Department of History/Jewish Studies

Hist. 202.401/JWST 202.401: European anti-Semitism, 1789 to the present

Thomas Weber

Spring 2007; Class hours: W., 2-5 pm, Coll Hall 315A; e-mail: thweber@sas.upenn.eduInstructor’s office : 311 E ; instructor’s phone No. 215-898-7404

This course explores anti-Semitism and philo-Semitism in Europe from the age of the French revolution to the present. At the core of the course is the question of how prejudice against Jews (and since 1948 also against Israel) has been tied to the fate of Liberalism in European. The first half of the course examines the development of anti-Semitism until the Holocaust. We will, however, try to avoid applying a teleological approach to the period of 1789 to 1941 that reduces the history of gentile attitudes towards Jews to a pre-history of the Holocaust. The second half of the course examines attitudes towards Jews since 1945 in a Europe without a sizeable Jewish community. The course finishes by looking at the ‘New Anti-Semitism’. It asks if the concept of the ‘New Anti-Semitism’ really adds up or if present European attitudes towards Israel are better explained in terms of a feeling of European post-colonial Liberal ‘guilt’.

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Outline and Readings Session 1 (10 January): Introduction

Session 2 (17 January): The Oldest Hatred of the World? Anti-Semitism before Modernity

Reading: Bauer, Yehuda, ‘In Search of a Defintion of Antisemitism’, in Brown, Michael (ed.), Approaches to Antisemitism: Context and Curriculum (New York, 1994), pp. 10-23; Laqueur, Changing Face, chs. 2-3; Lindemann, Esau’s Tears, Conclusion (ONLY pp. 531-45), ch. 1; Lewis, Bernard, Semites and Antisemites, ch. 2 [= 128 pp.]

Questions to consider: What is anti-Semitism? Why is anti-Semitism ‘the oldest hatred of the world’?

Session 3 (24 January): Endings and New Beginnings: Emancipation and Anti-Semitism in the Age of Liberalism

- Incl. short session on essay writing techniques-

Reading: Laqueur, Changing Face, ch. 4; Lindemann, Esau’s Tears, ch. 2; Mendes-Flohr/Reinharz, Jew, Section I, Nos. 6, 7, 9; Section II, No. 5; Section III, Nos. 1-5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26; Section VI, Nos. 6, 8; Section VII, Nos. 1, 4; Section VIII, Nos. 2-4, 8 [= 124 pp.]

Questions to consider: Why did anti-Semitism not disappear in the Age of Emancipation? Is the history of Jews in Europe between 1789 and 1880 best described as a history of philo-Semitism or anti-Semitism? What was the relationship between the Jewish haskalah and the general European enlightenment? Was the enlightenment a blessing for the Jews? Why did emancipation happen earlier in Western than in Eastern Europe?

Session 4 (31 January): a) The Emergence of Racial Anti-Semitism, b) The Great Exodus: The Westward Migration of Eastern and East-Central European Jews

Reading: Laqueur, Changing Face, ch. 5; Lewis, Bernard, Semites and Antisemites, chs. 3-5; Lindemann, Esau’s Tears, ch. 9; Mendes-Flohr/Reinharz, Jew, Section VII, Nos. 13-15, 17, 21, 22, 24, 26; Section VIII, Nos. 5, 23, 24, 26-29 [= 157 pp.]

Questions to consider: How did the transformation of a Central and Eastern Europe of dynastic Empires into one of modern nation states affect the fate of European Jewry? Why did racial anti-Semitism evolve? Were Jewish migrants from Eastern Europe after 1891 economic migrants or refugees? What role has religious anti-Semitism played since 1880? Is the history of Jews in Europe between 1880 and 1914 best described as a history of philo-Semitism or anti-Semitism? What was the relationship between Christian and racial anti-Semitism?

Session 5 (7 February): France in the Age of the Dreyfus Affair

Special Session: Lorraine Beitler Collection of the Dreyfus Affair with John Pollack and Lynne Farrington

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- Note that this session will take place at van Pelt! - We will be using the amazing collection of documents and artefacts relating to the

Dreyfus affair in the Beitler Collection. Please familiarise yourself with the collection at http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/dreyfus/

Reading: Lindemann, Esau’s Tears, ch. 7; Mendes-Flohr/Reinharz, Jew, Section VII, Nos. 9, 10, 18, 23; Strauss, Herbert, ‘France – Intertwined Traditions’, in idem, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 1, pp. 455-63; Wilson, Stephen, ‘Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair’, in Strauss, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 1, pp. 541-92 [= 105 pp]

Session 6 (14 February): Tales of Successes and Failures: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Great Britain

Reading: Lindemann, Esau’s Tears, chs. 3 & 4, 8, 10-11; Weber, Thomas, ‘Anti-Semitism and Philo-Semitism among the British and German Élites: Oxford and Heidelberg before the First World War’, English Historical Review, No. 475 (February 2003), 86-119 [= 163 pp.]

Optional reading: Lindemann, Esau’s Tears, ch. 6 (24 pp)

Questions to consider: Compare the impact of Eastern European Jewish immigrants on Britain, France, Germany, and Austria (or any of selection of these countries) Why was German anti-Semitism more radical than the anti-Semitism of other European countries for the period c. 1800 to 1914 (compare the German case with at least two other countries)? Why was anti-Semitism less pronounced among élites than non-élites? Were the Jews the beneficiaries of the modernization of Europe? Compare the character and development of anti-Semitism in at least two countries. Why was Zionism shunned by the majority of European Jewry until the advent of the Holocaust? Why Germany?

Session 7 (21 February): Anti-Socialism and Anti-Semitism

Reading: Lindemann, Esau’s Tears, ch. 5; Mendes-Flohr/Reinharz, Jew, Section VII, No. 12, 31, 32, 35, 36; Riga, Liliana, ‘Ethnonationalism, Assimilation, and the Social Worlds of the Jewish Bolsheviks in Fin de Siècle Tsarist Russia’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 48 (Oct. 2006). 762-97; Weeks, Theodore, From Assimilation to Antisemitism: The ‘Jewish Question’ in Poland, 1850-1914 (DeKalb, Ill, 2006), pp. 170-78; Rogger, Hans, ‘The Beilis Case: Anti-Semitism and Politics in the Reign of Nicholas II, in Strauss, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 1257-1273 [= 111 pp.]

Questions to consider: What was the impact of the rise of Socialism/Communism on the situation of Jews in Europe? Why did the Jews leave such a deep mark on the European Socialist movement? Why was Zionism shunned by the majority of European Jewry until the advent of the Holocaust? Why did anti-Semitism and anti-Socialism/anti-Communism walk hand in hand so often?

Session 8 (28 February): A World Transformed: The First World War and its Aftermath

- Session on the use of library facilities for your research paper and your assignment of session 15 ]

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Reading: Hagen, William, ‘The Moral Economy of Popular Violence: The Pogrom in Lwów, November 1918’, in Blobaum, Antisemitism, pp. pp. 124-147; Lindemann, Esau’s Tears, chs. 12 & 13; Mendes-Flohr/Reinharz, Jew, Section VIII, Nos. 37, 39-43; Section 10, Nos. 2, 22-24; Rudnicki, Szymon, ‘Anti-Jewish Legislation in Interwar Poland’, in Blobaum, Antisemitism, pp. 148-170 [= 143 pp.]

Questions to consider: What difference did the First World War make for the rise of anti-Semitism? What was the impact of the rise of Socialism/Communism on the situation of Jews in Europe? How did the transformation of a Central and Eastern Europe of dynastic Empires into one of modern nation states affect the fate of European Jewry? Why was Zionism shunned by the majority of European Jewry until the advent of the Holocaust? Was the First World War the beginning of the end of European Jewry?

Session 9 (14 March): The Holocaust

Screening of Excerpts from Nazi Propaganda Films.

Reading: Laqueur, Changing Face, ch. 6; Lindemann, Esau’s Tears, chs. 14, Epilogue (pp. 505-531); Mendes-Flohr/Reinharz, Jew, Section XI, Nos. 1, 2, 7, 8, 19, 21, 22, 32; Stargardt, Nicholas, ‘The Holocaust’, in Fulbrook, Mary (ed.), German History since 1800 (London, 1997), pp. 339-360] [= 126 pp.]

