deeper city; collective intelligence and the pathways from
TRANSCRIPT
DEEPER CITY
Deeper City is the first major application of new thinking on ‘deeper complexity’, applied to grand challenges such as runaway urbanization, climate change and rising inequality. The author provides a new framework for the collective intelligence – the capacity for learning and synergy – in many-layered cities, technologies, economies, ecologies and political systems.
The key is in synergistic mapping and design, which can move beyond smart ‘winner-takes-all’ competition, towards wiser human systems of cooperation where ‘winners-are-all’. Forty distinct pathways ‘from smart to wise’ are mapped in Deeper City and presented for strategic action, ranging from local neighbourhoods to global finance.
As an atlas of the future, and resource library of pathway mappings, this book expands on the author’s previous work, City-Region 2020. From a decade of development and testing, Deeper City combines visual thinking with a narrative style and practical guidance. This book will be indispensable for those seeking a sustainable future – students, politicians, planners, systems designers, activists, engineers and researchers.
A new postscript looks at how these methods can work with respect to the 2020 pandemic, and asks, ‘How can we turn crisis towards transformation?’
Joe Ravetz is Co-Director of the Collaboratory for Urban Resilience & Energy at the University of Manchester. He works on sustainable cities and regions, with a unique perspective on collective intelligence for urban and environmental issues. He is a systems designer, academic, visual thinker, practitioner and process facilitator for complex inter-connected problems. His previous publications include City-Region 2020 and Environment and City.
DEEPER CITYCOLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE AND THE PATHWAYS FROM
SMART TO WISE
JOE RAVETZ
First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2020 Joe Ravetz
The right of Joe Ravetz to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ravetz, Joe, author. Title: Deeper city : collective intelligence and the pathways from smart to wise / Joe Ravetz. Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019055330 (print) | LCCN 2019055331 (ebook) | ISBN 9780415628969 (hbk) | ISBN 9780415628976 (pbk) | ISBN 9781315765860 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: City planning—England. | Sustainable development—England. | Urban ecology (Sociology)—England. Classification: LCC HT169 ,R37 2020 (print) | LCC HT169 (ebook) | DDC 307.1/2160942—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019055330 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019055331
ISBN: 978–0-415–62896–9 (hbk) ISBN: 978–0-415–62897–6 (pbk) ISBN: 978–1-315–76586–0 (ebk)
Typeset in Univers and Gill by Apex CoVantage, LLC
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C O N T E N T S
Note: each section in Chapters 1–10 contains a full page visual ‘Mapping’, with the same title as the section. Within the chapters, the title of each visual Mapping is shown in Bold-ItalIc-Small-capS, to help navigation. An alphabetic index of all the Mappings is in the list of illustrations overleaf.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x
FURTHER INFORMATION AND RESOURCES x
1 PROLOGUE 11-1 What’s the big idea? Deeper questions 31-2 What’s the big picture? Wider visions 61-3 What’s a Deeper City? Concepts and FAQs 81-4 Where to start? Book-in-use 10
2 PROSPECTS 152-1 Here be dragons: Think-onomics-III 172-2 The future starts now: Nexus-connexus 212-3 Cases and places: City-state-planet 27
3 TOOLKITS 343-1 Where to start: Synergistics-Landscape 343-2 What’s the problem: System-Mapping 373-3 What lies ahead: Scenario-Mapping 403-4 What’s the vision: Synergy-Mapping 433-5 What’s to be done: Strategy-Mapping 463-6 What next: Toolkits-III 49
