are located in remote and inaccessible areas and therefore have not been well studied or exploited. Others deposits have been very well characterized. The present examination of the clay deposits of the Salt Range and Kala Chitta Range was undertaken as part of a cooperative geological research program between the Geological Survey of Pakistan and the U.S. Geological Survey (Punjab Regional Framework Program), funded by the government of Pakistan and the U.S. Agency for International Development.

The purpose of this study is to provide an internally consistent mineralogical and thermal data set for a broad sampling of the clay deposits in the Salt Range and Kala Chitta Range, Punjab. Seventy-nine samples were collected from outcrop and mine exposures. Location of clay mineral leases obtained from the Directorate of Mineral Development are listed in Table 1 and are plotted on figures 1 through 5. These leases were used as a guide for field work and sampling. Clay types and the location of individual samples from the Salt Range are listed in Table 2. A brief description of each sample is included as Appendix I at the end of this report. Samples were analyzed in the U.S. Geological Survey's Clay Petrology Laboratory in Denver, Colorado. Some of the analyses were performed by the second author during his visit to the U.S. in November, 1989.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are deeply grateful to Mr. Hamid Perraiz Chughtai, Joint Director, Directorate of Mineral Development, and his staff in Lahore for their great assistance in locating mineral leases in the Salt Range. We are also grateful to Peter Warwick, Ned Noble, and their USGS/USAID staffs for their considerable administrative and logistical assistance.

GEOLOGY AND DESCRIPTIONS OF TEDS CLAY DEPOSITSIN THE SALT RANGE

The deposits studied in the Salt Range and Kala Chitta Range, north central Pakistan, include bentonite, fireclay, China clay, laterite, and bauxite. In this paper we will follow the convention of referring to kaolinitic clay deposits according to their industrial use, rather than their specific mineralogy. Because all past work has followed this convention, comparison with previous studies is

more convenient. Initial classification of each deposit was based on mineral lease information kindly provided by the Directorate of Mineral Development in Lahore.

Bentonite:Bentonites are layers of various thickness composed mostly of smectitic

clay. These smectite-rich layers are the result of devitrification and alteration of volcanic glass in an aqueous environment. If ash was allowed to remain undisturbed during and after alteration, the resulting bentonite would be very pure smectite and would contain little or no grit. Generally, however, there has been some reworking of material subsequent to deposition and the bentonite is contaminated with sand and silt. This grit, along with organic contamination, may reduce the industrial value of bentonite. The bentonites examined in the Salt Range are all thin, usually less than 25 cm, and usually contain some contamination. The bentonites in the Salt Range lie almost exclusively within the Siwalik Group or Rawalpindi Group, primarily within the Nagri (Pliocene) and Kamlial (Miocene) Formations, which are exposed in the eastern and central Salt Range. These Tertiary rocks are highly disturbed at the eastern end of the Salt Range, making exposures of bentonite difficult to locate, discontinuous, and very difficult to mine. Bentonite occurrences in the central Salt Range and Potwar Plateau near Chinji village are more flat-lying, but remain thin and difficult to exploit because of thick overburden.

Fireclay:Fireclay is clay material composed primarily of kaolinite (generally poorly

ordered), but contains significant amounts of mineral impurities, particularly illite. Fireclay is used in low-grade refractory materials such as building brick, fire brick, tile, or stoneware. Fireclay is found predominantly in the Patala Formation (Paleocene) throughout the Salt Range. It is of sedimentary origin and is generally associated with coal. In some cases, the coal underclay is mined as fireclay. Some clay deposits in the Datta Formation (Lower Jurassic) have been classified as fireclay, but these materials are commonly shale or mudstone and are very impure.

China clay:China clay is another kaolinite-rich clay product, but it is generally pure

white kaolinite and does not contain the mineral and organic impurities that contaminate fireclay. China clay is used primarily for fine ceramics and for paper filler and coating. It generally forms by residual weathering or by hydrothermal alteration. Although Pakistan contains some significant China clay deposits in the Swat Valley, the Salt Range China clays are very limited in extent and of lower quality than the Swat clays. The only deposits classified as China clay in the Salt Range are tan to brown, though they are composed of fairly pure kaolinite.

Laterites and bauxites:Laterites and bauxites are the most widespread and distinctive of the clay

deposits in the Salt Range. Laterites are severely leached and weathered soils which consist primarily of hydrous oxides of iron and aluminum. Bauxite is a particular type of laterite in which aluminum has been concentrated and iron

depleted. Generally, Salt Range laterite profiles contain both iron-rich and iron- depleted zones. These lithologies are easy to identify in the field because of their bright white, red, and yellow colors. They are rarely of great volume or extent, being limited to a few meters in length or width on outcrop. Laterite in the Salt Range is commonly found in the basal Tertiary unit, the Hangu Formation (Paleocene). These laterites are sometimes, but not always, at the unconformity between Tertiary and Mesozoic or between Tertiary and Paleozoic rocks.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Clay samples were analyzed for mineralogy and thermal properties. Mineralogy was determined by grinding each sample in a ball mill until the powder passed a 200 mesh screen. Random specimen mounts were made of the resulting powder and analyzed using a Siemens D-500 automated X-ray diffractometer. Mineral composition was determined by comparison of data with the JCPDS mineral data file, and is listed in Table 3.

Thermogravimetric analysis was performed using a Perkin-Elmer TGS-2 thermogravimetric analyzer, automated with a Macintosh Ilti computer, MacADIOS interface hardware, and LabVIEW software. Ten milligrams of each powdered sample was heated at 20 °C per minute from 25 °C to 1000 °C in nitrogen atmosphere. Weight loss was accurately measured by monitoring the microbalance during heating, and the temperature of each weight loss event was accurately determined by identification of peaks on the first-derivative of the weight loss curve. Thermogravimetric analyses are included in Appendix II.

SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS

Bentonites from the Nagri Formation near Jalalpur (PK 2 and PK 3) are nearly pure smectite with only minor amounts of quartz (Figure 6). This material occurs in near-vertical veins 20 to 35 cm thick and is currently being mined by hand by local laborers. This highly smectitic material displays typical thermal behavior, losing almost 15% of its weight below 200 °C, but losing only an additional 5% between 200 °C and 1000 °C (Sample PK-89-3 in Appendix II),

Fireclay in the Salt Range is composed chiefly of kaolinite, with lesser amounts of anatase, quartz, mica, and sulfate minerals (Figure 7). The highly kaolinitic fireclays exhibit distinctive thermal behavior losing very little weight from adsorbed moisture below 200 °C, but losing approximately 13-14% of their weight in a single dehydroxylation event at about 550 °C (Sample PK-89-57 in Appendix II).

Bauxites and laterites vary widely in their mineralogical composition, depending upon the position in the weathering horizon from which the sample was taken, the composition of the parent rock, and the specific nature of the weathering conditions under which the weathered material formed (e.g., the lack or abundance of organic matter). Laterites are enriched in Fe-bearing minerals formed under oxidizing conditions. These include hematite, goethite, lepidocrotite, and a variety of amorphous Fe-oxides and oxy-hydroxides. The more aluminous varieties (bauxites) are predominantly boehmite, kaolinite, and gibbsite (Figure 8), but may contain a large number of minor phases such as

anatase, calcite, and Fe-minerals. The thermal behavior of these complex mixtures of minerals is likewise complex and TGA analysis reveals a number of weight loss events. For example, bauxite from the Salt Range (Sample PK-89-38 in Appendix II) exhibits a double weight-loss event around 300 °C which corresponds to goethite and/or lepidocrocite dehydroxylation. Boehmite and kaolinite both break down at around 550 °C, so a large dehydroxylation event is seen there. At higher temperatures, calcite and sulfates decrepitate. The weight loss associated with the breakdown of calcite and loss of C02 is at about 700 °C.

Bauxites and fireclays of the Kala Chitta Range differ mineralogically from those in the Salt Range. Instead of boehmite and gibbsite, which dominate the Salt Range bauxites, the Kala Chitta Range samples are composed primarily of diaspore and bayerite (Figure 9). Anatase persists, but no carbonates were identified in the Kala Chitta Range bauxites. Rather, sulfates were common. In addition, the Fe-rich laterites in the Kala Chitta Range contained foliated hematite rather than massive goethite or lepidocrocite observed in the Salt Range samples.

