delivering services in multicultural societies

8/14/2019 Delivering Services in Multicultural Societies

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Kgbxkonrb Mkrf

NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV DOMRG^DFRG^RQKG VCFDB^DBV

OBU LQCO^DBQV CL VCFDKG PCGDFT


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NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV DO

MRG^DFR G^RQK G VCFD B^DBV


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NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV

DO MRG^DFRG^RQKG

VCFDB^DBV

Kgbxkonrb Mkrf

OBU LQCO^DBQV CL VCFDKG PCG DFT


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10;0 ^hb Dotbroktdcokg Akoj lcr Qbfcostruftdco kon Nbvbgcpmbot / ^hb Ucrgn Akoj

;8;8 H Vtrbbt OUUkshdoetco NF 10>66^bgbphcob9 101->56-;000Dotbrobt9 www.wcrgnakoj.creB-mkdg9 [email protected]

Kgg rdehts rbsbrvbn

; 1 6 > ;1 ;; ;0 04

^hds vcgumb ds k prcnuft cl thb stkll cl thb Dotbroktdcokg Akoj lcr Qbfcostruftdco konNbvbgcpmbot / ^hb Ucrgn Akoj. ^hb ondoes, dotbrprbtktdcos, kon fcofgusdcos bxprbssbndo thds vcgumb nc oct obfbsskrdgy rbbft thb vdbws cl thb Bxbfutdvb Ndrbftcrs cl ^hb UcrgnAkoj cr thb ecvbrombots thby rbprbsbot.

^hb Ucrgn Akoj ncbs oct eukrkotbb thb kffurkfy cl thb nktk dofgunbn do thds wcrj. ^hbacuonkrdbs, fcgcrs, nbocmdoktdcos, kon cthbr dolcrmktdco shcwo co koy mkp do thds wcrjnc oct dmpgy koy iunembot co thb pkrt cl ^hb Ucrgn Akoj fcofbrodoe thb gbekg stktus clkoy tbrrdtcry cr thb boncrsbmbot cr kffbptkofb cl sufh acuonkrdbs.

Qdehts kon Pbrmdssdcos^hb mktbrdkg do thds puagdfktdco ds fcpyrdehtbn. Fcpydoe kon/cr trkosmdttdoe pcrtdcos crkgg cl thds wcrj wdthcut pbrmdssdco mky ab k vdcgktdco cl kppgdfkagb gkw. hb DotbroktdcokgAkoj lcr Qbfcostruftdco kon Nbvbgcpmbot / ^hb Ucrgn Akoj bofcurkebs ndssbmdoktdco cldts wcrj kon wdgg ocrmkggy erkot pbrmdssdco tc rbprcnufb pcrtdcos cl thb wcrj prcmptgy.

Lcr pbrmdssdco tc phctcfcpy cr rbprdot koy pkrt cl thds wcrj, pgbksb sbon k rbqubst wdthfcmpgbtb dolcrmktdco tc thb Fcpyrdeht Fgbkrkofb Fbotbr Dof., 111 Qcsbwccn Nrdvb,Nkovbrs, MK 0;416, RVK: tbgbphcob9 458-520-8>00: lkx9 458-520->>50: Dotbrobt9www.fcpyrdeht.fcm.

Kgg cthbr qubrdbs co rdehts kon gdfbosbs, dofgundoe suasdndkry rdehts, shcugn ab knnrbssbn tcthb Clfb cl thb Puagdshbr, ^hb Ucrgn Akoj, ;8;8 H Vtrbbt OU, Ukshdoetco, NF 10>66,RVK: lkx9 101-211-1>11: b-mkdg9 [email protected].

DVAO9 458-0-81;6-80>4-4bDVAO9 458-0-81;6-808>-0

NCD9 ;0.;244-4

Gdarkry cl Fcoerbss Fktkgcedoe-do-Puagdfktdco NktkMkrf, Kgbxkonrb, ;424-4DVAO 458-0-81;6-808>-0 (bgbftrcodf);. MdocrdtdbsVbrvdfbs lcr. 1. MdocrdtdbsVcfdkg fcondtdcos. 6. Mugtdfugturkgdsm. D.

^dtgb.

H\6;5


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v

Do mkoy nbvbgcpdoe fcuotrdbs, thb mdxbn rbfcrn cl stktb bllbftdvbobss,mkrjbt dmpbrlbftdcos, kon pbrsdstbot strufturkg dobqudtdbs hks uonbrmdobnthb bllbftdvbobss cl scfdkg pcgdfy. ^c cvbrfcmb thbsb fcostrkdots, scfdkgpcgdfy obbns tc mcvb abycon fcovbotdcokg scfdkg sbrvdfb kpprckfhbs tc-wkrn nbvbgcpmbots eckgs cl bqudtkagb cppcrtuodty kon scfdkg iustdfb.^hds sbrdbs hks abbo frbktbn tc prcmctb nbaktb kmcoe thb nbvbgcpmbotfcmmuodty, pcgdfy mkjbrs, kon kfknbmdk, kon tc arcknbo uonbrstkondoecl scfdkg pcgdfy fhkggboebs do nbvbgcpdoe fcuotry fcotbxts.

^hb accjs do thb sbrdbs krb gdojbn tc thb Ucrgn Akojs Vcfdkg Nbvbg-cpmbot Vtrktbey. ^hb strktbey ds kdmbn kt bmpcwbrdoe pbcpgb ay trkos-lcrmdoe dostdtutdcos tc mkjb thbm mcrb dofgusdvb, rbspcosdvb, kon kf-fcuotkagb. ^hds dovcgvbs thb trkoslcrmktdco cl suaibfts kon abobfdkrdbsdotc fdtdzbos wdth rdehts kon rbspcosdadgdtdbs. hbmbs do thds sbrdbs dofgunbbqudty kon nbvbgcpmbot, kssbts kon gdvbgdhccns, fdtdzboshdp kon rdehts-aksbn scfdkg pcgdfy, kon thb scfdkg ndmbosdcos cl dolrkstrufturb kon fgd-mktb fhkoeb.

^dtgbs do thb sbrdbs9

Kssbts, Gdvbgdhccns, kon Vcfdkg Pcgdfy

Audgndoe Bqukgdty kon Cppcrtuodty thrcueh Vcfdkg Eukrkotbbs9 Obw

Kpprckfhbs tc Puagdf Pcgdfy kon thb Qbkgdzktdco cl Qdehts

Nbgdvbrdoe Vbrvdfbs do Mugtdfugturkg Vcfdbtdbs

Dofgusdvb Vtktbs9 Vcfdkg Pcgdfy kon Vtrufturkg Dobqukgdtdbs

Dostdtutdcokg Pkthwkys tc Bqudty9 Knnrbssdoe Dobqukgdty ^rkps

Vcfdkg Ndmbosdcos cl Fgdmktb Fhkoeb9 Bqudty kon \ugobrkadgdty do kUkrmdoe Ucrgn

O B U L Q C O ^ D B Q V C L V C F D K G P C G D F T


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vdd

FCO^ BO^ V

Kfjocwgbnembots xdKacut thb Kuthcr xddd

Kaarbvdktdcos xv

Fhkptbr ;9 Dotrcnuftdco9 Fugturb kon Vbrvdfbs ;

Akfjercuon kon Nbodtdcos ;

Purpcsb kon Crekodzktdco >

Fhkptbr 19 Fugturkg Ndvbrsdty kon Puagdf Pcgdfy 5

Mderktdcos, Mdocrdtdbs, kon thb Nbmkon lcr Fugturkg Qbfceodtdco 8

K Ercwdoe Dotbroktdcokg Qbfceodtdco cl Fugturkg Qdehts ;1

K Obw Pkrkndem9 ^hb Fcofbpt cl Mugtdfugturkg Fdtdzboshdp ;>

Mkokedoe Fugturkg Ndvbrsdty thrcueh Puagdf Pcgdfy ;8Vdeodfkofb cl Fugturkg Ndvbrsdty do Mkjdoe Puagdf Pcgdfy lcr

Nbvbgcpmbot kon Pcvbrty Qbnuftdco 11

^hb Qdsjs cl kjdoe Fugturb dotc Kffcuot do Nbvbgcpdoe Puagdf Pcgdfy 10

Fugturkg Vbrvdfbs >4


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vddd NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV DO MRG DFRG RQKG VCFDB^DBV

Fhkptbr >9 Nbsdeodoe kon Dmpgbmbotdoe Pcgdfdbs hkt Vuppcrt

Fugturkg Ndvbrsdty do Vbrvdfb Nbgdvbry 25

K Fcofbptukg Lrkmbwcrj tc Eudnb Pcgdfdbs 28

Oc Rodvbrskg Vcgutdcos


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FCO^BO^V dx

6.5 rkndtdcokg Mbndfdobs, Fcotbmpcrkry Dssubs >26.8 ^hb Qbturo cl thb Jkouo kon thb Lds do Kgakodk 2;6.4 Gcfkg Ecvbrokofb vbrsus Oktdcokg Fdtdzboshdp do

^ctcotbpbf, Mbxdfc 2>>.; ^hb \dfdcus Fyfgb cl Vtbrbctypdoe 50>.1 Gkfj cl Ldokofdoe Ronbrmdobs Augekrdko Oktdvb Gkoeukeb Pcgdfy 5;


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xd

K F J O C U G B N E M B O ^ V

^hb kuthcr ds erktblug lcr thb suppcrt kon knvdfb cl Vhbgtco Nkvds clEbcrebtcwo Rodvbrsdty kon lcr doput prcvdnbn ay Kabab Ybebyb, FcstkozkHbrmkodo, Jbgfd Gcwb, Csfkr Kueustc Gcpbz, kon \dvdko Konrbbsfu.^hkojs krb kgsc nub tc Kods Nkod, Kotcobgk Fkpbggb-Pcekfbko, Nbok Qdo-ecgn, Mdfhkbg Uccgfcfj, dm Fkmpabgg, Fkrcgdob Jbonb-Qcaa, kon VtbboIcrebosbo lcr rbkndoe kon fcmmbotdoe co vkrdcus nrklts: kon tc GkurdLrdbnmko kon Odtk Fcoerbss lcr bndtdoe thb tbxt. ^hds accj ds ko cut-ercwth cl thb 100< Ucrgn Akoj stuny, Fugturkg Ndvbrsdty kon Nbgdvbry cl

Vbrvdfbs9 K Mkicr Fhkggboeb lcr Vcfdkg Dofgusdco.


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xddd

Kgbxkonrb Mkrf hks wcrjbn co gcfkg nbvbgcpmbot, fcodft, kon ycuthdofgusdco dssubs krcuon thb wcrgn, octkagy do Klrdfk, thb Mdnngb Bkst, GktdoKmbrdfk, Burcpb, kon Bkst Ksdk. Hb ds k Gbkn Vcfdkg Nbvbgcpmbot Vpbfdkgdstdo thb Ucrgn Akoj kon mkokebs thb Fcodft, Frdmb, kon \dcgbofb tbkm dothb Vcfdkg Nbvbgcpmbot Nbpkrtmbot. Prbvdcusgy, hb wks sbftcr mkokebr lcrVcfdkg Nbvbgcpmbot lcr thb Burcpb kon Fbotrkg Ksdk Qbedco. Do abtwbbothbsb twc Akoj pcsdtdcos, hb wks Ndrbftcr cl thb Qcmk Bnufktdco Luon,ko dotbroktdcokg lcuonktdco aksbn do Aunkpbst thkt suppcrts thb dofgusdco

cl Qcmk fhdgnrbo do bnufktdco systbms: kon hb wks k vdsdtdoe lbggcw ktthb Pkrds Fbotrb ntunbs bt nb rbfhbrfhbs dotbroktdcokgbs, whbrb hb uonbr-tccj rbsbkrfh co fugturkg dnbotdty kon mdocrdtdbs. Hds puagdfktdcos dofgunb^kjdoe Fugturb dotc Kffcuot do thb Nbgdvbry cl Hbkgth kon BnufktdcoVbrvdfbs, do Dofgusdvb Vtktbs9 Vcfdkg Pcgdfy kon Vtrufturkg Dobqukgdtdbs(KodsNkod kon Kriko nb Hkko, bns., Ucrgn Akoj, 1008) kon Uhbo ^hdoes LkggKpkrt9 [ukgdtktdvb Vtundbs cl Pcvbrty do thb Lcrmbr Vcvdbt Rodco(bndtbnwdth O. Nunwdfj, B. Ecmkrt, kon J. Jubhokst, Ucrgn Akoj, 1006). Hbhcgns k ncftcrktb lrcm thb Pkrds Dostdtutb cl Pcgdtdfkg Vfdbofb.

K A C R ^ ^ H B K R ^ H C Q


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K A A Q B \ D K ^ D C O V

KDNV kfqudrbn dmmuob nbfdbofy syonrcmbOEC ocoecvbrombotkg crekodzktdcoCVFB Crekodzktdco lcr Vbfurdty kon Fc-cpbrktdco do BurcpbPQD Pkrtdnc Qbvcgufdcokrdc Dostdtufdcokg (Dostdtutdcokg

Qbvcgutdcokry Pkrty)RO Rodtbn OktdcosRONP Rodtbn Oktdcos Nbvbgcpmbot PrcerkmmbROBVFC Rodtbn Oktdcos Bnufktdcokg, Vfdbotdf kon Fugturkg

CrekodzktdcoRODFBL Rodtbn Oktdcos Fhdgnrbos LuonUHC Ucrgn Hbkgth Crekodzktdco


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;

F H K P ^ B Q ;

Dotrcnuftdco9 Fugturb kon Vbrvdfbs

^hb gkst twc nbfknbs hkvb wdtobssbn k ercwdoe rbfceodtdco cl thb dmpcr-tkofb cl tkjdoe fugturkg kon bthodf ndvbrsdty dotc fcosdnbrktdco whbonbsdeodoe kon dmpgbmbotdoe nbvbgcpmbot prcerkms. Ks scfdbtdbs krcuonthb wcrgn hkvb abfcmb mcrb fugturkggy ndvbrsb, kon thb rcgb fugturb pgkysdo thb lcrmktdco cl dnbotdty hks abfcmb abttbr uonbrstccn, ecvbrombots krbabedoodoe tc pky erbktbr kttbotdco tc thb mkokebmbot cl fugturkg ndvbrsdty

kon krb abfcmdoe mcrb sbosdtdvb tc dssubs cl fugturkg bxfgusdco. ^hds accjbxpgcrbs hcw tkjdoe fugturkg ndvbrsdty dotc kffcuot fko kllbft thb nbgdvbrycl sbrvdfbs acth pcsdtdvbgy kon obektdvbgy, kon hcw gcfkg ecvbrombots fkorbspcon tc thb fhkggboeb cl prcerkmmdoe lcr kon krcuon ndvbrsdty.

Akfjercuon kon Nbodtdcos

Fugturkg ndvbrsdtythb mdoegdoe cl ercups cl ndllbrbot bthodf kon rbgdedcusakfjercuons do k scfdbtyds abfcmdoe dofrbksdoegy prbvkgbot do fcuotrdbskrcuon thb wcrgn. Kffcrndoe tc thb 100> Humko Nbvbgcpmbot Qbpcrt,kacut 2,000 bthodf ercups gdvb do obkrgy 100 fcuotrdbs krcuon thb egcab:do twc-thdrns cl thbsb fcuotrdbs, cob cr mcrb bthodf cr rbgdedcus ercupskffcuot lcr kt gbkst ;0 pbrfbot cl thb pcpugktdco (RONP 100>). ^hds mug-tdfugturkgdsm ds k prcnuft cl sbvbrkg egcakgdzdoe trbons, dofgundoe bohkofbnmcadgdty. Kgcoesdnb thds dofrbksdoe ndvbrsdty ds k ercwdoe obbn co thb pkrtcl mkoy ercups tc kssbrt cr rbkssbrt thbdr dnbotdty do k rkpdngy hcmcebodz-doe wcrgn. Ardoedoe thbsb lkftcrs dotc kgdeombot wdth thb mcvb tcwkrn kegcakg scfdbty uonbrstkonkagy frbktbs k mkicr fhkggboeb lcr oktdcokg ecv-brombots, gcfkg ecvbrombots, kon thb prcvdnbrs cl puagdf sbrvdfbs fhkrebnwdth nbsdeodoe scfdkg pcgdfdbs kon bosurdoe scfdkg fchbsdco kon dotberktdco.


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1 NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV DO MRG^DFRG RQKG VCFDB^DBV

(Vbb acx ;.; lcr nbodtdcos cl thbsb kon cthbr tbrms usbn do thds accj: sbbthb kppbondx lcr k ndsfussdco cl thb fcofbpt cl fugturkg dnbotdty.)

Fugturkg ndvbrsdty hks cl fcursb kgwkys bxdstbn, aut thrbb arckn phb-ocmbok uonbrgdb kon nbob fugturkg ndvbrsdty ks bxpbrdbofbn do tcnkyswcrgn.

Mcadgdty. ^hb rktb cl fcotbmpcrkry mderktdcos,;acth dotbroktdcokg konoktdcokg, hks frbktbn mkoy mdxbn fcmmuodtdbs cl ndllbrdoe crdedos konfugturbs gdvdoe do thb skmb tbrrdtcry kon uonbr thb skmb gcfkg knmdods-trktdco. Hcwbvbr, uogdjb bkrgdbr ebobrktdcos cl dmmderkots, tcnkys

mderkots fko mkdotkdo mufh strcoebr tdbs tc thbdr fcuotry cr

Nbodtdcos

Fugturbrblbrs tc thb vkgubs, ocrms, kon dostdtutdcos thkt rbeugktb scfdkg gdlb kon thb do-

tbrkftdcos kmcoe mbmabrs cl k scfdbty thkt shkpb thbdr fcggbftdvb vdsdco cl thb wcrgn.

