Deliberate metaphors in EsperantoBuilding a cosmopolitan culture from scratch

Federico GobboAmsterdam Torino⟨FGobbouvanl⟩

Metaphor Lab Amsterdam ndash Research Meeting 14 March 2017

1 de 66

Outline

1 Interlinguistics ndash the science of planned languages

2 The role by Zamenhof the founder of Esperanto

3 How the Esperanto culture is currently built

2 de 66

A word of advice this is still a work in progress

c⃝ Ch M Schultz of Snoopy and the Peanuts

3 de 66

1 Interlinguistics ndash the scienceof planned languages

The priority of orality in natural languages

[although] no human society [has been] known to exist or tohave existed at any time in the past without capacity of speech[ ] the vast majority of societies have until recently beeneither totally or very largely illiterate

Lyons (198112-13)

This universal property of natural languages has two exceptions signlanguages and planned languages

5 de 66

What is a planned language

Languages can be planned from scratch if someone decided to do sowriting the (normative) grammar setting up the (basic) lexicon andgiving some texts in the language

You can always identify double articulation (phonetic space +morphosyntactic level) in a planned language ndash they are languagesfor human beings

Often the language planner acts alone rarely in committees or groupsndash but always with a clear leader that is called the language planner

6 de 66

For planned languages orality is a challenge

graphisation

natural languages

orality

planned languages

Few planned languages are used orally by a community of practice

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Community of practice a sociolinguistic definition

The value of the notion lsquocommunities of practicersquo toSociolinguistics and Linguistic Anthropology lies in the fact thatit identifies a social grouping not in virtue of shared abstractcharacteristics (eg class gender) or simple co-presence (egneighborhood workplace) but in virtue of shared practice Inthe course of regular joint activity a community of practicedevelops ways of doing things views values power relationsways of talking And the participants engage with thesepractices in virtue of their place in the community of practiceand of the place of the community of practice in the largersocial order

Penelope Eckert (2006)

8 de 66

Why planning languages from scratch

Languages can be planned for different purposes The language canbe secret (esoteric) if the grammar is known only by initiatesotherwise it is public (exoteric)

Languages planned with a public in mind can be

1 auxiliary if their purpose is to facilitate the communication amongpeople from different nations

2 non-auxiliary when languages are planned for other purposesoften for art literature especially fiction

9 de 66

aux

non-aux

pubsecr

Esperanto

Latino sine Flexione

Ido

Basic English

Novial

Volapuk (19th c)

Interlingua etc

International Auxiliary Languages

Dothraki

Klingon

Tolkien (21st c)

Volapuk (20th c

Narsquovi

etcHollywood languages

Tolkienrsquos (20th)

Bal-A I-BalanTokipona

Europanto

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

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Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

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Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

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Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Outline

1 Interlinguistics ndash the science of planned languages

2 The role by Zamenhof the founder of Esperanto

3 How the Esperanto culture is currently built

2 de 66

A word of advice this is still a work in progress

c⃝ Ch M Schultz of Snoopy and the Peanuts

3 de 66

1 Interlinguistics ndash the scienceof planned languages

The priority of orality in natural languages

[although] no human society [has been] known to exist or tohave existed at any time in the past without capacity of speech[ ] the vast majority of societies have until recently beeneither totally or very largely illiterate

Lyons (198112-13)

This universal property of natural languages has two exceptions signlanguages and planned languages

5 de 66

What is a planned language

Languages can be planned from scratch if someone decided to do sowriting the (normative) grammar setting up the (basic) lexicon andgiving some texts in the language

You can always identify double articulation (phonetic space +morphosyntactic level) in a planned language ndash they are languagesfor human beings

Often the language planner acts alone rarely in committees or groupsndash but always with a clear leader that is called the language planner

6 de 66

For planned languages orality is a challenge

graphisation

natural languages

orality

planned languages

Few planned languages are used orally by a community of practice

7 de 66

Community of practice a sociolinguistic definition

The value of the notion lsquocommunities of practicersquo toSociolinguistics and Linguistic Anthropology lies in the fact thatit identifies a social grouping not in virtue of shared abstractcharacteristics (eg class gender) or simple co-presence (egneighborhood workplace) but in virtue of shared practice Inthe course of regular joint activity a community of practicedevelops ways of doing things views values power relationsways of talking And the participants engage with thesepractices in virtue of their place in the community of practiceand of the place of the community of practice in the largersocial order