CLAYS AS INDICATORS OF THERMAL REGIME

Clays and related oxide and hydroxide minerals may serve as sensitive indicators of diagenetic or metamorphic grade. In the present context, both smectitic bentonites and the laterite/bauxite horizons enriched in Fe- and Al- hydroxides may be used as indicators of thermal regime.

When smectite is exposed to temperatures in excess of about 60 °C, it begins to react toward illite via an interstratified intermediate phase (Hoffinan and Hower, 1979; Whitney and Northrop, 1988). Absence of a reaction in smectitic materials ordinarily indicates that the rocks have never been heated above 60 °C for any length of time. Bentonites in both the Salt Range and in the Kala Chitta Range remain smectitic; there is no sign of reaction. This lack of diagenetic reaction confirms what is accepted about the geology of these rocks, that neither the Salt Range bentonites nor the Kala Chitta Range bentonites have experienced deep burial or high temperatures. Though the Salt Range bentonites are highly deformed, their presence in the young molasse sediments of the Tertiary Siwalik Group suggests that they have never been buried for geologically long periods of time at elevated temperatures. In the Kala Chitta Range, the bentonites actually occur just north of the range itself, lying within very young and undeformed fluvial sediments. There is clearly no evidence for significant burial or smectite diagenesis in the Kala Chitta Range bentonites. Thus, the bentonites simply indicate a lack of burial and consequent heating.

A comparison of mineral composition of bauxites and laterites from the Salt Range (boehmite + gibbsite) and Kala Chitta Range (diaspore) allows us to compare the thermal histories of the two environments in a general way. The Al- hydroxides in bauxites, which form at low temperature (25°C, weathering conditions), are primarily gibbsite and boehmite. Though diaspore has been reported in low-temperature environments, it is more commonly associated with high temperatures. Thermal alteration of bauxite causes the gibbsite and boehmite to react to diaspore. The precise transition temperature is a matter of debate and depends upon several variables, but the reaction of gibbsite to boehmite occurs near 120 °C, and the reaction of boehmite to diaspore normally occurs

between 200 °C and 300 °C (Valeton, 1972). Furthermore, the transition from goethite to hematite occurs near 100 °C. These reactions are too complex to use as simple or precise geothermometers, but the presence of diaspore indicates metamorphism of the buried and deformed bauxites in the Kala Chitta Range, when compared to equivalent rocks in the Salt Range (e.g., the Jurassic Datta Formation).

SUMMARY

The deposits of clay in the Salt Range and Kala Chitta Range, north central Pakistan, are commonly small and of local economic value. They consist of bentonite deposits in Tertiary and Recent sediments, fireclay in Jurassic and Tertiary sediments, and bauxite/laterite primarily in Permian, Jurassic or Paleocene rocks. The bentonites are all highly smectitic, though commonly contaminated, and show no sign of burial metamorphic affects in either the Salt Range or in the area just north of the Kala Chitta Range. Evidence for burial metamorphism is seen in the bauxites and laterites through the reaction of low- temperature minerals such as gibbsite, boehmite and goethite to higher temperature minerals such as diaspore and micaceous hematite.

6

REFERENCESAbbas, S.H. and Hasan, M. (1984) Laterite/laterite-bauxite deposits of Karuli-Choa

Saiden Shah area, Salt Range, Jhelum district: Geological Survey of PakistanInformation Release No. 237.

Ali, S.T. and Shah, I. (1963) The bentonite resources of Pakistan: CENTOSymposium on Industrial Rocks and Minerals, Lahore, Pakistan, p.153-160.

Alauddin, M., Qaiser, M.A., Akhtar, S.M., and Khan, A.H. (1965) Mineralogy andchemistry of Dheri-Kot clays, Campbellpur (Attock) district, RawalpindiDivision, Punjab: Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 8, 343-346.

Ashraf, M., Ahmad, M., and Faruqi, F.A. (1976) Jurassic bauxite and kaolinitedeposits of Chhoi area, Kala Chitta Range, Punjab: The Geological Bulletin ofthe Punjab University 12, 41-54.

Ashraf, M., Chohan, N.A., and Faruqi, F.A. (1972) Bauxite and clay deposits in theKattha area, Salt Range, Punjab, West Pakistan: Economic Geology 67,103-110.

Ashraf, M., Qureshi, W., and Faruqi, F.A. (1972) Preliminary studies on theeconomic geology of bauxite/laterite deposits, Kattha area, Salt Range, Punjab,Pakistan: The Geological Bulletin of the Punjab University 9, 43-53.

Baqri, S.R.H. and Iqbal, N. (?) Distribution of clay minerals in Patala Shales, exposedat Nammal Gorge: Pakistan Museum of Natural History (P.S.F.), Islamabad.

Beg, M.A. and Faruqi, F.A. (1962) China clay from Salt Range area: Pakistan Journalof Scientific and Industrial Research 5, 91-93.

Cheema, M.R. (1974) Bauxite and clay deposits of part of the Kattha area, KhushabTehsil, Sargodha district, Punjab: Geological Survey of Pakistan InformationRelease No. 76.

Faruqi, F.A. (1966) Mineralogical and ceramic investigations on a high alumina clayfrom Skesar Hills: Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 9,146-149.

Faruqi, F.A. (1967) Clay minerals: Pakistan Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch 5, 542-549.

Faruqi, F.A. (1970) Mineralogical studies on some high alumina bauxitic clays fromSalt Range area: Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 13,185-188.

Faruqi, F.A. (1972) X-ray studies on two bauxitic ores from Kattha, Punjab: PakistanJournal of Scientific and Industrial Research 15, 131-133.

Hoffman, J., and Hower, J. (1979) Clay mineral assemblages as low grademetamorphic geothermometers: Application to the thrust faulted disturbedbelt of Montana, U.S.A.: in Aspects of Diagenesis, P.A. Scholle and P.R.Schluger, eds.,. Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 26, 55-79.

Hussain, T. and Khan, A.L. (1969) Fireclay deposits of Kalachitta Range, District ofCampbellpur, West Pakistan: Geological Survey of Pakistan, P.P.I. No. 89.

Hussain, T. and Naqvi, A.A. (1972) High alumina clay deposits of the PunjabProvince, Pakistan: Geological Survey of Pakistan Information Release No.59.

Hussain, T. and Sibghat, U. (1966) Interim geological report on fire clay deposits ofthe Salt Range: Geological Survey of Pakistan, P.P.I. No. 31.

Ibrahim, M., Rashid, A. Z., and Iqbal, M. P. (1975) A study of Kala-Chitta and SaltRange clays: Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research 27, 49-55.

Kazmi, A.H. and Safdar, M. (1962) Clay resources of West Pakistan: CENTOSymposium on Industrial Rocks and Minerals, Lahore, p. 120-131.

Khan, S.N. and Hussain, A. (1970) Mineralogy and physical properties of bauxite -high alumina clay deposits of Katha-Pail area, Tehsil Khushab District,Sargodha, Punjab: Geological Survey of Pakistan Information Release No. 37.

Khan, S.N. (1971) Bauxite and clay deposits of Chamban-Wala Mohar area, SargodhaDistrict (Punjab), Pakistan: Geological Survey of Pakistan InformationRelease No. 39.

Safdar, M., Hamid, A., and Naz, M. A. (1966) A study of a high alumina clay fromMusakhel: Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 9, 224-229.

Valeton, I. (1972) Bauxites: Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 226 pp. Whitney, G. and Northrop, H. R. (1988) Experimental investigation of the smectite

to illite reaction: Dual reaction mechanisms and oxygen-isotope systematics:Amer. Mineral. 73, 77-90.

8

APPENDIX 1SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS

PK-89-1: Bentonite.

Dark grey to black, soapy feel. Bentonite is 7" to 13" thick, pinching and swelling. Layer has undulating surface and lies within Nagri Formation (Pliocene) sandstone. Bentonitic material appears to be reworked but fairly pure. This sample was taken from a small mine (25* deep). Strike = N80°W, dip =45°NE.

PK-89- 2-3 Bentonite.