4 CITIES 544-1 What problem: Cities-Landscape 564-2 Where to live: Neighbourhood-III 614-3 How to build: Housing-III 654-4 How to renew: Retrofit-III 694-5 Where to build: City-region-III 734-6 Where not to build: Anti-city-region-III 794-7 How to plan and design: Civic-design-III 844-8 Pathways: Cities-III 88
5 ECONOMIES 965-1 What problem: Economies-Landscape 985-2 Where to work: Local-onomics-III 1035-3 Which resources: Circul-onomics-III 1105-4 How to create value: Enterprise-III 1155-5 How to invest: Finance-III 1215-6 How to grow and why: Prosperity-III 1295-7 Pathways: Economies-III 136
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6 ECOLOGIES 1416-1 What problem: Ecologies-Landscape 1436-2 How to be green: Eco-Urban-III 1506-3 How to be cool: Climate-III 1566-4 How to thrive: Adaptation-III 1636-5 How to grow and eat: Food-III 1696-6 Pathways: Ecologies-III 175
7 TECHNOLOGIES 1807-1 What problem: Technologies-Landscape 1847-2 On the frontiers: Informatics-III 1867-3 On the value chain: Smart-Services-III 1927-4 On the platform: Smart-Communities-III 1967-5 How to learn: Education-III 2017-6 How to know: Science-III 2067-7 Pathways: Tech-Knowledges-III 212
8 POLITICALS 2178-1 What problem: Political-Landscape 2208-2 Where to take control: Multi-Level-III 2258-3 How to manage: Organization-III 2318-4 How to be well-fair: Public-Service-III 2388-5 Who gets what: Equalities-III 2448-6 The state to come: Co-opolism-III 2508-7 Pathways for a Politics-III 256
9 INSIGHTS 2639-1 How to think: Deeper-Mind-III 2659-2 How to decide: E/Valuation-III 2759-3 How to thrive: Resilience-III 2809-4 How to look ahead: Foresight-III 287
10 LOCAL-GLOBAL 29610-1 From personal to political: Societal-III 29810-2 Where and when: Developmental-III 30410-3 All in the mind: Global-III 31310-4 What next: Multi-versity-III 319
11 MIND-GAMES 328Postscript: From crisis to transformation 344
12 ANNEX 34912-1 Glossary and abbreviations 34912-2 Summary tables 351
BIBLIOGRAPHY 360
INDEX 399
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I L L U S T R A T I O N S
FiguresEach figure in Chapters 1–10 is a full-page mapping, with the same title as its section. This list is shown in alphabetic order for ease of navigation and cross-referencing.
Note: the small vignettes in the margins in Chapters 1–10 show (a) the relevant stage in the 12-part Synergistic Toolkit, or (b) the relevant parts of the mapping for each section.
adaptatIon-III 6-4 166antI-cIty-RegIon-III 4-6 81Book-In-USe 1-4 12cIRcUl-onomIcS-III 5-3 113cItIeS-III 4-8 90cItIeS-landScape 4-1 57cIty-RegIon-III 4-5 76cIty-State-planet 2-3 29cIvIc-deSIgn-III 4-7 86clImate-III 6-3 157conceptS & FaQS 1-3 9co-opolISm-III 8-6 251deepeR-mInd-III 9-1 267deepeR QUeStIonS 1-1 2developmental-III 10-2 307e/valUatIon-III 9-2 276ecologIeS-III 6-6 176ecologIeS-landScape 6-1 144economIeS-III 5-7 137economIeS-landScape 5-1 99eco-URBan-III 6-2 151edUcatIon-III 7-5 203enteRpRISe-III 5-4 118eQUalItIeS-III 8-5 246FInance-III 5-5 126Food-III 6-5 170FoReSIght-III 9-4 289gloBal-mInd-III 10-3 316hoUSIng-III 4-3 67InFoRmatIcS-III 7-2 187local-onomIcS-III 5-2 105mUltI-level-III 8-2 227mUltI-veRSIty-III 10-4 321neIghBoURhood-III 4-2 63nexUS-connexUS 2-2 25oRganIzatIon-III 8-3 233pandemIc-III 11-x 345polItIcal-III 8-7 257polItIcal-landScape 8-1 219pRoSpeRIty-III 5-6 131pUBlIc-SeRvIce-III 8-4 239ReSIlIence-III 9-3 282
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RetRoFIt-III 4-4 71ScenaRIo-mappIng 3-3 41ScIence-III 7-6 207SmaRt-commUnItIeS-III 7-4 197SmaRt-SeRvIceS-III 7-3 193SocIetal-III 10-1 300StRategy-mappIng 3-5 48SyneRgIStIcS-landScape 3-1 36SyneRgy-mappIng 3-4 45SyStem-mappIng 3-2 39tech-knowledgeS-III 7-7 213technologIeS-landScape 7-1 183thInk-onomIcS-III 2-1 19toolkItS-III 3-6 51wIdeR vISIonS 1-2 7
Storyline figures (Chapter 11)Note: These are listed separately in page order, as Chapter 11 is on a fictional track.