Penelope Eckert (2006)

8 de 66

Why planning languages from scratch

Languages can be planned for different purposes The language canbe secret (esoteric) if the grammar is known only by initiatesotherwise it is public (exoteric)

Languages planned with a public in mind can be

1 auxiliary if their purpose is to facilitate the communication amongpeople from different nations

2 non-auxiliary when languages are planned for other purposesoften for art literature especially fiction

9 de 66

aux

non-aux

pubsecr

Esperanto

Latino sine Flexione

Ido

Basic English

Novial

Volapuk (19th c)

Interlingua etc

International Auxiliary Languages

Dothraki

Klingon

Tolkien (21st c)

Volapuk (20th c

Narsquovi

etcHollywood languages

Tolkienrsquos (20th)

Bal-A I-BalanTokipona

Europanto

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

A word of advice this is still a work in progress

c⃝ Ch M Schultz of Snoopy and the Peanuts

3 de 66

1 Interlinguistics ndash the scienceof planned languages

The priority of orality in natural languages

[although] no human society [has been] known to exist or tohave existed at any time in the past without capacity of speech[ ] the vast majority of societies have until recently beeneither totally or very largely illiterate

Lyons (198112-13)

This universal property of natural languages has two exceptions signlanguages and planned languages

5 de 66

What is a planned language

Languages can be planned from scratch if someone decided to do sowriting the (normative) grammar setting up the (basic) lexicon andgiving some texts in the language

You can always identify double articulation (phonetic space +morphosyntactic level) in a planned language ndash they are languagesfor human beings

Often the language planner acts alone rarely in committees or groupsndash but always with a clear leader that is called the language planner

6 de 66

For planned languages orality is a challenge

graphisation

natural languages

orality

planned languages

Few planned languages are used orally by a community of practice

7 de 66

Community of practice a sociolinguistic definition

The value of the notion lsquocommunities of practicersquo toSociolinguistics and Linguistic Anthropology lies in the fact thatit identifies a social grouping not in virtue of shared abstractcharacteristics (eg class gender) or simple co-presence (egneighborhood workplace) but in virtue of shared practice Inthe course of regular joint activity a community of practicedevelops ways of doing things views values power relationsways of talking And the participants engage with thesepractices in virtue of their place in the community of practiceand of the place of the community of practice in the largersocial order

Penelope Eckert (2006)

8 de 66

Why planning languages from scratch

Languages can be planned for different purposes The language canbe secret (esoteric) if the grammar is known only by initiatesotherwise it is public (exoteric)

Languages planned with a public in mind can be

1 auxiliary if their purpose is to facilitate the communication amongpeople from different nations

2 non-auxiliary when languages are planned for other purposesoften for art literature especially fiction

9 de 66

aux

non-aux

pubsecr

Esperanto

Latino sine Flexione

Ido

Basic English

Novial

Volapuk (19th c)

Interlingua etc

International Auxiliary Languages

Dothraki

Klingon

Tolkien (21st c)

Volapuk (20th c

Narsquovi

etcHollywood languages

Tolkienrsquos (20th)

Bal-A I-BalanTokipona

Europanto

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

1 Interlinguistics ndash the scienceof planned languages

The priority of orality in natural languages

[although] no human society [has been] known to exist or tohave existed at any time in the past without capacity of speech[ ] the vast majority of societies have until recently beeneither totally or very largely illiterate

Lyons (198112-13)

This universal property of natural languages has two exceptions signlanguages and planned languages

5 de 66

What is a planned language

Languages can be planned from scratch if someone decided to do sowriting the (normative) grammar setting up the (basic) lexicon andgiving some texts in the language

You can always identify double articulation (phonetic space +morphosyntactic level) in a planned language ndash they are languagesfor human beings

Often the language planner acts alone rarely in committees or groupsndash but always with a clear leader that is called the language planner