PK-89- 2: Dark grey bentonite PK-89- 3: Light grey bentonite

Samples taken from 90-100' deep mine near Jalalpur in the Shah Kamir area (43 H/6). Bentonite layer is 10" to 14" thick. The light grey portion of the bentonite is about 2" thick and appears to be primary. The thicker, dark grey layer above it appears to be reworked. Bentonite is in the Nagri Fm. and is underlain by a chocolate brown claystone and overlain by greenish grey siltstone. Strike = S80°W, dip = 52°SE.

PK-89- 4-10 Bauxite and laterite.

PK-89- 4: Massive, earthy red-brown lateritic materialPK-89- 5: Bauxitic material, massive grey matrix with brown pisolitesPK-89- 6: Bauxitic material, massive black matrix with brown pisolitesPK-89- 7: Red, massive, highly fractured lateritic materialPK-89- 8: Dark grey, brittle claystone with Fe-oxide stainingPK-89- 9: White, bleached, massive claystone with pink breccia-like

fragments PK-89- 10: Carbonate parent material, weathered, yellow-ochre staining

Outcrop is near Pind Savika (43 H/5). Some bauxite has been mined at this locale. The bauxite/laterite is in the Hangu Fm. (Paleocene), which has been faulted onto the younger Murree Fm. (Miocene) at this location. Strike = S60°E, dip = 50°SW.

PK-89-11-12 Fireclay

PK-89- 11: Fireclay, yellowish grey, limonite staining, carbonaceousstaining.

PK-89- 12: Reddish to yellowish grey, plastic, gypsiferous (?).

Samples were taken from an abandoned coal mine in the Waralah area, on the way to Kalarkahar (43 D/14). Samples are from the lower Patala Fm. (Paleocene). Mine is only 10-15' deep.

PK-89-13-17 Laterite

PK-89- 13: Soft, yellow-ochre layer, fissile with dark staining along laminae PK-89- 14: Light yellow-gray claystone with iron staining PK-89- 15: Ferruginous claystone, hematite veins and staining PK-89- 16: Pisolitic laterite (16* thick), massive and jointed PK-89- 17: Dark reddish-brown, friable silty ferruginous clay

Samples are from the Hangu Fm. lying between the Sardhai Fm. (Permian) and the Patala Fm. (Paleocene). Location is at Rakh Simbli, near Karuli (43 D/14). Taken from an abandoned mine. Dark red clay was formerly mined as fireclay. Strike = EW, dip = 60°S.

PK-89-18 China clay

PK-89- 18a: Massive gray or white, waxy, with some red hematite staining PK-89- 18b: (same as 18a)

Taken from a small abandoned adit near Rakhi Simbli about 0.5 mi. west of site of PK-89- 13-17 above. These samples lie downsection from the laterite/bauxite horizon of the Hangu Fm.

PK-89-19 Fireclay

PK-89- 19: Dull gray, waxy and friable clay layer

Samples were taken from the dump of a closed (locked) fireclay mine southwest of Rattuchah (43 H/2). Mine is in the Patala Fm. (Paleocene).

PK-89- 20-26 Laterite

PK-89- 20: White, massive waxy claystone with vertical hematite veinletsPK-89- 21: Dark red, pisolitic lateritePK-89- 22: Friable, variegated sandstone/siltstonePK-89- 23: Light gray, hematite stained, thinly bedded sandstonePK-89- 24: Massive white siltstone with 1 cm thick hematite veinsPK-89- 25: White sandstone with vertical hematite veinsPK-89- 26: Massive, yellow-white crossbedded sandstone, hematite stained

Samples are from a broadly excavated abandoned mining site one mile south of Wehali Zerin village (43 H/l). Laterite lies within the Hangu Fm. (Paleocene), which lies upon the Warchha Sandstone (Permian). Strike = EW, dip = 10°S.

PK-89- 28 Fireclay

PK-89- 28: Dark green, massive, waxy clay

Sample is from 150'-180' within coal mine at Chailab dal, north of Kot Bahadar Khan (43 H/l). Samples were taken from the Patala Fm. (Paleocene).

10

PK-89-29-33 Laterite

PK-89- 29: Mottled gray sandstone, thinly laminated with hematite staining PK-89- 30: Earthy gray claystone, hematite stainingPK-89- 31: Laterite, massive, dark brown and black with vertical fractures PK-89- 32: Massive, hard, olive green claystonePK-89- 33: Bauxite, maroon and white, massive and fractured, hematite

veins

This locality is in the Chanbanwala Mohar area near Chamil, on the Koushab-Chakwal road. Known as the Katha Pail bauxite deposit. Samples were taken from the mouth of an abandoned mine. Lower unit is Wargal limestone and upper unit is the Patala Fm. (Paleocene). Strike = N35°E, dip = 10-15°NW.

PK-89-34-39 Laterite/bauxite

PK-89- 34: Clay layer superimposed upon bauxite PK-89- 35: Massive white bauxite, 15" thick PK-89- 36: White, Fe-stained, pisolitic bauxite PK-89- 37: Iron laterite, dark red upper zone PK-89- 38: Iron laterite, middle zone, pisolitic (sometimes absent) PK-89- 39: Iron laterite, lower zone, patchy light red, tan, sharp contact

with underlying limestone

From the Arara area, near Katha Masral (43 D/6). Samples taken from the face of a mine (approx. 60' deep). Deposits lie upon the Wargal limestone (?) at the Paleozoic-Tertiary unconformity.

PK-89-40-41 Bentonite

PK-89- 40: Green-gray waxy bentonite with limonite staining PK-89- 41: Light green, waxy bentonite

Sampling locality is NE of Bhilmar along the Chinji-Qadirpur road (43 D/6). Samples were taken from 20-30' within an abandoned bentonite mine. Deposit is in the middle part of the Nagri Fm., Siwalik Group (Late Mio-Pliocene). Strike = N45°E, dip = 16°NW.

PK-89-42 Bentonite

PK-89- 42: Bentonite waste from tailings pile at abandoned mine

This bentonite deposit had been mined out several years previous. The deposit was flat-lying and lay beneath 5-6' overburden, east of Qadirpur (43 D/6). The deposit was presumably at the same horizon as samples PK 40 and 41.

PK-89-43 Bentonite

PK-89- 43: Light gray, waxy bentonite with hematite staining

11

NE of Chitta Parwar Nala, Subkur area. Deposits known locally as the Bhadrar bentonites. Sample taken from 20-30' in an abandoned mine. Deposit lies within the upper Kamlial Fm. (Miocene).

PK-89-44-47 Fireclay

PK-89- 44: Lateritic claystone, brown, Fe-stained, fracturedPK-89- 45: Hard, white, massive claystone, grades down into gray-maroon

claystonePK-89- 46: Sandy white claystone from near top of "fireclay" horizon PK-89- 47: Friable, hard, brown claystone near bottom of "fireclay" horizon

Samples taken from a small mine near Mousabazar, Narukhel area east of Musakhel (38 P/14). Clay horizon is in the Datta Fm. (Jurassic). Strike = N45°W, dip = 35° NE.

PK-89- 48 Fireclay and "high alumina" clay

PK-89- 48: High alumina clay, maroon, thick-bedded, possibly detrital

Taken from an active open-pit mine at Chattuwala Nala near Musakhel (38 P/14). Productive layer is about 12' thick and lies within the Datta Fm. (Jurassic).

PK-89-49-52 Laterite

PK-89- 49: Red lateritic material, variegated and somewhat pisoliticPK-89- 50: Soft, punky pisolitic clay with limonite stainingPK-89- 51: Hard, white sandstone, very coarse grainedPK-89- 52: Fireclay zone. Gray, waxy clay with red or maroon lenses.

Samples taken from NE of Chabil (38 P/14) along the Mianwali-Talagang road. Samples are from outcrop. Deposit is in the Datta Fm. (Jurassic) and has been mined intermittently.

PK-89-53 Bauxite

PK-89- 53: Pisolitic white bauxite

Sample taken from the mouth of a very deep mine in the Datta Fm.

PK-89- 54 Fireclay

PK-89- 54: Massive, dark gray, dull clay with hematite staining.

Taken from northwest of Rikkhi, in Mianwali District (38 P/14). Samples removed from the dump of an abandoned clay mine.

