Presenter

Ayesha kiran (MP/2015-S-20)

Democracy And Education

of ppt• Democracy and education • Dewey's vision of Education• Why does democracy need Education • The leading hypotheses for the promotion of democracy through education• What must education be to become democratic? • Education For Democracy• Dewey’s Assumptions• Measurement of democratic society• Democracy roots in Pakistan • Islam and democracy• Conclusion

Education• Education is a process of transmission of knowledge from one

generation to another to bring positive behavioral change.• Education is the process of social adjustment and self –realization of

the individual.

John DeweyPhilosopher• John Dewey was an American philosopher, psychologist, Georgist, and educational

reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. • Born: October 20, 1859, Burlington, Vermont, United States• Died: June 1, 1952, New York City, New York, United States• Education: University of Vermont (1879), Johns Hopkins University, University of Chicago• Influenced by: William James, Jean-Jacques Rousseau,

Democracy• A form of government in which people choose leaders by voting.• An organization or situation in which everyone is treated equally and

has equal rights.

A method of group decision making characterized by a kind of equality among the participants at an essential stage of the collective decision making. Three aspects of this definition should be noted. • First, democracy concerns collective decision making,. • Second, this definition means to cover a lot of different kinds of groups that may

be called democratic. So there can be democracy in families, voluntary organizations, economic firms, as well as states and transnational and global organizations. • Third, the equality required by the definition of democracy may be more or less

deep. (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Conti…..• Democracy” may refer to any of these political arrangements. It may

involve direct participation of the members of a society in deciding on the laws and policies of the society

OR• it may involve the participation of those members in selecting

representatives to make the decisions.

Democratic Education

The Institute for Democratic Education in America (IDEA) defines democratic education as "learning that equips every human being to participate fully in a healthy democracy.

Democratic Education For education to be democratic it must be an holistic education, not proscriptive, and not limited to the four walls of the classroom. It must be developmentally and culturally appropriate and it must be participatory. It helps a child develop a love for learning and critical thinking. It must also be equitable so that all have access to it."

Education is democratic when it is inclusive because it is acceptable to a wide variety of people. It's democratic because it recognizes that students are not passive beings but have to be engaged as critical thinkers. It's democratic because parents need to be treated as active participants in the educational process and not merely as consumers of it. And it's democratic because it has a sense of public accountability and a commitment to addressing broader public and social goals."

"Democratic education is where people listen to one another and where children are the source of learning for teachers. There is a way to help children learn and at the same time listen to them. Teachers do not feel diminished, and they construct with the children and respect them, which is something important to learn."

Democracy and Education

In 1916 John Dewey wrote powerful book which was written within the framework of how education was to fulfill the needs of society. The book entitled Democracy and Education defined democracy as a way of defining culture. Dewey viewed democracy as a way of government that allows for the members of society to enjoy freedom in a well organized civilization. He refers to the countries that do not use technology and mass elections to govern themselves as "savage".

Democracy And Education• According to John Dewey, "the object and reward of learning is continued capacity for growth." However, in order that all people may be allowed the opportunity to expand their capacities for growth they would have to live in a democratic society. Dewey believed that mass education, at least in terms of this definition of education, can take place only in societies where there is mutuality, and where there is:

• "adequate provision for the reconstruction of social habits and institutions by means of wide stimulation arising from equitably distributed interests."

John Dewey

Dewey's vision of Education• Dewey's vision of education is thus directly connected with the

question of preparing people for active citizenship in a participatory democracy.

The Promotion Of Democracy Through Education

Currently, the leading hypotheses for the promotion of democracy through education are• Education increases the benefits of political activity because it increases

human capital• Education lowers the costs of political activity because the citizens are

better able to make decisions• Socialization hypothesis- education affects socialization equally, including

its manifestation in politics.

Why does democracy need education?

Education is a universal human right. It also is a means of achieving other human rights and it is an empowering social and economic tool. Through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the world's nations have agreed that everyone has the right to education.• Every society transmits its habits of mind, social norms, culture, and ideals from

one generation to the next. There is a direct connection between education and democratic values: in democratic societies, educational content and practice support habits of democratic governance.• This educational transmission process is vital in a democracy because effective

democracies are dynamic, evolving forms of government that demand independent thinking by the citizenry. The opportunity for positive social and political change rests in citizens' hands.