Optional Reading: Browning, Christopher R., ‘The Decision-Making Process’, in Stone, Historiography of the Holocaust, pp. 173-196; idem, ‘Ordinary Men’, in idem, Ordinary Men, (=ch. 18), pp. 159-189; idem, ‘Behavior and Motivation in the Light of New Evidence’, in idem, Nazi Policy, pp. 143-175; Noakes, Jeremy, ‘Hitler and the Third Reich’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 24-51

Questions to consider: What, if any causal relationship exists between the First World War and the the Holocaust? Was Mein Kampf a blueprint for genocide? How do ‘intentionalist’ and ‘structuralist’ approaches to Nazi history differ? Was Hitler voted to power because or inspite of his anti-Semitism? Was Nazism primarily a social or an ideological movement? How did Nazi Germany function? Was ‘Reichskristallnacht’ a turning point in the anti-Semitic policies of the Third Reich? What does the reaction of the German public indicate about popular attitudes towards the Jews? When did the decision to systematically kill the Jews of Europe become the only and ‘final’ solution to the ‘Jewish Question’? Why did ordinary Germans become willing perpetrators of the Holocaust? What was the role of non-Germans in and during the Holocaust How did gentile – Jewish relations in the German-occupied territories impact on the implementation of the Holocaust? How sufficient an explanation for the Holocaust is anti-Semitism? What is the relationship between traditional anti-Semitism in Germany and Europe and the Holocaust?

Session 10 (21 March): Western Europe, 1945-1990

Reading: Lewis, Bernard, Semites and Antisemites, ch. 1; Wasserstein, Vanishing Diaspora, chs. 1, 3-7, 10 [= 210 pp.]

Questions to consider: Did Western Europeans learn to accept Jews as a collective rather than as individuals in the period of 1945-1990? What role did anti-Semitism play in a Europe without Jews? Why did anti-Semitism not die with the Holocaust? How did attitudes towards Jews differ across Europe after the Second World War?Is the history of Jews in Western Europe between 1945 and 1990 best described as a history of philo-Semitism or anti-Semitism? What role did religious anti-Semitism play during this period.

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Session 11 (28 March): Attitudes towards Jews in Soviet Satellite States, 1945-1990

Reading: Stola, Dariusz, ‘Fighting against Shadows: The Anti-Zionist Campaign of 1968’, in Blobaum, Antisemitism, pp. 284-300; Wasserstein, Vanishing Diaspora, chs. 2, 8-9 [= 85 pp.]

Questions to consider: Why did the USSR turn violently anti-Semitic despite the prominence of Jews in the early Socialist/Communist movement in Russia? Compare the character and development of anti-Semitism in Eastern and Western Europe during this period.

Session 12 (4 April): European Islam and Anti-Semitism

Reading: Laqueur, Changing Face, ch. 10; Lewis, Semites and Antisemites, Introduction, 5-8 [ = 156 pp.]

Questions to consider: What role does anti-Semitism play in European Islam? What is the relationship between European Islam, mainstream society, and political, cultural, and socila elites?

Session 13 (11 April): ‘The New Anti-Semitism’, Part I

Reading: Laqueur, Changing Face, chs. 1, 7-9; Lewis, Bernard, Semites and Antisemites, ch. 9; Wasserstein, Vanishing Diaspora, chs. 11 & Afterthoughts [= 159 pp] Questions to consider: What is the ‘New Anti-Semitism’? What role have political events over the last ten years had on the development of anti-Semitism?

Session 14 (18 April): ‘The New Anti-Semitism’, Part II

Presentation of your Assignments

Reading: Laqueur, Changing Face, ch. 11; Mearsheimer, John J. and Walt, Stephen M., ‘The Israel Lobby’, London Review of Books, vol. 28, No. 6 (March 23, 2006), pp. 3-12; Prager, Dennis and Telushkin, Joseph, ‘Introduction: Is it 1938 Again for the Jews?’, in idem, Why the Jews? The Reason for Antisemitism (New York, 2003 (1983)), pp. xiii-xix; Wasserstein, Bernard, ‘Anti-Semitism and Anti-Americanism’, Chronicle of Higher Education, 28 September 2001, http://chronicle.com/free/v48/i05/05b00502.htm, Ye’or, Bat, Eurabia (Madison, 2005), pp. 23-29, 111-46, 257-61, 265-70 (51 pp.); Euston Manifesto: http://eustonmanifesto.org/joomla/ [= 77 pp.]

Questions to consider: Is there a ‘New Anti-Semitism’? What problems do Europe’s Jews face today?

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Course Requirements

Students are responsible for completing assigned readings prior to class, for regular attendance, and for active participation in discussions. To help that along, there will be weekly 750 words maximum (word processed) writing assignments that address questions about the readings, creating an accumulating record of the course as it develops. They will be graded. These assignments should be done for the week they are assigned. You have to complete AT LEAST four assignments. (If you submit more than four weekly assignments, I will count the four strongest assignments.) At least two of these have got to be done for two of the first eight sessions. They have got to be submitted on the day of the session for which they are done. These assignments are not mini essays and need not be particularly polished and will be graded accordingly. Their function is to organize your thoughts for the classroom discussions, not to overload you with work.

You will also be expected to write one research paper (suggested length: maximum 2,500 words) on a topic relating to the history pf anti-Semitism of the period 1789 to 1945. The exact topic is to be determined in consultation with the instructor. (If you want to fulfill the research requirement of the History Department, you paper needs to be sufficiently based on primary sources.) The paper is due on 21 March.

Finally, you are expected to do one research assignment on the ‘New Anti-Semitism’ for the last session of this course. The assignment will be explained in class.

There will be no exam.

Course grades will be based on class participation as well as on written work. Course grades will be an average of the research paper (25 %), the assignment on the ‘New Anti-Semitism’ (30 %), the weekly assignments (25 %), and of class participation (20 ), adjusted if necessary for weekly assignment deficiencies.

If you need to see me to discuss your work with me, you can either come to see me in my office during my office hour or, at other times, you can just take your chance and see if I am in my office anyway.

Required Texts

The core books for this course are these four texts. They are also available for purchase at the University Bookstore:

Laqueur, Walter, The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism (Oxford: OUP, 2006) $ 22.00, ISBN 0195304292

Lewis, Bernard, Semites and Antisemites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (New York, 1986), PBK $ 15.95, Norton 1999, ISBN 0393318397

Lindemann, Albert, Esau’s Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews, (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000 (1997), PBK $ 27.99, ISBN 0521795389

Wasserstein, Bernard, Vanishing Diaspora: The Jews in Europe since 1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), $ 15.95, ISBN 0674931998

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Bibliography

This bibliography is meant to assist you in identifying relevant reading for your course assignments. However, the bibliography is only meant as a first point of entry into the historiography of anti-Semitism. You are encouraged to make full use of the riches of van Pelt Library and other libraries.

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Use the internet INTELLEGENTLY! The internet is a great resource for historical research. But many websites particularly on the subject are at best of mediocre quality, the use of which is the best way to lower the quality of your coursework. The use of the internet MUST not replace the reading of the assigned secondary texts.

General Accounts of Jewish History and the History of Anti-Semitism Almog, Shmuel (ed.), Antisemitism though the Ages (Oxford, 1988) [transl. from Hebrew] Arendt, Hannah, Antisemitism (New York, 1968) Idem, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York, 1951) Barnavi, E. (ed.), Historical Atlas of the Jewish People (New York, 1995) * Bauer, Yehuda, ‘In Search of a Defintion of Antisemitism’, in Brown, Michael (ed.), Approaches to Antisemitism: Context and Curriculum (New York, 1994), pp. 10-23 Ben-Sasson, H.H. (ed.), A History of the Jewish People (Cambridge, MA, 1976) Berger, David (ed.), History and Hate: The Dimension of Anti-Semitism (Philadelphia, 1986) Biale, David (ed.), Cultures of the Jews, 3 vols. (New York, 2002) Idem, Power and Powerlessness in Jewish History: The Jewish Tradition and the Myth of Passivity (New York, 1986) Birnbaum, Pierre and Katznelson, Ira (eds.), Paths of Emancipation: Jews, States, and Citizenship (Princeton, 1995) Blech, Arthur, Anti-Semitism: The Guilt of Jews and Christians (New York, 1994) Brustein, William I., Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust (Cambridge, 2003)