PK-89- 55-56 Fireclay

12

PK-89- 55: Fireclay, massive, dull gray, not bedded or fractured PK-89- 56: Fireclay, dark gray, strongly bedded

Taken from Kharwag Nala near Burikhel (38 P/14). Samples were retrieved from a mine dump from abandoned mine in the Datta Fm. (Jurassic).

PK-89- 57-58 China clay and fireclay

PK-89- 57: Light tan to buff clay, minor hematite staining PK-89- 58: Massive, light gray fireclay

Samples retrieved from an active mine in the Datta Fm. (Jurassic) at Sirin Nala.

PK-89- 59-61 Fireclay, "high alumina" clay

PK-89- 59: Light gray, plastic, massive, soft and thick bedded PK-89- 60: Soft, white material in thin (1-2") veins PK-89- 61: Black, thin-bedded, fissile and shaley claystone

Material taken from an active mining locality east of Thatti village, along the Mianwali-Kalabagh road (38 P/14). These deposits lie within the Datta Fm. (Jurassic).

PK-89-62 Fireclay

PK-89- 62: Gray, silty, laminated claystone

Sample taken from Kuch Tandar Khel area, 3-6 miles north of Kalabagh (38 P/9). This area has been leased for mining but little good quality clay has been located. Deposits are in the highly deformed Datta Fm.

PK-90-1-5 Fireclay

PK-90- 1: Dense, massive, light grey fireclayPK-90- 2: Ferruginous claystone, mottled red, brown, purplePK-90- 3: Soft white-pink claystonePK-90- 4: Highly ferruginous ironstone, dark brown, massivePK-90- 5: Yellow to reddish-brown bauxite

Samples taken from active and abandoned open-pit mines near Surg and Narian. All samples are from the Jurassic Datta Formation. Rocks in this area are folded and steeply dipping in places.

PK-90- 6-9 Bentonite

PK-90- 6: Dull white, soapy bentonite with black specks (biotite?) PK-90- 7: Dark green to gray bentonite with shiny fracture surfacesT>T7" Q/\ Q. " " " " " " " "

PK-90- 9: Dark green to light green or brown bentonite

13

All of these samples were taken from bentonite mines near the village of Dheri Chohan. Sample 6 was taken from the mouth of an inactive mine SE of Dheri Chohan. Samples 7 and 8 were taken from working face approximately 120 ft inside an active bentonite mine. The bentonites here are overlain by Recent or subrecent sediments. Sample 9 was taken from the dump of an active bentonite mine overlooking Shakardara Nala north of the village across the river.

PK-90-10-11 Laterite

PK-90- 10: Ferruginous laterite, dark gray to brown to black PK-90- 11: Mottled green claystone with hematite staining

Samples taken from an active mine pit at Sakhi Zindpir area near Akhori. The exposed Datta Fm. is dark brown to black and highly foliated or schistose. Rocks are highly deformed and slickensides are common. Has the appearance of metamorphosed laterite.

PK-90-12-13 Fireclay

PK-90- 12: Light gray claystone, shiny luster, talc-like feel PK-90- 13: Purple ferruginous foliated claystone

From mine near Jhod Wali. The Datta Fm. is highly deformed, foliated and faulted here. The highly schistose appearance of these rocks and the obvious structural deformation suggests metamorphosed laterites or bauxites.

PK-90-14-17 Fireclay

PK-90- 14: Light gray to creamy white claystone, well indurated (flint clay?) PK-90-15: Friable, loosely cemented, off white to dull gray clay with no grit PK-90-16: White to pale green, earthy, friable clay PK-90- 17: Well indurated, banded ferruginous claystone

These samples were taken from the working faces of mines operated by PUNJMIN near Nawa, 6-7 km south of the main Attock-Fateh Jang road. Mining activity is proceeding in several pits. The best fireclay (samples 15 and 16) are from mine N-2. Approximately 6-7 truck loads of clay are mined by hand each day and transported to Gujranwala for ceramic use.

14

APPENDIX IL Thermogravimetric data for Pakistan clays: upper curve represents weight loss curve (in weight percent) and lower curve is the first derivative of weight loss, indicating temperature and magnitude of weight loss events.

15

Tab

le 1

. L

ocal

ities

of p

revi

ousl

y pu

blis

hed

clay

stu

dies

in

the

Sal

t R

ange

and

Kal

a C

hitt

a R

ange

. T

he M

ap R

ef. r

efer

s to

sp

ecif

ic l

ocal

itie

s fo

r ea

ch c

ateg

ory

of c

lay

on f

igur

es 1

thr

ough

5 (

see

map

s fo

r sy

mbo

ls).

Loca

tion

nam

eG

rid

Ref

eren

ceTo

po S

heet

Ty

pe o

f Dep

osit

Map

Ref

.*

Ref

eren

ce

Man

hial

aK

arul

iN

ali

Dal

wal

Wah

ali

Wah

ali

(Cup

i)

Dho

k K

arul

i

Dha

k P

ass

Man

doha

D

amm

a M

ozeh

baza

r C

habi

l G

ole

Wal

i D

ama

Sak

esar

Hil

ls

Sid

hand

i D

hala

Dhe

r (n

ear

Ara

n K

hew

ra)

3204

0':7

1047

'32

042'

:710

47'

32°4

2':7

104T

3203

8':7

1048

'32

040'

:710

47'

3203

0':7

1050

'30"

3203

9':7

1048

'

Eas

tern

Sal

t R

ange

C

hoa

Sai

den

Sha

h de

posi

ts

32°4

3':7

300'

15"

43D

/14

32°4

1':7

2046

I32

°42'

35":

72°0

2'32

042'

:720

52'

3204

5':7

3003

'32

046'

:730

04'

32°4

1'10

":72

041I

30"

43 D

/10

Fir

e C

lay

Lat

erit

e

Wes

tern

Sal

t R

ange

M

usak

hel

Dep

osit

s

38 P

/10,

14

Fir

e C

lay

38P/

10H

igh-

Al

Cla

y

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Vill

age

Mus

akhe

l -

Kha

liq

dad

Kha

n vi

llag

e ne

ar M

usak

hel

3204

5':7

3013

' 43

H/2

H

igh-

Al

Cla

y 1

Hus

sain

(19

66)

Abb

as &

Has

an

(198

4)

Hus

sain

(19

66)

Far

uqi

(196

6)

Kas

mi

& S

afda

r (1

962)

Tab

le 1

. (c

ontin

ued)

Loc

atio

n na

me

Gri

d R

efer

ence

Topo

She

et

Type

of D

epos

it

Map

Ref

.*

Ref

eren

ce

Rat

uchh

a V

illa

geU

chha

li(S

hahp

ur D

ist.)

Sar

aiN

amm

al G

orge

Bur

ikhe

l

32°4

2':7

2°59

'32

°31'

:72°

2'

32°3

0':7

1°53

'32

°39'

:72°

48'

32°4

3':7

1°44

'

43 D

/14

43D

/2

38P/

14it

iiit

it

2 3. 4 5. fi.

Dhe

riko

tD

heri

choh

anS

urga

Dhe

ri L

angh

alA

kori

Rat

taku

nd

Naw

a

Naw

a

Chh

oi &

vic

inity

Chh

oiD

heri

Cho

han

Dhe

ri K

ot

Muh

giw

ali

43C

/6

33°4

4':7

2°18

' 33

°43'

:72°

19t

33°4

2':7

2°20

' 33

°38'

15":

72°2

4'30

" to

33°

40I3

5M:7

2°30

I

33°3

9':7

2021

'

33°4

2':7

2°28

'

33°4

0'35

':72°

23'1

8"

to 3

3°40

'27"

:72°

27'1

7"

33°4

3t30

tt:72

°13t

30M

43 C

/2,C

/6

33°4

3':7

2°18

'33

°44'

30":

72°1

5'33

°43'

20":

72°1

5'

Atto

ck -

Kal

achi

tta

Ran

ge

43 C

/6

Hig

h-A

l C

lay

Ben

toni

te

Hig

h-A

l C

lay

(Fli

nt c

lay)

Bau

xite

a IQ ii i 2. a. 10 12 2 3 4 5

Ala

uddi

n et

al.