World Think-onomic Forum 11-1 329W.T.F. – outside track 11-2 330W.T.F. – inside track 11-3 331W.T.F. – elevator pitch 11-4 332W.T.F. – Deeper mind-labs 11-5 333Deeper games 11-6 334Deeper dives 11-7 335The Cities Game 11-8 336The Capitals Game 11-9 337The One Planet Game 11-10 338The Knowledge Game 11-11 339The Power Game 11-12 340Deeper meanings 11-13 341Deeper plans 11-14 342What next? 11-15 343
TablesNote: all tables are sourced by the author based on the Synergistic Toolkit
4-1 Cities-III: summary and self-assessment 935-1 Economies-III: summary and self-assessment 1396-1 Ecologies-III: summary and self-assessment 1787-1 Tech-knowledges-III: summary and self-assessment 2158-1 Politicals-III: summary and self-assessment 2599-1 Deeper-Mind-III: summary and self-assessment 2749-2 E/Valuation-III: summary and self-assessment 2809-3 Resilience-III: summary and self-assessment 2879-4 Foresight-III: summary and self-assessment 293
12-1 Glossary 34912-2 Abbreviations 35012-3 Synergistic framework and terms (Chapter 1) 35212-4 Scenario framework and settings (Chapter 2) 35312-5 Synergistic Toolkit template (Chapter 3) 35412-6 Synergistic Pathway typology (Chapter 3) 356
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12-7 Varieties of political discourse (Chapter 8) 35712-8 Synergy-Scan: sources (Chapter 10) 35812-9 Synergy-Scan: indicators (Chapter 10) 359
Boxes2a Overview: 3000 years of synergistic thinking 203a Summary of the Toolkit 354a Overview: urban megatrends 594b Examples: collective housing intelligence 694c Overview: a city-region drama in time 734d Overview: evolution of the peri-urban 804e Examples: collective urban intelligence 925a Overview: emerging economic thinking 985b Overview: cities as problems or solutions 1045c Overview: urban and regional innovation 1085d Example: collective industrial intelligence 1155e Overview: firms and enterprises 1165f Example: collective enterprise intelligence 1215g Overview: climate economics 1255h Examples: collective financial intelligence 1295i Overview: UK as work in progress 1296a Overview: the global eco-urban 1506b Overview: climate change projections and impacts 1646c Examples: collective adaptation intelligence 1696d Overview: food syndromes 1716e Examples: collective food intelligence 1737a Overview: smart/unsmart cities 1927b Overview: learning cities and regions 2017c Examples: collective multi-versity intelligence 2057d Examples: collective climate-science intelligence 2108a Overview: political systems thinking 2218b Overview: thinking organizations 2328c Examples: collective organization intelligence 2378d Overview: informality and corruption 2488e Overview: political pathways old and new 2589a Overview: learning about learning 2659b Overview: thinking about thinking 2689c Overview: innovation for transition 291
10a Overview: global minds 314
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A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
I would like to thank, hugely, everyone with ideas and conversations (and not least the research funding) on these deeper and wider and further questions, over the last decade or two, way too many to write down.
A special thanks goes to reviewers who found the time in over-flowing diaries, to make positive (sometimes robust) critiques. I owe you some good ideas . . .
There’s a massive gratitude to the University of Manchester, which has generously hosted me and my ever-flexible deadlines, at the School of Environment Education and Development. And a special thanks goes to colleagues at CURE, now the Collaboratory for Urban Resilience at the Manchester Urban Institute.