6 de 66

For planned languages orality is a challenge

graphisation

natural languages

orality

planned languages

Few planned languages are used orally by a community of practice

7 de 66

Community of practice a sociolinguistic definition

The value of the notion lsquocommunities of practicersquo toSociolinguistics and Linguistic Anthropology lies in the fact thatit identifies a social grouping not in virtue of shared abstractcharacteristics (eg class gender) or simple co-presence (egneighborhood workplace) but in virtue of shared practice Inthe course of regular joint activity a community of practicedevelops ways of doing things views values power relationsways of talking And the participants engage with thesepractices in virtue of their place in the community of practiceand of the place of the community of practice in the largersocial order

Penelope Eckert (2006)

8 de 66

Why planning languages from scratch

Languages can be planned for different purposes The language canbe secret (esoteric) if the grammar is known only by initiatesotherwise it is public (exoteric)

Languages planned with a public in mind can be

1 auxiliary if their purpose is to facilitate the communication amongpeople from different nations

2 non-auxiliary when languages are planned for other purposesoften for art literature especially fiction

9 de 66

aux

non-aux

pubsecr

Esperanto

Latino sine Flexione

Ido

Basic English

Novial

Volapuk (19th c)

Interlingua etc

International Auxiliary Languages

Dothraki

Klingon

Tolkien (21st c)

Volapuk (20th c

Narsquovi

etcHollywood languages

Tolkienrsquos (20th)

Bal-A I-BalanTokipona

Europanto

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

The priority of orality in natural languages

[although] no human society [has been] known to exist or tohave existed at any time in the past without capacity of speech[ ] the vast majority of societies have until recently beeneither totally or very largely illiterate

Lyons (198112-13)

This universal property of natural languages has two exceptions signlanguages and planned languages

5 de 66

What is a planned language

Languages can be planned from scratch if someone decided to do sowriting the (normative) grammar setting up the (basic) lexicon andgiving some texts in the language

You can always identify double articulation (phonetic space +morphosyntactic level) in a planned language ndash they are languagesfor human beings

Often the language planner acts alone rarely in committees or groupsndash but always with a clear leader that is called the language planner

6 de 66

For planned languages orality is a challenge

graphisation

natural languages

orality

planned languages

Few planned languages are used orally by a community of practice

7 de 66

Community of practice a sociolinguistic definition

The value of the notion lsquocommunities of practicersquo toSociolinguistics and Linguistic Anthropology lies in the fact thatit identifies a social grouping not in virtue of shared abstractcharacteristics (eg class gender) or simple co-presence (egneighborhood workplace) but in virtue of shared practice Inthe course of regular joint activity a community of practicedevelops ways of doing things views values power relationsways of talking And the participants engage with thesepractices in virtue of their place in the community of practiceand of the place of the community of practice in the largersocial order

Penelope Eckert (2006)

8 de 66

Why planning languages from scratch

Languages can be planned for different purposes The language canbe secret (esoteric) if the grammar is known only by initiatesotherwise it is public (exoteric)

Languages planned with a public in mind can be

1 auxiliary if their purpose is to facilitate the communication amongpeople from different nations

2 non-auxiliary when languages are planned for other purposesoften for art literature especially fiction

9 de 66

aux

non-aux

pubsecr

Esperanto

Latino sine Flexione

Ido

Basic English

Novial

Volapuk (19th c)

Interlingua etc

International Auxiliary Languages

Dothraki

Klingon

Tolkien (21st c)

Volapuk (20th c

Narsquovi

etcHollywood languages

Tolkienrsquos (20th)

Bal-A I-BalanTokipona

Europanto

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

What is a planned language

Languages can be planned from scratch if someone decided to do sowriting the (normative) grammar setting up the (basic) lexicon andgiving some texts in the language

You can always identify double articulation (phonetic space +morphosyntactic level) in a planned language ndash they are languagesfor human beings

Often the language planner acts alone rarely in committees or groupsndash but always with a clear leader that is called the language planner

6 de 66

For planned languages orality is a challenge

graphisation

natural languages

orality

planned languages

Few planned languages are used orally by a community of practice

7 de 66

Community of practice a sociolinguistic definition

The value of the notion lsquocommunities of practicersquo toSociolinguistics and Linguistic Anthropology lies in the fact thatit identifies a social grouping not in virtue of shared abstractcharacteristics (eg class gender) or simple co-presence (egneighborhood workplace) but in virtue of shared practice Inthe course of regular joint activity a community of practicedevelops ways of doing things views values power relationsways of talking And the participants engage with thesepractices in virtue of their place in the community of practiceand of the place of the community of practice in the largersocial order