* Chanes, Jerome A., Antisemitism: A Reference Handbook (Denver, CO, 2004) Idem, A Dark Side of History: Antisemitism through the Ages (New York, 2001) (published by the Anti-Defamation League) Cohn-Sherbok, Dan, Anti-Semitism: A History (Thrupp, 2002) Comay, Joan (ed.), Who’s Who in Jewish History after the Period of the Old Testament (London, 1995 (1975)) Dudnow, Simon, History of the Jews, 5 vols. (New York, 4th ed., 1967-73) Efron, John, Defenders of the Race: Jewish Doctors and Race Sciences in Fin-de-Siecle Europe (New Haven, 1994) Encyclopaedia Judaica (published in 1970) Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. by Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik, 22 vols. (Detroit, 2nd ed., 2007); http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/26189 Ettinger, Shmuel, Antisemitism in the Modern Age (Tel Aviv, 1978) Fast, Howard, The Jews: The Story of a People (New York, 1968) Ferguson, Niall, The World’s Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild (London, 1998) Frankel, Jonathan and Zipperstein, Steven (eds.), Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Cambridge, 2004) * Frederickson, George, Racism: A Short History (Princeton, 2002)

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Gartner, Lloyd, The Great Jewish Migration: Myths and Realties (Cape Town, 1984) Gilman, Sander, The Jew’s Body (New York, 1991) [psychoanalytical approach] Gilman, Sander and Katz, Steven (eds.), Anti-Semitism in Times of Crisis (New York, 1991) * Ginsberg, Benjamin, The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State (Chicago, 1993) Grosser, Paul E., Anti-Semitism: Causes and Effects (New York, 1983) Johnson, Paul, History of the Jews (New York, 1987) Katz, Jacob, Exclusiveness and Tolerance: Studies in Jewish-Gentile Relations in Medieval and Modern Times (London, 1961) * Katz, Jacob, From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, 1700-1933 (Cambridge, MA, 1980) Idem, Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, 1770-1870 (Cambridge, MA, 1973) Keith, Graham, Hatred Without a Cause (Falmouth, 1997) * Langmuir, Gavin, Toward a Definition of Antisemitism (Berkeley, 1996) [on distinction between anti-Judaism and anti-Semitism] * Laqueur, Walter, The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism (Oxford: OUP, 2006) * Levy, Richard (ed.), Anti-Semitism in the Modern World: An Anthology of Texts (Lexington, MA, 1991) * Lewis, Bernard, Semites and Antisemites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (New York, 1986) Lindemann, Albert, Anti-Semitism before the Holocaust (New York, 2006) * idem, Esau’s Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews (Cambridge, 1997) idem, The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs, Dreyfus, Beilies, Frank, 1894-1915 (Cambridge, 1991) Litvinoff, Barnet, The Burning Bush: Anti-Semitism and World History (New York, 1988)

* Mendelsohn, Ezra, Essential Papers on Jews and the Left (New York, 1997) idem (ed.), Jews and the State: Dangerous Alliances and the Perils of Privilege (New York, 2003) * Mendes-Flohr, Paul and Reinharz, Jehuda, The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History (New York, 1995) Morais, Vamberto, A Short History of Anti-Semitism (New York, 1976) Mosse, George, Confronting the Nation: Jewish and Western Nationalism (Hanover, NH, 1993) Idem, Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (New York, 1978) * Mendelsohn, Ezra, The Jews of East Central Europe between the Wars (Bloomington, 1983) Penslar, Derek, Shylock’s Children: Economics and Jewish identity in Modern Europe (Berkeley, 2001) Perry, Marvin, Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present (New York, 2002) * Poliakov, Léon, A History of Antisemitism, 4 vols. (New York, 1954-1986) Prager, Dennis and Telushkin, Joseph, Why the Jews? The Reason for Antisemitism (New York, 2003 (1983)) Reinharz, Jeduha (ed.), Living with Antisemitism: Modern Jewish Responses (Hanover, NH, 1987) Rosenhaft, Menachem Z. and Yehuda Bauer (eds.), Antisemitism: Threat to Western Civilization (Jerusalem, 1985) Rubinstein, William D. and H., Philosemitism (London, 1990) * Sartre, Jean-Paul, Anti-Semite and Jew (New York, 1965 (French ed. 1946)) Schafer, Peter, Judaeophobia (Cambridge, MA, 1998) Shain, Milton, Antisemitism (London, 1998) Shmuel, Feiner, The Jewish Enlightenment (Philadelphia, 2002) Stephen Roth Institute, Antisemitism Worldwide [Year] - This is the Roth Institute’s year book. Stillman, Norman (ed.), The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times (Philadelphia, 1991)

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Strauss, Herbert A. (ed.), Hostages of Modernization. Studies on Modern Antisemitism 1870-1933/39 (Berlin, 1993) Szajkowski, Zosa, Jews, War and Communism, 2 vols. (New York, 1972-4) Stargardt, Nicholas, Witnesses of War: Children’s Lives under the Nazis (London, 2005) * Vital, David, A People Apart: A Political History of the Jews in Europe, 1789-1939 (New York, 2001) Idem, The Origins of Zionism (Oxford, 1975) Volkov, Shulamit, Antisemitismus als kultureller Code (Munich, 2000) Weinberg, Meyer, Because They Were Jews: A History of Anti-Semitism (New York, 1986) * Wistrich, Robert, Antisemitism: The Longest Hatred (London, 1991)

Post-1945 Anti-Semitism

Benz, Wolfgang, Antisemitismus in Deutschland (Munich, 1995)

Brown, Michael (ed.), Approaches to Antisemitism: Context and Curriculum (New York, 1994) [published by the American Jewish Committee; covers anti-Semitism in the 1990s]

Bubis, Ignatz, ‘Der Rassismus kennt keine Unterschiede’, in Hafez, Kai, and Steinbach, Udo (eds.), Juden und Muslime in Deutschland: Minderheitendialog als Zukunftsaufgabe (Hamburg, 1999), pp. 11-15

Chesler, Phyllis, The New Anti-Semitism and What We Must Do About It (New York, 2003)

* Cohn-Sherbok, Anti-Semitism: A History (Thrupp, 2002), ch. 20., pp. 325-42, ‘Modern Arab Jew-hatred’

Cohn, Werner, Partners in Hate: Noam Chomsky and the Holocaust Deniers (Cambridge, MA, 1995)

Curtis, Michael (ed.), Anti-Semitism in the Contemporary World (Boulder, 1986) [on anti-Semitism in the late 60s and early 70s]

Dershowitz, Alan, The Case for Israel (Hoboken, N.J., 2003)

Idem (ed.), What Israel Means to Me (Hoboken, N.J., 2006)

Eitinger, Leo (ed.), The Antisemitism in Our Time: A Threat against us All: Proceedings of the First

International Hearing on Antisemitism, Oslo 7-8 June 1983 (Oslo, 1984)

Evans, Richard J., In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past (London, 1989)

Idem, Lying about Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial (New York, 2001)

Finkelstein, Norman, Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History (Berkeley, CA, 2005)

Idem, The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering (New York, 2000)

Forster, A. and Epstein, B. (eds.), The New Anti-Semitism (New York, 1974) [by Directors of Anti-Defamation League]

Fresco, Nadine, ‘The Denial of the Dead: The Faurisson Affair and Noam Chomsky’, Dissent, fall 1981 (http://www.anti-rev.org/textes/Fresco81a/ )

Garton Ash, Timothy, Free World: America, Europe, and the Surprising Future of the West (New York, 2004)

Hafez, Kai, and Steinbach, Udo (eds.), Juden und Muslime in Deutschland: Minderheitendialog als Zukunftsaufgabe (Hamburg, 1999)

Halkin, Hillel, ‘The Return of Anti-Semitism’, Commentary, vol. 113 (Feb. 2002), 33-6

The Irving Judgment: David Irving v. Penguin Books and Professor Deborah Lipstadt (London, 2000)

Katz, Jacob, ‘Accounting for Anti-Semitism’, Commentary, vol. 91 (June 1991), 52-4

Levinger, Lee, Anti-Semitism Without Jews: Communist Eastern Europe (New York, 1971)

Lipset, Seymour Martin, ‘The Socialism of Fools: The Left, the Jews and Israel’, Encounter, Dec. 1969, 24.