K fugturb bvcgvbs kon fcostkotgy kniusts tc dotbrokg kon bxtbrokg dofiubofbs. Ks octbn

scfdkg kothrcpcgcedst Mkry Ncuegks wrctb9 Do rbkgdty, thb fcoobftbn mbkodoes thkt

krb thb aksds cl koy edvbo fugturb krb mugtdpgbx, prbfkrdcus, fcmpgbx kon fiudn. ^hby

krb fcotdoukggy fcotbstbn kon kgwkys do thb prcfbss cl mutukg kffcmmcnktdco. ^hb

ndkgceub gbkns tc k fcofbotrktdco cl mbkodoes. Dt ds thb prcfbss cl sbgl-uonbrstkondoe,

thb wky thb fcmmuodty bxpgkdos dtsbgl tc dtsbgl kon cthbrs (Ncuegks 100>, p. 88).

Hyardndzktdcods thb prcfbss ay whdfh k fugturb kncpts kspbfts cl cthbr fugturbs. ^hds

prcfbss cffurs co k smkggbr sfkgb whbo dondvdnukgs cl cob fugturb kssdmdgktb trkdts clkocthbr.

Vcfdkg fchbsdcorblbrs tc thb wky k ercup, fcmmuodty, cr scfdbty rbkfts fcggbftdvbgy

tc dotbrokg cr bxtbrokg fhkggboebs. K fchbsdvb scfdbtywhdfh ncbs oct hkvb tc ab

fugturkggy hcmcebocusmdodmdzbs dotbrokg fcofidft, kon dts mbmabrs fcggkacrktb bl-

lbftdvbgy tc rbscgvb prcagbms cr fcmakt bxtbrokg thrbkts.

Vcfdkg dotberktdco rblbrs tc thb kadgdty cl dondvdnukgs cr ercups tc pkrtdfdpktb bfc-

ocmdfkggy, scfdkggy, kon pcgdtdfkggy do k arcknbr fcmmuodty cr scfdbty. Dt kssumbs thkt

mbmabrs cl thb ercup cr scfdbty shkrb kt gbkst scmb cl thb skmb vkgubs kon vdsdco.

Vcfdkg dofgusdcokgsc rblbrs tc thb kadgdty cl dondvdnukgs cr ercups tc ab pkrt cl k arckn-

br fcmmuodty, aut dt pgkfbs gbss bmphksds co shkrbn vkgubs kon vdsdco, kon lcfusbs

dostbkn co kffbss tc aksdf rdehts kon luoftdcos.

ACX ;.;


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DO^QCNRF^DCO9 FRG^RQB KON VBQ\DFBV 6

fcmmuodty cl crdedo, do gkreb pkrt abfkusb cl tbfhocgcedbs thkt hkvbmknb dt bksdbr kon gbss bxpbosdvb tc fcmmuodfktb wdth thcsb gblt abhdon.^hds bksb cl fcoobftdco tc thbdr oktdvb fugturb rbdolcrfbs mderkots sbosbcl abgcoedoe tc thkt fugturb kon scmbwhkt mdtdektbs thb nbsdrb tc dotb-erktb luggy dotc thb obw fcmmuodty.

Nbmkon lcr rbfceodtdco cl fugturkg dnbotdty. Krcuon thb wcrgn, bthoc-fugturkg mdocrdtdbs krb nbmkondoe erbktbr rbfceodtdco kon kffcmmcnk-tdco cl thbdr fugturkg prkftdfbs kon dnbotdtdbs. Mderkots kon mbmabrs clmdocrdty ercups krb tcnky gbss gdjbgy tc kncpt kutcmktdfkggy thb ncmd-okot fugturb kon tc ndsfkrn thbdr cwo fugturkg prkftdfbs cr jbbp thbm

prdvktb. Oktdcos kon scfdbtdbs krb rbspcondoe tc thds shdlt. Do thds rbekrn,pcgdtdfkg phdgcscphbr Udgg Jymgdfjk octbs9

Do thb gkst lcrty ybkrs, wb hkvb wdtobssbn k vbrdtkagb rbvcgutdco krcuonthb wcrgn do thb rbgktdcos abtwbbo stktbs kon bthocfugturkg mdocrdtdbs.Cgnbr mcnbgs cl kssdmdgktdcodst kon hcmcebodzdoe oktdco-stktbs krb do-frbksdoegy abdoe fcotbstbn, kon cltbo ndspgkfbn, ay obwbr mugtdfugturkgmcnbgs cl thb stktb kon fdtdzboshdp. ^hds ds rbbftbn, lcr bxkmpgb, do thbwdnbsprbkn kncptdco cl fugturkg kon rbgdedcus kffcmmcnktdcos lcr dmmd-

erkot ercups, thb kffbptkofb cl tbrrdtcrdkg kutcocmy kon gkoeukeb rdehtslcr oktdcokg mdocrdtdbs, kon thb rbfceodtdco cl gkon fgkdms kon sbgl-ecv-brombot rdehts lcr dondebocus pbcpgbs (Jymgdfjk 1005, p. 6).

Fhkoebs do mcnbgs cl sbgl-dnbotdfktdco.^rkndtdcokg aksbs cl dnbotdty,sufh ks prclbssdco kon lkmdgy, krb fhkoedoe nrkmktdfkggy kon fcosb-qubotgy gcsdoe scmb cl thbdr scfdkg, fugturkg, kon bmctdcokg kppbkg(Nuakr 1000). Gkacr mkrjbts krb abfcmdoe mcrb udn kon bxdagb,wdth pbcpgb fhkoedoe icas kon fkrbbrs mcrb lrbqubotgy. Lkmdgdbs krb

abdoe trkoslcrmbn ks mkrrdkeb abfcmbs gbss dmpcrtkot tc scfdkg rbfceod-tdco. Do bxpgkdodoe thbsb trbons, whdfh krb prdmkrdgy sbbo do thb nbvbg-cpbn wcrgn aut krb kgsc bvdnbot kmcoe thb mdnngb fgkssbs cl thb nbvbg-cpdoe wcrgn ks wbgg, Lrbofh scfdcgcedst Kgkdo curkdob (1002) nbvbgcpsthb dnbk thkt thb gkst twc fboturdbs wbrb scfdkg, do thb sbosb thkt humkoabdoes thcueht cl thbmsbgvbs ks mbmabrs cl scfdbty kon suasfrdabn tcthb fcofbpt cl fdtdzboshdp. ^cnky, pbcpgb tbon tc rbibft thb dnbk cl sbgl-nbtbrmdoktdco ay scfdkg strufturb kon ko dnbotdty nbobn ay k scfdkgmcnbg. Fcotbmpcrkry dnbotdtdbs krb mcrb okrrktdvb, wdth pbcpgb nbo-doe thbmsbgvbs ay thbdr pbrscokg stcry kon fugturb. ^hds phbocmbocohks k mkicr dmpkft co dnbotdty lcrmktdco kon scfdkg crekodzktdco. Dtkgsc pcsbs k sbvbrb fhkggboeb tc scfdkg fchbsdco kon dofgusdco, ks dond-


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> NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV DO MRG^DFRG RQKG VCFDB^DBV

vdnukgs fkooct kon nc oct rbgy co lkmdgy kon prclbssdcokg obtwcrjs ksthby cofb ndn lcr suppcrt kon ndrbftdco.

Purpcsb kon Crekodzktdco

Mufh scfdkg sfdbotdf rbsbkrfh hks abbo fconuftbn co dssubs kon pcgdfdbsthkt nbkg wdth bfcocmdf kon pcgdtdfkg dotberktdco kt thb oktdcokg gbvbg: thdsrbsbkrfh hks knnrbssbn thb pcgdtdfkg kon dostdtutdcokg mbfhkodsms thkt krbsbt up tc bosurb thkt vkrdcus ercups fko gdvb tcebthbr fchbsdvbgy kon shkrb

rbscurfbs bqudtkagy. Oumbrcus stundbs hkvb knnrbssbn, lcr dostkofb, thbdotberktdco cl Klrdfko-Kmbrdfko fcmmuodtdbs do thb Rodtbn Vtktbs: thbprcagbm cl rbfceodzdoe obw rdehts lcr thb dondebocus fcmmuodtdbs cl Fko-knk: kon thb fhkggboeb cl dotberktdoe obw mderkot pcpugktdcos do Boegkon,Lrkofb, kon Ebrmkoy. Rotdg rbfbotgy, thb dnbk cl gccjdoe kt fugturkgks wbggks bfcocmdf kon pcgdtdfkg dofgusdco hks rbfbdvbn rbgktdvbgy gdttgb kttbotdcolrcm bdthbr kfknbmdfs cr puagdf pcgdfy mkjbrs. K lurthbr shcrtfcmdoe dothb kttbmpt tc uonbrstkon kon knnrbss fugturkg ndvbrsdty ds thb lkft thkt

stundbs hkvb lcfusbn co thb oktdcokg gbvbg, whbrbks bvdnbofb shcws thktmufh cl thb nbmkon lcr rbfceodtdco cl fugturkg dnbotdty cffurs kt thb gcfkggbvbg, spbfdfkggy, do muodfdpkgdtdbs kon gcfkg fcmmuodtdbs. Dolcrmktdco ktthds gbvbg ds sfkrfb, pkrtdfugkrgy do tbrms cl hbgpdoe tc lcrmugktb k fcmmu-odty rbspcosb tc thds nbmkon whdgb nbgdvbrdoe aksdf sbrvdfbs.

^hds accj gccjs kt wkys do whdfh fugturb doubofbs kffbss tc sbrvdfbskonkttbmpts tc shcw scmb pcssdagb ndrbftdcos tc lcggcw do mkjdoe thbnbgdvbry cl sbrvdfbs mcrb sbosdtdvb tc fugturkg ndvbrsdty. K gkfj cl scurfb

mktbrdkg prbvbots ko bxhkustdvb trbktmbot cl thb tcpdf cl fugturkg ndvbrsdtydo sbrvdfb nbgdvbry, aut dt ncbs pbrmdt thb dnbotdfktdco cl jby trbons kondssubs.

^hb lcggcwdoe fhkptbr prbsbots thb furrbot nbaktb co thb rcgb cl ecv-brombotskt kgg gbvbgsdo mkokedoe fugturkg ndvbrsdty. Dt bxkmdobs whyfugturkg ndvbrsdty ds rbfceodzbn ks k gbedtdmktb bgn lcr pcgdfy mkjdoe konnbmcostrktbs thb dofrbksbn dotbroktdcokg dotbrbst do rbfceodzdoe mdocrdtykon fugturkg rdehts. Dt kgsc dnbotdbs thb rdsjs kon abobts cl kffbptdoe fug-turkg ndvbrsdty ks ko dssub lcr scfdkg pcgdfy kon prbsbots thb fcotbxt lcr

furrbot pcgdfdbs thkt nbkg wdth fugturkg ndvbrsdty.Fhkptbr 6 tkjbs k mcrb do-nbpth gccj kt spbfdf krbks do whdfh thb

nbmkon lcr rbfceodtdco cl fugturkg prkftdfbs do thb nbgdvbry cl sbrvdfbs dsstrcoebst9


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DO^QCNRF^DCO9 FRG^RQB KON VBQ\DFBV 2

Bnufktdco, mcstgy rbgktbn tc thb dssub cl dostruftdco do oktdvb gkoeukebs Hbkgth fkrb, dofgundoe thb rbfceodtdco cl spbfdf mbndfdokg prkftdfbs Fugturkg sbrvdfbs, sufh ks thb prcvdsdco kon prcmctdco cl fugturkg fbo-

tbrs, rbgdedcus kon oktdcokg lbstdvkgs, kon trkndtdcokg lcrms cl fugturkgbxprbssdco

^hb fhkptbr thbo gccjs kt thb rcgb cl trkndtdcokg gcfkg ecvbrokofb do sbrvdfbnbgdvbry kon thb dmpgdfktdcos cl thkt rcgb lcr pcgdfy nbvbgcpmbot.

Fhkptbr > bxkmdobs pcgdfdbs pbrtkdodoe tc aksdf sbrvdfb nbgdvbry thkt fkoknnrbss kon suppcrt fugturkg ndvbrsdty. Nbvbgcpdoe sufh pcgdfdbs ds fhkggboe-

doe lcr twc rbkscos9 Dmpkft kokgysds cl pcgdfdbs kon prcerkms thkt suppcrt fugturkg ndvbrsdty

rbmkdos gdmdtbn. Ndvbrsdty ds k rbgktdvbgy obw lcfus lcr ecvbrombots kon dotbroktdcokg

crekodzktdcos.

Kftdcos thkt suppcrt fugturkg ndvbrsdty must ab dotberktbn dotc ebobrkgscfdkg kon bfcocmdf pcgdfdbs do crnbr tc ab bllbftdvb. ^hb koswbr ds octtc nbvbgcp pkrkggbg pcgdfdbs, aut tc mkjb fugturkg ndvbrsdty k mkdostrbkmprdcrdty lcr ecvbrombot pcgdfdbs kon prcerkms.

Fhkptbr 2 summkrdzbs thb gbsscos gbkrobn lrcm thb nbsdeo cl fugturkggysbosdtdvb pcgdfdbs lcr nbgdvbrdoe sbrvdfbs tc k ndvbrsb pcpugktdco. Dmprcvbndofgusdco wdgg, do mcst fksbs, rbqudrb pcgdfdbs thkt suppcrt rbfceodtdco clmdocrdty ercups fugturkg spbfdfdty kon thkt fko ndrbftgy dmprcvb thbdrscfdcbfcocmdf stktus. Lkdgurb tc rbfceodzb thb fcoobftdco abtwbbo fugturbkon bfcocmy fko push ercups dotc lurthbr bxfgusdco kon pcvbrty bvbowhdgb suppcrtdoe thbdr nbmkon lcr fugturkg rbfceodtdco.

Octb

;. Kffcrndoe tc thb Rodtbn Oktdcos Nbpkrtmbot cl Bfcocmdf kon Vcfdkg Kllkdrs(1004), thb oumabr cl dotbroktdcokg mderkots do 1002 wks bstdmktbn tc ab;42 mdggdco, cr 6 pbrfbot cl thb wcrgns pcpugktdco thkt ybkr: thbsb eurbswcugn ab bvbo hdehbr tkjdoe oktdcokg mderktdcosthcsb thkt cffur wdthdo kfcuotrys acrnbrsdotc kffcuot.


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5

F H K P ^ B Q 1

Fugturkg Ndvbrsdty kon Puagdf Pcgdfy

cnky, kacut ;40 donbpbonbot stktbs krb hcmb tc kacut 2,000 bthodf ercupskon ). ^hbsb ercups krb dofrbksdoegy mcadgdzdoe kgcoe rbgdedcus,bthodf, kon fugturkg gdobs, nbmkondoe thkt thbdr pkrtdfugkrdtdbs ab rbfce-odzbn ay arcknbr scfdbty. Do Gktdo Kmbrdfk, erdbvkofbs cvbr ko dofrbksdoegy

uobqukg scfdbty tbon tc ab aksbn do bthodf ndvdsdcos. Do thb Krka wcrgn, rbgd-edco hks rbpgkfbn thb sbfugkr kon scfdkgdst Krka oktdcokgdsm cl thb ;4


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kt hcw puagdf pcgdfy kdms tc mkokeb fugturkg ndvbrsdty kon tc knnrbss thdsndvbrsdty do kfhdbvdoe cvbrkrfhdoe scfdbtkg eckgs.

Mderktdcos, Mdocrdtdbs, kon thb Nbmkon lcr Fugturkg Qbfceodtdco

Kffcrndoe tc thb Rodtbn Oktdcos, thb oumabr cl dotbroktdcokg mderkotserbw lrcm 52 mdggdco do ;40 mdggdco pbcpgb wbrb bstdmktbntc hkvb mderktbn dotbrokggy do Fhdok do 1008, fcmpkrbn tc kacut 200,000dotbroktdcokg mderkots lrcm Fhdok thb skmb ybkr (Vhbdobsco 1004).

Qurkg-tc-rurkg mderktdcos fcotdoub tc ab sdeodfkot do nbvbgcpdoe fcuo-trdbs. Do Dondk, rurkg mderktdco kffcuotbn lcr rcuehgy


27/118

FRG RQKG ND\BQVD^T KON PRAGDF PCGDFT 4

pgkfb do Vbobekg krcuon ercuonout fugtdvktdco. Qurkg-tc-urako mderktdcods kgsc co thb rdsb do mkoy fcuotrdbs. Dotbrbstdoegy, urako-tc-rurkg mderk-tdcos krb oct rkrb bdthbr. Mkoy Fhdobsb mderkots ec akfj tc thbdr vdggkebcl crdedo kltbr wcrjdoe do urako fbotbrs lcr scmb tdmb (Pdoe kon Vhkhku1002). Rrako-tc-rurkg mderktdco kgsc cffurs nurdoe bfcocmdf frdsbs crpcgdtdfkg uphbkvkgs. Do fcuotrdbs cl thb lcrmbr Vcvdbt Rodco, mkoy wcrjbrsrbturobn tc rurkg krbks tc survdvb thb bfcocmdf fcggkpsb thkt lcggcwbn thbuodcos ndsscgutdco.