(196

5)

PU

NJM

IN

it Bal

och(

1986

)

Ash

rafe

tal.

(19

76)

Hus

sain

(19

75)

OT

HE

R

Pai

khel

, Is

akhe

l32

°4T

:71°

35t

Bau

xite

/fir

ecla

y

Gri

d R

efer

ence

32°3

1':7

2°20

'45"

to

32°

3T:7

2°32

'

32°3

4':7

2°21

'to

32°

36':7

2°28

'30"

3203

4':7

2°21

'to

32°

36':7

2°28

'30"

32°3

0'35

":72

°26'

46"

Topo

She

et

43D

/6

43 D

/6, D

/10

43D

/6

43 D

/6

it

Type

of D

epos

it

Bau

xite

Bau

xite

Bau

xite

Bau

xite

it Ben

toni

te

Map

Ref

.*

11 6 7 8 9 2

Lat

erit

e-ir

onst

one

2

Ref

eren

ce

Che

ema(

1974

)

Ash

raf,

Qur

eshi

&

Far

uqi

(197

2)

Kha

n an

d H

ussa

in

(197

0)

Tab

le 1

. (c

ontin

ued)

Loc

atio

n na

me

Kat

tha-

Ara

r a-P

ail

& K

atha

Sag

hral

Kat

tha

Kat

tha-

Pai

l

Sul

tan

Meh

di Z

iara

t

Kat

tha

Sag

hral

Bha

drar

(S

argo

dha

Dis

t.)

Qad

erpu

r(C

hakw

al &

Kho

usha

b D

ist.)

Bhi

lom

ar(C

hakw

al &

Kho

usha

b D

ist.)

Chi

nji

Chh

oi-S

urg

* M

ap R

ef:

The

se n

umbe

rs r

efer

to d

epos

its in

dica

ted

on t

he m

aps

in F

igur

es 1

thr

u 5,

des

igna

ted

acco

rdin

g to

the

type

of d

epos

it.

Bol

dfac

e nu

mbe

rs (

fire

clay

) co

rres

pond

to

squa

res

on t

he m

aps,

und

erli

ned

num

bers

(hi

gh-A

l cl

ay)

= di

amon

ds o

n th

e m

aps,

out

line

num

bers

(la

teri

te)

= X

's on

the

map

s, i

tali

c (b

auxi

te)

= tr

iang

les

on t

he m

aps,

and

pla

in l

ette

rs (

bent

onite

) =

oval

s on

the

map

s.

See

also

the

fig

ure

capt

ions

wit

h th

e m

aps.

PC

SIR

PU

NJM

IN

Tab

le 2

. S

ampl

e lo

catio

n an

d ty

pes

for

sam

ples

col

lect

ed i

n th

e S

alt

Ran

ge a

nd K

ala

Chi

tta

Ran

ge.

Sta

tion

let

ter

desi

gnat

ions

in

the

firs

t co

lum

n re

fer

to l

ocal

es s

how

n on

Fig

ures

1 t

hrou

gh 5

.

STA

.

A B C D E F G H I

SAM

PLE

rs

PK-8

9- 1

PK-8

9- 2

-3

PK-8

9- 4

-10

PK-8

9- 1

1-12

PK-8

9- 1

3-17

PK-8

9- 1

8

PK-8

9- 1

9

PK-8

9- 2

0-26

PK-8

9- 2

7

GR

ID

RE

F.

73°2

3'50

" 32

°40'

30"

73°2

6'30

" 32

°40'

30"

73°2

1'55

M 32

°46'

40"

72°5

0'40

" 32

°41'

30"

72°4

5f3

0M

32°4

0'10

"

73°2

1'55

" 32

°39'

00M

72°5

9'30

ft 32

°42f

20M

7300

3fOO

ft 32

°45'

00"

73°0

4'00

" 32

°46f

30M

LO

CA

TIO

N

Dhe

ri M

alia

ran

near

Jal

alpur

Sha

h K

amir

ne

ar J

alal

pur

Pin

d S

avik

a

War

alah

Rak

h Si

mbl

i ne

ar K

arul

i

Nea

r R

akh

Sim

bli

S.W

. of

Rat

tuch

ah

near

Khe

wra

S. o

fWeh

ali

Zer

in

N.E

. of

Weh

ali

Bal

a

DIS

TR

ICT

Guj

rat

& J

helu

m

Guj

rat

& J

helu

m

Jhel

um

Jhel

um &

S

argo

dha

Jhel

um &

S

argo

dha

Cha

kwal

, Jh

elum

&

Khu

shab

Jhel

um &

S

argo

dha

Jhel

um

Jhel

um

TO

PO

SHE

ET

43H

/6

43H

/6

43H

/5

43 D

/14

43D

/14

43D

/10

43 D

/14

43H

/1

43H

/1

CL

AY

T

YPE

Ben

toni

te

Ben

toni

te

Bau

xite

&

Lat

erit

e

Fir

ecla

y

Bau

xite

&

Lat

erit

e

Chi

na c

lay

Fir

ecla

y

Bau

xite

&

Lat

erit

e

Lat

erit

e

Tab

le 2

. (c

ontin

ued)

STA

.

J K L M N 0 P Q R

SAM

PLE

#'s

PK-8

9- 2

8

PK-8

9- 2

9-33

PK-8

9- 3

4-39

PK-8

9- 4

0-41

PK-8

9- 4

2

PK-8

9- 4

3

PK-8

9- 4

4-47

PK-8

9- 4

8

PK-8

9- 4

9-53

GR

ID

RE

F.

73°0

6'00

" 32

°48'

00"

72°2

7'05

" 32

°35'

02"

72°2

5'00

" 32

°33'

00"

72°2

6'50

" 32

°44'

30"

72°2

8'00

" 32

°45'

00"

72°2

8'00

" 32

°42'

50"

71°4

9'00

" 32

°37'

00"

71°4

8'00

" 32

°35'

30"

71°4

7'30

" 32

°40'

15"

LO

CA

TIO

N

Cha

ilab

dal

N.

ofK

otB

ahad

ar

Cha

mba

nwal

a M

ohar

Ara

ra

N.E

. of

Bhi

lom

ar

E.

of Q

adir

pur

S.E

. of

Bhi

lom

ar

S.E

. of

Moz

ehba

zar

Cha

ttaw

ala

Nal

a

N.E

. of

Cha

bil

DIS

TR

ICT

Jhel

um

Kho

usha

b

Kho

usha

b &

Cha

kwal

Kho

usha

b &

Cha

kwal

Kho

usha

b &

Cha

kwal

Kho

usha

b &

Cha

kwal

Cha

kwal

, K

hous

hab,

&

Mia

nwal

i

Mia

nwal

i,

Cha

kwal

, &

K

hous

hab

Mia

nwal

i,

Cha

kwal

, &

K

hous

hab

TO

PO

SHE

ET

43H

/1

43D

/6

43D

/6

43D

/6

43D

/6

43D

/6

38 P

/14

38 P

/14

38 P

/14

CL

AY

T

YPE

Fir

ecla

y

Bau

xite

&

Lat

erit

e

Bau

xite

&

Lat

erit

e

Ben

toni

te

Ben

toni

te

Ben

toni

te

Fir

ecla

y

Fir

ecla

y

Fir

ecla

y

Tab

le 2

. (c

onti

nued

)

to

STA

.

S T U V W X Y Z

SA

MP

LE

#'s

PK-8

9- 5

4

PK-8

9- 5

5-56

PK-8

9- 5

7-58

PK-8

9- 5

9-61

PK-8

9- 6

2

PK-9

0- 1

-5

PK-9

0- 6

-9

PK-9

0- 1

0-17

GR

ID

RE

F.

7104

6'00

M 32

043'

20M

7104

5'30

" 32

°44

!00"

71°4

2!30

" 32

°44

!30"

7103

7'00

" 32

051'

00M

71°3

3!3

0"

32°5

9!00

"

72°1

3'

33°4

1!

