delmar’s fundamentals of anatomy and physiology, second ... · by donald c. rizzo. chapter 1 the...
TRANSCRIPT
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Second
EditionBy Donald C. Rizzo
Chapter 1
The Human Body
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
3
Introduction
• Anatomy - the study of the structure of the body
• Physiology - the study of the function of the body parts
• Basic reference systems– directions, planes, cavities, structural units
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
4
Terms of Direction
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
5
Planes
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
6
Cavities
• Dorsal– cranial, spinal
• Ventral– thoracic, abdominopelvic
Structural Units
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
8
Cells
• Smallest units of life• Perform all activities necessary to maintain
life– metabolism, assimilation, digestion, excretion,
reproduction
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
9
Tissues
• Made up of different types of cells• Epithelial - covers and protects• Connective - binds and supports other
tissues• Muscle - movement• Nervous - connects sensory structures to
motor structures
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10
Organs
• Cells integrated into tissues• Serve a common function• Examples
– liver– stomach
Systems
A group of organs that perform a common function
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
12
Integumentary
• Organs – skin, hair, nails, sweat, sebaceous glands
• Functions– protection, insulation, regulation of water and
temperature
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
13
Skeletal
• Organs– Bones, cartilage
• Functions– Movement, blood production, fat storage,
protection
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
14
Muscular
• Organs– skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac
muscle• Function
– movement
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
15
Nervous
• Organs– brain, spinal cord, cranial and spinal nerves
• Function– control and regulation
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
16
Endocrine
• Organs– endocrine glands and their hormones
• Function– works with nervous system to regulate
chemical aspects of the body
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
17
Cardiovascular
• Organs– heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
• Function – transport substances to and from cells
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
18
Lymphatic/Immune
• Organs– lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus
gland, spleen• Functions
– drains tissues of excess fluids, transports fats, develops immunities
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
19
Respiratory
• Organs– nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Function– O2 > CO2 exchange in the blood
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
20
Digestive
• Organs– alimentary canal - mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus
– associated glands - salivary, liver, pancreas
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
21
Digestive
• Functions– converting food into simple substances used
by cells– eliminating indigestible wastes
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
22
Urinary
• Organs– kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
• Functions– chemical regulation of blood– formation and elimination of urine– maintenance of homeostasis
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
23
Reproductive
• Organs– women - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
vagina– men - testes, seminal vesicles, prostate
gland, penis, urethra• Functions
– maintains sexual characteristics and perpetuates the species
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
24
Homeostasis
• Maintenance of the body’s internal environment
• Negative feedback loop• Examples
– blood sugar levels– body temperature