And the biggest thanks of all to Amanda, Rose, Huw, Dale, Dan, Alison and Jerry.There are two special memoriams. Eddie Scott, 1949–2014: former coal-miner, Prime
Minister of the Calder Valley Free State, Chair of the West Yorkshire Rail Group, a visionary Labour politician who taught me more than most. Michael Meacher MP, 1939–2015: former Secretary of State for the Environment, co-architect of the Kyoto Protocols of 1997, who offered synergistic vision to my journey here and there over 20 years.
Also to say, all these ideas have been strengthened and deepened by collaborations and conversations with many people in many organizations in many places. Greater Manchester hosted the Sustainable City-Region project and now the emerging Collaboratorium. London is the universal city and global hub to which I keep returning. In Todmorden and Hebden Bridge I found strong landscape roots, following on family roots in Leeds. Colleagues at SAMI Consulting have tried to keep my feet on the ground. Then there’s a long and always growing list of places, of projects, collaborations, networks, conversations, creative encounters. Around the UK, in Leeds, York, Sheffield, Lancaster, Oxford, Cambridge, Cardiff, Bangor, Dundee, Edinburgh, following previous work in North Yorkshire and Cumbria. Around Europe, in Copenhagen, Berlin, Leipzig, Wuppertal, Amsterdam, Maastricht, Brus-sels, Warsaw, Prague, Helsinki, Goteborg, Stockholm, Vienna, Graz, Split, Naples, Venice, Trento, Paris, Tours, Montpellier, Lisbon, Granada, Barcelona, Madrid, Malta, Thessaloniki, Moscow, Istanbul, Antalya. Then, further afield: Melbourne, Mauritius, Jaipur, Chennai, Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, Qatar, Dubai, Harare, Livingstone, Johannesburg, Bogota, Medellin, Mexicali, Vancouver, New York, San Diego, Philadelphia and others . . . Hopefully something in here will be useful for all these, and others, in these most interesting times.
Cover illustrationsThe front cover image is borrowed fromthe Mind-Games of Chapter 11, and the (fictional) Deeper-Mind-Labs at the heart of the project. This Large Think-onomic Synergizer connects at light speed over 10 billion spheres, from micro to macro size, each one an experimental zone for collective intelligence. There are many ‘smart/unsmart’ systems of decay and collapse, and just a few ‘wiser’ prototypes, and the race is on to find the pathways between them…
Further information and resourcesThe Synergistics online hub has a range of resources:
• Working papers & project demonstrations• Guidance for the Synergistic tools and methods• Synergistic Toolkit in visual template form• User community forum• Colour versions of graphics, available under a Creative Commons license.
The address (as of 2020) is at www.manchester.ac.uk/synergistics
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CopyrightAll illustrations are the author’s original artwork. All tables are originated by the author, based on the methods described within.
Graphics © Joe Ravetz under Creative Commons License: ‘Attribution-Non-Commer-cial-Share-Alike’ 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Specific restrictions imposed by this licence are onhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.
Users may reproduce them, for educational or non-commercial purposes, on condition of full attribution. There are colour versions and other resources online.
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C H A P T E R 1
P R O L O G U E
This book starts and ends with the Arks, large or small, wherever they are found. Some ideas came from com-munity groups around 1990, in beat-up post-industrial
places across the north of England. The notion of a ‘Com-munity Development Charter’ took shape as a way to avoid conflict and build collaboration. With help from institutes, con-sultants, activists and universities, we began to figure out how to draw simple maps of complex conflicts and look for poten-tial synergies in the regeneration game. But with a financial crisis the wind changed, and shortly after the focus shifted to a new ‘S’-word – ‘sustainability’ . . .