Lipstadt, Deborah E., Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory (New York, 1993)

Maier, Charles S., The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity (Cambridge, MA, 1988)

* Mearsheimer, John J. and Walt, Stephen M., ‘The Israel Lobby’, London Review of Books, vol. 28, No. 6 (March 23, 2006), pp. 3-12. (http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n06/mear01_.html)

The url also provides links to letters to the editor of the LRB in response to the article as well as to a video of a public debate on the article. For a revised, updated, and unabridged version, see John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, ‘The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy’, Middle East Policy, vol. 13, No. 3 (Fall 2006), pp. 1-59.

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* idem, ‘The War over Israel's Influence’, Foreign Policy, No. 155 (July/August 2006), pp. 57-58, 64-66

Metzger, Albrecht, ‘Toleranz und Vernunft sind gefragt: Wie “extremistisch” sind die deutschen Türken und Kurden?’, in, Der Überblick. Zeitschrift für ökonomische Begegnung und Zusammenarbeit, 32/2, 68-73

Netanyahu, Benjamin, A Place Among the Nations: Israel and the World (New York, 1993)

Peck, Abraham (ed.), Jews and Christians after the Holocaust (Philadelphia, 1982) Penslar, Derek; Marrus, Michael; and Stein, Janice (eds.), Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World (Toronto: 2005)

Perry, Marvin, Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present (New York, 2002)

Prager, Dennis and Telushkin, Joseph, ‘Introduction: Is it 1938 Again for the Jews?’, in idem, Why the Jews? The Reason for Antisemitism (New York, 2003 (1983)), pp. xiii-xix

Rabinovici, Doron; Speck, Ulrich; and Sznaider, Natan (eds.), Neuer Antisemitismus?: Eeine Globale Debatte (Frankfurt am Main, 2004)

Schneider, Richard Chaim, Fetisch Holocaust: Die Judenvernichtung – Verdrängt und Vermarktet (Munich, 1997)

Schoenfeld, Gabriel, The Return of Anti-Semitism (San Francisco, 2004).

Seidel, Gill, The Holocaust Denial: Antisemitism, Racism and the New Right (London, 1986)

SNM Muzeum Zidovskej Kultury, Anti-Semitism at the End of the 20th Century (Bratislava, 2002)

Tuor-Kurth, Christina (ed.), Neuer Antisemitismus - alte Vorurteile? (Stuttgart, 2001)

Vital, David, The Future of the Jews (Cambridge, MA, 1990)

Wasserstein, Bernard, ‘Anti-Semitism and Anti-Americanism’, Chronicle of Higher Education, 28 September 2001, http://chronicle.com/free/v48/i05/05b00502.htm

* Idem, Vanishing Diaspora: The Jews in Europe since 1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996),

* Weber, ‘Crying Wolf’ [unpublished paper]

Weinberg, David, ‘Between America and Israel: The Quest for a Distinct Identity in the Post-War Era’, Jewish Culture and History, 5,1 (2002), 91-120

Wistrich, Robert S. (ed.), Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World (New York, 1990)

Ibid., ‘Once Again: Anti-Semitism without Jews’, Commentary, vol. 94 (Aug. 1992), 45-9

* Ye’or, Bat, Eurabia (Madison, 2005)

Religious Anti-Semitism

Bodansky, Yosef, Islamic Anti-Semitism as a Political Instrument (Houston, 1999)

Brown, Michael (ed.), Approaches to Antisemitism: Context and Curriculum (New York, 1994) [published by the American Jewish Committee; covers anti-Semitism in the 1990s]

Carroll, James, Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews (Boston, 2001)

Clark, Christopher, The Politics of Conversion: Missionary Protestantism and the Jews in Prussia 1728-1941 (Oxford, 1995)

Cornwell, John, Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII (New York, 1999)

Horbury, William, Jews and Christians in Contact and Controversy (Edinburgh, 1998).

Kertzer, David, The Popes against the Jews: The Vatican’s Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism (New York, 2001)

Langmuir, Gavin, History, Religion and Antisemitism (Berkeley, 1990)

* Lewis, Bernard, Semites and Antisemites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (New York, 1986)

* Smith, Helmut Walser, German Nationalism and Religious Conflict: Culture, Ideology, Politics, 1870-1914 (Princeton, 1994)

Idem, ‘Religion and Conflict: Protestants, Catholics, and Anti-Semitism in the State of Baden in the Era of Wilhelm II’, Central European History, 27 (1994), 283-314

* Idem (ed.), Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany 1800-1914 (Oxford: Berg, 2001)

Wigoder, Geoffrey, Jewish-Christian Relations since the Second World War (Manchester, 1988)

Austria Beller, Steven, Vienna and the Jews, 1867-1938: A Cultural History (Cambridge, 1989) Boyer, John W., ‘Karl Lueger and the Viennese Jews: Rhetorics and Realities’, in Strauss, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 776-796 Brenner, Michael, and Penslar, Derek J. (eds.), In Search of Jewish Community: Jewish Identities in Germany and Austria, 1918-1933 (Bloomington, IN, 1998)

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Freidenreich, Harriet Pass, Jewish Politics in Vienna, 1918-1938 (Bloomington, 1991) Pauley, Bruce F., ‘Political Antisemitism in Interwar Vienna’, in Strauss, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 811-35 Rechter, David, The Jews of Vienna and the First World War (London, 2001) Rozenblit. Marsha L., The Jews of Vienna, 1867-1914: Assimilation and Identity (Albany, NY, 1983) Strauss, Herbert, ‘Austria – Vicissitudes of Anti-Modernism: Origins and Continuities of Populist Antisemitism’, in idem, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 669-74

Balkans Freidenreich, Harriet Pass, The Jews of Yugoslavia (Philadelphia, 1979)

Britain Alderman, Geoffrey, Modern British Jewry (Oxford, 1992). +* Brenner, Michael; Liedtke, Rainer and Rechter, David (eds.), Two Nations: British and German Jews in Comparative Perspective (Tübingen, 1999). Cesarani, David, The Making of Modern Anglo-Jewry (Oxford, 1989). Endelman, Todd, The Jews of Georgian England, 1714-1830: Tradition and Change in a Liberal Society (Philadelphia, PA, 1979) Endelman, Todd and Kushner, Tony (ed.), Disraeli's Jewishness (London, 2002). Feldman, David, Englishmen and Jews: Social Relations and Political Culture, 1840-1914 (New Haven, 1994). + Field, Geoffrey G., ‘Anti-Semitism with the Boots Off’, in Strauss, Herbert A. (ed.), Hostages of Modernization. Studies on Modern Antisemitism 1870-1933/39, vol. 3, part 1: Germany - Great Britain – France (Berlin, 1993), pp. 294-325 Finestein, Israel, Anglo-Jewry in Changing Times: Studies in Diversity 1840-1914 (London, 1999).

Gutwein, Daniel, The Divided Elite: Economics, Politics and Anglo-Jewry 1882-1917 (Leiden, 1992) * Holmes, Colin, Anti-Semitism in British Society, 1876-1939 (London, 1979). Idem, Tolerant Country?: Immigrants, Refugees and Minorities in Britain (London, 1991), Iganski, Paul and Barry Kosmin (eds.), A New Antisemitism? Debating Judeophobia in 21st Century Britain (London, 2003) Katz, David, ‘The Marginalisation of Early Modern Anglo-Jewish History’, in Kushner, Tony (ed.), The Jewish Heritage in British History: Englishness and Jewishness (London, 1992) Kushner, Tony, The Persistence of Prejudice: Antisemitism in British Society During the Second World War (Manchester, 1989) Lebzelter, Gisela C., Political Anti-Semitism in England

1918-1939 (New York, 1978).