Penelope Eckert (2006)

8 de 66

Why planning languages from scratch

Languages can be planned for different purposes The language canbe secret (esoteric) if the grammar is known only by initiatesotherwise it is public (exoteric)

Languages planned with a public in mind can be

1 auxiliary if their purpose is to facilitate the communication amongpeople from different nations

2 non-auxiliary when languages are planned for other purposesoften for art literature especially fiction

9 de 66

aux

non-aux

pubsecr

Esperanto

Latino sine Flexione

Ido

Basic English

Novial

Volapuk (19th c)

Interlingua etc

International Auxiliary Languages

Dothraki

Klingon

Tolkien (21st c)

Volapuk (20th c

Narsquovi

etcHollywood languages

Tolkienrsquos (20th)

Bal-A I-BalanTokipona

Europanto

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

For planned languages orality is a challenge

graphisation

natural languages

orality

planned languages

Few planned languages are used orally by a community of practice

7 de 66

Community of practice a sociolinguistic definition

The value of the notion lsquocommunities of practicersquo toSociolinguistics and Linguistic Anthropology lies in the fact thatit identifies a social grouping not in virtue of shared abstractcharacteristics (eg class gender) or simple co-presence (egneighborhood workplace) but in virtue of shared practice Inthe course of regular joint activity a community of practicedevelops ways of doing things views values power relationsways of talking And the participants engage with thesepractices in virtue of their place in the community of practiceand of the place of the community of practice in the largersocial order

Penelope Eckert (2006)

8 de 66

Why planning languages from scratch

Languages can be planned for different purposes The language canbe secret (esoteric) if the grammar is known only by initiatesotherwise it is public (exoteric)

Languages planned with a public in mind can be

1 auxiliary if their purpose is to facilitate the communication amongpeople from different nations

2 non-auxiliary when languages are planned for other purposesoften for art literature especially fiction

9 de 66

aux

non-aux

pubsecr

Esperanto

Latino sine Flexione

Ido

Basic English

Novial

Volapuk (19th c)

Interlingua etc

International Auxiliary Languages

Dothraki

Klingon

Tolkien (21st c)

Volapuk (20th c

Narsquovi

etcHollywood languages

Tolkienrsquos (20th)

Bal-A I-BalanTokipona

Europanto

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Community of practice a sociolinguistic definition

The value of the notion lsquocommunities of practicersquo toSociolinguistics and Linguistic Anthropology lies in the fact thatit identifies a social grouping not in virtue of shared abstractcharacteristics (eg class gender) or simple co-presence (egneighborhood workplace) but in virtue of shared practice Inthe course of regular joint activity a community of practicedevelops ways of doing things views values power relationsways of talking And the participants engage with thesepractices in virtue of their place in the community of practiceand of the place of the community of practice in the largersocial order

Penelope Eckert (2006)

8 de 66

Why planning languages from scratch

Languages can be planned for different purposes The language canbe secret (esoteric) if the grammar is known only by initiatesotherwise it is public (exoteric)

Languages planned with a public in mind can be

1 auxiliary if their purpose is to facilitate the communication amongpeople from different nations

2 non-auxiliary when languages are planned for other purposesoften for art literature especially fiction

9 de 66

aux

non-aux

pubsecr

Esperanto

Latino sine Flexione

Ido

Basic English

Novial

Volapuk (19th c)

Interlingua etc

International Auxiliary Languages

Dothraki

Klingon

Tolkien (21st c)

Volapuk (20th c

Narsquovi

etcHollywood languages

Tolkienrsquos (20th)

Bal-A I-BalanTokipona

Europanto

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Why planning languages from scratch

Languages can be planned for different purposes The language canbe secret (esoteric) if the grammar is known only by initiatesotherwise it is public (exoteric)

Languages planned with a public in mind can be

1 auxiliary if their purpose is to facilitate the communication amongpeople from different nations