A decade later, we looked for ways to transform whole cities, and their supply chains of energy and water and materials. But all over Europe, the same syndromes came up – technology, pro-ducers, consumers, designers, government, education or infra-structure, were all divided, conflicted or lost in translation. Again we tried to figure out ‘mappings’ on flipcharts and whiteboards, crude and simple, but enough to see the power games, find missing links, sketch new business models. An even bigger crisis
Sceneevery day I cycle past The Ark, a cluster of muddy tents and smoking fires, a camp of homeless people under a flyover in central Manchester. Some are upbeat through the wind and rain, but many show the scars of abandonment and abuse – ‘much of the glue that has held British society together . . . has been deliberately removed and replaced with a harsh and uncaring ethos.’1 As I write, the authorities and
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in 2008 stopped the program along with many others, and the tide turned towards short-term survival.
A decade later, we were trying to connect the ‘outer political’ with the ‘inner personal’, amidst turbulence and unravelling. In the UK, Hungary, USA, India, Philippines, Brazil and many other countries, ‘the people’ seemed to be voting for extremism, intol-erance and self-harm. This was a massive challenge to a world already on the threshold – climate change, technology disrup-tion and debt crisis, to name a few existential threats – and a great opportunity for demagogues and plutocrats. It was also an opportunity for learning how to draw maps or mappings, of deeper human values and societal orders, especially those
landowners, keen for Man-chester to attract global investors, are preparing another ‘re-eviction’ . . . (and see the Arks of the future in Chapter 11).
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beyond the ‘expert’ rational view of things – and with maps or mappings, maybe, we could better navigate the storms ahead.
Gradually the ideas in this book began to crystallize, on count-less clipboards and whiteboards and power-points. (I got a lot of practice drawing ellipses, good for sketches of round tables and the layers of a Deeper City). There were many false starts, side turnings and attempts at funding half-formed ideas which didn’t fit into standard boxes. There were many more inspirational moments, with many collaborators in many countries, mapping and designing many pathways for the future.
Facing forward, we see extremely ‘interesting times’ of great peril and promise. In technical terms it seems unlikely that catastrophic damage to our life-support systems can be avoided – we are not only deep into climate change, toxic overload and mass extinction, but also in various stages of denial, outrage, grief and blame. So just to survive the coming storms, it’s clear that new ways of think-ing are needed. But this calls for more than rational ‘know-what’ thinking (as the cartoon characters are here to point out), it’s about deeper layers of ‘know-how, know-who and know-why’.
So, this book is a journey, a quest, a thought experiment, on the possibility of human co-evolution. It’s about ‘mapping’ the landscape, ‘designing’ the pathways (here are 40 examples to get started), ‘navigating’ the storms and ‘growing’ the seeds of collaboration. It’s even more about ‘healing’ the traumas of the past, ‘gardening’ on a small planet, or ‘delving’ into deeper myths. Moreover, it’s about ‘collaboration’ on complex systems, and ‘learning’ how on earth 7–10 billion people can live together. With all that maybe we could design better pathways ‘from smart to wise’, for this troubled and turbulent 21st century?
1-1 What’s the big idea? Deeper questionsSo with that on the table, welcome, and here’s to put up some bigger ideas, with deeper questions, of why this book is here, how it works and who it’s for (see Deeper questions, Figure 1-1).
Humanity has a problem. Our power for self-destruction, as with kids playing with loaded guns, seems far greater than our ability to manage it. Climate change, feral finance, invasive tech-nology, hyper-urbanization, obscene inequality, rampant corrup-tion, elite power grabs, or plain military conflict – these are all catastrophically open questions. To live with 7–10 billion people on one small planet in peace and prosperity, it seems we need a step change in the inter-connected brain, the collective societal intelligence, the collaborative ‘know-how’ and ‘know-why’. This calls for more than ‘clever’ production of obsolete stuff which goes to landfill. It calls for more than ‘smart’ cities which extract data for private profit. This calls for the human dimension – ‘wise’ (or at least ‘wiser’), in all possible ways.
So, the whole book is basically a journey of discovery, in search of three deeper kinds of questions:
a) What would this collective intelligence look like, in ‘wiser’ kinds of cities, economies, ecologies, technologies or political systems?