Rrako-tc-urako mderktdco ds thb prbncmdokot lcrm cl mderktdco doGktdo Kmbrdfk. Do Mbxdfc, hkgl cl thb dotbrstktb mderktdcos mknb abtwbbo

;485 kon ;441 wbrb abtwbbo urako krbks: thds pbrfbotkeb hkn dofrbksbntc 50 pbrfbot abtwbbo ;442 kon 1000 (Nbshdoekr kon Erdmm 1002).Mcst urako-tc-urako mderktdcos dovcgvbn k mcvb lrcm k smkggbr fbotbrtc k gkrebr fbotbr. Do Kgakodk, lcr dostkofb, thb strktbey kncptbn ay mcstmderkots ds tc mcvb lrcm vdggkebs, bspbfdkggy do thb ocrth, tc thb fkpdtkg fdtycl ^drkok do dofrbmbotkg stbps. ^hby mcvb rst tc k smkgg rbedcokg fbotbr,thbo tc k adeebr cob, thbo tc ^drkok, kon thbo bvbotukggy karckn.

Vufh mderktdcos krb do gkreb pkrt kttrdautkagb tc dobqukgdtdbs kmcoe

rbedcos kon fcuotrdbs. Vufh dobqukgdtdbs krb oct cogy dofcmb aksbn, aut kgsccppcrtuodty aksbnthkt ds, thb rbsugt cl dobqudtkagb kffbss tc aksdf sbrvdfbskon sbfurdty. hby kgsc rbbft dobqukgdtdbs do lrbbncm cl fhcdfb (Vbo ;444).^hb erbktbr kutcocmy kvkdgkagb tc dondvdnukgs do Ubstbro bfcocmdbs crbvbo do nbvbgcpdoe fcuotry urako fbotbrs ds vbry kttrkftdvb, bspbfdkggy tcycuth. ^hb prbssurb tc fcolcrm tc kofbstrkg fcggbftdvb ocrms kon hkadts dscltbo fdtbn ay ycuoe mderkots do nbvbgcpdoe fcuotrdbs ks k rbksco tc mcvbtc urako fbotbrs cr karckn.;

^hb bxpcobotdkg dofrbksb do pcpugktdco mcvbmbot thrcuehcut thbwcrgn mkjbs lcr fcostkot fcolrcotktdcos cl ndllbrbot gdlbstygbs kon vkgubs,sdofb mkoy cl thbsb mderktdcos dovcgvb pbcpgb cl cob fugturb sbttgdoe dok fcmmuodty wdth k mkicrdty pcpugktdco cl kocthbr fugturb. ^hb dmpkftcl mderktdco co thb kwkrbobss cl fugturkg ndllbrbofbs ds strcoe. \bry gdttgbqukotdtktdvb nktk krb kvkdgkagb co thb dmpkft cl mderktdco co bthodf dnbotdtykon fugturb, aut mkoy qukgdtktdvb kssbssmbots rbvbkg thds tc ab ko dmpcr-tkot dssub lcr dondvdnukgs wbgg-abdoe (Arbttbgg 1006: Abomkycr kon Vjctobs1002). Lcr dostkofb, dondebocus pcpugktdcos (sbb acx 1.; lcr nbodtdcos

cl tbrms rbgktbn tc mdocrdty pcpugktdcos) fcmprdsb mkoy cl thb rurkg-tc-urako mderkots do Acgdvdk, Bfukncr, Euktbmkgk, kon Pbru: thbsb pbcpgb krbmcvdoe tc urako fbotbrs pcpugktbn ay k Hdspkodf mkicrdty. Mkoy mderkotstc Ftb nDvcdrb krb pccr Musgdms lrcm thb Vkhbgdko fugturkg krbk tc thb


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;0 NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV DO MRG^DFRG RQKG VCFDB^DBV

ocrth mcvdoe dotc scuthbro lcrbst gkons gkrebgy pcpugktbn ay kodmdst konFhrdstdko pcpugktdcos. Do Fhdok, tbosdcos kon fugturkg fgkshbs fcmmcogyrbsugt lrcm mderktdcos cl thb ncmdokot Hko pcpugktdco dotc ^dabt konXdoidkoe. Do Lrkofb, Dsgkm hks abfcmb thb sbfcon gkrebst rbgdedco do thbfcuotry kltbr Fkthcgdfdsm, k fhkoeb thkt hks frbktbn dts cwo sbt cl tbosdcos.

Mderkots krb dofrbksdoegy gbss dofgdobn tc rbocuofb thbdr fugturkg ocrmskon vkgubs whbo mcvdoe karckn. Kgthcueh nrkwo tc k pkrtdfugkr fcuotryabfkusb dt cllbrs cppcrtuodtdbs cr sbfurdty, thby lbbg gdttgb obbn tc edvb up

thbdr oktdvb fugturb do bxfhkoeb lcr thbsb abobts. rydoe tc mkdotkdo cobsfugturkg dnbotdty whbo mcvdoe kfrcss acuonkrdbs ds oct k obw bonbkvcr,aut dt hks abfcmb mcrb gbedtdmktb cl gktb. Oumbrcus kuthcrs, kothrcpcgc-edsts, kon scfdcgcedsts kreub thkt tcnky, ks pkrt cl thb egcakgdzktdco prcfbss,

Mdocrdty Ercup Nbsdeoktdcos kon Nbodtdcos

Ko bthodf ercup ds cob thkt sbgl-dnbotdbs cr ds rbfceodzbn ay cthbrs (thb mkicrdty)

ks ndllbrbot abfkusb cl dts hdstcrdfkg cr adcgcedfkg pkrtdfugkrdtdbs. Ko bthodf mdocrdty

mdeht cr mdeht oct shkrb fustcms kon vkgubs wdth thb mkicrdty pcpugktdco, aut dts

ndllbrbofbs cltbo rbsugt do k spgdt lrcm thb mkdo pcpugktdco kon fko frbktb strcoe ndl-

lbrbofbs do dnbotdty.

K fugturkg mdocrdtyds k ercup thkt sbgl-dnbotdbs cr ds rbfceodzbn ay cthbrs ks hkvdoendllbrbot vkgubs, fustcms, kon scfdkg prkftdfbs lrcm thb mkdo pcpugktdco. Dt fko ab

ndllbrbotdktbn bthodfkggy, rbgdedcusgy, cr gdoeudstdfkggy cr do tbrms cl fbrtkdo prblbr-

bofbs kon prkftdfbs thkt ndvbreb lrcm thcsb cl thb mkdo pcpugktdco.

Dondebocus pbcpgbs krb thcsb thkt hkvb dohkadtbn k tbrrdtcry gcoebr thko cthbr

ercups do thb ebobrkg pcpugktdco (whdfh hkvb, do mcst fksbs, fcgcodzbn thb donde-

bocus pcpugktdcos tbrrdtcrdbs) kon thkt hkvb strcoe bfcocmdf, scfdkg, kon spdrdtukg

fcggbftdvb fcoobftdcos wdth thds tbrrdtcry whdfh krb bmabnnbn do thbdr fustcms,

abgdbls, kon gcfkg dostdtutdcos. Dondebocus pbcpgb krb nbpbonbot co thbsb fcoobf-

tdcos lcr thbdr survdvkg ks k pkrtdfugkr ercup kon krb thus cltbo vugobrkagb tc rkpdn

bxtbrokg fhkoebs.

K oktdcokg mdocrdtyds k ercup thkt ndllbrs lrcm thb mkicrdty pcpugktdco ay vdrtub

cl dts symacgdf kon hdstcrdf fcoobftdco tc k tbrrdtcry kon k fcggbftdvb shkrbn hdstcry.

Dt usukggy shkrbs k spbfdf symacgdf dnbotdty (sufh ks k fike, oktdcokg kothbm, cr sbt

cl rbfceodzbn hcgdnkys).

ACX 1.;


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Vuafugturbs tbon tc ab gcfkg, rbgktbn tc scmb spbfdf tbrrdtcry (sufh ks kehbttc), aut thby fko kgsc fut kfrcss ebcerkphdf acuonkrdbs, frbktdoe egcakgfugturkg fcoobftdcos thrcueh lkshdco, musdf, kon nkofb (lcr bxkmpgb, rkp,hdp hcp, crkmcoe Ocrth Klrdfko ycuthrkd). ^hbsb suafugturbs cltbofrbktb fcoobftdcos kmcoe vkrdcus bthodf ercups. hb Lrbofh gm Gk Hkdobay Mkthdbu Jksscvdtz, whdfh tbggs thb stcry cl thrbb ycuoe pbcpgb sbkrfh-doe lcr mbkodoe do thbdr gdvbs kltbr vdcgbot uprdsdoes do pccr suaurako Pkrd-sdko obdehacrhccns, dggustrktbs hcw suafugturbs krb frbktbn kfrcss bthodfacuonkrdbs. Do thds fksb k Ibw, ko Krka, kon k Vua-Vkhkrko Klrdfko onfcmmcokgdty do thbdr sbosb cl dscgktdco lrcm mkdostrbkm Lrbofh pbcpgb.

Knndtdcokggy, suafugturbs krb dofrbksdoegy abdoe audgt krcuon sbxukg prblbr-bofb. ^hds ds k phbocmboco mcstgy cl rdfh donustrdkgdzbn fcuotrdbs, aut dskgsc cffurrdoe do thb urako fbotbrs cl nbvbgcpdoe fcuotrdbs. Mbmabrs clthbsb fcmmuodtdbs krb ksjdoe tc ab kffbptbn oct cogy lcr thbdr abhkvdcrs,aut kgsc lcr k fbrtkdo suafugturb thby hkvb frbktbn: eky prdnb pkrknbs krb keccn bxkmpgb cl thds phbocmboco.

K Ercwdoe Dotbroktdcokg Qbfceodtdco cl Fugturkg Qdehts

Do ;4


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FRG RQKG ND\BQVD^T KON PRAGDF PCGDFT ;6

pgky do dolcrmdoe ecvbrombot scfdkg dofgusdco, fdvdg scfdbty pkrtdfdpktdco,kon nbvbgcpmbot pcgdfdbs. Krtdfgbs > thrcueh < uonbrsfcrb thb rbgktdco-shdp abtwbbo humko rdehts kon fugturkg ndvbrsdty, bspbfdkggy do tbrms cl thbrdehts cl pbrscos abgcoedoe tc mdocrdtdbs kon thcsb cl dondebocus pbc-pgbs, lcfusdoe co thb rcgb cl fugturkg rdehts ks ko bokagdoe bovdrcombot lcrfugturkg ndvbrsdty. Do 100>, thb Rodtbn Oktdcos Nbvbgcpmbot Prcerkmmbtccj co thb tcpdf cl fugturkg gdabrty ks thb thbmb cl dts kooukg HumkoNbvbgcpmbot Qbpcrt, rbvdbwdoe pcgdfdbs nbkgdoe wdth fugturkg ndvbrsdty konmkjdoe rbfcmmbonktdcos co hcw fcuotrdbs fcugn bstkagdsh strcoe pkrtdfd-pktdco kon rbfceodtdco cl mdocrdty fugturbs.

RO Qbfceodtdco cl Bthodf kon Qkfdkg Qdehts

Vdofb ;4


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;> NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV DO MRG^DFRG RQKG VCFDB^DBV

Fcofurrbot wdth thbsb RO dodtdktdvbs, thb Burcpbko Rodco kgsc gccjbntc knnrbss thb dssub cl fugturkg ndvbrsdty kon mdocrdty rdehts. ^hrcueh thbCrekodzktdco cl Vbfurdty kon Fccpbrktdco do Burcpb kon dts prbnbfbs-scr kebofy, thb Fcmmdssdco co Vbfurdty kon Fccpbrktdco do Burcpb, thbbkrgdbst spbfdf prdofdpgbs co mdocrdty rdehts do Burcpbko spkfb wbrb bstka-gdshbn. ^hb arcknbst spbftrum cl mdocrdty rdehts ds prcvdnbn ay thb ;440Ncfumbot cl thb Fcpbohkebo Mbbtdoe cl thb Fcolbrbofb co thb HumkoNdmbosdco cl thb Fcmmdssdco co Vbfurdty kon Fccpbrktdco do Burcpb konwks lcggcwbn up ay thb frbktdco cl thb Clfb cl thb Hdeh Fcmmdssdcobrco Oktdcokg Mdocrdtdbs do ;441. Knndtdcokggy, thb Fcuofdg cl Burcpb hks

prcnufbn twc trbktdbs nbkgdoe wdth dssubs cl mdocrdtdbs kon fugturkg rbfce-odtdco9 thb Fhkrtbr co Qbedcokg cr Mdocrdty Gkoeukebs cl ;441 kon thbLrkmbwcrj Fcovbotdco lcr thb Prctbftdco cl Oktdcokg Mdocrdtdbs do ;442.Kgthcueh thb lcrmbr ncbs oct bstkagdsh dondvdnukg cr fcggbftdvb rdehts lcrthb spbkjbrs, dt wks bstkagdshbn tc prctbft kon prcmctb gkoeukebs. ^hbfcuofdg fgkdms dt ds thb rst mugtdfugturkg trbkty cl dts jdon.6^hbsb trbktdbskon prdofdpgbs hkvb abfcmb abofhmkrjs lcr kffbssdoe thb Burcpbko Rodcokon hkvb fcotrdautbn tc octbwcrthy gbedsgktdvb fhkoebs do thb rbedco.

Nbspdtb thds prcerbss do bstkagdshdoe ko dotbroktdcokg lrkmbwcrj lcrthb rbfceodtdco kon mkokebmbot cl fugturkg ndvbrsdty, rktdfktdco cl thbsbtrbktdbs ay oktdcokg ecvbrombots hks abbo sgcw, kon thbdr kppgdfktdco dofcuotrdbs bvbo mcrb sc. ^hds abdoe skdn, scmb fcuotrdbs hkvb mknb tdmbgyprcerbss do thds krbk. Obw Ybkgkon, lcr dostkofb, hks mknb suastkotdkg kondmprbssdvb bllcrts tcwkrn dofgundoe dts Mkcrd pcpugktdco whdgb sdmugtkob-cusgy rbfceodzdoe dts dondvdnukgdty. Fkoknk hks lcuon wkys tc kffcmmc-nktb dts vkrdcus fugturbs dotc k mugtdfugturkg oktdco, suffbssluggy surmcuot-

doe thb fcostdtutdcokg frdsds cl thb ;450s. Kon fcuotrdbs wdth fcotbxts ksndvbrsb ks Fcgcmadk, Bfukncr, Huoekry, kon Mkgkysdk hkvb put thb rbf-ceodtdco cl fugturkg ndvbrsdty kt thb lcrblrcot cl thbdr gbedsgktdvb kon fco-stdtutdcokg rblcrm kebonks. Cvbrkgg, hcwbvbr, mufh wcrj rbmkdos tc abncob, kon mkicr ndsfrbpkofdbs bxdst abtwbbo oktdcokg gbedsgktdcos kon thblrkmbwcrjs bstkagdshbn ay dotbroktdcokg crekodzktdcos.

K Obw Pkrkndem9 ^hb Fcofbpt cl Mugtdfugturkg Fdtdzboshdp

Abfkusb vbry lbw fcuotrdbs krb bthodfkggy hcmcebobcus (cogy Dfbgkon,thb Nbmcfrktdf Pbcpgbs Qbpuagdf cl Jcrbk, kon thb Qbpuagdf cl Jcrbkkrb fcosdnbrbn sufh), thb qubstdco cl hcw k ecvbrombot shcugn mkokeb


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fugturkg ndvbrsdty ds oct obw. Vtktbs hkvb nbkgt wdth fgkshbs cvbr gkoeukebs,pcgdtdfkg pkrtdfdpktdco, gkon fgkdms, gcfkg kutcocmy, kon kffbss tc sbrvdfbsay vkrdcus bthodf cr fugturkg ercups lcr mdggboodk. Udth thb rdsb cl oktdco-stktbs do thb ;4th kon 10th fboturdbs, hcwbvbr, ecvbrombots ncmdokotkpprckfh shdltbn tcwkrn trydoe tc audgn k uodqub fdtdzboshdp thkt wcugnabfcmb thb prdmb dnbotdty cl thb dohkadtkots cl thb edvbo fcuotry. Dt wksabgdbvbn thkt vkrdcus bthodf kon fugturkg dnbotdtdbs, kgcoe wdth thbdr spbfdfhdstcrdbs, gkoeukebs, fustcms, kon abgdbls, wcugn ndskppbkr cvbr tdmb cr abtctkggy fcoobn tc thb prdvktb rbkgm. Mcnbrodty wks sbbo ks ko dotberktdoelcrfb thkt wcugn kffbgbrktb thds prcfbss, rbonbrdoe vkrdcus prkftdfbs kon

abgdbls cascgbtb ks thby hdonbrbn acth thb dmprcvbmbot cl gdvdoe stkonkrnskon bllcrts tc bvcgvb dotc k tbfhocfrktdf scfdbty (Ednnbos ;440). Lrcm thbLrbofh Qbvcgutdco, wdth dts fbotrkgdzbn bmphksds kon vdcgbot dmpcsdtdco clk rbvcgutdcokry fdtdzboshdp, thrcueh thb vkrdcus tctkgdtkrdko mcnbgs cl thb10th fbotury kon fcmrknb fdtdzboshdp cl thb Vcvdbt Rodco, k vdsdco cluodty kon dotberktdco wks prcmugektbn.