Lipman, Vivian, A History of the Jews in Britain Since 1858 (Leicester, 1990). Liedtke, Rainer, Jewish Welfare in Hamburg and Manchester c.1850-1914 (Oxford: 1998). Loewe, Raphael, ‘Three Centuries of Anglo-Jewish History’, in Lipman, Vivian (ed.), Three Centuries of Anglo-Jewish History (Cambridge, 1961), pp. 125-48. Roth, Cecil, England in Jewish History, (The Lucien Wolf Memorial Lecture, 1949) (London, 1949) Idem, The History of the Jews in England (Oxford, 3rd ed., 1978 (1941)). Srebnik, Henry Felix, London Jews and British Communism, 1935-1945 (Ilford, 1995) * Rubinstein, W.D., A History of the Jews in the English-Speaking World: Great Britain (Houndmills, 1996). Salbstein, M.C.N., The Emancipation of the Jews in Britain: The Question of the Admission of the Jews to Parliament (London, 1982). +* Weber, Thomas, ‘Anti-Semitism and Philo-Semitism among the British and German Élites: Oxford and Heidelberg before the First World War’, English Historical Review, No. 475 (February 2003), 86-119. Williams, Bill, ‘The Anti-Semitism of Tolerance: Middle-Class Manchester and the Jews, 1870-1900’, in, Kidd, Alan J., Roberts, K.W. (eds.), Class and Culture:

11

Studies of Social Policy and Cultural Production on Victorian Manchester (Manchester, 1985)

Czechoslovakia Kieval, Hillel, The Making of Czech Jewry: National Conflict and Jewish Society in Bohemia, 11870-1918 (New York, 1988) Idem, Languages of Community: The Jewish Experience in the Czech Lands (Berkeley, 2000)

France Berkovitz, Jay, The Shaping of Jewish Identity in Nineteenth-Century France (Detroit, 1989) Birnbaum, Pierre, The Anti-semitic Moment: A Tour of France in (New York, 2003) Idem, Antisemitism in France: A Political History from Léon Blum to the Present (Oxford, 1992) Idem, The Jews of the Republic: A Political History of State Jews in France from Gambetta to Vichy (Stanford, CA, 1996) Bredin, Jean-Denis, The Affair: The Case of Alfred Dreyfus (London, 1987) Brenner, Michael; Caron, Vicki; and Kaufmann Uri R. (eds.), Jewish Emancipation Reconsidered: The French and German Models (Tübingen, 2003) * Burns, Michael, France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History (Boston, 1999) idem, Rural Society and French Politics at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair (Princeton, 1984) Cahm, Eric, The Dreyfus Affair in French Society and Politics (London, 1996) Caron, Vicki, Between France and Germany: The Jews of Alsace-Lorraine, 1871-1918 (Stanford, CA, 1988) Chapman, Guy, The Dreyfus Trials (London, 1972) Drumont, Edouard, La France Juive, 2 vols. (Paris, 1885) Frémontier, Jacques, L’Etoile Rouge de David: Les Juifs Communistes en France (Paris, 2002) Graetz, Michael, The Jews in Nineteenth Century France: From the French Revolution to the Alliance Israélite Universelle (Stanford, 1996)

* Hertzberg, Arthur, The French Enlightenment and the Jews (New York, 1968) Isser, Natalie, Antisemitism during the French Second Empire (New York, 1991) Malino, Frances, A Jew in the French Revolution: The Life of Zalkind Hourwitz (Cambridge, MA, 1996) Malino, Francis and Wasserstein, Bernard (eds.), The Jews in Modern France (Hanover, NH, 1985) Marrus, Michael, The Politics of Assimilation: A Study of the French-Jewish Community at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair (Oxford, 1971) Snyder, Louis, The Dreyfus Case: A Documentary History (New Brunswick, 1973) Szajkowski, Zosa, Jews and the French Revolutions of 1789, 1830 and 1848 (New York, 1970) Strauss, Herbert, ‘France – Intertwined Traditions’, in idem, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 1, pp. 455-63 Wilson, Stephen, ‘Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair’, in Strauss, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 1, pp. 541-92 Idem, ‘Antisemitic Riots of 1898 in France’, Historical Journal, xvi, 4 (1973), 789-806 Zola, Emile, The Dreyfus Affair: ‘J’Accuse’ and other Writings, ed. by Alain Pages (New Haven, 1996)

Germany Albanis, Elisabeth, German Jewish Cultural Identity from 1900 to the Aftermath of the First World War: A Comparative Study of Moritz Goldstein, Julius Bab and Ernst Lissauer (Tübingen, 2002) Arad, Yitzhak, Gutmann, Yisrael and Margaliot, Abraham (eds.), Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union (Lincoln, London, 1999) Arad, Yitzhak; Krakowski, Shmuel; Spector, Shmuel (eds.), The Einsatztruppen Reports (New York, 1989) Arendt, Hannah, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (London, 1963) Aschheim, Steven, Brothers and Strangers: The East European Jews in German and German-Jewish Consciousness, 1800-1923 (Madison, WI, 1999) * Bartov, Omer (ed.), The Holocaust: Origins, Interpretation, Aftermath (New York, 2000)

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Idem, Germany's War and the Holocaust: Disputed Histories (Ithaca, NY, 2003) Idem, Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide, and Modern Identity (New York, 2002) Idem, Murder in Our Midst: The Holocaust, Industrial Killing, and Representation (New York, 1996) Bauer, Yehuda, A History of the Holocaust (New York, 1982) Baumann, Zygmunt, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca, BY, 1989) Berin, Dietz, The Stigma of Names: Antisemitism in German Daily Life, 1812-1933 (Ann Arbor, MI, 1992) Birn, Bettina, ‘Revising the Holocaust’, The Historical Journal, 1 (1997), 195-215 Blumenthal, W. Michael, The Invisible Wall: Germans and Jews (Washington, 1999) Brenner, Michael, After the Holocaust: Rebuilding Jewish Lives in Post-war Germany (Princeton, 1997) * Brenner, Michael; Liedtke, Rainer and Rechter, David (eds.), Two Nations: British and German Jews in Comparative Perspective (Tübingen, 1999). Brenner, Michael, and Penslar, Derek J. (eds.), In Search of Jewish Community: Jewish Identities in Germany and Austria, 1918-1933 (Bloomington, IN, 1998) Benz, Wolfgang, The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide (London, 2000) Browning, Christopher R., Fateful Months: Essays on the Emergence of the Final Solution (New York, 1985) * Idem, Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers (Cambridge, 2000) * Idem, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York, 1993 (1992)) Idem, The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution (Cambridge, 1995 (1992)) Caron, Vicki, Between France and Germany: The Jews of Alsace-Lorraine, 1871-1918 (Stanford, CA, 1988)

Clark, Christopher, The Politics of Conversion: Missionary Protestantism and the Jews in Prussia 1728-1941 (Oxford, 1995) Dawidowicz, Lucy, The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945 (New York, 1975) Dwork, Déborah; van Pelt, Robert Jan, Holocaust: A History (London, 2002) Elon, Amos, The Pity of it All: A Portrait of the German-Jewish Epoch, 1743-1933 (New York, 2002) Friedländer, Saul, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. 1 (New York, 1997) Gay, Ruth, The Jews of Germany: A Historical Portrait (New Haven, 1992) Geyer, Michael, ‘War, Genocide, Extermination: The War against the Jews in an Era of World Wars’, in Jarausch, Konrad H.; Geyer, Michael, Shattered Past: Reconstructing German histories (Princeton, 2003), pp. 111-148. Gilbert, Martin, Atlas of the Holocaust, 3rd ed. (New York, 2002) Gilman, Sander and Ziper, Jack (eds.), Yale Companion to Jewish Writing and Thought in German Culture 1096-1996 (Newhaven, 1997).

Goebbels, Joseph, The Early Goebbels Diaries: The Journals of Joseph Goebbels from 1923-1926 (edited by Helmut Heiber) (London, 1962)

Idem, The Goebbels Diaries, 1939-1941 (edited by Fred Taylor) (New York, 1983)

Idem, The Goebbels Diaries: The Last Days (edited, introduced and annotated by Hugh Trevor-Roper)

Goldhagen, Daniel, ‘The Fictions of Ruth Bettina Birn’, German Politics and Society xv, 3 (1997), 119-165 * Idem, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (London, 1996) Graml, H., Antisemitism in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1992) Gutman, Israel (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, (New York/London, 1990) Hagen, William W., Germans, Poles, and Jews: The Nationality Conflict in the Prussian East, 1772-1914 (Chicago, 1980) Hess, Jonathan, Germans, Jews, and the Claims of Modernity (New Haven, 2002)

13

Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews, 3 vols. (New York, 2nd ed., 1985)

Idem (ed.), Documents of Destruction; Germany and Jewry, 1933-1945 (Chicago, 1971)

Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf, with an introduction by D.C. Watt, transl. (London, 1992 (1969))

Hitler, Adolf, Hitler's Table Talk, 1941-44: His Private Conversations Table Talks 1941-44, 2nd ed. (London, 1973)

Hichstadt, Steve (ed.), Sources of the Holocaust (Basingstoke, 2004)