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b) Which pathways might lead towards it, and how to get them started?
c) And most topical – how to combat the forces of aggres-sive and predatory power, money, corruption, inequality, paranoia, intolerance or self-destruction of many kinds?
And for the difference between ‘smart’ and ‘wise’? Maybe ‘smart’ is winning an argument with your partner – ‘wise’ is knowing when not to argue . . .
Or another angle on ‘wise’, on that which makes us human, which shows up in the species name homo sapiens, literally meaning ‘wise person’ . . .
Who is this book for?
The book is basically for people seeking and/or creating a sus-tainable future, from local to global – designers, inventors, policy-makers, researchers, entrepreneurs, artists, activists, or anyone who wants to be part of the way forward . . . As for who are ‘we’? this means firstly the readers of this book. This version assumes some knowledge of sustainability, economics and poli-tics: other versions would be geared for school-kids, activists, businesses or policy-makers. ‘We’ also means the ‘multitude’, the collective of human society. The text talks about ‘we’ . . . this is my personal way of conversation at large, to say ‘we can explore’, and so on. Also, the ideas here are not just from one author, but the combined effort of many teams, consortiums, partnerships, networks. And the bigger ‘we’ is actually the world, as we are all in this together.
Where is the book based?
For practical reasons the two main case studies are Manchester (shorthand for Greater Manchester and its wider city-region), and the UK (see cIty-State-planet, Figure 2-3). There are exam-ples from around the world, and a review of six cities in devel-opmental-III (Figure 10-2), but a truly international view would be another project. Over-arching these is the third case study, the planetary level, a global Collaboratorium (‘laboratory of collabo-ration’) with humans on the inside, presented here as a hypoth-esis for the grandest of all challenges.
What can the book cover, or not? It can only sketch outlines for each of 40 pathway mappings – each one is a huge soci-etal challenge, which deserves a book on its own. (As systems designer my main role is to mobilize the ‘experts’ in each field to talk to each other). But there’s a reason to put all these sketches together, which is to explore the common threads and inter-connections between them. We use a stock example, the ‘Low-Carb City’, which shows how reality is highly inter-connected. To make progress on this Low-Carb City we have to somehow put together many layers – economics, politics, technology, land-use, communities and so on – it seems almost every one of the 40 pathways here is involved somehow. The question is who can put all this together and how?
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Which words for what?
You will see many variations of the ‘co-‘ word, the ‘syn-’ word and the ‘deeper’ word. Each shows a different angle on the same basic idea – learning, thinking, creating and working together, where the whole is greater than the parts. But there’s a challenge of terminology at the boundaries between sectors or fields, and for emerging ideas: for instance we don’t yet have a simple word for a ‘socio-eco-cultural-enterprise-platform’, something which could be a vital key to our future prosperity. Meanwhile the ‘co’ word seems useful for emerging ideas on the collaboration fron-tier, for instance ‘co-governance’ or ‘co-formality’. And the word-play starts to spread into acronym-play, so we offer MADDER and SADDER, or WISER and RISER, to anyone who can use them (see the Abbreviations, Table 12-2).
This whole project started as Urban 3.0, and many dialogues happened under that banner.2 But these words sound rather like a software upgrade, and ’3.0’ is quickly overtaken by Manufac-turing 4.0, Barcelona 5.0 and so on. Meanwhile the larger set of titles and keywords, and the logic behind them, went through countless prototypes (see the complete list at Table 12-3).
What is the Deeper City?
Deeper City began to emerge from the idea of deeper layers of value, thinking and meaning. One layer of a city is about build-ings and streets and wires, another layer is economic transac-tions, others are for communities or services or cultures. To make real progress we need to somehow connect these together. The ‘deeper-city-mind’ is the capacity of each part to make these connections. The ‘collective urban intelligence’ is the capacity of the overall system for collaborative (co-) learning, thinking and creating on all layers. (Some refer to collective intelligence with a more technical definition, as the knowledge of crowds enhanced by digital technology).