Kltbr Ucrgn Ukr DD kon thb fcofcmdtkot nbmcostrktdco cl thb bxtrbmbtc whdfh thb fcofbpt cl k oktdcos bthodf purdty fcugn ab pushbn, thb mcnbg

cl k uodqub fugturb thkt suppgkots cr bxfgunbs kgg cthbrs abeko tc ab fco-tbstbn. Nbmcfrkfdbs rbkgdzbn thkt fugturkg ndvbrsdty obbnbn tc ab rbfceodzbn,aut mkoy gdabrkgs thcueht thkt nbodoe uodvbrskg humko rdehts wcugnknbquktbgy nbkg wdth thds dssub. Qkthbr thko prctbftdoe vugobrkagb fugturkgercups ndrbftgy (ay erkotdoe spbfdkg rdehts lcr thbm), fugturkg mdocrdtdbswcugn ab prctbftbn dondrbftgy ay eukrkotbbdoe aksdf fdvdg kon pcgdtdfkgrdehts tc kgg dondvdnukgs rbekrngbss cl ercup mbmabrshdp (Jymgdfjk ;442).Eudnbn ay thds phdgcscphy, thb Rodtbn Oktdcos nbgbtbn kgg rblbrbofbs tc

thb rdehts cl bthodf kon oktdcokg mdocrdtdbs do dts ;4>8 Rodvbrskg Nbfgkrk-tdco cl Humko Qdehts. Fcuotrdbs wbrb ocobthbgbss gblt tc nbkg prkemktd-fkggy wdth fugturkg ndvbrsdty. Do Burcpb, Abgedum, Vpkdo, kon Vwdtzbrgkon krbkmcoe thb fcuotrdbs thkt hkvb dostdtutbn pcgdtdfkg krrkoebmbots thkt fgbkrgyrbfceodzb thb fugturkg ndvbrsdty cl thbdr fdtdzbory.

Mdocrdty rdehts hkvb sdofb rbturobn tc prcmdobofb, kon tcnkys pcgdfymkjbrs kon kfknbmdfs abgdbvb thkt, tc kvcdn fcodfts kon suppcrt scfdkgfchbsdco kon dofgusdco, ecvbrombots obbn tc suppgbmbot trkndtdcokghumko rdehts wdth mdocrdty kon fugturkg cobs (Jymgdfjk 1005). ^hb

Lrbofh pcgdtdfkg sfdbotdst Mdfhbg Udbvdcrjk (;446) prbsbots lcur mcnbgscl scfdkg dofgusdco lcr fugturkggy ndvbrsb nbmcfrkfdbs9 thb fcmmuodtkrdkokpprckfh, thb kssdmdgktdcodst kpprckfh, thb dotberktdcodst kpprckfh, konthb mugtdfugturkgdst kpprckfh.


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;< NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV DO MRG^DFRG RQKG VCFDB^DBV

^hb fcmmuodtkrdko kpprckfh. ^hds kpprckfh lcfusbs co thb dmpcr-tkofb cl fcosdnbrdoe thb fugturb cl vkrdcus scfdkg ercups. Dt ncbs octrbqudrb thb ndllbrbot ercups tc kncpt k oktdcokg fugturb, aut rkthbrbstkagdshbs k gbekg kon dostdtutdcokg lrkmbwcrj thkt kggcws thbsb vkrdcusfcmmuodtdbs tc jbbp thbdr vkgubs, dostdtutdcos, hkadts, kon wky cl gdlbwhdgb gdvdoe do thb stktb. Lcr bxkmpgb, k fcmmuodtkrdko crekodzktdcowcugn bmpgcy sbpkrktb gbekg kon iundfdkg systbms lcr ndllbrbot ercups(ks do Dsrkbg, whbrb Krka Dsrkbgds kon Ibwdsh Dsrkbgds bkfh hkvb thbdr cwosbpkrktb gbekg kon iundfdkg systbms) cr cllbr ndllbrbot lcrms cl gcfkg ecv-brombot (ks do scmb dondebocus fcmmuodtdbs do Fcgcmadk). Do scmb

fksbs, sbpkrktb bnufktdco systbms mdeht ab bstkagdshbn. hds kpprckfh dscltbo frdtdfdzbn lcr jbbpdoe fcmmuodtdbs dowkrn gccjdoe kon lcr lkdg-doe tc frbktb k fcmmco nbvbgcpmbot nyokmdf.

^hb kssdmdgktdcodst kpprckfh.^hds kpprckfh prcmctbs iust cob fugturbdo thb puagdf sphbrb. Dt fko ab k obw fugturb frbktbn tc dotberktb kgg cthbrfugturkg ercups, ks do thb rbpuagdfko kon sbfugkr fcofbpt cl fdtdzboshdpabst dggustrktbn ay thb Lrbofh mcnbg whdfh wks bstkagdshbn nurdoe thb;584 rbvcgutdco. Dt prcmctbs k sdoegb clfdkg gkoeukeb lcr oktdcokg fcm-

muodfktdco kon dotbrkftdco. Prckftdvb pcgdfdbs bofcurkeb kgg mbmabrs clscfdbty tc kncpt thb ncmdokot fugturb kon nrcp thbdr cthbr dnbotdtdbs.^hds kpprckfh fgkdms thkt kncptdoe k uodqub fugturb eukrkotbbs kggmbmabrs cl scfdbty trub bqudty, whdgb rbfceodzdoe cthbr fugturbs uonbr-mdobs scfdkg fchbsdco kon frbktbs adks.

^hb dotberktdcodst kpprckfh. ^hb eckg cl thds kpprckfh ds tc bofcurkebndllbrbot fugturkg ercups tc gdvb hkrmcodcusgy uonbr k uodqub puagdfsystbm. ^hds systbm rbspbfts vkrdcus fugturkg kon scfdkg dnbotdtdbs sc

gcoe ks thby strdvb lcr dotberktdco do cob arckn fugturb do puagdf gdlb konjbbp thbdr cthbr dnbotdtdbs prdvktb. Do cthbr wcrns, k sdoeugkr fugturb konoktdcokg dnbotdty prbvkdg, aut cthbrs krb tcgbrktbn ks gcoe ks thby nc octuonbrmdob scfdkg fchbsdco. ^hds ds thb mcnbg bmpgcybn do thb RodtbnVtktbs. Ks bmpgcybn thbrb, thb mcnbg strcoegy bmphksdzbs pktrdctdsmkon puagdf rbfceodtdco cl thb crdedokg vkgubs cl Kmbrdfko scfdbty, auttcgbrktbs thb bxdstbofb kon bxprbssdco cl cthbr dnbotdtdbs kon fugturbs dothb prdvktb rbkgm.

^hb mugtdfugturkgdst kpprckfh. ^hds kpprckfh strbssbs thkt mkdotkdodoe

kon prkftdfdoe cobs fugturb ds dmpcrtkot lcr dnbotdty kon kebofy(acx 1.6). Dt rbfceodzbs thkt pbcpgb tbon tc fcotbst k uodgktbrkg mcnbg cldotberktdco, kon kgsc thkt thby mdeht wkot tc abgcoe tc twc cr mcrbfugturbs sdmugtkobcusgy. hb mcnbg ncbs oct suppcrt k rbturo tc thb dnbk


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thkt thb stktb shcugn ab fcmprdsbn cl vkrdcus fcmmuodtdbs thkt hkvb ocdotbrkftdco wdth bkfh cthbr. Qkthbr, dt suppcrts k systbm audgt krcuon kfcofbpt cl fdtdzboshdp aksbn co uodvbrskg rdehts shkrbn ay kgg mbmabrscl scfdbty. Dt bofcurkebs scmb fcmmcogy shkrbn fcrb vkgubs kon k sbosb

cl fcoobftdvdty kmcoe kgg pbcpgb, aut rbfceodzbs spbfdf mdocrdty konfugturkg rdehts. ^hb mugtdfugturkgdst mcnbg ds, do prkftdfb, cob tcwkrnwhdfh mkoy nbmcfrkfdbs krb stkrtdoe tc mcvb, bvbo dl thb pcgdtdfkg nds-fcursb fcotdoubs tc ab, do mkoy fksbs, dotberktdcodst.

Jymgdfjk hks nbvbgcpbn k thbcry cl mugtdfugturkg fdtdzboshdp thkt dswdoodoe wdnb kffbptkofb kmcoe fcotbmpcrkry kfknbmdfs kon pcgdfy mkj-brs. Do Mugtdfugturkg Fdtdzboshdp, hb wrdtbs9

D abgdbvb dt ds gbedtdmktb, kon donbbn uokvcdnkagb, tc suppgbmbot trkndtdco-

kg humko rdehts wdth mdocrdty rdehts. K fcmprbhbosdvb thbcry cl iustdfbdo k mugtdfugturkg stktb wdgg dofgunb acth uodvbrskg rdehts, kssdeobn tc dond-vdnukgs rbekrngbss cl ercup mbmabrshdp, kon fbrtkdo ercup-ndllbrbotdktbnrdehts cr spbfdkg stktus lcr mdocrdty fugturb (Jymgdfjk ;442, p.


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Mkokedoe Fugturkg Ndvbrsdty thrcueh Puagdf Pcgdfy

Mkoy fcuotrdbs hkvb nbkgt wdth mkokedoe ndvbrsdty lcr fboturdbsVpkdo hkstrdbn tc on k akgkofb abtwbbo vkrdcus rbedcos, Vwdtzbrgkon hks kttbmptbntc mkokeb thrbb gdoeudstdf ercups, kon thb Rodtbn Vtktbs hks strueegbn tcdotberktb dts Klrdfko-Kmbrdfko mdocrdty. Nbspdtb thbsb bllcrts, vdbwdoe thbmkokebmbot cl ndvbrsb fugturbs ks k gbedtdmktb puagdf pcgdfy fcofbro dsk rbgktdvbgy obw fcofbptdco. Lcr k gcoe tdmb, stktbs hkvb rbsdstbn sufh kokpprckfh, sbbdoe bllcrts tc gbedtdmdzb fugturkg ndvbrsdty ks k ndrbft kttkfj cothb dotberdty cl thb oktdco-stktb kon thb fcofbpt cl fdtdzboshdp. Udth k lbw

octkagb bxfbptdcos, dt ds cogy do thb gkst 10 ybkrs thkt thbsb dnbks kacut konbllcrts kt mkokedoe fugturkg ndvbrsdty hkvb abbo nbvbgcpbn dotc pcgdfdbs.

Pcgdfdbs rbfceodzdoe thb spbfdf fugturkg rdehts cl k pkrtdfugkr ercupkrb usukggy iustdbn co thb aksds cl k pbrfbdvbn pbrfbptdco cl dobqudtyabtwbbo scfdcfugturkg ercups do kffbssdoe rbscurfbs/sbrvdfbs kon/cr dothbdr rbspbftdvb pcgdtdfkg pkrtdfdpktdco. Rsukggy thds dobqukgdty rbsugtslrcm ndsfrdmdoktdco cr uolkdrgy shkrbn rbscurfbs kon kssbts cwdoe tc kvkrdbty cl hdstcrdfkg, rbedcokg, cr cthbr rbkscos. Do thds fcotbxt, thb rdehts

dovcgvbn krb oct fugturkg, aut uodvbrskgthkt ds, cl ko bfcocmdf, scfdkg,cr pcgdtdfkg okturb.^hb dssub cl fugturkg rdehtshkvdoe thb lrbbncm tc bxprbss cobs fug-

turbds k sbpkrktb fcosdnbrktdco, aut cob whdfh ds dofrbksdoegy abdoerbekrnbn ks hkvdoe ks mufh gbedtdmkfy ks uodvbrskg rdehts. ^hb 100>Humko Nbvbgcpmbot Qbpcrt ndrbftgy gdojs thb mkokebmbot cl fugturkgndvbrsdty wdth thb rbfceodtdco cl fugturkg rdehts9

Fugturkg gdabrty ds k vdtkg pkrt cl humko nbvbgcpmbot abfkusb abdoe kagb

tc fhccsb cobs dnbotdty, whc cob ds, wdthcut gcsdoe thb rbspbft cl cth-brs cr abdoe bxfgunbn lrcm cthbr fhcdfbs ds dmpcrtkot do gbkndoe k lugggdlb. Pbcpgb wkot thb lrbbncm tc prkftdfb thbdr rbgdedco cpbogy, tc spbkjthbdr gkoeukeb, tc fbgbarktb thbdr bthodf cr rbgdedcus hbrdtkeb wdthcut lbkrcl rdndfugb cr puodshmbot cr ndmdodshbn cppcrtuodty. Pbcpgb wkot thblrbbncm tc pkrtdfdpktb do scfdbty wdthcut hkvdoe tc sgdp cll thbdr fhcsbofugturkg mccrdoe (RONP 100>, p. ;).

^c bosurb thbsb uodvbrskg kon fugturkg rdehts, puagdf pcgdfdbs suppcrtdoefugturkg ndvbrsdty usukggy hkvb thb lcggcwdoe caibftdvbs9

Vuppcrtdoe pcgdtdfkg pkrtdfdpktdco Ldehtdoe ndsfrdmdoktdco Qbnufdoe fugturkg bxfgusdco


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Vuppcrtdoe Pcgdtdfkg Pkrtdfdpktdco

Pcgdtdfkg pkrtdfdpktdco pcgdfdbs usukggy kdm kt bosurdoe thb pcgdtdfkg pkrtdfd-pktdco cl ndllbrbot ercups. Mufh gdtbrkturb bxdsts co thds tcpdf. Ehkd (;448)fgkssdbs thbsb pcgdfdbs dotc twc mkdo fktbecrdbs9 spktdkg nbvcgutdco kon fcr-pcrktb nbfbotrkgdzktdco. Vpktdkg nbvcgutdco pcgdfdbs krb kppgdbn whbo fug-turkg ndllbrbofbs fcrrbspcon tc k tbrrdtcry, whdgb pcgdfdbs rbgydoe co fcrpcrktbnbfbotrkgdzktdco kon scmb lcrm cl fugturkg kutcocmy krb usbn tc prcvdnb klrkmbwcrj lcr thb pcgdtdfkg pkrtdfdpktdco cl k mdocrdty ercup donbpbonbotcl thb tbrrdtcry do whdfh thby gdvb. Vufh nbfbotrkgdzktdco fko tkjb thb lcrmcl lbnbrkgdsm, ks whbo k edvbo tbrrdtcrdkg fcmmuodty wdthdo k fbotrkg stktbds erkotbn spbfdkg stktus cr kutcocmy. Do nbvbgcpdoe fcuotrdbs, lbnbrkg stktbswbrb frbktbn kt thb tdmb cl nbfcgcodzktdco, kon wbrb sbbo ay thb fcgcodkgpcwbr ks k wky tc bosurb scmb lcrm cl fchbsdco do mugtdbthodf stktbs9

Co thb whcgb, fcgcodkggy nbvdsbn cr dospdrbn lbnbrktdcos wbrb oct nds-tdoeudshbn ay thbdr gcoebvdty (Doncobsdk, Aurmk ZMykomkr], Brdtrbk-Bthdcpdk, Bkst kon Ubst Pkjdstko, Ehkok, Jboyk, Rekonk). ^hby wbrbdotrcnufbn kt thb tbrmdokg stkebs cl nbfcgcodzktdco, supbrdmpcsbn cofbotrkgdzbn kon aurbkufrktdf systbms, kon dt prcvbn bksy tc fgkw akfj, nb

iurb cr nb lkftc, rbedcokg pcwbrs (Ehkd ;448, p. >6).

Hcwbvbr, thbrb hkvb abbo mcrb suffbsslug fksbs, sufh ks Dondk, Mkgky-sdk, Odebrdk, kon Pkpuk Obw Eudobk. ^hbsb vkrdcus krrkoebmbots hkvbedvbo rdsb tc k vkrdbty cl systbms thkt bosurb pcgdtdfkg rbprbsbotktdco kt thboktdcokg kon stktb gbvbgs.

Nbfbotrkgdzdoe tc smkggbr uodts cl ecvbrombot wdthcut bstkagdshdoekutcocmcus rbedcos ds cltbo sbbo ks thb abst wky tc bosurb pkrtdfdpktdcocl vkrdcus ercups. ^hb nbfbotrkgdzktdco kpprckfh fcmpgbmbots k ebobrkgtrbon thkt bofcurkebs nbvcgutdco cl rbspcosdadgdtdbs tc gcwbr gbvbgs cl ecv-brombots donbpbonbotgy cl thb dssub cl fugturkg ndvbrsdty. ^hds nbvcgutdcods usukggy kffcmpgdshbn tc dofrbksb fdtdzbos dovcgvbmbot do thbdr cwo nbfd-sdcos, kon tc dmprcvb thb qukgdty cl sbrvdfb ay ardoedoe thb prcvdnbr fgcsbrtc thb fgdbot. ^hds trbon ds suppcrtbn ay dotbroktdcokg crekodzktdcos, whdfhhkvb bofcurkebn stktbs tc prcvdnb k erbktbr vcdfb tc vkrdcus mdocrdtdbs dothb mkokebmbot cl thbdr tbrrdtcrdbs. Do Gktdo Kmbrdfk, lcr bxkmpgb, mkoyfcuotrdbs hkvb rbfbotgy mcndbn thbdr fcostdtutdco tc prcvdnb scmb nberbb

cl tbrrdtcrdkg kutcocmy tc thbdr dondebocus pcpugktdco. ^hb fcostdtutdcokgrblcrms do Fcgcmadk do ;44;, do Acgdvdk do ;442, do Bfukncr do ;448, kondo thb Qbpagdfk Acgdvkrdkok nb \bobzubgk do 1000 kgg fgbkrgy prcvdnb rdehtstc dondebocus pcpugktdcos do mkokedoe thb tbrrdtcrdbs do whdfh thby gdvb.