72°2

2'

33°4

2'

72°2

2'

33°4

0'

LO

CA

TIO

N

N.E

. of

Cha

bil

Kha

rwag

Nal

a

Sir

in N

ala

E.

of T

hat

ti V

illa

ge

Kuch

tandar

Khe

l

Sur

g

Dhe

ri C

hoha

n

Naw

a

DIS

TR

ICT

Mia

nw

ali,

C

hakw

al,

&

Kho

usha

b M

ian

wal

i,

Cha

kwal

, &

K

hous

hab

Mia

nw

ali

Mia

nw

ali

Mia

nwal

i

Att

ock

Cit

y

Att

ock

Cit

y

Att

ock

Cit

y

TO

PO

SHE

ET

38 P

/14

38 P

/14

38 P

/10

38P

/9

38P

/9

43C

/2

43C

/6

43C

/6

CL

AY

T

YP

E

Fir

ecla

y

Fir

ecla

y

Fir

ecla

y

Fir

ecla

y

Fir

ecla

y

Fir

ecla

y

Ben

toni

te

Fir

ecla

y &

la

teri

te

Tab

le 3

. S

ampl

e m

iner

alog

y.

Min

or m

iner

als

are

esti

mat

ed t

o co

mpr

ise

less

th

an 1

0% o

f th

e sa

mpl

e.

Sam

ple

# M

ajor

min

eral

s M

inor

min

eral

s C

omm

ents

PK-8

9-1

Sm

ecti

te,

mic

a, f

elds

par

PK-8

9- 2

S

mec

tite

PK-8

9- 3

S

mec

tite

PK-8

9- 4

K

aoli

nite

PK-8

9- 5

K

aoli

nite

, bo

ehm

ite

PK-8

9- 6

B

oehm

ite,

kao

lini

tePK

-89-

7

Kao

lini

te,

boeh

mit

ePK

-89-

8

Kao

lini

tePK

-89-

9

Kao

lini

te,

boeh

mit

ePK

-89-

10

Dol

omit

e, c

alci

tePK

-89-

11

Sm

ecti

te,

kaol

init

e, j

aros

ite

PK-8

9-12

S

mec

tite

, qu

artz

PK-8

9-13

K

aoli

nite

PK-8

9-14

K

aoli

nite

PK-8

9-15

K

aoli

nite

PK-8

9-16

K

aoli

nite

, bo

ehm

ite,

hem

atit

ePK

-89-

17

Kao

lini

te,

hem

atit

ePK

-89-

18a

K

aoli

nite

PK-8

9- 1

8b

Kao

lini

tePK

-89-

19

Kao

lini

te,

quar

tzPK

-89-

20

Kao

lini

tePK

-89-

21

Kao

lini

te,

hem

atit

ePK

-89-

22

Kao

lini

tePK

-89-

23

Kao

lini

te,

quar

tzPK

-89-

24

Qua

rtz,

kao

lini

tePK

-89-

25

Qua

rtz,

kao

lini

tePK

-89-

26

Qua

rtz

PK-8

9- 2

7 B

oehm

ite,

hem

atit

e, k

aoli

nite

PK-8

9- 2

8 Q

uart

z, k

aoli

nite

PK-8

9- 2

9 Q

uart

zPK

-89-

30

Cal

cite

, ka

olin

ite

Mic

a, q

uart

zQ

uart

zM

ica

Mic

aH

emat

ite,

mic

aH

emat

ite,

mic

a, c

alci

te (

?)M

ica

Mic

aQ

uart

zQ

uart

zK

aoli

nite

, gy

psum

Mic

a

Hem

atit

e, b

oehm

ite

Gib

bsit

e (?

)

Boe

hmit

e B

oehm

ite,

alu

nite

Hem

atit

e

Hem

atit

e M

ica

Kao

lini

te

Mic

aC

alci

te,

kaol

init

e

Ben

toni

te

Ben

toni

te

Ben

toni

te

Car

bona

te p

aren

t ro

ck

Pur

e ka

olin

Tab

leS

. (c

onti

nued

)

Sam

ple

# M

ajor

min

eral

sM

inor

min

eral

sC

omm

ents

PK-8

9- 3

1 G

oeth

ite

PK-8

9- 3

2 K

aoli

nite

, go

ethi

te,

anat

ase

(?)

PK-8

9- 3

3 K

aoli

nite

PK-8

9- 3

4 K

aoli

nite

, ca

lcit

ePK

-89-

35

Kao

lini

tePK

-89-

36

Boe

hmit

e, k

aoli

nite

PK-8

9- 3

7 B

oehm

ite,

kao

lini

te,

hem

atit

ePK

-89-

38

Boe

hmit

ePK

-89-

39

Boe

hmit

e, k

aoli

nite

PK-8

9- 4

0 S

mec

tite

, qu

artz

PK-8

9- 4

1 S

mec

tite

PK-8

9- 4

2 S

mec

tite

, ca

lcit

e, q

uart

zPK

-89-

43

Sm

ecti

te,

quar

tzPK

-89-

44

Kao

lini

te,

goet

hite

PK-8

9-45

K

aoli

nite

PK-8

9- 4

6 K

aoli

nite

, al

um'te

PK-8

9- 4

7 K

aoli

nite

PK-8

9- 4

8 K

aoli

nite

, qu

artz

PK-8

9- 4

9 Q

uart

z, k

aoli

nite

, al

unit

ePK

-89-

50

Qua

rtz,

kao

lini

tePK

-89-

51

Qua

rtz,

alu

nit

ePK

-89-

52

Kao

lini

te,

quar

tzPK

-89-

53

Kao

lini

te,

alun

ite,

qua

rtz

PK-8

9- 5

4 Q

uart

zPK

-89-

55

Qua

rtz

PK-8

9- 5

6 Q

uart

zPK

-89-

57

Kao

lini

tePK

-89-

58

Qua

rtz,

kao

lini

tePK

-89-

59

Qua

rtz

PK-8

9- 6

0 A

luni

te

Boe

hmit

e, f

erox

yhyt

e (?

)B

oehm

ite,

ana

tase

(?)

Jaro

site

, al

unit

eH

emat

ite

Cal

cite

, al

unit

eC

alci

teG

oeth

ite,

cal

cite

, ka

olin

ite

Hem

atit

e, m

ica,

cal

cite

Mic

a, k

aoli

nite

K

aoli

nite

Hem

atit

e, a

nata

se (

?)

Ana

tase

(?)

A

nata

se,

hem

atit

e H

emat

ite,

mic

a H

emat

ite

Alu

nit

e K

aoli

nite

M

ica,

alu

nite

Kao

lini

te,

mic

a K

aoli

nite

, m

ica

Kao

lini

te,

mic

a

Mic

aK

aoli

nite

, m

ica

Kao

lini

te,

quar

tz

Ben

toni

teB

ento

nite

, ve

ry p

ure

smec

tite

Poo

rly-

orde

red

kaol

init

e

Pur

e ka

olin

ite

Alm

ost

pure

alu

nit

e

Tab

le 3

. (c

onti

nued

)

Sam

ple

# M

ajor

min

eral

sM

inor

min

eral

sC

omm

ents

PK-8

9- 6

1 Q

uart

z, k

aoli

nite

PK-8

9- 6

2 Q

uart

z

PK-9

0-1

Kao

lini

tePK

-90-

2

Kao

lini

te,

calc

ite,

mic

aPK

-90-

3

Kao

lini

tePK

-90-

4

Kao

lini

te,

hem

atit

ePK

-90-

5

Kao

lini

tePK

-90-

6

Sm

ecti

tePK

-90-

7

Sm

ecti

tePK

-90-

8

Sm

ecti

tePK

-90-

9

Sm

ecti

te,

quar

tz,

calc

ite

PK-9

0-10

K

aoli

nite

, he

mat

ite

PK-9

0-11

Q

uart

z, k

aoli

nite

PK-9

0-12

K

aoli

nite

, di

aspo

re,

anat

ase

PK-9

0-13

K

aoli

nite

PK-9

0-14

K

aoli

nite

,dia

spor

e, b

oehm

ite,

PK-9

0-15

D

iasp

ore,

bay

erit

e, a

nat

ase

PK-9

0-16

D

iasp

ore,

bay

erit

e, a

nat

ase

PK-9

0-17

K

aoli

nite

, bo

ehm

ite,

dia

spor

e

Mic

aK

aoli

nite

, jar

osit

e

Ana

tase

(?)

