density and pressure. density and pressure define density understand relative density define and use...
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Density and Pressure
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Density and Pressure
• Define density• Understand relative density• Define and use the term pressure• Learn the instruments used for measuring
pressure• Brownian Motion and the Kinetic Model• Pressure in a Gas• Melting, Boiling and Evaporation
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Density
• Mass per unit volume• Units: kgm-3, gcm-3, gml-1
• Density changes with temperature• Relative Density– Density of a substance divided density of water– Dimensionless– Density of water is 1000 kgm-3
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Densities of Some Substances
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Comparing Densities• When most substances change from a solid
state to a liquid state their volume does not change much. – Density of a solid is almost the same as a liquid.
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Comparing Densities• When a liquid changes into a gas, the spacing
between the particles increases by a factor of about ten.
• As a result, the density of a substance decreases by a factor of approximately 1000 when it changes from a liquid to a gas.
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Sample Calculations
• A cup of gold colored metal beads was measured to have a mass 425 grams. By water displacement, the volume of the beads was calculated to be 48.0 cm3. Identify the metal.
• A 60-ml flask is filled with mercury at 0C. When the temperature rises to 80C, 1.47 g of mercury spills out of the flask. Assuming that the volume of the flask is constant, find the density of mercury at 80C if its density at 0C is 13,645 kgm-3.
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Pressure
• Force per unit area• Force is normal to the area• Units: Nm-2, kgm-1s-2, Pascal (Pa)• Fluid Pressure
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Fluid Pressure
• Equation
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Measuring Pressure
• Mercury Barometer• U-tube Manometer• Equation
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Sample Calculations
• A U-tube contains liquid of unknown density. An oil of density 800 kgm-3 is poured into one arm of the tube until the oil column is 12 cm high. The oil-air interface is 5.0 cm above the liquid level in the other arm of the tube. Find the density of the liquid.
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Brownian Motion
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Brownian Motion
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Brownian Motion
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Kinetic Theory of Matter
All matter is made up of a large number of tiny atoms or molecules
which are in continuous motion
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Pressure of a Gas
• Molecules are in constant random motion• Molecules hit the walls of the container• Force that the gas molecules exert as they hit
the walls of the container
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Energies and Molecules
• Potential Energy• Distance between molecules
• Kinetic Energy• Proportional to temperature of the substance
• Internal Energy• The sum of the microscopic kinetic and potential
energies of a substance due to random motion.
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Melting and Boiling
• Heat is added to break bonds between molecules
• Some part of the energy is used to work against the environment
• Both occur at a specific constant temperature• Let us look at the energies involved
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Boiling and Evaporation
• Both involve changes from liquid to gas
• Boiling occurs at a specific temperature• Evaporation occurs at any temperature
• Boiling occurs inside the liquid• Evaporation occurs at the surface of the liquid