Demographic Shift of Population of Mumbaipresented at International Seminar on Mumbai fort-A Fountainhead of

Development at Sophia College, Mumbai on 12-1-2013

Prof. Vibhuti PatelHead, Dept. of EconomicsSNDT Women’s University

Mumbai-400020Email: vibhuti.np@gmail.com

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Population• Growth of Mumbai: in 350 years• The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai’s population over the last

four centuries

• 1661: 10,000 inhabitants 1675: 60,000• 1864: 816,562 1872: 644,605 • 1881: 773,196 1891: 821,764 1901: 812,912 (Greater Bombay) • 1911: 1,018,388 1921: 1,244,934 1931: 1,268,936 • 1941: 1,686,127 1951: 2,966,902 1961: 4,152,056 • 1971: 5,970,575 1981: 8,227,382 • 1991: 9,900,000 + 2,600,000 (Thané) = 12,500,000 (Greater Bombay) • 2001: 11900000 (Mumbai city) and 16,368,084 (Greater Mumbai,

incl. Thané)• 2011: 12,478,447 i.e. 1.24 crores (excluding Agglomeration) and

Greater Mumbai:18,414,288 i.e. 1.84 crores2

Demographic Profile of Mumbai City• Over 12 million People staying in 437-460 sq. km. • Average density: 28000 per sq. km.• 66% of Mumbai region occupied by water• Northward movement of population in terms of

housing• 55% slums on private land• Daily trips of local trains-70 lakhs per annum• Daily trips of Bombay Electricity and Suburban

Transport buses- 52 lakhs per annum

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Sex Ratio (Per 1000)Demographic Profile of Mumbai2001838

2011777

Child Sex Ratio (0-6 Age) 874 922

Average Literacy 86.04 88.48

Male Literacy 90.23 90.54

Female Literacy 81.38 86.03

Total Child Population (0-6 Age) 262,229 339,723

Male Population (0-6 Age) 139,906 176,789

Female Population (0-6 Age) 122,323 162,934

Proportion of Children (0-6 Age) 8.34% 10.18%

Proportion of Boys(0-6 Age) 8.17% 9.41%

Proportion of Girls(0-6 Age) 8.53% 11.16% 4

• Mortality rates in Bombay have fallen dramatically since independence, although, even before, they were lower than the corresponding rates in villages.

• The infant mortality rate in Mumbai has been static at 40 per 1000 births in the last six years while the maternal mortality rate has been on a rise.

• increase in maternal mortality rate as the BMC registered 206 maternal mortality cases in 2010, compared to 149 the year before.

• Source: Report of Executive Health Officer, BMC

Mortality Rates

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Year Thane Mumbai Suburban

Mumbai

1901 939 652 652

1911 947 570 570

1921 937 561 561

1931 935 592 592

1941 940 616 616

1951 920 712 574

1961 919 744 626

1971 894 769 670

1981 883 801 729

1991 879 831 791

2001 858 822 777

2011 880 857 838

Table: 1 Overall Sex Ratio (Number of women per 1000 men) of Greater Mumbai

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Migration• Immigration: Important role in growth &

development of Mumbai• Total Migrants to Mumbai: 70% from Maharashtra• Rural origin of in-migration• Migration to Greater Mumbai urban agglomerate• Out-migration of youth: IT professionals, skilled

workers• Problems in Mumbai: Transport, housing, water,

work life balance• Growth of satellite cities

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Mumbai 874

Mumbai Suburb 910

Thane district 905

Thane Rural 953

Thane city 858

Navi Mumbai 901

Thane district 905

Source: Provision Population Totals, Census of India, Paper 2Highlight: Locus of discriminatory abortions of female foetuses

shifting to rural areas

Child Sex Ratio in Mumbai Metropolitan Region-2011

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Chart 1

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Malnutrition in MumbaiStudy by Neeraj Hatekar et al (2003) based on survey of 1006

households in Matunga (E & W), Dadar, Mahim, Bandra, Mankhurd, Kurla, Vikhroli (E & W) and Ghatkopar on malnutrition among kutcha slums children in 0-5 age group revealed that the extent of malnutrition, stunting and related deaths is similar in the Mumbai slums and tribal villages of Jawahar Taluka as a result of poor coverage of public health and sanitation facilities. As a result continued bout diarrhea becomes a classic correlates of malnourished children in Mumbai. Overall, severe malnourishments were higher in Mumbai than in Jahwar. A possible connection between the characteristics of urban informal labour markets, especially among women, and the high incidence of malnutrition among children, is discussed. This article also contains a discussion on policy integration for minimizing the incidence of malnutrition in this population.

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AIDS• With 4.7% of AIDS cases in India from Mumbai,

Mumbai is subject to 160% more AIDS than the average prevalence in India.

• The number of new Aids cases reported annually in the city has dropped 88.64% in the last five years: down to 595 till October 2011 from 5,240 cases reported in 2007.

• The numbers are likely to drop further with the anti-retroviral therapy (ART) available at more centres and drugs getting cheaper.

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Education Scenario in Mumbai• Universities in Mumbai : 12• CBSE affiliated schools in Mumbai : 36• ICSE affiliated schools in Mumbai : 58• BMED-run schools : 1191• Secondary/ Higher Secondary schools : 3075• Vocational Education and Training Institutes in Mumbai : 19

• Junior colleges in Mumbai : 330• Engineering Colleges : 38• Architecture Colleges : 7• Pharmacy Colleges : 9

Mumbai is an education hotspot & Research hub of South-East Asia.

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Slum population• According to the results of Census of India, 2001,

48.88 of the population of Mumbai % and 38%of population of Thane lived in the slums of Mumbai. This is by far the largest slum population in any city of India. 72.48% of this slum population was literate.

• This brings out pressing need for improving the affordable housing stock supply in most of the urban settlements of Mumbai Metropolitan Region.

• According to World Bank, out of total households of Mumbai, 52 % lived in slums & 37.5% in chowls.

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Employment Patterns• In 2001, out of total population of 178.46 lakhs in

urban MMR, the total resident workers were 66.16 lakhs in the year 2001 i.e. 37.07%. In case of Greater Mumbai, share of total resident worker in its total population, which was 36.81% in the year 1971 has varied over the years namely, to 34.69% in 1981, 34.59% in 1991 and 38.00% in 2001.

• As Bombay moves from a primarily manufacturing to a services based economy, jobs are slowly moving out of the congested Island city.

• Massive growth in informal sector & contract work14

Changing profile of Employment• a city which was defined by the textile industry

was now welcoming new and different kind of economic activities-IT, tele-working, BPO, KPO, electronics, food processing, tourism related, hospitality industry,

• Rise of workforce in service sector-domestic work• Child labour in local trains, bus stops, grocery shops, shoe-shine boys, newspaper

vendors, rag pickers, hawkers, vendors, domestic workers, baby minders, coolies, helpers in shops, stigmatised slum-based labour markets,

• Change in labour processes and labour relations• From factory based to home based work• Feminisation of work force 15

Thank you

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