Conti….• Governments should value and devote resources to education just as they

strive to defend their citizens.• Literacy enables people to stay informed through newspapers and books.

Informed citizens are in a better position to improve their democracy.• Democracies encourage students to develop reasonable arguments based on

careful research and a clear understanding of history.• Private and religious groups should be free to create schools or parents may

choose to teach their children at home.• Government-run schooling must be equally accessible to all citizens

regardless of their ethnic or religious backgrounds, gender, or physical disabilities.

• Democratic norms and practices should be taught in order for people to understand and appreciate their opportunities and responsibilities as free citizens.• Education for democratic citizenship includes knowledge of national and

world history and of basic democratic principles.• School curricula in democracies include history, geography, economics,

literature, philosophy, law, the arts, social studies, mathematics, and science courses available to all students -- girls and boys.• Students should also be free to organize clubs and activities where

democratic norms can be put into practice. For example,

• Student government gives pupils experience in the democratic process.• Mock elections teach students about citizen participation and encourage

in them lifelong voting habits

• The researchers also find that established democracies are more likely to survive if the population is more educated.

Dewey’s Assumptions

The John Dewey Project on Progressive Education grounds its work in Dewey’s assumption that the aims of education should be oriented towards preparing young people to be full and active participants in all aspects of democratic life. • The skills and dispositions needed to actively participate in all aspects of

democratic life include: • The ability to think critically, a sense of efficacy, a commitment to

compassionate action, and a desire to actively participate in political life by engaging in local decision-making processes, voting, etc., as well as the basic need to be able to read, write and do arithmetic.

What must education be to become democratic?• It must be accessible for everyone. It means every human being has

access to quality education and has their basic needs met. This means addressing social issues such as poverty and others that affect people's ability to learn.• For education to be democratic, every person must be valued,

listened to, and participate actively in their learning and in the decision making processes."

EDUCATION FOR DEMOCRACY John Dewey formed the basis for the reform of the American

educational system, which started paying attention not only to the education of narrow technical skills but:

• To broaden the democratic consciousness of every student. • With the goal of shaping a responsible demoratic public life.

How we can measured democratic society? A democratic society may be measured• Firstly, by the extent to which the interests of a group are

shared by all its members, and • Secondly, by the extent to which groups may freely interact

with each other.

Democracy Roots in Pakistan

• Democracy did not take roots in Pakistan due to a number of reasons, the foremost being that no effort was ever made to politically educate the people.

• As the very foundation of democracy – political education of people remains weak due to mass illiteracy and extremely low standard of education.

• Secondly, hardly any one of the national political leaders is or ever was from among the common people. They were and still are elites – top barristers, little holders, bureaucrats, landlords and now also crony capitalists. An other reason is the absence of democratic political process. Basically, it is the result of non-existence of democracy with in the political parties.

• This is unfortunate but more unfortunate is failure of party leadership to acquire political education themselves.

And Democracy

• In Islam all sovereignty belongs to Allah and power to rule is a Holy trust. It is not the legislative that makes laws, for all laws are given in the Holy Quran the world of God. These laws are not for time being but they are for all times. Parliament has no right to change the priorities laid down in the God’s book nor can it finish or suspends the right granted by the Quran and Shariat.

• In the Holy Quran there is no reference to any political system. God has sent his messengers to guide humanity in the all walks of life. Last messenger sent to us for guidance is Hazrat Muhammad (Peace be upon him) he was prophet as well as head of the state.

Conti…• Holy Prophet laid the foundation of Islamic state on the basis of

Islamic democracy in which all decisions are made in consultation with leading citizens of the Islamic state.• Islam stand for true democracy social justice, equality, equitable

distribution of wealth, regard for individual rights, eradication of nepotism and favoritism, bribery and hoarding, safety and respect for human life and properly irrespective of class religion or party

Conclusion

We should need to improve and modify curriculum:

* to create better and better conditions for educating not only on the level of expertise in certain fields but also

* on the level of shaping individual criticism and responsibility for the democratic public sphere.

STUDENT NEED TO DEVELOP

• the ability for argumentation,

• the ability to make reasonable ethical choices

• the ability for critical thinking