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Fcrpcrktb nbvcgutdco fcosdsts cl prcvdndoe spbfdkg rbprbsbotktdco tcscmb ercups donbpbonbot cl thbdr tbrrdtcrdkg klgdktdco. ^hbsb pcgdfdbs usu-kggy fcosdst cl rbsbrvdoe spbfdkg sbkts do pkrgdkmbots lcr ercups thkt tbontc ab bxfgunbn do thb ocrmkg pcgdtdfkg prcfbss. Do thds wky, thb rbfceodzbntrdabs kon fkstbs do Dondk, lcr dostkofb, hkvb sbkts rbsbrvbn lcr thbm do thbpkrgdkmbot. Vcmb ercups krb kgsc fhkrebn wdth thb rbspcosdadgdty cl mko-kedoe thbdr fcmmuodtdbs, bspbfdkggy do thb krbk cl iustdfb. Dsrkbg, lcr bxkm-pgb, hks sbpkrktb iundfdkg systbms lcr Ibws kon lcr Krka Dsrkbgds. Vdmdgkrgy,do Beypt, Fhrdstdkos hkvb ndllbrbot fcmmco gkws thko nc Musgdms. Fco-sugtktdco mbfhkodsms co pcgdfdbs kgsc dovcgvb rbprbsbotktdvbs cl mdocrdtdbs

cr rbgdedcus dostdtutdcos.

Ldehtdoe Ndsfrdmdoktdco

Pcgdfdbs thkt nbkg wdth fugturkg ndvbrsdty usukggy sbbj tc bosurb scmb lcrmcl bqudty abtwbbo ercups. Ks sufh, thbdr eckg ds tc eht acth cvbrt kon hdn-nbo ndsfrdmdoktdco. ^hbsb pcgdfdbs hkvb scfdkg dofgusdco ks thbdr caibftdvbkon, tc scmb bxtbot, scfdkg fchbsdco ks wbgg. ^hb 100> Humko Nbvbgcp-mbot Qbpcrt(RONP 100>) ndstdoeudshbs thrbb ndllbrbot suapcgdfdbs9

Knnrbssdoe uobqukg scfdkg dovbstmbots tc kfhdbvb bqukgdty cl cppcrtuodty Qbfceodzdoe fgkdms tc gkon kon gdvbgdhccns Dmpgbmbotdoe klrmktdvb kftdcos do lkvcr cl ndsknvkotkebn ercups

Knnrbssdoe uobqukg scfdkg dovbstmbot ds usukggy oct vbry ndllbrbotlrcm pcvbrty tkrebtdoe (ndsfussbn gktbr do thds fhkptbr), ks thds ds ko dssubdo rbedcos whbrb mdocrdtdbs krb cvbrrbprbsbotbn kmcoe thb pccr kon thdskftdco mdeht ab tkjbo donbpbonbotgy cl koy rbfceodtdco cl k spbfdf fug-

turb. Hcwbvbr, do scmb fksbs, bosurdoe bqukg abobt cl scfdkg dovbstmbotswdgg kgsc rbqudrb rbfceodzdoe scmb spbfdf fugturkg rdehts. Lcr bxkmpgb,fbrtkdo skodtktdco rbeugktdcos mdeht ec kekdost pkrtdfugkr rbgdedcus abgdbls,thbrblcrb nbprdvdoe mdocrdtdbs cl thb abobt cl thds dolrkstrufturb. ^hbprbpkrktdco cl jcshbr lccn lcr Ibws, lcr bxkmpgb, mdeht rbqudrb fhkoedoegkws thkt pbrtkdo tc sgkuehtbrhcusbs.

Mdocrdtdbs hkvb cltbo abbo bxfgunbn lrcm gkon cwobrshdp lcr hdstcrdfkgrbkscos. Pcgdfdbs knnrbssdoe thds prcagbm hkvb twc fcmpcobots. Cob dsgdojbn tc gkon rblcrm, ay whdfh uobqukg ndstrdautdco cl gkon ds knnrbssbn

thrcueh rblcrm cl gkon cwobrshdp. ^hb cthbr fcmpcobot dovcgvbs rbfce-odzdoe fcggbftdvb gkon fgkdms, mcstgy suamdttbn ay dondebocus fcmmuodtdbs,kon rbturodoe gkon tc thbm uonbr thbdr fcggbftdvb mkokebmbot. ^hds gkttbrfcursb cl kftdco ds oct wdthcut fcodft, bspbfdkggy whbo thbsb gkons krb thb


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FRG RQKG ND\BQVD^T KON PRAGDF PCGDFT 1;

sdtb cl vkgukagb oktdcokg rbscurfbs, sufh ks cdg. Qbturodoe gkon tc fcggbftdvbcwobrshdp wdgg, do mkoy fksbs, kgsc rbqudrb spbfdf gbedsgktdco.

Klrmktdvb kftdco kttbmpts tc fcuotbrkft ndsfrdmdoktdco thkt ds aksbn coobektdvb stbrbctypbsk fcmpgbx bonbkvcr, pkrtdfugkrgy do scfdbtdbs whbrbthb scfdcfugturkg ercups rkrbgy dotbrkft, thus gbkndoe tc sbgl-fcormdoestbrbctypbs. Do thds rbekrn, Gcury (100;) hks usbn bfcocmdf rbkscodoe tcnbfcostruft thb prcfbss ay whdfh Klrdfko Kmbrdfkos krb ndsfrdmdoktbnkekdost do thb Rodtbn Vtktbs. Hb fgkrdbs thb ndllbrbofbs abtwbbo stbrbctypbs,stdemk, kon kftukg ndsfrdmdoktdco. Vtbrbctypdoeds thb wky do whdfh pbcpgbusb whkt thby hkvb hbkrn, rbkn, cr bxpbrdbofbn kacut k fbrtkdo ercup cl

pbcpgb tc iuneb kon dnbotdly thb pctbotdkg abhkvdcr cl k spbfdf pbrsco lrcmthkt ercup. Pbcpgb nc k stktdstdfkg ebobrkgdzktdco, do Gcurys wcrns: thdsebobrkgdzktdco fko hkvb k obektdvb, obutrkg, cr pcsdtdvb dmpkft. Do k wcrgn clgdmdtbn dolcrmktdco, bvbrycob usbs stbrbctypbs tc scmb nberbb. Vtdemkbxdstswhbo k obektdvb stbrbctypb ds systbmktdzbn sc thkt pbcpgb krb uokagb tcbsfkpb abdoe obektdvbgy kssbssbn ay cthbrs. Vtdemk fko kgsc bxdst lcr purbgyfugturkg rbkscos, wdth oc spbfdf stbrbctypbs kttkfhbn. Lcr bxkmpgb, dl kpbrsco ds lrcm k gcwbr fkstb do Dondk, thby krb ndrbftgy stdemktdzbn. Ndsfrdmd-

oktdcods whbo thds stdemk ds kftbn upco, nbprdvdoe k pbrsco cr ercup cl thbskmb cppcrtuodty cr trbktmbot boicybn ay thb rbst cl thb pcpugktdco.

Vtbrbctypbs krb audgt cvbr tdmb kon pkssbn lrcm ebobrktdco tc ebobrktdco.^hby krb ndlfugt tc mcndly, kon, abfkusb thby krb cltbo bmabnnbn do fug-turb kon kttdtunbs, tbon tc ab vbry pcwbrlug. Do knndtdco, mkoy stbrbctypbstbon tc ab sbgl-fcormdoe, do thb sbosb thkt thb ercup abdoe stbrbctypbn wdggkotdfdpktb thbsb kon kft kffcrndoegy. hds abhkvdcr thbo fcorms tc cutsdnbrsthkt thb stbrbctypb ds trub.>Ndsfrdmdoktdco aksbn co stdemk ds vbry ndlfugt tc

nbkg wdth kon usukggy ncbs oct ndskppbkr uotdg klrmktdvb kftdco pcgdfdbs fkobosurb thkt pbcpgb krb kagb tc bxbrfdsb thbdr rdehts kon fhkoeb stbrbctypbs.Klrmktdvb kftdco kggcfktbs kffbss tc sbrvdfbs, kssbts, hcusdoe, kon pcgdtd-

fkg pkrtdfdpktdco co thb aksds cl mbmabrshdp do k ndsknvkotkebn ercup. hbgbekfy cl klrmktdvb kftdco ds k fcotbstbn cob. Klrmktdvb kftdco hks suf-fbssluggy rbnufbn dotbrercup dobqukgdtdbs do pgkfbs whbrb dt hks abbo bllbf-tdvbgy dmpgbmbotbn, aut k oumabr cl stundbs hkvb shcwo dt hks oct rbnufbndobqukgdtdbs kmcoe dondvdnukgs. Ocobthbgbss, do k fcuotry whbrb thbrb krbvbry strcoe stdemks ksscfdktbn wdth scmb ercups, klrmktdvb kftdco mdeht

ab thb cogy wky tc fhkoeb stbrbctypbs kon rbnufb dolcrmkg ndsfrdmdoktdco.Dondk, lcr dostkofb, hks dmpgbmbotbn vbry kftdvb kotdndsfrdmdoktdco pcgdfdbsdo gdob wdth Ekonhds vdsdco cl k mcrb tcgbrkot kon cpbo scfdbty. hbsb pcgd-fdbs hkvb rbsugtbn do trbmboncus fhkoebs tc thb okturb cl Dondks mdnngb


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fgkss kon dts pcgdtdfkg prcfbssbs. Bvbo dl bvbrynky ndsfrdmdoktdco stdgg bxdstskekdost gcwbr fkstbs kon trdabs, thbdr pkrtdfdpktdco do thb knmdodstrktdcokon do pcgdtdfs hks fhkoebn Dondko scfdbty.2

Qbnufdoe Fugturkg Bxfgusdco

^hds krbk cl pcgdfy ds mcst ndrbftgy gdojbn tc fugturkg rdehts. K pbrscosabhkvdcr kon wky cl gdlb krb doubofbn ay hds cr hbr fugturb. Do k mugtdfug-turkg nbmcfrkfy, gdvdoe thds fugturb ds k rdeht ks gcoe ks dt ncbs oct dolrdoebco cthbrs dondvdnukg rdehts cr co mbmabrs cl thb fcofbrobn ercup.

Vcfdkg bxfgusdco aksbn co cobs fugturb fko nbprdvb dondvdnukgs cl thb skt-

dslkftdco cl kssbrtdoe thbdr dnbotdty, whdfh ds do dtsbgl ko dssub. Mcrbcvbr, sufhbxfgusdco fko prbvbot pbcpgb lrcm kffbssdoe sbrvdfbs, bmpgcymbot, cr ius-tdfb. Lcr dostkofb, dl k Acgdvdko [ubfhuk Dondko ds akrrbn lrcm k muodfdpkgaudgndoe abfkusb hb ds wbkrdoe k trkndtdcokg cutt, hb ds thbrbay nbprdvbn clhds aksdf rdeht tc kffbss sbrvdfbs. Vdmdgkrgy, ocmkns krb prbvbotbn lrcm pkr-tdfdpktdoe do thb pcgdtdfkg prcfbss dl thby krb rbqudrbn tc hkvb k xbn hcmbkon mkdgdoe knnrbss do crnbr tc fkst k vctb. ^hds prbmdsb fko ab bxtbonbn tckrbks sufh ks rbspbftdoe fustcmkry gkws cr lrbbncm cl rbgdedcus klgdktdco.

Bxkmpgbs cl pcgdfdbs thkt eht fugturkg bxfgusdco dofgunb kggcwdoeocmkndf pcpugktdcos tc hkvb ko knnrbss do k muodfdpkgdty wdthcut kftukggyrbsdndoe do thkt muodfdpkgdty: kggcwdoe fbrtkdo ercups tc usb fustcmkrygkw tc rbscgvb smkgg cllbosbs, sc thby nc oct spbon tdmb kon mcoby trydoetc kffbss thb lcrmkg iustdfb systbm: kon kggcwdoe pbcpgb tc prkftdfb fbrtkdogdvbgdhccns thkt mdeht ab lcradnnbo tc thb fcmmuodty kt gkreb (sufh ks huot-doe co rbsbrvktdcos), abfkusb dt ds fgcsbgy ksscfdktbn wdth thbdr gdvbgdhccn.

Ko cvbrrdndoe fcofbro cl pcgdfdbs knnrbssdoe fugturkg bxfgusdco ds tc

bosurb thkt ko dondvdnukgs fhcdfbs krb rbspbftbn, kon thkt oc cob ds lcrfbntc pkrtdfdpktb do fugturkg prkftdfbs. ^hb ercups shcugn hkvb, lcr dostkofb,thb lrbbncm tc kncpt cr kakonco thbdr rbgdedco, tc prkftdfb cr deocrb lbstd-vkgs kon vkrdcus rdtukgs, tc tbkfh cr ab tkueht gkoeukebs, kon sc co. Bosur-doe thds kutcocmy kon dondvdnukg lrbbncm fko ab prcagbmktdf kon must abkpprckfhbn thcuehtluggy.

Vdeodfkofb cl Fugturkg Ndvbrsdty do Mkjdoe Puagdf Pcgdfy lcr

Nbvbgcpmbot kon Pcvbrty Qbnuftdco

^hb gdtbrkturb co fugturb kon fugturkg ndvbrsdty fdtbs sbvbrkg rbkscos rbfce-odzdoe fugturkg dnbotdty ds dmpcrtkot. ^hds sbftdco lcfusbs co thrbb cl thb


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mkdo kreumbots9 dts rcgb do pcvbrty tkrebtdoe, dts pcsdtdvb dmpkft co kebofy,kon dts kadgdty tc rbnufb thb rdsj cl fcodft.

Pcvbrty krebtdoe

Fugturkg mdocrdtdbs krb cltbo kmcoe thb pccrbst do k edvbo scfdbty (autoct kgwkys, ks ndsfussbn do acx 1.>). Octkagy, thb 8 mdggdco Qcmk do Fbo-trkg Burcpb krb sdeodfkotgy rbprbsbotbn kmcoe thb pccrbst pbcpgbs cl thbrbedco. K rbfbot survby lcuon thkt obkrgy 80 pbrfbot cl Qcmk do Qcmkodkkon Augekrdk wbrb gdvdoe co gbss thko $>.60 pbr nky. Bvbo do Huoekry, cobcl thb mcst prcspbrcus kffbssdco fcuotrdbs, >0 pbrfbot cl Qcmk gdvb abgcw

thb pcvbrty gdob (Qdoecgn, Crbostbdo, kon Udggdkms 1006). c dmprcvb thbwbgg-abdoe cl sufh mdocrdtdbs, thbdr fugturkg spbfdfdty must ab rbfceodzbnkon kotdpcvbrty prcerkms tkdgcrbn tc thbdr obbns kon fugturb nbsdeobn.

K rbfbot stuny ay thb Ucrgn Akoj co dondebocus pcpugktdcos (Hkgg konPktrdocs 1004) bstdmktbs thkt cl k tctkg cl kacut 600 mdggdco dondebocuspbcpgb kon rbfceodzbn bthodf mdocrdtdbs krcuon thb wcrgn, ;00 mdggdcokrb fcosdnbrbn pccr do tbrms cl abdoe uonbr thb oktdcokg pcvbrty gdob.^hb stuny ons thkt dondebocus kon bthodf mdocrdtdbs krb pccrbr thko thb

kvbrkeb pcpugktdco do kgg thb fcuotrdbs kssbssbn kon thkt thb pcvbrty ekpabtwbbo dondebocus kon ocodondebocus pcpugktdcos hks dofrbksbn cvbr thb

Ncmdokot Mdocrdtdbs

^hbrb krb wbgg-jocwo fksbs do whdfh thb mdocrdty pcpugktdco do k edvbo fcuotry ds kftu-kggy abttbr cll thko thb mkicrdty. ^hb Fhdobsb do Mkgkysdk, lcr bxkmpgb, krb abttbr cll

thko thb Mkgky, whdfh ds thb mkdo rbksco gkreb-sfkgb pcgdfdbs cl pcsdtdvb ndsfrdmdoktdco

bxdst do thb fcuotry9 thby krb ko kttbmpt tc dmprcvb thb Mkgky mkicrdtys kffbss tc cp-

pcrtuodtdbs. Vdmdgkrgy, thb Huoekrdko mdocrdty do Qcmkodk ds cltbo sbbo ks abttbr cll thko

thb mkicrdty Qcmkodko pcpugktdco, nbspdtb pkst pcgdfdbs thkt hkvb oct kgwkys prcvdnbn

thb Huoekrdko-pcpugktbn rbedco wdth dts lkdr shkrb cl dolrkstrufturb. ^hb Akmdgbjbs do

Fkmbrcco krb cltbo fcosdnbrbn abttbr cll thko thb rbst cl thb pcpugktdco ks k pkrtdkg

rbsugt cl thb vbry bllbftdvb scfdkg fkpdtkg thkt dotbrfcoobfts thbsb trknbrs, kggcwdoe thbm

tc usb k wdnb rkoeb cl scfdkg obtwcrjs. Mcst lkmdgdkr cl kgg, cl fcursb, ds thb sdtuktdco do

Vcuth Klrdfk, whbrb fcgcodkg rugb lcggcwbn ay thb strcoe kpkrthbdn systbm gblt thb whdtb

mdocrdty pcpugktdco abttbr cll thko thb mkicrdty Klrdfko pcpugktdco.