H

emat

ite

Mic

a

Qua

rtz

Qua

rtz

Mic

a, k

aoli

nite

Boe

hmit

e H

emat

ite

Ana

tase

, gi

bbsi

te

Alu

nite

(?)

A

luni

te (

?)N

o ka

olin

N

o ka

olin

71° 30' 71° 45' 72C

Kharwagnala

Rikhindoha

Dhak Pass Damma

T71 Chabil

33C

32° 45'

32° 30' 32° 30'

71° 30' 71° 45' 72C

Figure 1 . Sampling stations for this study (circled letters) and land leased for clay mineral deposits (courtesy of the Pakistan Directorate of Mineral Development, shaded areas), western Salt Range. Sites of previous studies are designated according to clay type:

Laterite-ironstone (T) Bentonite <> High-AI clay

Bauxite E Fireclay

25

Katha-Arara-Pail^lll

72C

32° 45'

72° 15' 72° 30'

Figure 2. Sampling stations for this study (circled letters) and land leased for clay mineral deposits (courtesy of the Pakistan Directorate of Mineral Development, shaded areas), west central Salt Range. Sites of previous studies are designated according to clay type:

Xi Laterite-ironstone (7) Bentonite <£> High-AI clay

/S\ Bauxite B Fireclay

26

32° 45'

32° 30'

32° 45'

32° 30'72° 30' 72° 45' 73C

Figure 3. Sampling stations for this study (circled letters) and land leased for clay mineral deposits (courtesy of the Pakistan Directorate of Mineral Development, shaded areas), east central Salt Range. Sites of previous studies are designated according to clay type:

Xi Laterite-ironstone (?) Bentonite <£> High-Alclay /3\ Bauxite 0 Fireclay

27

73C

33C

32° 45'

32° 30'

43H/1

JWahali

y (H)1J Manhiala

73C

73° 15'

Sidhandi

73° 30' 33°

43H/5

Bentonite leases

Find Savika(cm

43H/6

32° 45'

32° 30'

73° 15' 73° 30'

Figure 4. Sampling stations for this study (circled letters) and land leased for clay mineral deposits (courtesy of the Pakistan Directorate of Mineral Development, shaded areas), eastern Salt Range. Sites of previous studies are designated according to clay type:

Xi Laterite-ironstone (7) Bentonite <£> High-Alclay /S\ Bauxite H] Fireclay

28

34C

33° 45'

33° 30'

33° 45'

33° 30'72C 72° 15' 72° 30'

Figure 5. Sampling stations for this study (circled letters) and land leased for clay mineral deposits (courtesy of the Pakistan Directorate of Mineral Development, shaded areas), Kala Chitta Range. Sites of previous studies are designated according to clay type:

Xi Laterite-ironstone (7) Bentonite <£> High-Alclay /£\ Bauxite E Fireclay

29

SA

LT R

AN

GE

BE

NTO

NIT

E

SA

MP

LE P

K-8

9-3

(gly

cola

ted)

S =

SM

EC

TIT

E

Q =

QU

AR

TZ

Q

0 FI

GU

RE

610

i 1520

25

30

35

0 2

TH

ET

A

SA

LT

RA

NG

E F

IRE

CL

AY

S

AM

PL

E P

K-8

9-57

K =

KA

OLI

NIT

E

A =

AN

AT

AS

E

0 FI

GU

RE

710

15

20

0

2 T

HE

TA

25

30

35

ES

SA

LT

RA

NG

E B

AU

XIT

E

SA

MP

LE

PK

-89-

38B

o

Bo

= B

OE

HM

ITE

K

= K

AO

LIN

ITE

G

o =

GO

ET

HIT

E

C =

CA

LCIT

E

A =

AN

AT

AS

E

H =

HE

MA

TIT

E

Gb

= G

IBB

SIT

E

Bo

0 FI

GU

RE

810

15

20

0 2

TH

ET

A2

53

035

KA

LA

CH

ITT

A R

AN

GE

BA

UX

ITE

S

AM

PL

E P

K-9

0-15

D

D =

DIA

SP

OR

E

Ba

= B

AY

ER

ITE

A

= A

NA

TA

SE

A

l =

ALU

NIT

E

Ba

Al

0 FI

GU

RE

910

15

20

0 2

TH

ET

A25

30

35

APPENDIX II: Thermogravimetric data for Pakistan clays: upper curve represents weight loss curve (in weight percent) and lower curve is the first derivative of weight loss, indicating temperature and magnitude of weight loss events.

PLO

TFIL

E F

ROM

D

ISK

Pan

e

100 98 96 94 92

WT.

%

90 86 84 82 8000

200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

800

900

000

IPK-

89-1

IFIIe

name an

d description

PLO

TFIL

E F

ROM

D

ISK

Pan

e

oo 97 94

WT.

88 85 82 79 76 73 7000

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

rPK-89-2 1F11e

name

and

description

800

900

000

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

WT.

% 7040

0 50

0 60

0

TEM

PER

ATU

RE

(°C

)

700

800

900

000

IPK-89-3

IF11e

name an

d description

PLO

TFIL

E F

ROM

D

ISK

Pan

e

WT.

%uu

97

94

91

88

85

82

79

76

73 70 C

« _

* ~

> --

, j

^

X. \

\

S~

f /

\ \X

v \\^ _

v_

l^.l

I ll^

% I IM

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

lPK-89-4 iFlle

name an

d description

PLOT

FILE

FRO

M DISK P

ane

00 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82

WT.

00

200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

000

lPK-89-5 IF11e

name and

description

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM

DIS

K Pa

ne

100 97 94 91 88 85 82 79 76 73

WT.

00

200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

lPK-

89-6

IF11e

name and

desc

ript

ion

PLO

TFIL

E F

ROM

D

ISK

Pan

e

100 98 96

I94

92 90 88 86 84 82

WT.

00

200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

800

900

000

iPK-89-7

I File

name and

description

PLQ

TFIL

E F

ROM

D

ISK

Pan

e

100 97

94

^91 88

85

82

WT.

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

lPK-89-8

IFII

e na

me and

desc

ript

ion

800

900

000

PLO

TFiL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

WT.

00200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

EODEO F1

1 e name and

description700

800

900

1000

PLQ

THLE

FRO

M

DIS

K Pa

ne

100 95 90

WT.

S

80 75 70 65 60 55 5000

200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

11e

nafTle

and

desc

ript

ion700

900

1000

PLOT FIL

E FR

OM D

!SK

Pane

WT.

%

70400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

jfjFlle

name and

description700

800

900

000

L.i

PLD

TFIL

E F

ROM

D

ISK

Pan

e

WT.

80400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

ne name and

description

1000

PLO

TF1L

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

OOi

97 94 91 88 85 82 79 76 73 70

WT.

J

00

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

EE1IIH] F1

!8 name an

d description

800

900

1000

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 97 94 91 88 85 82 79 76 73 70

WT.

%\

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

EO5IJL4]File name an

d description

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

SK

Pan

e

WT.

X

70400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

lle

name

and

desc

ript

ion

900

1000

PLO

THLE

FRO

M D

ISK

Pane

oo 97 94

WT.

88 85 82 79 76 73 7000

200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

800

900

000

[Pjj:-

t19-16)Fne na

me an

d description

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM

DIS

K Pa

ne

too 97 94

WT.

X91 88 85 82 79 76 73 70

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

[^^^^JFIle name and

desc

ript

ion

800

900

1000

PLQ

TFIL

E FR

OM

DIS

K Pa

ne

OOr

97 94 91 88 85 82 79 76 73 70

rr.

x

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

11e

name and

desc

ript

ion

800

900

1000

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

oo 97 94 91 88 85 82 79 76 73 70

WT.

%

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

File name an

d de

scri

ptio

n

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 97 94

*91

88 85 82 79 76 73 70

WT.

00

200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

[PK

-89.

£JJ~

J F

ile

nam

e an

d d

esc

rip

tion

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 97 94

WT.

%

88 85 82 79 76 73 700

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

He na

me and

desc

ript

ion

800

900

1000

PLO

TFiL

E FR

OM

DIS

K Pa

ne

100 97 94

WT.