Hoffmann, Christhard; Bergmann, Werner; and Walser Smith, Helmut (eds.), Exclusionary Violence: Antisemitic Riots in Modern German History (Ann Arbor, MI, 2002) Iggers, Georg, ‘Academic Anti-Semitism in Germany 1870-1933: A Comparative Perspective’, Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte, 27 (1998), 473-89 Kaplan, Marion, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 1998) Idem, ‘Friendship on the Margins: Jewish Social Relations in Imperial Germany’, Central European History, 34,4 (2001), 471-501 Katz, Jacob, The Darker Side of Genius: Richard Wagner’s Antisemitism (Hanover, NH, 1986) Kauders, Anthony, German Politics and the Jews: Düsseldorf and Nuremberg, 1910-1933 (Oxford, 1996). Keith, Pickus, Constructing Modern Identities: Jewish University Students in Germany, 1815-1914 (Detroit, 1999)

Klemperer, Victor, I Shall Bear Witness: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer, 1933-41 (abridged and translated from the German edition) (London, 1998)

⊗ Idem, To the Bitter End: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer, 1942-1945 (abridged and translated from the German edition) (London, 1999), diary of German Jewish academic who survived the war in Dresden

von Lang, Jochen (ed.), Eichmann Interrogated: Transcripts from the Archives of the Israeli Police (New York, 1984 (German ed. 1982)

Levy, Richard S., The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany (New Haven, 1975) Liedtke, Rainer, Jewish Welfare in Hamburg and Manchester c.1850-1914 (Oxford: 1998) Magnes, Shulamit, Jewish Emancipation in a German City (1997) Marrus, Michael R., The Holocaust in History (London, 1993 (1987)) Ibid., ‘Reflections on the Historiography of the Holocaust’, Journal of Modern History, 66 (1994), 92-116 Massing, Paul, Rehearsal for Destruction: A Study of Political anti-Semitism in Imperial Germany (New York, 1949). Mendes-Flohr, Paul, German Jews: A Dual Identity (New Haven, 1999) Mergel, Thomas, ‘Ultramontanism, Liberalism, Moderation: Political Mentalities and Political Behaviour of the German Catholic Bürgertum’, Central European History, 29, 1996. Meyer, Michael (ed.), German-Jewish History in Modern Times, 4 vols. (New York, 1978) Mosse, George, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York, 1964) Noakes, Jeremy and Pridham, Geoffrey (eds.), Nazism 1919-1945, 4 vols., (Exeter, 1983-88) Panayi, Panikos, Ethnic Minorities in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Germany: Jews, Gypsies, Poles, Turks and Others (Harlow, 2000) * Pulzer, Peter, Jews and the German State: The Political History of a Minority, 1848-1933 (Oxford, 1992)

* Idem, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria (London, 1988 (1964)) Retallack, James, ‘Conservatives and Antisemites in Baden and Saxony’, German History, 17,4 (1999), 507-26 Robertson, Ritchie, The ‘Jewish Question’ in German Literature: Emancipation and its Discontents, 1749-1939 (Oxford, 1999) Rose, Paul, Revolutionary Antisemitism in Germany from Kant to Wagner (Princeton, 1990) Roseman, Mark, The Villa, the Lake, the Meeting:

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Wannsee and the Final Solution (London, 2003) Ross, Donald J., The Failure of Bismarck’s Kulturkampf: Catholicism and State Power in Imperial Germany, 1871-1887 (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1998) Schommer, Peter, ‘Goldhagen Debate and Role of Historians’, H-Net German, 30 April 1996 Schorsch, Ismar, Jewish Reactions to German Antisemitism, 1870-1914 (New York, 1972) Sichrovsky, Peter, Strangers in their own Land: Young Jews in Germany and Austria Today (New York, 1986) * Smith, Helmut Walser, The Butcher's Tale: Murder and Anti-Semitism in a German Town (2002) * Idem, German Nationalism and Religious Conflict: Culture, Ideology, Politics, 1870-1914 (Princeton, 1994) Idem, ‘Religion and Conflict: Protestants, Catholics, and Anti-Semitism in the State of Baden in the Era of Wilhelm II’, Central European History, 27 (1994), 283-314 * Idem (ed.), Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany 1800-1914 (Oxford: Berg, 2001) Sorkin, David, The Transformation of German Jewry, 1780-1840 (New York, 1987)

Stackelberg, Roderick; Winkle, Sally A. (eds.), The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts (London, 2002)

Stargardt, Nicholas, ‘The Holocaust’, in Fulbrook, Mary (ed.), German History since 1800 (London, 1997), pp. 339-360 Steinberg, Jonathan, All or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust, 1941-1943 (London, 1990) Stone, Dan, The Historiography of the Holocaust (Basingstoke, 2004) * Weber, Thomas, ‘Anti-Semitism and Philo-Semitism among the British and German Élites: Oxford and Heidelberg before the First World War’, English Historical Review, No. 475 (February 2003), 86-119. Wertheimer, Jack, Unwelcome Strangers: East European Jews in Imperial Germany (New York, 1987)

Greece Mazower, Mark, Salonica: City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims, and Jews, 1430-1950 (New York, 2005) Hungary Katzburg, Nathaniel, Nathaniel and the Jews, 1920-1943 (Ramat Gan, 1981) Silber, Michael K. (ed.), Jews in the Hungarian Economy, 1760-1945 (Jerusalem, 1992)

Italy De Felice, Renzo, The Jews in Fascist Italy: A History (New York, 2001) Gunzberg, Lynn, Strangers at Home: Jews in the Italian Literary Imagination (Berkeley, CA, 1992) Hughes, H. Stuart, Prisoners of Hope: The Silver Age of the Italian Jews, 1924-1974 (Cambridge, MA, 1983) Meir, Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews (Oxford, 1978) DiNapoli, Thomas (ed.), The Italian Jewish Experience (Stony Brook, NY, 2000) Steinberg, Jonathan, All or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust, 1941-1943 (London, 1990) Wistrich, Robert and DellaPergola (eds.), Fascist Antisemitism and the Italian Jews (Jerusalem, 1995) Zimmerman, Joshua (ed.), Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922-1945 (Cambridge, 2005) Poland [for pre-1918 Poland, cf. also the section on Russia] Blobaum, Robert (ed.), Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland (Ithaca, NY, 2005) Brandes, Harald, ‘Historische Stadtstrukturen von Łódź unter dem Aspekt ethnisch-kultureller Vielfalt’, in, Maier, Robert; Stöber, Georg (ed.), Zwischen Abgrenzung und Assimilation – Deutsche, Polen und Juden. Schauplätze ihres Zusammenlebens von der Zeit der Aufklärung bis zum Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Hanover, 1996), pp. 175-184 Budziarek, Marek, ‘Konfessionelle Koexistenz in Lodz im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert’, in, Hensel, Jürgen (ed.), Polen, Deutsche und Juden in Lodz 1820-1939: Eine schwierige Nachbarschaft (Osnabrück, 1999), pp. 269-282

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Cała, Alina, ‚Die Anfänge des Antisemitismus im Königreich Polen in der zweiten Hälfte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts’, International Review of Social History, 30 (1985), 342-373 Davies, Norman, ‘Polish-Jewish Relations: Historic Background’, in Strauss, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 972-988 Eisenbach, Artur, The Emancipation of the Jews in Poland, 1780-1870, ed. by Antony Polonsky (Oxford, 1991) Gross, Jan T., Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland after Auschwitz: An Essay in Historical Interpretation (New York, 2006) Idem, Neighbours: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland (Princeton, 2001) Guesnet, François, Lodzer Juden im 19. Jahrhundert: Ihr Ort in einer multikulturellen Stadtgesellschaft (Leipzig, 1997) Gutman, Yisrael et al. (eds.), The Jews of Poland between Two World Wars (Hanover NH, 1989) Idem, ‘Poles and Jews between the Wars: Historic Overview’, in Strauss, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 1038-1062 Hagen, William W., Germans, Poles, and Jews: The Nationality Conflict in the Prussian East, 1772-1914 (Chicago, 1980) Idem, ‘The Moral Economy of Popular Violence: The Pogrom in Lwów, November 1918’, in Blobaum, Antisemitism, pp. pp. 124-147 Heller, Celia, On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland between the Two World Wars (New York 1977) Hensel, Jürgen (ed.), Polen, Deutsche und Juden in Lodz 1820-1939: Eine schwierige Nachbarschaft (Osnabrück, 1999) Hofmann, Andreas R., ‘Die vergessene Okkupation: Lodz im Ersten Weltkrieg’, in, Löw, Andrea; Robusch, Kerstin; Walter, Stefanie (eds.), Deutsche – Juden – Polen: Geschichte einer wechselvollen Beziehung im 20. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt am Main, 2004), pp. 59-78 Janczak, Julian K., ‘The National Structure of the Population in Łódź in the years 1820-1939’, Polin, 6 (1991), pp. 20-26 Korzec, Paweł, ‘Polish-Jewish Relations during World War I’, in Strauss, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 1022-1037

