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Surveys most often involve the use of a questionnaire to measure the characteristics and/or attitudes of people.

Surveys1

Individuals are observed and certain outcomes are measured, but no attempt is made to affect the outcome.

Observational Studies2

Treatments are imposed prior to observation. Experiments are the only way to show a cause-and-effect relationship.

Remember:Correlation is not causation!

Experiments3

All individuals in the population have the same probability of being selected, and all groups in the sample size have the same probability of being selected.

Type of SamplingSimple Random Sample (SRS)

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If a researcher wants to highlight specific subgroups within the population, they divide the entire population into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata.

Type of Sampling Stratified Random Sample

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The researcher selects a number at random, n, and then selects every nth individual for the study.

Type of Sampling Systematic Random Sample

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Subjects are taken from a group that is conveniently accessible to a researcher, for example, picking the first 100 people to enter the movies on Friday night.

Type of Sampling Convenience Sample

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The entire population is divided into groups, or clusters, and a random sample of these clusters are selected. All individuals in the selected clusters are included in the sample.

Type of Sampling Cluster Sample

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The entire population is divided into groups, or clusters, and a random sample of these clusters are selected. All individuals in the selected clusters are included in the sample.

Type of Sampling Voluntary Response

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Types of Bias in Survey QuestionsBias occurs when a sample systematically favors one outcome.

1. Question Wording BiasIn a survey about Americans’ interest in soccer, the first 25 people admitted to a high school soccer game were asked, “How interested are you in the world’s most popular sport, soccer?”

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2. Undercoverage bias occurs when the sample is not representative of the population.

Types of Bias in Survey Questions11

3. Response bias occurs when survey respondents lie or misrepresent themselves.

4. Nonresponse bias occurs when an individual is chosen to participate, but refuses.

Types of Bias in Survey Questions12

5. Voluntary response bias occurs when people are asked to call or mail in their opinion.

Types of Bias in Survey Questions13