ACX 1.>


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1> NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV DO MRG^DFRG RQKG VCFDB^DBV

gkst ;0 ybkrs, wdth thb sdoegb bxfbptdco cl Fhdok, whbrb thb ekp ds fgcsdoelcr thb Hko pcpugktdco.

Do Gktdo Kmbrdfk, kacut 60 pbrfbot cl thb pcpugktdco ds cl Klrdfko crdedocr dondebocus tc thb fcotdobot. hbsb ercups krb ndsprcpcrtdcoktbgy rbprb-sbotbn kmcoe thb pccr kon fcmprdsb thb gkreb mkicrdty cl pbcpgb gdvdoe dobxtrbmb pcvbrty. Do thb mdnngb cl thb ;440s, thb oktdcokg pcvbrty rktb doEuktbmkgk wks kacut pbrfbot: thds eurb wks 85 pbrfbot lcr thb donde-bocus pcpugktdco. Vdmdgkrgy, do Pbru, thb ebobrkg pcvbrty rktb wks kacut20 pbrfbot, aut fgcsb tc 80 pbrfbot lcr thb dondebocus pcpugktdco. ^hbndsprcpcrtdco ds pkrtdfugkrgy strdjdoe do Mbxdfc, whbrb thb rktb cl pcvbrty

lcr thb ebobrkg pcpugktdco ds k rbgktdvbgy gcw ;8 pbrfbot, aut ds 8; pbrfbotkmcoe dondebocus ercups. ^hbsb trbons lrcm thb ;440s pbrsdst (Hkgg konPktrdocs 1004).

Do Ksdk, whbrb bthodf mdocrdtdbs krb oumbrcus, mkoy krb wcrsb cll thkothb mkicrdty pcpugktdco, kgthcueh suppcrtdoe stktdstdfkg nktk krb sfkrfb:thds hks scmbtdmbs gbn, ks do Mykomkr, tc cpbo fcodft wdth thb fbotrkgecvbrombot. Do \dbtokm, sbvbrkg pcvbrty kokgysbs fconuftbn ay ncocrkebofdbs kon thb ecvbrombot cvbr thb gkst ;0 ybkrs shcw thkt ;> pbrfbot cl

thb pcpugktdco ds fcmprdsbn cl mbmabrs cl 26 clfdkggy rbfceodzbn bthodfmdocrdty ercups, whdfh kffcuot lcr 14 pbrfbot cl thb oktdcos pccr. ^hbpcvbrty rktb lcr thbsb mdocrdtdbs ds abdoe rbnufbn, aut kt k sgcwbr rktb thkolcr thb Hdoj mkicrdty pcpugktdco., p. 12).

^hds vdbw ds vbry mufh do gdob wdth rbfbot scfdkg kon kothrcpcgcedfkg

stundbs thkt uonbrsfcrb thb dmpcrtkofb cl scfdbtys rbfceodtdco cl k pbr-scos dnbotdty do bokagdoe pcsdtdvb dotbrkftdcos wdth cthbrs (Ibojdos 1008).5Kgthcueh dt ds ndlfugt tc mbksurb thb rbgktdcoshdp cl rbfceodtdco tc

scfdkg dofgusdco kon pcsdtdvb kebofy, k oumabr cl fksbs cllbr bvdnbofb clsufh k rbgktdcoshdp. Do Obw Ybkgkon, k fcuotry wdth nbmcostrkagy suf-fbsslug dotberktdco pcgdfdbs, thb rbfbot dmprcvbmbot do thb mdocrdty pcpugk-tdcos stkonkrn cl gdvdoe ds fgcsbgy fcrrbgktbn wdth ko dmpcrtkot rbobwkg cldotbrbst do thb Mkcrd fugturb (Qdoecgn 1002). Dt shcugn ab octbn thkt dt dsoct iust thb Mkcrd whc krb bxpbrdbofdoe k rbobwbn dotbrbstbn do thbdr cwofugturb, aut kgsc thb oktdcokg mkicrdty ks wbgg.

Fugturb ds kgsc dmpcrtkot tc kebofy abfkusb cl thb doubofb dt hks coscfdkg fkpdtkg. Dotbrkftdcos kmcoe pbcpgb krb strcoegy doubofbn ay thbdrfugturb. ^hb Lrbofh scfdcgcedst Pdbrrb Acurndbu (100;) usbs thb octdco cl


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1< NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV DO MRG^DFRG RQKG VCFDB^DBV

hkadtustc nbsfrdab hcw thb fugturkg bovdrcombot do whdfh cob ds acro konrkdsbn wdgg strcoegy nbob, kmcoe cthbr thdoes, thb obtwcrj cl rbgktdco-shdps do whdfh k pbrsco gdvbs kon dotbrkfts cvbr thb fcursb cl hds cr hbrgdlb. ^hb stuny cl scfdkg fkpdtkg shcws tc whkt bxtbot dt ds bmabnnbn do kfugturb. Mkoy cl thb mbfhkodsms thkt hbgp pbcpgb nbkg wdth sbfurdty kt thbdolcrmkg gbvbg krb vbry cltbo pkrt cl k gcfkg fugturb. ^hb Klrdfko tcotdob(rctktdoe skvdoe sfhbmb) ds kocthbr bxkmpgb cl k systbm thkt usukggy wcrjskmcoe pbcpgb cl thb skmb fugturkg ercup.8Fugturb fko kgsc do scmb fksbsrbnufb kebofy dl, tc usb scfdkg fkpdtkg tbrmdocgcey, dt edvbs prblbrbofb tcacondoe rbgktdcoshdps kon ncbs oct lcrm rbgktdcoshdps wdth cthbr ercups

cr lcrmkg dostdtutdcos. ^hds typb cl scfdkg fkpdtkg fko dscgktb thb ercup konrbnufb fhcdfb kon cppcrtuodty.

Fcodft Qbnuftdco

Ronbrstkondoe kon prcmctdoe thb fugturkg kttrdautbs cl mdocrdty ercupsfko rbnufb fcodft. Ercup dnbotdty ds nbobn do gkreb pkrt ay thb dnbotd-fktdco cl sdmdgkrdtdbs wdth kon ndllbrbofbs lrcm cthbrs. ^hds prcfbss cldnbotdfktdco ardoes scfdcfugturkg ercups tcebthbr, rbdolcrfdoe thbdr dotbr-

okg fchbsdco. Kt tdmbs, ercups cl pbcpgb wdgg pgky cut thbdr ndllbrbofbs tcrbdolcrfb thbdr dnbotdty, whdfh ds oct obfbsskrdgy obektdvb. Vpcrtdoe bvbots,lcr bxkmpgb, bgdfdt sufh abhkvdcrs, whdgb kt thb skmb tdmbdo mcst fksbsrbdolcrfdoe scfdkg fchbsdco. Fcodft abtwbbo ndllbrbot scfdcfugturkg ercupsshcugn ab sbbo ks pkrt cl ocrmkg scfdkg dotbrkftdcos ks gcoe ks dt ncbs octrbsugt do vdcgbofb, ndsfrdmdoktdco, cr bxfgusdco. Acth thb stktb kon fdvdg scfd-bty shcugn hbgp mkokeb thbsb fcodfts sc thby nc oct brupt do koy mkicrwky. ^c thds bon, dt ds usblug tc rbdolcrfb thb fcmmcokgdtdbs kmcoe vkrd-

cus ercups, bofcurkeb rbspbft kon tcgbrkofb lcr ndllbrbofbs do scfdbty, konbmphksdzb thb pcsdtdvb kspbfts cl mugtdfugturkgdsm. ^hbsb kftdcos fkooctab kffcmpgdshbn ay obektdoe thb ndllbrbofbs abtwbbo ercups, aut rkthbr ayuonbrstkondoe thbsb ndllbrbofbs kon prcvdndoe k pcsdtdvb cutgccj co whktthby cllbr scfdbty ks k whcgb.

Dnbotdty fcodfts krb cltbo trdeebrbn ay bfcocmdf cr pcgdtdfkg lkftcrs(pcwbr kon fcotrcg). ^hby vbry rkrbgy cffur sdmpgy lcr fugturkg rbkscos.

^hb Qdsjs cl ^kjdoe Fugturb dotc Kffcuot do Nbvbgcpdoe Puagdf Pcgdfy

Mkoy pcgdfy mkjbrs kon kfknbmdfs hkvb fdtbn thb pctbotdkg rdsjs cl tkjdoefugturb dotc kffcuot do puagdf pcgdfy, bvbo dl dt ds dofrbksdoegy kffbptbn thkt


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thb abobts cl fugturkggy sbosdtdvb pcgdfy mkjdoe cutwbdeh thb obektdvbs.^hb pctbotdkg nrkwakfjs dofgunb thb lcggcwdoe9

Qbnufbn kutcocmy kon lrbbncm cl fhcdfb lcr scmb suaercups.^hdskreumbot ds cltbo mknb whbo ndsfussdoe ebonbr dssubs. Dt ds kreubn, konrdehtgy sc, thkt scmb fugturkg prkftdfbs lkvcr thb suacrndoktdco clwcmbo. Pcgyekmy, bxfdsdco, thb lkdgurb tc sbon edrgs tc sfhccg, cr thblkdgurb tc fcosugt wcmbo co dmpcrtkot nbfdsdcos krb cltbo fdtbn ks obek-tdvb kspbfts cl scmb fugturbs. hbsb prkftdfbs jbbp wcmbo suacrndoktbndosdnb k ercup kon ec kekdost prdofdpgbs cl bqudty kon lrbbncm. Vcmb

fugturbs kgsc suppcrt k strcoe keb-aksbn hdbrkrfhy (lcr bxkmpgb, fcuo-fdgs cl bgnbrs) kon thus bxfgunb ycuth lrcm nbfdsdco mkjdoe, thbrbayrbnufdoe thbdr fkpkadgdty. Do scmb fksbs, hdbrkrfhdfkg fgkss strufturbsbmacndbn do gcfkg fugturbs bofcurkeb scfdkg bxfgusdco. Bxkmpgbs dofgunbthb fkstb systbm do Dondk kon do scmb Klrdfko scfdbtdbs.4

Pbrpbtuktdco cl uolkdr kon dobllbftdvb dostdtutdcos.Kfjocwgbnedoe konfccpbrktdoe wdth gcfkg dostdtutdcos thkt krb pkrt cl k fcmmuodtys fug-turkg trkndtdco (ks ndsfussbn do thb obxt fhkptbr) fko pbrpbtuktb dobllbf-

tdvb kon uolkdr strufturbs. Vcmb fugturkg dostdtutdcos, whdgb dmpcrtkotlcr mkdotkdodoe scfdkg fchbsdco dosdnb k ercup, nc oct prcmctb abhkv-dcrs thkt krb fconufdvb tc bfcocmdf cr scfdkg nbvbgcpmbot. Lcr bxkm-pgb, do Vua-Vkhkrko Klrdfk, botrbprboburs cltbo fcmpgkdo thkt thby fko-oct skvb mcoby cr rbscurfbs abfkusb thb prbssurb tc shkrb konrbndstrdautb thbsb rbscurfbs dosdnb cobs fcmmuodty ds bxtrbmbgy strcoe.Abfkusb gcfkg dostdtutdcos sufh ks fcuofdgs cl bgnbrs cr rbgdedcus kontrkndtdcokg lrktbrodtdbs rbdolcrfb thds prbssurb, thby rbnufb ko dondvdnu-kgs kadgdty tc skvb kon rbdovbst do k ausdobss. Do Gktdo Kmbrdfk, thb usbcl trkndtdcokg lcrms cl dondebocus ecvbrombot do fcmmuodtdbs hksabbo frdtdfdzbn do scmb fksbs lcr suppcrtdoe obpctdsm kon fcrruptdco(Qbfconc 1005).

Dscgktdco cl fcmmuodtdbs lrcm mkicrdty fugturb.Frdtdfs fhkreb thkt rbf-ceodzdoe fugturkg prkftdfbs kon dostdtutdcos whbo nbsdeodoe puagdf pcgdfytbons tc dscgktb spbfdf ercups lrcm thb mkicrdty pcpugktdco kon thbrb-lcrb rbnufbs thb cppcrtuodty ercup mbmabrs hkvb tc dotbrkft wdth thbgkrebr scfdbty. ^hb prkftdfb fko lkvcr strcoe scfdkg obtwcrjs spbfdf tccob ercup kon bmabnnbn do cobs fugturb kon uonbrmdob thb kadgdty clthds ercup tc frbktb obtwcrjs kon scfdkg dotbrkftdcos wdth cthbr ercupswhdfh krb bssbotdkg tc rbnufb thb rdsj cl fcodft kon dofrbksb bfcocmdfcppcrtuodtdbs. Dt ds kgsc kreubn thkt rbfceodzdoe fugturkg ndllbrbofbs do


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thb puagdf sphbrb wdgg wbkjbo thb fcofbpt cl fdtdzboshdp, whdfh ds thbmkdo dotberktdoe lkftcr do oktdco-stktbs.

^hb rdsjs rbprbsbotbn ay thbsb kreumbots fko ab mdtdektbn sc thkt thbabobts cl tkjdoe fugturkg ndvbrsdty dotc kffcuot do puagdf pcgdfy wdgg lkrcutwbdeh thbm. ^c thds bon, puagdf pcgdfy nbvbgcpbrs shcugn jbbp thb lcg-gcwdoe pcdots do mdon9

Fugturb kon trkndtdco krb oct sbt do stcob.Bvbo do thb mcst fgcsbn scfd-btdbs, fugturb bvcgvbs kon fhkoebs wdth thb bxpbrdbofb cl thb dondvdnukgsdo thb fcmmuodty cr thrcueh fcotkft wdth cthbr scfdbtdbs. Gvd-Vtrkuss

lcuon, bvbo do hdehgy dscgktbn dondebocus pcpugktdcos sufh ks thkt cl thbArkzdgdko Mkttc Ercssc kon Kmkzco prcvdofbs, bvdnbofb cl fugturbsdoubofdoe kon acrrcwdoe lrcm bkfh cthbr. Hb skw bvdnbofb tcc clndvbrsdfktdco lrcm dosdnb k fugturb kon lcuon thkt thb mcrb k fugturbdovcgvbs k gkreb pcpugktdco, thb mcrb dt wdgg ndvbrsdly (Gvd-Vtrkuss;421). ^hus, fugturb fko fhkoeb, scfdbtdbs fko knkpt, kon scmb wdgg dothb prcfbss edvb erbktbr vcdfb tc ycuth kon wcmbo.;0

Lkdgurb tc rbfceodzb fugturb wdgg oct cagdtbrktb obektdvb dostdtutdcos.

Deocrdoe thb obektdvb systbmdf prkftdfbs cl mdocrdty fugturbs ncbs octmkjb thb prcagbm ec kwky. Qkthbr, thbsb dostdtutdcos wdgg fcotdoub tccpbrktb dolcrmkggy do pkrkggbg, whdfh fcugn ab bvbo mcrb nbtrdmbotkg lcrdts mbmabrs ks thby krb dscgktbn bvbo lurthbr lrcm mkdostrbkm scfdbty.Lcr bxkmpgb, do mkoy Vua-Vkhkrko Klrdfko fcuotrdbs, pcgyekmy hkssurvdvbn kon ds bvbo sprbkndoe, nbspdtb thb lkft thkt thb fcuotrdbs nc octclfdkggy rbfceodzb thb prkftdfb. Hbrb, thb rst mkrrdkeb ds fcosdnbrbnthb clfdkg cob, aut thb lcggcwdoe mkrrdkebs krb oct fdvdggy rbfceodzbn,

thus nbprdvdoe thbsb wdvbs kon koy fhdgnrbo thby prcnufb cl lcrmkg gbekgprctbftdco.

Octbs

;. Vbmaob Cusmkob, thb Vboebgbsb lkthbr cl Klrdfko gm, vdvdngy nbpdfts thbkttrkftdvbobss cl urako fbotbrs do ndstkofdoe cobsbgl lrcm thb prbssurb cl gcfkgfcmmuodtdbs do hds gms Xcgk(;45>), Fbnnc(;455), kon Mccgkkn(100>).

1. Lcr dostkofb, krtdfgb 15 cl thb Dotbroktdcokg Fcvbokot co Fdvdg kon PcgdtdfkgQdehts rbkns9 Do thcsb stktbs do whdfh bthodf, rbgdedcus cr gdoeudstdf mdocrdtdbsbxdst, pbrscos abgcoedoe tc sufh mdocrdtdbs shkgg oct ab nbodbn thb rdeht, dofcmmuodty wdth thb cthbr mbmabrs cl thbdr ercup, tc boicy thbdr cwo fugturb,tc prclbss kon prkftdfb thbdr cwo rbgdedco, cr tc usb thbdr cwo gkoeukeb.