Melzer, Emanuel, No Way Out: The Politics of Polish Jewry 1935-1939 (Cincinnati, 1997) Mendelsohn, Ezra, ‘The Jewries of Interwar Poland’, in Strauss, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 989-995 Idem, Zionism in Poland: The Formative Years, 1915-1926 (New Haven, 1981) Michlic, Joanna, Coming to Terms with the ‘Dark Past’: The Polish Debate about the Jedwabne Massacre (Jerusalem, 2002) * idem, Poland’s Threatening Order: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present (Lincoln, Nebraska, 2006) * Michlic, Joanna and Polonsky, Antony, The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland (Princeton, 2004) Mroczka, Ludwik, ‘Die Berufs- und Sozialstruktur der wichtigsten ethnischen Gruppen in Lodz und ihre Entwicklung in den Jahren 1918-1939’, in Hensel, Polen, pp. 45-66. * Polonsky, Antony, ‘Antisemitism in Poland: The Current State of Historical Research’, in Brown, Michael (ed.), Approaches to Antisemitism: Context and Curriculum (New York, 1994), pp. 290-308 Idem (ed.), From Shtetl to Socialism: Studies from Polin (London, 1993) Idem et al. (eds.), The Jews in Poland (Oxford, 1986) Puś, Wiesław: The Development of the City of Łódź (1820-1939), in, Polin, 6 (1991), 3-19 Pytlas, Stefan, ‘Die Beziehungen zwischen jüdischen und christlichen Unternehmern in Lodz bis 1914’, in, Hensel, Polen, pp. 131-138 Pytlas, Stefan, ‘The National Composition of Łódź Industrialists before 1914’, Polin 6 (1991), 37-56 Samuś, Paweł, ‘The Jewish Community in the Political Life of Łódź in the years 1865-1914’, Polin, 6 (1991), 88-104 Ibid., ‘Łódź an der Jahrhundertwende – Stadt der Polen, Deutschen und Juden’, Maier; Stöber (eds), Abgrenzung, pp. 159-174 Ibid., ‘Lodz: Heimatstadt von Polen, Deutschen und Juden’, in, Hensel, Polen, pp. 13-32. Shapiro, Robert Moses, ‘Aspects of Jewish Self-government in Łódź 1914-1939’ Polin, 6 (1991), 133-154.

16

Rudnicki, Szymon, ‘Anti-Jewish Legislation in Interwar Poland’, in Blobaum, Antisemitism, pp. 148-170 Snyder, Tim, ‘The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943’, Past and Present, 179 (May, 2003), 197-234 Stola, Dariusz, ‘Fighting against Shadows: The Anti-Zionist Campaign of 1968’, in Blobaum, Antisemitism, pp. 284-300 Strauss, Herbert A., ‘Poland – Culture of Anti-Semitism’, in idem, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 963-971 Szaynok, Bozena, ‘The Anti-Jewish Policy of the USSR in the Last Decade of Stalin’s Rule and its Impact on the East European Countries with Special Reference to Poland’, Russian History, 29, 2-4 (2002), 301-15 Weber, Thomas, Lodz Ghetto Album: Photographs by Henryk Ross (photographs selceted by Martin Parr & Timothy Prus) (London, 2004) Weeks, Theodore, ‘Assimilation, Nationalism, Modernization, Antisemitism: Notes on Polish-Jewish Relations, 1855-1905’, in Blobaum, Antisemitism, pp. 20-38 * Idem, From Assimilation to Antisemitism: The ‘Jewish Question’ in Poland, 1850-1914 (DeKalb, Ill, 2006) Zimmerman, Joshua, Poles, Jews, and the Politics of Nationality: The Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in Late Tsarist Russia, 1892-1914 (Madison, WI, 2004) Russia & Soviet Union Altshuler, Mordechai, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust: A Social and Demographic Profile (Jerusalem, 1988) Idem, Soviet Jewry since the Second World War: Population and Social Structure (Westport, CT, 1987) Aronson, Michael, Troubled Waters: The Origins of the 1881 Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia (Pittsburgh, Pa , 1990) Baron, Salo W., ‘Jews in Russia: The First World War and the Revolutionary Period’, in Strauss, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 1291-1311

Bronner, Stephen, A Rumor about the Jews: Reflections on Antisemitism and the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion (New York, 2000) Brym, Robert, The Jewish Intelligentsia and Russian Marxism: A Sociological Study of Intellectual Radicalism and Ideological Divergence (New York, 1978) Eckman, Lester Samuel, ‘Soviet Politics Toward the Jews: From Lenin to Stalin’, in Strauss, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 1325-1331 Frankel, Jonathan, Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism and the Russian Jews, 1862-1917 (Cambridge, 1981) Idem, The Soviet Government and the Jews, 1948-1967: A Documented Study (Cambridge, 1984) Freedman, Theodore (ed.), Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union: Its Roots and Consequences (New York, 1984) Gassenschmidt, Christoph, Jewish Liberal Politics in Tsarist Russia, 1900-1914: The Modernization of Russian Jewry (New York, 1995) Gitelman, Zvi, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present (Bloomington, 2nd ed., 2001) Idem (ed.), Jewish Life after the USSR (Bloomington, 2003) Idem, Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Section of the SPSU, 1917-1930 (Princeton, NJ, `971) * Haberer, Erich, Jews and Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge, MA, 1995) Klier, John (ed.), Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History (Cambridge, 1992) +* Klier, John, Imperial Russia’s ‘Jewish Question’ 1855-1881 (Cambridge, 1995) Idem, Russia Gathers her Jews: The Origin of the ‘Jewish Question’ in Russia 1772-1825 (DeKalb, Ill., 1986) Korey, William, The Soviet Cage: Anti-Semitism in Russia (New York, 1973) Lambroza, Shlomo, ‘Jewish Self-Defence during the Russian Pogroms of 1903-1906’, in Strauss, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 1244-1256 Lederhendler, Eli, The Road to Modern Jewish Politics: Political Tradition and Political Reconstructionn in the Jewish Community of Tsarist Russia (Oxford, 1989)

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* Loewe, H.D., The Tsars and the Jews (New York, 1993)

Vaksberg, Arkady, Stalin Against the Jews (New York, 1994)

Mendelsohn, Ezra, Class Struggle in the Pale: The Formative Years of the Jewish Workers’ Movement in Tsarist Russia (Cambridge, 1970)

Wistrich, Robert, The Left Against Zion (London, 1979) Idem, Socialism and the Jews (New York, 1985)

Zimmerman, Joshua, Poles, Jews, and the Politics of Nationality: The Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in Late Tsarist Russia, 1892-1914 (Madison, WI, 2004)

* Nathans, Benjamin, Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia (Berkeley, CA, 2002) Peled, Yoav, Class and Ethnicity in the Pale: The Political Economy of Jewish Workers’ Nationalism in Late Imperial Russia (New York, 1989)

Zipperstein, Steven, The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794-1881 (Stanford, CA, 1985) Spain Avni, Haim, Spain, the Jews, and Franco (Philadelphia, 1982)

Pinkus, Benjamin, The Jews of the Soviet Union (Cambridge, 1988)

Journals and Year Books Pipes, Richard, ‘Catherine II and the Jews: The

Origins of the Pale of Settlement’, in idem, Russia Observed: Collected Essays on Russian and Soviet History (Boulder, CO, 1989), pp. 59-82

American Jewish Year Book – published annually since 1900; covers the situation of Jews around the world

* Riga, Liliana, ‘Ethnonationalism, Assimilation, and the Social Worlds of the Jewish Bolsheviks in Fin de Siècle Tsarist Russia’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 48 (Oct. 2006). 762-97

* Antisemitism Worldwide [Year] - This is the Stephen Roth Institute’s year book. * Commentary