2 non-auxiliary when languages are planned for other purposesoften for art literature especially fiction

9 de 66

aux

non-aux

pubsecr

Esperanto

Latino sine Flexione

Ido

Basic English

Novial

Volapuk (19th c)

Interlingua etc

International Auxiliary Languages

Dothraki

Klingon

Tolkien (21st c)

Volapuk (20th c

Narsquovi

etcHollywood languages

Tolkienrsquos (20th)

Bal-A I-BalanTokipona

Europanto

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

aux

non-aux

pubsecr

Esperanto

Latino sine Flexione

Ido

Basic English

Novial

Volapuk (19th c)

Interlingua etc

International Auxiliary Languages

Dothraki

Klingon

Tolkien (21st c)

Volapuk (20th c

Narsquovi

etcHollywood languages

Tolkienrsquos (20th)

Bal-A I-BalanTokipona

Europanto

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Finally what is Esperanto (and what is not)

pars construens

Esperanto is a planned language

Esperanto is an International Auxiliary Language

Esperanto is used by a community of practice orally

pars destruens

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense first-order logic and otherformal languages)

Esperanto is not artificial (in the sense of computer programminglanguages)

Esperanto is neither a pidgin nor a creole

That said why Esperanto is interesting for the Metaphor Lab

11 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

2 The role by Zamenhof thefounder of Esperanto

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof his life in a glance 1859 born in Bia lystok (todayrsquos Poland then Tsarist Russia) 1879-1881 student of medicine in Moscow 1881-1885 student in Warsaw 1887 publication of lingvo internacia (pseudonym Esperanto) 1901 definition of his lsquohuman-neutral religionrsquo (pseudonym HomoSum)

1905 first Esperanto World Congress Esperanto becomes acommunity

1906 publication of Hilelismo (pseudonym Homarano) 1910 publication of Proverbaro Esperanta 1913 publication of Dogmoj de Homaranismo 1914 answer to the foundation of the Hebrea Esperanto-Ligo 1915 Appeal to the Diplomats after the Great War 1917 Passing in Warsaw13 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Lejzer Zamenhofrsquos parents

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Student of medicine in Moscow (1879-1881)

c⃝ Source Biserica sfanta tatiana moscova crestinortodoxro

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Russian pogroms in 1881

c⃝ Source fineartamericacom

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

and the first Zionist alyah

c⃝ Source Kindergarten in Rishon Lezion c 1898 Wikipedia

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Zamenhof family from Bia lystok to Warsaw

c⃝ Source Google Maps

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Map of Warsaw 1944

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Map of the ghetto in Warsaw 1942

c⃝ Source La familio Zamenhof Zofia Banet-Fornalowa

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Cover of the first book in Esperanto 1887

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Intermezzo

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Esperanto is a work of art like LEGO

c⃝ 2014 The Art of the Brick ndash De Tentoonstelling

24 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Esperanto is very regular on a morphological level

Colour codes adopted here for the examples

1 substantives (NP heads) are in blue

2 adjectives determiners numerals (any NP tail) are in cyan

3 verbs and predications (VP heads) are in red

4 adverbs and the like (MAdv V tails) are in orange

5 affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are in gray

6 accusative marker (ending in -n) is in green

7 lexemes are left in black

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

La viro salutas nin

c⃝2014 Stanislavo Belov Foto de si mem en Fejsbuko

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Possible descriptions of the photo

La viro salutas la publikon

La viro salutas vin

La viro salutas vin afable

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno⟩

La viro salutas vin per⟨

desegno sur⟨

la nigra tabulo⟩⟩

La viro apogas la manon sur⟨

la muro⟩

27 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Verbs have 6 possible endings No exceptions

1 -as for present tense

2 -is for past tense

3 -os for future tense

4 -us for conditional

5 -u for imperative

6 -i for infinitive

28 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Esperanto and its level of freedom in the word order

La viro salutas vin afablethe man greets you kindly

root

det subj dobj

advmod

La viro afable salutas vinthe man kindly greets you

root

det

subj

dobjadvmod

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Just one morphological rule for nouns and adjectives

