defining the process of medical care to include dual situation awareness between patient and...
TRANSCRIPT
Defining the Process of Medical Care to Include Dual Situation Awareness between Patient and
Clinician
Richard A. Olson MD, FACSHabersham Medical Center
Demorest, Georgia
Why pursue a model of Dr/Pt SA?
• Better design of Electronic Health Record – & other Health IT applications
• Improve decisions – esp. shared decisions• Support “patient engagement”• Support team care delivery
SOAP Note c2013
Problem Oriented Medical Record
• History (Subjective)• Physical Exam, Lab Data (Objective)• Problem List – working diagnoses, not final diagnoses• SOAP Note for each Problem–Subjective
–Objective
–Assessment
–Plan
Problem Oriented Medical Record System (Weed, Hurst & Walker)
Dr. Lawrence Weed, Univ. of VermontProblem-Oriented Medical Record
“The beginning clinical clerk, the new intern, and the practicing physician are confronted with an apparent contradiction. Each is asked, as a ‘whole’ physician, to accept the obligations of meeting many problems simultaneously and yet to give to each the single-minded attention that is fundamental to developing and mobilizing his or her enthusiasm and skill, for these two virtues do not arise except where an organized concentration upon a particular subject is possible.”
The multiplicity of problems the physician must deal with every day constitutes a principal distinguishing feature between a physician’s activities and those of many other scientists.These realizations led me to develop the POMR so that medical students and practitioners could function in a structured, rigorous way more like that of workers in the scientific community. The POMR cannot change the multiplicity of problems that physicians face. But the POMR enables a highly organized approach to that complexity.
Medical Informatics
• Analysis / Communication / Record / Library
Dr. Eta Berner’s skeptical student
• Did we start at the right place? • If our starting point was the medical record,
and not the patient-physician relationship, have we picked the best path to apply technology to improve clinical care?
Situation Awareness (SA)
Before making a choice to act, what do we understand about the state of mind – the
perceptive and the cognitive processes which precedes that action?
What WERE you thinking??? (If SA is missing, it becomes more apparent.)
SA -> Decision -> Action – (Endsley)
Doctor-Patient Awareness MatrixDual Situation Awareness
The Johari Window - 1955
“Named after the first names of its inventors, Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham,” this “is one of the most useful models describing the process of human interaction” 1999 by Duen Hsi Yen http://www.noogenesis.com/game_theory/johari/johari_window.html
Dr-Pt Situation Awareness = SOAP
(1) Dual SA: Diagnosis & Dialogue
Levels of Dual SA:3) Projection
2) Comprehension
1) Perception
Communication George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
"The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that is has taken place"
Places the burden on the physician, to choose the best way to say something, to use visual aids, and to confirm the message is correctly received by the patient.
Each problem needs separate consideration
• Cognitive limits of human ‘operator’ defines one ‘panel’ of SA;– Multiple physicians / specialists per patient– Multiple problems per patient
• “One problem at a time”
Health Affairs – Feb. 2013“New Era of Patient Engagement”
A National Action Plan To Support Consumer Engagement Via E-Health Lygeia Ricciardi, Farzad Mostashari, Judy Murphy, Jodi G. Daniel, and Erin P. Siminerio (HHS/ ONCHIT)
(2) DecisionWho Shall Decide??
Physician Patient
Goal: Optimal Decisions
• Defined as satisfactory to both patient and physician
• A good decision remains satisfactory - even in hindsight
• Timely - ideal responsiveness may require patient monitoring and ‘decision triggers’
Barriers to Rational Choice(besides system complexity)
• Fear, Mistrust• Myths & Misconceptions• Youth & adolescence• Aging & dementia• Miscommunication• Psychopathology• Socio-pathology
– “Half of the people lie with their lips; the other half with their tears,” Nassim Nicholas Taleb
(3) Action:
• Diagnostic• Therapeutic• Education (patient, physician)• Management– Hospitalize, Discharge– Consult– Transfer– Follow-up
Action changes the SituationCycles the D.P.U. (doctor patient unit)
Pathway of Diagnosis
Initial Problem -> Working Diagnoses -> -> ->
Final Diagnosis Fatigue ->
Anemia ->Gastric Ulcer ->
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Disease Trajectory
• Corbin-Strauss Model, 1991 nursing model coined the term ‘disease trajectory’
• Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm growth & rupture• Diabetes with progressive kidney failure• Cancer patients with possible recurrence
LINK TO THIS COMIC: HTTP://XKCD.COM/931/
TEAM Doctoring1994 Harrison’s
Textbook of Internal Medicine
"Increasingly patients are cared for by groups of physicians, clinics, hospitals, organizations." With a chief drawback being, "the loss of the concept of the physician who is primarily and continuously responsible."
TEAM doctoring
• Primary care (Family Practice, General Internal Medicine, OB/Gyn) - “The Medical Home”
• Emergency Room• Hospitalist• Critical Care• Cardiology & other Medical Specialties• Surgery (all specialties) & Anesthesiology• Medical Imaging (Radiology)
Hospital Staff TEAM
• Nursing (including many nursing specialties)• Pharmacy• Physical Therapy• Occupational Therapy, Speech Therapy• Respiratory Therapy• Dietary – Nutrition• Case Management – Social Work• Clergy• Support (clerical, communication, transcription)
Team SA in Healthcare
Endsley, M. R., & Jones, W. M. (2001). A model of inter- and intrateam situation awareness
Final Thoughts & Questions
• Might Dual SA be a useful model for design of EHR & Consumer E-health Systems?
• Can EHR System design support Team SA?• Is Situation Awareness a useful ‘buzzword’ in
healthcare, as it is in military & aviation • Would improved Dual & Team SA lead to
better decisions and better outcomes, including workplace satisfaction of providers?