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FRG^RQKG ND\BQVD^T KON PRAGDF PCGDFT 14

6. Lcr k nbtkdgbn ndsfussdco cl Burcpbko rbfceodtdco cl fugturkg ndvbrsdty, sbb^hcmabrry (100;).

>. Kffcrndoe tc Gcury (100>, p. 1


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6;

Fugturkg Ndvbrsdty kon Vbrvdfb Nbgdvbry

^hds fhkptbr sbbjs tc hdehgdeht thb oumbrcus, fcmpgbx, kon oukofbnfcoobftdcos abtwbbo fugturkg ndvbrsdty kon sbrvdfbs nbgdvbrbn kt thbfcmmuodty gbvbg sc thkt thbsb fko ab tkjbo dotc kffcuot whbo nbsdeo-doe fugturkggy sbosdtdvb pcgdfdbs kon prcerkms. Cl thb mkoy sbrvdfbsnbgdvbrbn kt thb fcmmuodty gbvbg, thds fhkptbr lcfusbs co bnufktdco,hbkgth, kon fugturkg sbrvdfbs, abfkusb thbsb krb strcoegy doubofbn ay

fugturb. hds ncbs oct mbko thkt cthbr sbrvdfbs shcugn oct ab fcosdnbrbnwhbo nbsdeodoe pcgdfdbs thkt suppcrt fugturkg ndvbrsdty9 vkgubs, hkadts,kon fustcms fko kllbft thb usb cl wktbr, sgkuehtbrhcusbs, kon rckns, tcokmb iust k lbw.

^hb fhkptbr kgsc gccjs kt hcw trkndtdcokg ecvbrokofb systbms (fcuofdgscl bgnbrs, trkndtdcokg fcurts, rbgdedcus lrktbrodtdbs) fko ab usbn tc nbgdvbrsbrvdfbs.

Bnufktdco

Vfhccg ds whbrb k fhdgns scfdkg dnbotdty ds shkpbn kon whbrb luturb fdtdzboskrb lcrmbn. Dt ds thbrblcrb oc fcdofdnbofb thkt nbmkons lcr rbfceodzdoefugturkg ndvbrsdty krb strcoebst do thb bgn cl bnufktdco: thb rbspcosb hksabbo thb prcmctdco cl mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco.

Mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco ds k arckn tbrm thkt dofgunbs tbkfhdoe do gko-eukebs cthbr thko thb mkicrdty cob, knkptdoe furrdfugum tc rbbft thb hds-tcry kon fugturb cl mdocrdty ercups, cllbrdoe suppcrt tc mdocrdty stunbotswhbo thby krb lkfdoe fhkggboebs thkt rbsugt lrcm thbdr fugturkg spbfdfdtdbs,kon mkjdoe pbnkecey mcrb do stbp wdth fugturkg fcosdnbrktdcos. ^hb sup-pcrtbrs cl mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco kreub thkt dt ds fcosdstbot wdth tcnkys

F H K P ^ B Q 6


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bllcrts tc dmprcvb thb cutfcmb cl bnufktdco systbms kfrcss thb wcrgn.^hb kffcmmcnktdco cl ndvbrsdty do thb bnufktdcokg systbm ds kgsc luggyfcosdstbot wdth thb cutfcmb aksbn bnufktdcokg prkftdfbs thkt rbsbkrfhbrskerbb krb obbnbn dl scfdbtdbs krb tc kfhdbvb sustkdokagb scfdkg kon bfcocmdfnbvbgcpmbot do cur egcakgdzbn wcrgn (Vmdth 100


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FRG^RQKG ND\BQVD^T KON VBQ\DFB NBGD\BQT 66

bqukgdty cl fcondtdco. Vhb bmphksdzbs thkt fcmpbtbofb, oct fugturb, ds thbmkdo fcofbro cl mdocrdty pkrbots, whc cltbo prblbr tc sbb thbdr fhdgnrbogbkro k furrdfugum cl aksdf sjdggs do suaibfts obbnbn tc survdvb do thb oktdco,rkthbr thko abdoe tkueht lrkembotbn vbrsdcos cl thbdr fugturb ay pbcpgbwdth vbry gdttgb jocwgbneb kon uonbrstkondoe cl dt.1Ks k rbsugt, thb stunycl mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco cltbo tbons tc ab cvbrgy pcgdtdfdzbn kon scmb-tdmbs dnbcgcedfkggy nrdvbo, whdfh mkjbs bvkguktdco cl dts dmpkft ndlfugt.^hds sbftdco kttbmpts tc prcvdnb k ardbl cvbrvdbw cl thb vkrdcus dssubs konnbaktbs surrcuondoe mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco.

Oktdvb Gkoeukeb DostruftdcoDt ds ndlfugt tc ndsfuss bnufktdco wdthcut bxkmdodoe k fcuotrys gkoeukebpcgdfdbs kon hcw dt rbgktbs tc oktdco audgndoe kon thb lcrmktdco cl fdtd-zboshdp. Gkoeukeb ds kreukagy thb mcst dmpcrtkot vbhdfgb cl k fugturb. KsJymgdfjk kon Erdo pcdot cut,

whbo k gkoeukeb ercup ehts tc prbsbrvb dts gkoeukeb, dt ds obvbr iustprbsbrvdoe k tccg lcr fcmmuodfktdco9 dt ds kgsc prbsbrvdoe fbrtkdo pcgdtdfkgfgkdms, kutcocmcus dostdtutdcos, fugturkg prcnufts kon prkftdfbs, kon ok-

tdcokg dnbotdtdbs. Fcovbrsbgy, cl fcursb, whbo thb stktb kttbmpts tc dmpcsbk ncmdokot gkoeukeb co mdocrdtdbs, dt ds obvbr iust dmpcsdoe k gkoeukeb9 dtds kgsc dmpcsdoe k sbt cl pcgdtdfkg kon fugturkg fgkdms kacut thb prdmkfy clthb stktb, thb obbn lcr fcmmco rugbs kon fbotrkgdzbn dostdtutdcos, thb obbntc gbkro obw hdstcry kon gdtbrkturb kon thb fcostruftdco cl obw oktdco-stktb gcykgtdbs kon dnbotdtdbs. Gkoeukeb ndsputbs krb obvbr iust ndsputbscvbr gkoeukeb (Jymgdfjk kon Erdo 1006, p. ;;).

Dt ds fgbkr thkt pbcpgb hkvb k wdnb rkoeb cl dotbrbsts do gkoeukeb, kon, kt

gbkst do k nbmcfrktdf scfdbty, dt ds obfbsskry tc kffcmmcnktb thbsb dotbrbsts.Kt thb skmb tdmb, dt ds gbedtdmktb tc wkot kgg mbmabrs cl k oktdco tc ab kagbtc fcmmuodfktb bksdgy wdth bkfh cthbr kon tc bokagb thb stktb tc dotbrkftwdth dts fdtdzbos bllbftdvbgy.

Gkoeukeb pcgdfdbs tcufh co kocthbr hdehgy dmpcrtkot oktdcokg dotbr-bst9 sbfurdty, pkrtdfugkrgy lcr fcuotrdbs wdth wbkj oktdcokg dotberktdco (ksdo Klrdfk), cr wdth fcotbstbn acrnbrs kon k hdstcry cl strcoe fbotrkg fco-trcg (ks do Bkstbro Burcpb kon Fhdok). Do sufh fcuotrdbs, acth thb ecv-brombot kon thb mkicrdty pcpugktdco cltbo lbkr thkt erkotdoe gkoeukebrdehts wdgg rbdolcrfb fugturkg dnbotdty kon bofcurkeb mdocrdtdbs tc rbqubstkutcocmy cr sbfbnb, thbrbay nbprdvdoe thb mkicrdty pcpugktdco cl sufhabobts ks, lcr bxkmpgb, kffbss tc okturkg rbscurfbs cr k pkrtdfugkr tbr-rdtcrdkg knvkotkeb.


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6> NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV DO MRG^DFRG RQKG VCFDB^DBV

Lrcm ko bnufktdcokg vdbwpcdot, dostruftdco fconuftbn do k stunbotsoktdvb gkoeukeb hks gkrebgy abbo rbfceodzbn ks ko bllbftdvb strktbey do tbrmscl fceodtdvb nbvbgcpmbot kon thb kadgdty tc gbkro cthbr tcpdfs. K UcrgnAkoj stuny fcofgunbn thkt, whbo gbkrodoe ds thb eckg, dofgundoe gbkrodoe clk sbfcon gkoeukeb, thb fhdgns rst gkoeukeb shcugn ab usbn ks thb mbndumcl dostruftdco do thb bkrgy ybkrs cl sfhccgdoe. ^hb rst gkoeukeb ds bssbotdkglcr thb dodtdkg tbkfhdoe cr rbkndoe kon lcr fcmprbhbosdco cl suaibft mkttbr.Dt ds thb obfbsskry lcuonktdco lcr thb fceodtdvb nbvbgcpmbot upco whdfhkfqudsdtdco cl thb sbfcon gkoeukeb ds aksbn (Nutfhbr kon ^ufjbr ;445).Vdmdgkrgy, Mbhctrk (;448) ons thkt adgdoeukg bnufktdco, pkrtdfugkrgy kt

thb bkrgy fhdgnhccn gbvbg, suppcrts fceodtdvb nbvbgcpmbot thkt kdns do kggkspbfts cl gktbr gbkrodoe. Cthbr bvdnbofb (ROBVFC 1006) sueebsts thktgbkrodoe do cobs oktdvb gkoeukeb dofrbksbs dotbrbst do sfhccg pkrtdfdpktdcokon bofcurkebs sfhccg borcggmbot kon kttbonkofb (acx 6.1).

Knkptdoe thb Furrdfugum tc Qbbft \krdcus Fugturbs

^bkfhdoe gcfkg gkoeukebs kt sfhccg ds cogy cob kspbft cl mugtdfugturkgbnufktdco. Kocthbr dmpcrtkot fcmpcobot ds thb dotrcnuftdco cl mdocr-

dty fugturbs do thb arcknbr sfhccg furrdfugum. Mdocrdty kfhdbvbmbots konfcotrdautdcos shcugn ab tkueht do hdstcry, ebcerkphy, kon gdtbrkturb kswbgg ks wdth rbekrn tc musdf, krt, kon trknb sjdggs. Hcw furrdfugum shcugnab knkptbn tc abst rbbft thb vkrdcus fugturbs cl k fcuotry ds k mkttbrcl nbaktb, bspbfdkggy do oktdcos wdth k hdstcry cl fcodft abtwbbo thbsb

Mkcrd Dmmbrsdco Bnufktdco kon Bnufktdco Cutfcmbs

^hb Obw Ybkgkon ecvbrombots ;481 dotrcnuftdco cl Mkcrd Dmmbrsdco Bnufktdco (bnufk-

tdco do thb Mkcrd gkoeukeb) hks abbo suffbsslug do k vkrdbty cl wkys. Ldrst, dt hks ercwo tc

thb bxtbot thkt dt ds ocw pcssdagb lcr stunbots do Obw Ybkgkon tc kttbon Mkcrd gkoeukeb

bnufktdco lrcm prbsfhccg thrcueh prdmkry kon sbfconkry sfhccgs. Do knndtdco, dt hks

frbktbn ko dofbotdvb lcr cthbr sfhccgs tc stkrt tbkfhdoe Mkcrd. Dt ds bstdmktbn thkt 80 pbr-

fbot cl Mkcrd fhdgnrbo gbkro thbdr oktdvb gkoeukeb tc vkrdcus nberbbs kon do vkrdcus lcrms

kt thb prdmkry kon sbfconkry gbvbgs cl bnufktdco (Qdoecgn 1002). Kffcrndoe tc bvkguk-

tdcos fkrrdbn cut do Obw Ybkgkon, thb bxtbosdco cl Mkcrd gkoeukeb bnufktdco sbbms tc

hkvb strcoegy kllbftbn stunbots kadgdty tc pbrlcrm do fgkss: oc do-nbpth kssbssmbots co

thds ondoe hkvb ybt abbo fkrrdbn cut.

ACX 6.1


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fugturbs. Vcmb kreub thkt dofcrpcrktdoe mdocrdty fugturb dotc k furrdfugumfko kftukggy dofrbksb thb sbosb cl cthbrobss rbekrndoe thkt fugturb: lcrbxkmpgb, nrkwdoe kttbotdco tc k pkrtdfugkr ercup thrcueh sbpkrktb accjskon fgkssbs mky tkfdtgy rbdolcrfb thb dnbk thkt thds ercup ncbs oct abgcoetc thb mkicrdty. Vufh ko cutfcmb wcugn uonbrmdob rkthbr thko strboethboscfdkg fchbsdco. Lcr thds rbksco, accjs kon furrdfugk thkt kftukggy dotberktbthb ebcerkphy, hdstcry, krts, kon kfhdbvbmbots cl k oktdcos vkrdcus ercupskrb prblbrkagb (Erbkoby 100). Qdoecgn (1002) mbotdcos thkt nurdoe hbr bgn vds-dts do Obw Ybkgkon, tbkfhbrsfcmmbotbn thkt Mkcrd stunbots krb mcrbkftdvb kon vdsukg gbkrobrs, kon hbofb obbn tc ab trbktbn ndllbrbotgy do thbfgkssrccm. ^hds kreumbot ds kgsc cltbo mknb do thb fksb cl Qcmk fhdgnrbo

do Bkstbro Burcpb. Hcwbvbr, tbkfhdoe strktbedbs thkt kssumb thkt fbrtkdostunbots krb prbndspcsbn tc vdsukg, tkftdgb, cr cthbr typbs cl gbkrodoe kgschkvb thb pctbotdkg tc dofrbksb sberbektdco do thb fgkssrccm ay ndllbrbotdkt-doe tbkfhdoe mbthcns kon mktbrdkgs kffcrndoe tc thb fugturkg akfjercuoncl thb stunbot. ^hds dssub rbqudrbs mcrb stuny kon kokgysds.

kjdoe Fugturkg Ndllbrbofbs dotc Kffcuot do thb Fgkssrccm

Vuffbsslug mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco obbns tc fbotbr co thb fgkssrccm

abfkusb thds ds whbrb scfdkg dotbrkftdcos cffur kmcoe fhdgnrbo, abtwbbofhdgnrbo kon tbkfhbrs, konbspbfdkggykmcoe fhdgnrbo cl ndllbrbot scfdc-bfcocmdf kon fugturkg akfjercuons. Ndllbrbot cptdcos bxdst lcr suppcrtdoethb dotberktdco cl fhdgnrbo lrcm mdocrdty fugturbs9

Mdocrdtdbs fcugn ab tkueht do sbpkrktb sfhccgs kt thb prdmkry gbvbg tclkfdgdtktb thb tbkfhdoe cl thbdr spbfdf fugturb kon kvcdn do-fgkss nds-frdmdoktdco.

Kgg stunbots fcugn ab hcusbn do thb skmb sfhccg aut tkueht do sbpkrktb

fgkssrccms. Kgg stunbots fcugn ab tkueht tcebthbr kon gbkro thb skmb thdoes.

Uhdfh cl thbsb cptdcos ds abst ds k mkttbr cl hbktbn nbaktb kmcoe spbfdkg-dsts cl mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco.


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6< NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV DO MRG^DFRG RQKG VCFDB^DBV

Huoekry, whdfh hks mknb keerbssdvb bllcrts do thb krbk cl mugtdfugturkgbnufktdco, suppcrts thrbb typbs cl sfhccgs9 sfhccgs do whdfh fgkssbs krbtkueht botdrbgy do thb mdocrdty gkoeukeb, adgdoeukg sfhccgs do whdfh acththb oktdcokg clfdkg gkoeukeb kon thb mdocrdty gkoeukeb krb tkueht, konsfhccgs do whdfh thb oktdvb gkoeukeb ds tkueht ks k lcrbdeo gkoeukeb. ^hbHuoekrdko systbm cl bnufktdco ds qudtb nbfbotrkgdzbn, kon mkoy sfhccgshkvb rccm tc knkpt thb ocofcrb furrdfugum (thkt ds, thb furrdfugum thkt dsoct fbotrkggy nbobn ay thb Mdodstry cl Bnufktdco). Abfkusb thb nbvbgcp-mbot cl mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco ds stdgg rbgktdvbgy obw, dt ds ndlfugt kt thdsstkeb tc kssbss thb mbrdts cl thbsb ndllbrbot kpprckfhbs.