%91 88 85 82 79 76 73 70

010

0 20

0 30

0 400

500

600

700

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

EOOZIl

F1 ]

e name an

d description

800

900

1000

PLOTF1LE FRO

M DI

SK P

ane

oo 97 94

WT.

%

88 85 82 79 76 73 707

00200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

File name an

d description

800

900

1000

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 97 94

WT.

X91 88 85 82 79 76 73 70

.10

0200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

2jQFile

name and

desc

ript

ion

800

900

1000

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 97 94

X91

88 85 82 79 76 73 70

WT.

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

-JjjE.2AJFile

name an

d de

scri

ptio

n

PLOTF1LE FROM

DISK P

ane

100 97 94

*91

88 85 82 79 76 73 70

WT.

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

[PK-89~2illFile

name and

desc

ript

ion

PLO

TF!L

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

100 97 94

WT.

88 85 82 79 76 73 7010

020

030

040

0 50

0 60

0 70

0

TEM

PERA

TURE

(°

C)

2JO

^e

nam

e en

d d

esc

rip

tion

800

900

1000

PLQ

TFiL

E FR

OM

DIS

K P

anel

WT.

%

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

2[7 ]F11e

name

ancj

de

scri

ptio

n700

800

900

1000

PLQ

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80

WT.

X

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

|gK -

89 - j

ig, J F11

6 na

me an

d de

scri

ptio

n

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 98 96 94

WT.

X

92 90 88 86 84 82 80.

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(CC)

700

800

900

1000

[PK-89-2913File

name

flnd

description

PLD

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

WT.

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEM

PER

ATU

RE

(°C

)

700

[PK-Jfc30 jF

ile

name

and

description

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

WT.

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

-Jj f-31JFile na

me and

description

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

oo 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80.

WT.

%

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

[P|C789730File na

me end

description

PLD

TFiL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

WT.

80.

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

[PiK; -

8g-33j|File name an

d description

800

900

1000

PLQ

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

100 98 96 94

WT.

%

92 90 88 86 84 82 80.

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

___

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

EfHftC"IOFile

name

and

description

800

900

1000

PLO

TF!L

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 98 96

I94

92 90 88 86 84 82 80

rr.

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

File name and

desc

ript

ion

800

900

1000

PLD

TFiL

E FR

OM

DIS

K P

anel

WT.

80.

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

File

na

me an

d description

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 98

96

^94 92

90

88

86

84

82

80.

WT.

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMPERATURE

C°C)

371 File name an

d description

800

900

1000

PLO

TFIL

E F

ROM

D

ISK

Pan

e

WT.

%

400

500

600

TEM

PER

ATU

RE

(°C

)

700

800

900

000

lPK

-89-3

8iF

ne

nam

e an

d description

PLOTFILE FRO

M DISK P

ane

100 98 96 94

WT.

X

92 90 88 86 84 82 8010

0 200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

IPK-89-39

IFHe name an

d description

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

WT.

%

00200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

-M- 401 Fi

le na

me an

d description

PLOT

F1LE

FRO

M DISK P

ane

WT.

%

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

IPK-89-41iFne

name

an

d description

PLOT

FILE

FRO

M DISK P

ane

100 97 94

WT.

%91 88 85 82 79 76 73 70

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

iPK-

89-4

2 lF11e

name

and

desc

ript

ion

PLOT

FILE

FRO

M DI

SK P

ane

100 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80

WT.

%

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

lPK-

89-4

3 iFlle

name

and

desc

ript

ion

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM

DIS

K P

ane

WT.

i 80400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

iPK-89-44

iFlle

name

and

desc

ript

ion

PLOTFILE FROM

DISK

Pan

e

100 98 96 94

WT.

X

92 90 88 86 84 82 80.

f10

0 200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

lPK-89-45

IFHe na

me and

description

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

100 98 96 94

WT.

%

92 90 88 86 84 82 8010

0 200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

iPK-

89-4

6 IFHe name an

d description

800

900

1000

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 98 96

X94

92 90 88 86 84 82 80

WT.

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

lPK-

89-4

7 I Fil

e na

me and

desc

ript

ion

PLO

TFIL

E F

ROM

D

ISK

Pan

e

100 98 96

WT.

%94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80.

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

iPK-

89-4

8IF1

1e na

me and

description

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 98 96 94

WT.

%

92 90 88 86 84 82 80.

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

IPK-

89-4

9 IFHe name and

desc

ript

ion

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

100 96 96 94

XT.

%

92 90 66 66 84 82 80.

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

lPK-

89-5

0 IFHe na

me and

description

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80

WT.

I

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

lPK-89-5riF11e name and

description

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 98 96

*94

92 90 66 66 84 82 60

WT.

0100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

|PK-

89-5

2'lF

11e

name an

d description

600

900

1000

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

e

WT.

%

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

|pKH|9-5uQFile name and

description70

0800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

100 98 96

WT.

%94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80

.10

0 200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

[PK-

8?-5

4 [File

name an

d de

scri

ptio

n

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80

WT.

%

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

iPK-

89-5

5 iF

He na

me and

description

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80

.

WT.

X

A

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEM

PER

ATU

RE

(°C

)

700

800

900

1000

-89-

5ft

I File

na

me

and

desc

riptio

n

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

WT.

I

200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

"""""

e name an

d de

scri

ptio

n700

600

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

100 98

96

$94

92

90

88

86

84

82

80

WT.

Z100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

IPK-

B9-5

8 iF

lle

name

and description

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

100 98 96 94

WT.

I

92 90 88 86 84 82 8010

0 200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

lPK

-89-5

9IF

n8

nam

e an

d desc

riptio

n

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

WT.

2

7010

020

0300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

[PK-Ji9HiQZIFile name an

d description

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

100 97 94 91

WT.

%

88 85 82 79 76 73 70.

r10

020

030

040

0 50

0 60

0 70

0

TEM

PERA

TURE

(°

C)

iTlF

ne

na

me

and

description

800

900

1000

PLO

TF!L

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

WT.

%

73 70400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

600

900

1000

-89-62 J

FIIe na

me and

desc

ript

ion

UT.

*

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERRT

URE

<°C>

K-90-1

Jpjle nome and

description700

800

900

1000

UT.

100

98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMP

ERRT

URE

<°C>

EK-90 2

JF

iIe

na

me

a

nd

descrip

tion

IMBK

BMfiM

MMHM

l^MHH

B

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

WT.

%

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

700

800

900

1000

jFlle

name and

description

PLOT

FIL

E FROM D

ISK

Pane

l

100 98 96 94

\WT

. %

92 90 88 86 84 82 80100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

4Z"1

File

name and

description

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

Oh

DISK

Pan

el

WT.

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

iniF

11 B

name an

d de

scri

ptio

n700

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pane

WT.

400

500

600

TEM

PERA

TURE

(°

C)

1000

F11 e

name

an

d de

scri

ptio

n

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

WT.

%

400

500

600

TEM

PERA

TURE

(°

C)

BOO

900

1000

[EK

-90-

7L.J

Fn

e

nam

e an

d d

escr

ipti

on

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

00 97 94 91 88 85 82 79 76 73 70

WT.

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

sT"!

File

name an

d description

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

100 97 94

X91

88 85 82 79 76 73

WT.

700

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

name

and

description

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

WT.

80.

200

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

700

-J_O

LjFi

le name and

description

800

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

i!

WT.

%

80400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

e na

me and

desc

ript

ion

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

WT.

84 82 80.

100

300

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Ile

name and

description70

080

0900

1000

PLO

TF1L

EFR

OM

DIS

K P

anel

rr.

* 80400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

File name an

d de

scri

ptio

n

1000

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

WT.

%

-90 -

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

C°C)

File name and

description

800

900

1000

PLQ

TFIL

EFR

QM

DIS

K P

anel

NT.

100

200

300

400

500

600

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

tgK-90-inpne name and

description70

080

0900

1000

PLO

TFIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

WT.

%

400

500

600

TEMPERATURE

(°C)

ne name an

d description

900

1000

PLOT

FIL

E FR

OM D

ISK

Pan

el

too 98

96

X94

92

90

88

86

84

82

80.

WT.

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TEMP

ERAT

URE

(°C)

l1e

name an

d description

800

900

tooo