East European Jewish Affairs – founded as Soviet Jewish Affairs; renamed in 1992 * Rogger, Hans, ‘The Beilis Case: Anti-Semitism

and Politics in the Reign of Nicholas II, in Strauss, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 1257-1273

Jewish Culture and History

Jewish Historical Studied (Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England) * idem, Jewish Policies and Right-Wing Politics in

Imperial Russia (Berkeley, 1986) Jewish History – founded in 1986; covers mostly

medieval and early modern history Rubenstein, Joshua, and Naumov, Vladimir P. (eds.), Stalin’s Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (New Haven, 2001)

Jewish Journal of Sociology – founded in 1959

Jewish Social Studies – founded in 1939 and revived in 1993 Snyder, Tim, ‘The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish

Ethnic Cleansing 1943’, Past and Present, 179 (May, 2003), 197-234

Journal of Israeli Studies

Stanislawski, Michael, Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews: The Transformation of Jewish Society in Russia, 1825-1855 (Philadelphia, PA, 1983)

Leo Baeck Institute Year Book – founded in 1956; covers the history of German Jewry

* Patterns of Prejudice – Quarterly published since 1967 Strauss, Herbert, ‘Czarist Russia and the Soviet

Union – Enduring Mentalities’, in idem, Hostages of Modernization, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 1177-1187

Polin – a yearbook on Polish Jewish history

Szaynok, Bozena, ‘The Anti-Jewish Policy of the USSR in the Last Decade of Stalin’s Rule and its Impact on the East European Countries with Special Reference to Poland’, Russian History, 29, 2-4 (2002), 301-15

Studies in Contemporary Jewry – published since 1984 Yad Vashem Studies – covers the Holocaust

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Online Sources

Anti-Defamation League - http://www.adl.org/ (Anti-Semitism watchdog) American Jewish Committee - http://www.ajc.org American Jewish Congress - http://www.ajcongress.org American Jewish World Service - http://www.ajws.org/ Association of Jewish Studies – http://www.ajsnet.org Anne Frank Foundation - http://www.annefrank.org Antisemitism and Xenophobia Today - http://www.axt.org.uk/ (includes country reports) Antisemitismus.at - http://www.antisemitismus.at/ (an Austrian website about contemporary anti-Semitism) Antisemitismus-Info.de - antisemitismus-info.de (a German website about contemporary anti-Semitism) Avalon Project, Yale Law School - http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/munich1.htm - Arguably the best collection of documents of 18th to 20th c. international history Center for Jewish History, New York – http://www.cjh.org/ The Centre for German-Jewish Studies, University of Sussex - http://www.sussex.ac.uk/cgjs/ Compass - Infodienst für christlich-jüdische und deutsch-israelische Tagesthemen im Web - http://www.compass-infodienst.de/ Deutsch-Israelische Gesellschaft - http://www.digberlin.de/ Dinur Centre for Research in Jewish History – http://www.dinur.org Euston Manifesto: http://eustonmanifesto.org/joomla/ Germany’s Holocaust Memorial - http://holocaust-mahnmal.de/ George Galloway’s website - http://www.georgegalloway.com/ Hagalil - http://www.hagalil.com/ (a website dedicated to combating anti-Semitism) Hatewatch - http://www.splcenter.org/intel/hatewatch/?source=redirect&url=hatewatch H-Antisemitism – http://www.h-net.org/~antis/ (scholarly list on anti-Semitism) House of the Wannsee Conference - http://www.ghwk.de/engl/kopfengl.htm Israel 21c Magazine - http://www.israel21c.org/ (Israel 21c brands itself as a “not-for-profit corporation organized under the laws of California that works with existing institutions and the media to inform Americans about 21st century Israel, its people, its institutions and its contributions to global society” The Jewish Agency for Israel - http://www.jaji.org.il/aliyah Jewish Encyclopaedia – http://www.jewishencyclopaedia.com Jewish Historical Society of England – http://www.jhse.org Jewish History Resource Center, Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, Hebrew University of Jerusalem - http://www.dinur.org/1.html?rsID=219

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Jüdische Allgemeine - http://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/ Jüdisches in Europa - http://www.juedisches-leben.net/ Jüdisches Museum Berlin - http://www.jmberlin.de/ Jüdische Museum Frankfurt - http://www.juedischesmuseum.de/ Jüdisches Museum Wien - http://www.jmw.at/ Keren Hayesod – Vereinigte Israel Aktion - http://www.keren-hayesod.de/ Leo Baeck Institute London (for the Study of the History and Culture of German-speaking Jewry) - http://www.leobaeck.co.uk/ Leo Baeck Institute New York (for the Study of the History and Culture of German-speaking Jewry) - http://www.lbi.org/ Moses Mendelssohn Zentrum für europäisch-jüdische Studien - http://www.mmz-potsdam.de/ Neue Synagoge Berlin – Centrum Judaicum - http://www.cjudaicum.de The Nizkor Project - http://www.nizkor.org/ (a website dedicated to the Holocaust) The Oxford Centre of Jewish and Hebrew Studies - www.ochjs.ac.uk The Parkes Institute for the Study of Jewish/non-Jewish Relations - http://www.parkes.soton.ac.uk/welcome.htm Rosenzweig Center for German-Jewish History, Jerusalem – http://www.rosenzweig.huji.ac.il Simon Wiesenthal Center - http://www.wiesenthal.com The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism - http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/ Topographie des Terrors - http://www.topographie.de/ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - http://www.ushmm.org/ Union of Councils for Jewish Jews - http://www.ucsj.com/ Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism - http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/ The Wiener Library - http://www.wienerlibrary.co.uk/ (the world's oldest Holocaust memorial institution) Yad Vashem - http://www.yadvashem.org Yedioth Aharonot - http://www.ynetnews.com YIVO – Institute for Jewish Research - http://www.yivoinstitute.org/ Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland - http://www.zentralratdjuden.de Zentrum für Antisemitismusforschung, TU Berlin - http://www.tu-berlin.de/zfa/

European and Israeli Media ABC - http://www.abc.es/ Algemeen Dagblad - http://www.ad.nl/

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BBC – http://www.bbc.co.uk Corriere della Sera - http://www.corriere.it Daily Telegraph - http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Economist - http://www.economist.com/ L’Equipe - http://www.lequipe.fr/ Le Figaro - http://www.lefigaro.fr/ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung - http://www.faz.net Frankfurter Rundschau – http://www.fr-online.de/ Gazeta Wyborcza - http://www.gazeta.pl The Guardian - http://www.guardian.co.uk/ Ha’aretz – http://www.haaretz.com The Herald - http://www.theherald.co.uk/ The Independent - http://www.independent.co.uk/ The Irish Times - http://www.ireland.com/ Jerusalem Post - www.jpost.co.il Jyllands Posten - http://www.jp.dk/ Kronenzeitung - www.krone.at Libération - http://www.liberation.fr/ Le Monde – http://www.lemonde.fr Le Monde diplomatique - http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/ Ta Nea - http://ta-nea.dolnet.gr Neue Zürcher Zeitung – http://www.nzz.ch New Statesman - http://www.newstatesman.com/ The Observer - http://observer.guardian.co.uk/ L'Osservatore Romano – http://www.vatican.va/news_services/or/home_ita.html El Pais - http://www.elpais.com/ Paris Match - http://www.parismatch.com Pravda – http://www.pravda.ru Radio Maryja - http://www.radiomaryja.pl/ La Repubblica - http://www.repubblica.it/ The Scotsman - http://www.scotsman.com/

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Le Soir - http://www.lesoir.be/ The Spectator - http://www.spectator.co.uk/ Der Spiegel – http://www.spiegel.de La Stampa - http://www.lastampa.it De Standaard - http://www.standaard.be/ Der Stern – http://www.stern.de Süddeutsche Zeitung – http://www.sueddeutsche.de TAZ - www.taz.de The Times - http://www.timesonline.co.uk Die Welt - www.welt.de Yedioth Aharonot - http://www.ynetnews.com Die Zeit – http://www.zeit.de

Films The Eternal Jew (Der Ewige Jude) – the most notorious anti-Semitic propaganda film by the Nazis

Jud Süß – another Nazi propaganda film

Olympia – Leni Rifenstahl’s best known film

Triumph of the Will, 1934 (Triumph des Willens), -. Leni Riefenstahl’s documentary of the Nuremberg Nazi rally.

I gratefully acknowledge that parts of the reading list have drawn upon Bernard Wasserstein’s syllabus on the history of European Jewry.

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