Example

Esperanto Italian Englishgranda elefanto un grande elefante a big elephantmalgranda elefanto un piccolo elefante a small elephantrapida cevalo un cavallo veloce a fast horsemalrapidaj cevaloj dei cavalli lenti slow horses

Adjectives end in -a -aj -ajn according to number a case inagreement with nouns ndash respectively -o -on -oj -ojn

There is no explicit normative rule for noun-adjective collocation

30 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Compounds always follow the Germanic model

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

End of Intermezzo

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Hillelism letter to Abraham Kofman 28 May 1901

Se ec ciuj akademioj de la mondo akceptus Esperanton se ec milionojda personoj gin uzadus nenio garantias ke en la dauro de unu jaro gisubite ne estos forȷetita kaj forgesita por eterne Se gi unu fojonldquoeliros el la modordquo gi plej rapide pereos por ciam Lingvo Internaciafortikigos por ciam nur en tia okazo se ekzistos ia grupo da homojkiuj akceptus gin kiel sian lingvon familian heredan

Cento da tiaj homoj estas por la ideo de lingvo neutrala multege pligrava ol milionoj da aliaj homoj Hereda lingvo de la plej malgrandakaj plej sensignifa popoleto havas vivon multege pli garantiitan kajneestingeblan ol senpopola lingvo kiun uzus ec milionoj da homojJes mi estas profunde konvinkita ke nek solvo de la hebrea demandonek enradikigo de lingvo neutrala estos iam ebla sen hilelismo t esen kreo de neutrala popolo

33 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

First World Esperanto Congress 1905

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Cover of the small book Hillelismo 1906

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Hillelismo and Esperantism (1906)

La mirinda sukceso de la Bulonja kongreso konvinkis la iniciatorojn dela hilelismo ke absoluta justeco egaleco kaj frateco inter la popolojen la praktiko estas plene ebla Tial ili decidis uzi la plej proksimantutmondan kongreson de la esperantistoj en Genevo en Septembro1906 por proponi al ciuj amikoj de interpopola justeco unuigi enapartan grupon kiu inter la amikoj de internacia lingvo prezentisapartan sekcion

( Oni ne devas intermiksi la hilelismon kun la esperantismo Ambauideoj estas tre parencaj inter si sed tute ne identaj Oni povas estibonega esperantisto kaj tamen kontrauulo de la hilelismo)

36 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Written after a comparative work by his father Markus Zamenhof

Markus compared Russian Polish French and German proverbs

The aim is to find a common ground for the culture (Hillelist idea)

1232 entries

Sometimes one version sometimes more (synonimic expressions)

index by domains abundo afableco afero

37 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

The importance of the Proverbaro Esperanta

Proverbs and cliches are complex and very fixed form ofmethaphor They generally involve truth-statements and havean element of word play about them In the FundamentoZamenhof equipped the language with a large number ofproverbs [ ] Although most proverbs are rarely invoked in thegeneral language they form part of the basic repertoire ofmetaphors which the speaker may allude to (fera mano lsquoan ironhand amata cevaleto lsquohobby horsersquo) By writing down a set ofproverbs Zamenhof effectively created an oral history of thelanguage a corpus of expressions to dip into and cite orreformulate (Gledhill 1988 in Astori 2016)

38 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Entry zero of Proverbaro Esperanta 1910

Peko kaj eraro estas ecoj de lrsquo homaro

Nur tiu ne eraras kiu neniam ion faras

This sounds like an excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta (if youdo not need to say sorry donrsquot do it) Zamenhof was not sure aboutevery solution so he proposed alternatives in the most difficult cases

39 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

How to say lsquoitrsquos Greek to mersquo in Esperanto

7a (539 too [sic]) Gi estas por mi hina scienco

7b Gi estas por mi volapukaȷo

7c Nun finigas mia klereco

7d Venis fino al mia latino1

7b actually won being felt as ldquomore Esperantistrdquo (ie endogenous)Volapuk being part of the Esperanto proper culture as the first rivalInternational Auxiliary Language

1Different from the Dutch Ik ben aan het eind van mijn latijn meaning lsquoI haveno energy anymorersquo (via Gerard Steen)40 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Examples from the domain of money