^hbrb ds sbrdcus nbaktb rbekrndoe whbthbr sbpkrktb sfhccgs kftukggy abo-bt mdocrdtdbs. Do scmb fcuotrdbsdofgundoe Kustrkgdk, Obw Ybkgkon, konVgcvkj Qbpuagdf, ks wbgg ks sbvbrkg Gktdo Kmbrdfko fcuotrdbsmdocrdtdbshkvb hdstcrdfkggy kttbonbn sbpkrktb sfhccgs cr abbo mknb tc kttbon spbfdkgsfhccgs abfkusb gkoeukeb akrrdbrs mknb dt ndlfugt lcr thbm tc lcggcw gbs-scos do mkicrdty sfhccgs. Vufh wks thb fksb lcr thb Qcmk pcpugktdco doBkstbro kon Fbotrkg Burcpb, lcr bxkmpgb. Hcwbvbr, thb sfhccgs Qcmk krbmknb tc kttbon wbrb crdedokggy frbktbn lcr fhdgnrbo wdth ndskadgdtdbs, thbrbay

rbdolcrfdoe thb stbrbctypb cl Qcmk dotbggbftukg dolbrdcrdty (acx 6.6). Mcrb-cvbr, sbpkrktb sfhccgs krcuon thb wcrgn krb lrbqubotgy sbfcon-rktb (crwcrsb) dostdtutdcos, fhkrkftbrdzbn ay pccr okofdoe, dscgktdco lrcm mkdo-strbkm bnufktdco, kon gcwbr qukgdty tbkfhbrs, mkjdoe gbkrodoe cl koy jdon

Dostdtutdcokgdzbn Ndsfrdmdoktdco9 Vberbektbn Vfhccgdoe lcr thb Qcmk

Co Ocvbmabr ;6, 1005, thb Erkon Fhkmabr cl thb Burcpbko Fcurt cl Humko Qdehts

rugbn, ay k vctb cl ;6 tc >, thkt sberbektdoe Qcmk stunbots dotc spbfdkg sfhccgs ds k lcrm

cl ndsfrdmdoktdco thkt vdcgktbs luonkmbotkg humko rdehts. hb nbfdsdco ds thb fugmdoktdco

cl ko bdeht-ybkr gbekg akttgb abtwbbo pkrbots cl fhdgnrbo whc wbrb borcggbn do spbfdkg

sfhccgs lcr fhdgnrbo wdth mbotkg ndskadgdtdbs kon thb Fzbfh stktb. ^hb iunembot mky

hkvb thb skmb sdeodfkofb lcr Qcmk fhdgnrbo ks thb ;42> Arcwo v. Ackrn cl Bnufktdco

fksb hkn lcr thb dotberktdco cl Klrdfko-Kmbrdfko fhdgnrbo do R.V. sfhccgs. ^hb Burcpbko

iunembot ds sdeodfkot abfkusb dt rugbn thkt ko bnufktdco systbm fko ab ndsfrdmdoktcry

kon do vdcgktdco cl Krtdfgb ;> cl thb Burcpbko Fcovbotdco co Humko Qdehts, bvbo dl thbrb

wbrb oc spbfdf kfts cl ndsfrdmdoktdco ay koy dondvdnukg (Qcmk Bnufktdco Luon 1005).

ACX 6.6


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ndlfugt (Qcssbgg, Krmcr, kon Ukgabre 1001). Fcosbqubotgy, thb dnbk cl spb-fdkg sfhccgs lcr mdocrdtdbs ds tcnky cltbo rbekrnbn vbry sjbptdfkggy.

Cthbr sfhccgs, bspbfdkggy prdmkry sfhccgs, hkvb hkn mcrb suffbss do sup-pcrtdoe thb bnufktdco cl mdocrdtdbs kon fktbrdoe tc thbdr spbfdf fugturkgobbns. ^hb Mkcrd gkoeukeb dmmbrsdco sfhccgs do Obw Ybkgkon rbsugtdoelrcm thb Jchkoek Qbc mcvbmbot krb ko bxkmpgb cl sufh suffbss. ^hbmcvbmbot abeko wdth thb eckg cl prbsbrvdoe thb Mkcrd gkoeukeb, tbkfhdoefugturkg trkndtdcos, trkoslbrrdoe jocwgbneb kfrcss ebobrktdcos, kon prcvdn-doe bnufktdco wdthdo k Mkcrd fugturkg fcotbxt. ^hds bxpbrdbofb hks abbombt wdth kt gbkst scmb suffbss, bvbo dl k rbkg bvkguktdco fko ab mknb cogy

do thb gcoe tbrm.^hb prblbrrbn kpprckfh tc mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco ds tc tbkfh ndvbrsb

ercups cl stunbots tcebthbr, aut tc usb lkfdgdtktcrs, tbkfhdoe kssdstkots,kon spbfdkg fgkssbs tc knnrbss fugturkggy sbosdtdvb furrdfugum. hds mbthcnhks abbo shcwo acth tc rbfceodzb thkt mdocrdty stunbots hkvb spbfdkgobbns kon prblbrbofbs kon tc bosurb thkt thby krb oct bnufktbn ndllbr-botgy lrcm thb mkdostrbkm stunbot acny. Dt ds hbgplug tc cllbr kltbr-hcurssbssdcos whbrb stunbots fko rbfbdvb hbgp wdth spbfdf furrdfugum rbgktbn

tc mdocrdty fugturb kon rbfbdvb suppcrt tc abttbr jbbp up wdth do-fgkssnbmkons.

Ardoedoe Fugturkg Ndvbrsdty tc Prbsfhccg

Prbsfhccg ds sbbo ks vdtkg tc scfdkgdzktdco kon hbgps prbpkrb fhdgnrbo lcr prd-mkry bnufktdco. Dl kpprckfhbn ks k trkosdtdcokg bxpbrdbofb, prbsfhccg fkopgky ko dmpcrtkot rcgb do frbktdoe k pbkfblug kon kffbssdagb ardneb abtwbbomdocrdty kon mkdostrbkm fugturb (acx 6.>). Lcr bxkmpgb, prbsfhccg bnu-

fktdco ds sbbo ks thb mcst bllbftdvb wky tc bosurb thkt Qcmk fhdgnrbo krbsuffbssluggy dofgunbn do thb Burcpbko bnufktdco systbm.

Mkdotkdodoe [ukgdty do Mugtdfugturkg Bnufktdco

^hb caibftdvb cl mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco ds tc bosurb qukgdty bnufktdcolcr mdocrdty gkoeukebs kon cthbr furrdfugum. Vufh ko bonbkvcr ds lrkuehtwdth fhkggboebs. Nbgdvbrdoe qukgdty mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco usukggy rbqudrbsluondoe knndtdcokg tbkfhbrs kon tbxtaccjs, ondoe qukgdbn tbkfhbrs wdthk scgdn uonbrstkondoe cl mdocrdty fugturb, fccrndoktdoe abtwbbo fbotrkg

kon gcfkg kuthcrdtdbs tc dmpgbmbot thb obw furrdfugum, hbgpdoe pkrbotskon fhdgnrbo cl thb mkicrdty pcpugktdco uonbrstkon thb obbn lcr kon pur-pcsb cl thb furrdfugum, kon bstkagdshdoe k mcodtcrdoe systbm tc lkfdgdtktbkssbssmbot cl thb furrdfugums dmpkft.


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^hb sdtuktdco vkrdbs fcosdnbrkagy ay fksb. \bry cltbo, thb mcrb dscgktbnkon mkredokgdzbn k fcmmuodty, thb mcrb ndlfugt dt wdgg ab tc dotrcnufb kobw furrdfugum dotc thb fgkssrccm. ^hb bllcrt wdgg usukggy rbqudrb fcm-

prbhbosdvb kpprckfhbs thkt dovcgvb rblcrmdoe cr knkptdoe mkoy kspbfts clthb bnufktdcokg systbm. Do 100;, thb Qcmkodko ecvbrombot kncptbn k sbtcl prcerkms tc lcfus bxkftgy co thbsb shcrtfcmdoes. Dt dofgunbn klrmk-tdvb kftdco tc suppcrt Qcmk uodvbrsdty borcggmbot: mbksurbs tc dofrbksbthb oumabr cl Qcmk-qukgdbn tbkfhbrs: cutrbkfh prcerkms tc stdmugktbdotbrbst do Qcmk stundbs: thb nbsdeo cl furrdfugk, tbxtaccjs, kon ndnkftdfmktbrdkgs lcr thb stuny cl Qcmk gkoeukeb, hdstcry, kon trkndtdcos: kon thbrbfrudtmbot cl Qcmk sfhccg dospbftcrs tc mcodtcr thb qukgdty cl Qcmkbnufktdco kon kssbss thb dmpgbmbotktdco cl thb prcerkm.

Vcmb fdrfumstkofbs wdgg kllbft acth thb fcst kon qukgdty cl sufh prc-erkmslcr bxkmpgb, whbthbr thb mdocrdty ds ebcerkphdfkggy fcofbotrktbncr ndspbrsbn thrcuehcut thb fcuotry. Fcuotrdbs usukggy rbqudrb k mdodmumfcofbotrktdco cl fhdgnrbo tc stkrt k adgdoeukg bnufktdco prcerkm. Do Aug-ekrdk, lcr bxkmpgb, k mdodmum cl ;6 stunbots ds rbqudrbn tc kppcdot ktbkfhbr tc k gkoeukeb fgkss. Dl k mdocrdty ds wbgg crekodzbn, kon hks thb sup-pcrt cl obdehacrdoe oktdcos (ks ds thb fksb lcr thb Huoekrdkos do Qcmkodk,lcr dostkofb), thbsb castkfgbs abfcmb gbss fhkggboedoe. Bxpbrdbofb shcws

thkt mctdvktbn ocoecvbrombotkg crekodzktdcos (OECs) fko hbgp do thdskrbk. Do lkft, thb suffbsslug gkoeukeb dmmbrsdco prcerkm cl thb Mkcrd doObw Ybkgkon stkrtbn wdth suppcrt lrcm ko OEC kon thbo sprbkn wdth thbhbgp cl ecvbrombot luondoe.

Vcfdkg Dofgusdco kon Prbsfhccg do Kgakodk kon Jcscvc

^hb Rodtbn Oktdcos Fhdgnrbos Luon (RODFBL) kon k gcfkg ocoecvbrombotkg crekodzktdco

icdotgy gkuofhbn k prbsfhccg prcerkm do Kgakodk kon Jcscvc. ^hb prcibft wks sfkgbn up

wdth okofdoe lrcm thb Ucrgn Akoj kon ds lcfusbn co crekodzdoe fcmmuodty fbotbrs lcr

mcthbrs kon thbdr fhdgnrbo cl prbsfhccg keb. hb prcerkm wks mbkot tc abobt fhdgnrbo

whc gdvb do rbgktdvbgy dscgktbn fcmmuodtdbs kon krb cltbo fcoobn tc thbdr hcmbs nub tc

vdcgbofb kon agccn lbuns (bspbfdkggy do ocrthbro Kgakodk). ^hb prcerkm hks suffbbnbn doebttdoe mcthbrs tc kffbpt thb dnbk cl sfhccgdoe kon scfdkgdzdoe thbdr fhdgnrbo wdth thcsb

lrcm cthbr fcmmuodtdbs wdthdo thb sbfurdty cl thbdr mcthbrs prbsbofb.

ACX 6.>


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Kgg tcc cltbo, thb ercups mcst do obbn cl mugtdfugturkg bnufktdcothcsbthkt krb mkredokg kon pccr wdth hdeh dggdtbrkfy rktbskrb kgsc thb cobs lcrwhdfh dt ds thb mcst bxpbosdvb kon ndlfugt tc dmpgbmbot mugtdfugturkg bnu-fktdco. Co thb cob hkon, thb Ebrmko, thb Huoekrdko, kon, tc scmb bxtbot,thb ^urjdsh mdocrdtdbs do Bkstbro kon Fbotrkg Burcpb fko kffbss adgdoeukgbnufktdco lkdrgy rbkndgy do mcst krbks whbrb thby gdvb. Co thb cthbr hkon,thb Mkyk kon Ekyrkod pbcpgbs cl Gktdo Kmbrdfk, thb Qcmk do Burcpb, thbVko do scuthbro Klrdfk, kon thb Aktwk do fbotrkg Klrdfk hkvb mcrb ndlfugtydo kffbssdoe adgdoeukg bnufktdco.

Pkrbot pkrtdfdpktdco ds k jby tc thb suffbss cl mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco,

gkrebgy abfkusb kgg bnufktdco fcotdoubs kt hcmb thrcueh thb dotbrbst konsuppcrt cl pkrbots. Mbfhkodsms thkt lkfdgdtktb pkrbot dovcgvbmbot, sufhks sfhccg ackrns, mcodtcrdoe fcmmdttbbs, kon pkrbot-tbkfhbr ksscfdktdcos,krb kgg bssbotdkg tc qukgdty mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco. Vbvbrkg bvkguktdcos clAcgdvdks adgdoeukg bnufktdco prcerkm dnbotdbn crekodzbn pkrtdfdpktdcoks frdtdfkg tc thb prcerkms suffbss abfkusb dt hks edvbo mbkodoe tc konmcadgdzbn kftdco do adgdoeukg bnufktdco do thb fcuotry. ^hb BnufktdcokgFcuofdgs cl Dondebocus Pbcpgbs, nbobn ay thb Acgdvdk bnufktdcokg rblcrm

gkw cl ;44>, hkvb nbmcostrktbn erbkt pctbotdkg do frbktdoe fcmmdtmbot ktthb gcfkg gbvbg. Do Obw Ybkgkon, thb strcoe fcmmuodty cwobrshdp cl thbMkcrd gkoeukeb dmmbrsdco prcerkm ds sbbo ks cob cl thb mcst dmpcrtkotdoerbndbots do dts suffbss.

Pkrbot pkrtdfdpktdco ds pkrtdfugkrgy dmpcrtkot do pgkfbs whbrb dt ds ndl-fugt tc pbrsuknb muodfdpkg ecvbrombots kon thb mkicrdty pcpugktdcothkt mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco abobts thb whcgb fcmmuodty. Vcmbtdmbs,thb abobfdkrdbs thbmsbgvbs mdeht ab sjbptdfkg cl thb abobts cl mugtd-

fugturkg bnufktdco kon whkt dt fko cllbr thbdr fhdgnrbo (acx 6.2). K fgcsbndkgceub abtwbbo sfhccg mkokebmbot kon bnufktdcokg stkll ds bssbotdkg scthkt dmpgbmbotktdco cl rblcrms fko tkjb dotc kffcuot thb pbrfbptdcos konrbkftdcos cl thb gcfkg pcpugktdco.

^hb pkrtdfdpktdco cl stkjbhcgnbrs cthbr thko pkrbots ds usblug do nbvbg-cpdoe mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco ks wbgg. Gcfkg ecvbrombots kon tbkfhbrs fkolbbg dotdmdnktbn ay bnufktdco rblcrm, bspbfdkggy whbo dt hks thb pctbotdkgtc fhkoeb k fcmmuodtys pcwbr strufturb. Do Gktdo Kmbrdfk, lcr bxkmpgb,tbkfhbr uodcos hkvb cltbo cppcsbn mugtdfugturkg bnufktdco: thby sbb thb

rbfrudtmbot cl dondebocus kon gcfkg mdocrdty tbkfhbrs ks k thrbkt tc acththbdr ica stkadgdty kon fcotrcg. Vtrcoe pkrbot kon fcmmuodty suppcrt lcrrblcrms usukggy hbgps fcuotbrakgkofb thb rbguftkofb cl fcosbrvktdvb tbkfhbruodcos.


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>0 NBGD\BQDOE VBQ\DFBV DO MRG^DFRG RQKG VCFDB^DBV

Hbkgth Fkrb

Qbfbot gdtbrkturb kttrdautbs thb pccr hbkgth cl dondebocus pcpugktdcos konscmb mdocrdtdbs pkrtdkggy tc k gkfj cl kwkrbobss ay thb mbndfkg bstkagdsh-mbot cl fugturkg dssubs kon pkrtdkggy tc thb fugturkg bovdrcombot do whdfhthb pktdbot uonbrstkons thb dggobss kon thb furb. Qbsbkrfhbrs kt thb GconcoVfhccg cl Hyedbob kon ^rcpdfkg Mbndfdob do Gconco kreub thkt knnrbss-doe thb dondebocus hbkgth frdsds rbqudrbs k mcrb hcgdstdf vdsdco cl hbkgthrbsbkrfh kon dotbrvbotdcos. Hbkgth sbrvdfbs, thby sky, shcugn ab dotberktbnwdth ko dondebocus vdbw cl hbkgth kon wbgg-abdoe. hby kgsc knvcfktb fco-

tdoubn rbsbkrfh co thb hbkgth stktus cl dondebocus pbcpgbs, bspbfdkggy codofcrpcrktdoe dondebocus pbrspbftdvbs co hbkgth dotc thb nbsdeo cl hbkgthpcgdfdbs (Vtbphbos kon cthbrs 1002).

Do nbsdeodoe hbkgth fkrb pcgdfdbs, fugturkg fcosdnbrktdcos ec abycon rbf-ceodtdco cl k fcuotrys spbfdf mdocrdty kon dondebocus pcpugktdcos. Do thbRodtbn Vtktbs, thb fcofbpt cl fugturkg fcmpbtbofb wks rst nbvbgcpbn dothb ;480s ay mbotkg hbkgth rbsbkrfhbrs tc nbkg wdth thb gkfj cl kttbotdcoedvbo tc fugturb do trbktmbot. ^hby nbobn thds fcofbpt ks k sbt cl fcoeru-bot abhkvdcrs, kttdtunbs, kon pcgdfdbs thkt fcmb tcebthbr do k systbm crkebofy cr kmcoe prclbssdcokgs thkt bokagbs systbms, kebofdbs, kon prclbs-sdcokgs tc wcrj bllbftdvbgy do frcss-fugturkg sdtuktdcos. ^hds aksdf fcofbpthks sdofb abbo kncptbn thrcuehcut thb mbndfkg fcmmuodty kon prcmctbnay thb R.V. Nbpkrtmbot cl Hbkgth kon Humko Vbrvdfbs.

Fcosdnbrktdcos do

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