18 Groson stelis ndash ho stelisto milojn stelis ndash financisto

1226a De fremda groso sirigas la poso

1226b Fremda spesmilo estas sen utilo

965 Spesmilo superflua poson ne siras

664a Kiu speson ne tenas tiu al spesmilo ne venas

664b Kiu malmulton ne satas multon ne meritas2

664c Sen speso unua ne ekzistas la dua

664d Ciuj milionoj konsistas el milonoj

664e Unu guto plenigas la glason

Some are exogenous (groso) some endogenous (speso spesmilo)

2Dutch equivalent wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd (=waard)(via Gerard Steen)41 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

From the Bible or Christianity

11 Mano manon lavas

17 Petro kornojn tenas Paulo lakton prenas

28a Ne povas ciu homo esti paprsquo en Romo

28b Kiun la sorto karesos tiu sukcesos

793a Amikon satu malamikon ne batu

793b Al Dio placu sed nur diablon ne kracu

793c Se vi povas profitu sed aliajn ne incitu

42 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

From Ancient Rome and Greece

transiri la Rubikonon

Troja cevalo

mono ne fetoras (pecunia non olet)

43 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Cover of the small book Homaranismo (1913)

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

From the Preface

[ ] Dum la esenco de Esperanto estas plena neutraleco kaj laesperantisma ideo prezentas nur ne difintan fratecan senton kajesperon kiujn nature naskas la renkontigado sur neutrala lingvafundamento kaj kiujn ciu esperantisto havas plenan rajton ne solekomentarii al si tiel kiel li volas

sed ec generale akcepti au ne akcepti ilin ndash la homaranismo estasspeciala kaj tute difinita politika-religia programo kiu prezentas miankredon pure privatan kaj la aliajn esperantistojn tute ne koncernas

45 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Letter of 20 June 1914 to the Jewish Esperantists

Mi mem bedaurinde devas stari flanke de la afero car lau miajkonvinkoj mi estas ldquohomaranordquo kaj mi ne povas ligi kun la celadokaj idealoj de speciala gento au religio [ ] Estas vero ke lanacionalismo de la gentoj premataj ndash kiel natura sindefenda reago ndashestas multe pli pardoninda ol la nacionalismo de gentoj premantaj

sed se la nacionalismo de la fortuloj estas nenobla la nacionalismo dela malfortuloj estas neprudenta ambau naskas kaj subtenas unu laalian kaj prezentas eraran rondon de malfelicoj el kiuj la homaroneniam eliros se ciu el ni ne oferos sian grupan memamon kaj nepenos starigi sur grundo tute neutrala

46 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

1914 the end of the belle epoque

c⃝ 1915 Louis Raemaekers satirieke kaart van Europa Het gekkenhuis (oud liedje nieuwe wijs)

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

A bilingual Esperanto-English text 1915

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Pan-European Court and neutral geographical names

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Territoriality principles and United States of Europe

c⃝ Source Esperantomuseum Vienna

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

3 How the Esperanto culture iscurrently built

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

The nice dream of mankind (1910)

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

The Esperanto Day (also Z-Day) a stable tradition

Each 15th of December

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

The football ldquonationalrdquo team (accepted in thenon-FIFA)

Lille France 2015

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Davide Astorirsquos (2015) main thesis a pseudo-nation

the Esperanto community has

a collective name

a sense of belonging

norms of behaviour

shared values

common knowledge (language included)

uses by own tradition

social structure

artistic forms

55 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Is it really a pseudo-nation Intercultural problems

mangi herbon survoje (from Japanese Fiedler 1999 77)

karoti la aferon (from Italian Gobborsquos fieldwork 2016)

Esti abrikot-arbo (from Vietnamese Astori 2016 137)

Dormi kiel stono (from English Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel lakto (from Hungarian Astori 2016 138)

Dormi ege multe (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi profund(eg)e (endogenous Astori 2016 138)

Dormi kiel bebo (relatively universal Astori 2016 138)

The fact that each Esperanto speaker belongs to at least anothernation questions Astorirsquos thesis

56 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

The fear of idiomatic expressions

ec Homero kelkfoje dormetas (klarigo por neeuropanoj ec la plejgrandaj poemistoj foje eraras) (very fluent Italian speaker quotedin Astori 2016136)

Kvankam idiotismoj ja faras la lingvon pli buntan estas bone keEsperanto evitas ilin (from a blog of a US Esperanto speaker inAstori 2016 135 note 5)

La facileco de Volapuk estas la plej amata cevaleto [preferatatemo] sur kiu elveturas al ciu okazo (Zamenhofrsquos expression in themonolingual dictionary PIV with the gloss between brackets)

57 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Two translation of the Italian classic Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the childrenrsquosnovel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by the Italian writer CarloCollodi Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village nearFlorence he was created as a wooden puppet but dreamed ofbecoming a real boy (from Wikipedia)

saro il bastone della vostra vecchiaia

1930 mi estos subteno de via maljuneco

2003 [mi] estos apogo dum via maljuneco

No use of the word bastono which does exist since 1887 (in Astori2016 141)

58 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Translation of Daar wonen Vogetkens vele

Du zijs bij dag de zonne Vi estas en la tagoDie zoet mij tegenlacht la ridetanta sunrsquoDu zijs de zoete sterre vi estas en la noktoDie mij verlicht den nacht la bel-lumanta lun

Original by Pol de Mont translation Logadas multaj birdetoj by JanVan Schoor (in Astori 2016 139)

No dolca stelo for lsquozoete sterrersquo is found another example of theavoiding strategy

59 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Idiotisms the world of reptiles

krokodili (to speak onersquos native language in an Esperanto congress)

kajmani (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress with natives)

aligatori (to speak somebody elsersquos native language in anEsperanto congress without natives)

gaviali (to speak Esperanto outside Esperantoland as a secretlanguage)

lacerti (to speak another planned language in an Esperantocongress eg Tokipona)

Source see Reptiliumi in Vikipedio

60 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Idiotisms the green colour

verda stelo (green star)

verda standardo (green flag)

verda papo (a person who is overly enthusiastic about the utopianideals behind Esperanto especially when preachy andholier-than-thou see Wiktionary)

kavaliroj de la verda stelo (a group of verdaj papoj)

verda rano (green frog Esperantist who talks all the time but doesnothing for Esperanto in concrete)

61 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

62 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Commonly used idiomatic expressions fromZamenhofrsquos use

fina venko finvenkismo (final victory the moment in whichEsperanto will be everybodyrsquos L2)

rondo familia (family circle the Esperantists but with links fromHomaranismo)

interna ideo (internal idea the core of the Homaranismo living inEsperanto)

facila vento (a breeze which is the ease of Esperanto spreadingthrough the world)

jam temprsquo esta (lit lsquoalready time isrsquo from the Proto-Esperanto byZamenhof)

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Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Finally some commonly used idiomatic expressionsNOT from Zamenhofrsquos use

raumismo raumisto (disillusioned Esperantist of the fina venko)

edzperanto (somebody who helps an Esperanto woman finding ahusband in Esperantoland)

denaskismo (the idea and practice of speaking Esperanto in thefamily with children)

gufujo (a place in festivals and other Esperanto meeting for youngpeople where people drink tisanes and teas with soft lights andtranquility see Gobbo 2015)

63 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Towards a schema for metaphors in Esperanto

The Esperanto culture launched by Zamenhofrsquos ideals is enriched byEsperanto speakers who tend to bring in firmly (ie transforminginto idioms) only what is felt to be lsquointernationalrsquo (whatever this canmean in practice this means the realm of SAE with apart referenceto the Bible ndash Jewish and Christian ndash and Ancient Rome and Greeceor relatively universal source domains)

Self-reference to the Esperanto tradition is preferred (ie endogenousmetaphors are lsquobetterrsquo than exogenous metaphors) The production ofdeliberate metaphors passes mainly through translated and originalliterature In the early days translated literature was more importantnowadays the reverse is true and popular authors lead the style offluent speakers

64 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

deliberate

customary

endogenousexogenous

translated amp original literature

idiomatic expressions

SAE word

Ancient Rome amp Greece

the Bible

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66

Thank you for your kind attention

Questions Comments

If not now drop an email afterwards

⟨FGobbouvan⟩

Download these slides here

httpfedericogobbonamepub

CC⃝ BY⃝ $⃝ C⃝ Federico Gobbo 2017

66 de 66