Most important, the ‘City’ means here a system of co-existence. The City is not only the physical thing, the grey areas on the map or the changing material face of the earth. It’s a shorthand for ways for humans to collaborate and build a civilization, where material roots are linked to universal aspirations. In reality, the City is also the site of displacement, alienation, exploitation and many other pathologies of co-existence.
Also this ‘Deeper’ heading seems helpful in framing the chal-lenges ahead. Analysts can explore deeper-complexity, with multiple layers of rational/non-rational systems of thinking and experience. Policy-makers look for deeper-threat-multipliers, where climate change amplifies political instability or economic collapse: or in response, the deeper-synergy-multipliers. Social philosophers explore deeper meanings, while local entrepre-neurs explore the potential of a Deeper Place.3 While some talk of the ‘deep state’ as a political conspiracy, and others work on the digital ‘Deep Mind’, our concept of deeper includes these alongside other layers of human experience. All these Deeper City themes seem to revolve around ‘synergies’, meaning the
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positive relations which enable systems to work together. So to understand or create these synergies, we need some knowledge of ‘Synergistics’, meaning the art and science of working with synergies. Then, it seems these synergies don’t just suddenly happen, they emerge by evolution, or rather ‘co-evolution’. This is shorthand for a ‘conscious collaborative evolution’, not only as birds or fishes might evolve an ecosystem, but as humans might co-evolve a civilization. And the 40 ‘Synergistic Pathways’ are explored here as likely or at least potential ways for this co-evolution to happen.
1-2 What’s the big picture? Wider visionsReaders might notice cartoons and bits of conversations here and there, and wonder if this book is really serious. So yes, this book is about the future of local communities and global co-existence; both extremely serious questions. But the pathways for this future aren’t just technical items, they are about looking deeper and wider than our normal boundaries. They need to bridge between rational thinking and other forms of emotional or cultural or spir-itual intelligence. And so it seems that pictures and conversations are a good way to start. Theatre, music, film, dance, cooking or sculpture are also good for synergistic thinking and creative experience: but pictures are easy to copy and print, and to create through dialogue. The pictures here are deliberately basic, with low-level technique, almost like cave drawings, to demonstrate that visual thinking is an essential tool and open to all.4
There are deeper levels of myths and archetypes to be uncovered through visual thinking. Some come up in the last picture in each of the main Chapters 4–8. Each culture already has its version of the pathways ‘from smart to wise’, with myths and stories to express the human condition of hopes and fears, challenge and insight, renewal and transformation.5 In ‘Cities’ (Chapter 4), the tower of Babel is endlessly built and destroyed and rebuilt. In ‘Economies’ (Chapter 5), the monster Leviathan sucks out all the gold from the world. In ‘Ecologies’ (Chapter 6), the original serpent sees the human fall and exile from innocence. In ‘Technologies’ (Chapter 7), the all-seeing Nazgul transforms into its counterpart, the raven of wisdom. In ‘Politicals’ (Chapter 8) the Chimera steers a Ship of Fools onto the rocks. And throughout, the Tree of Life is an image of recirculation and regeneration and resilience.
As for conversations, these are well suited to debates and dialogues, not for simple answers, more for open-ended enquiry (following from Plato and many since). These are the wider visions of an extended community, far beyond the technical-rational elite, where people argue, imagine, conspire, speculate and criticize, building up a deeper-wider kind of reality. There is also confrontation and conflict, not only material but of logic and value: the image here is about the Ark of squatters under the flyover, a recurring theme in cities both poor and rich. Ultimately this theme flies off on a tangent with the storyline in Chapter 11, raising open questions on open challenges.
And for the ‘wiring diagrams’ and systems mappings, there are many calls to ‘rewire the economy’, ‘road-map the future’ or
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design a new ‘operating system’ for society. ‘Rewiring’ suggests that fixing an economy or society is as simple as fixing a car, which it isn’t . . . but a diagram is one place to start, and other kinds of visual thinking and mapping could take it further. After all, a map is better for finding your way around a city than pages of text. And in the digital age, city mapping isn’t just a symbolic pattern on paper, it can be an interactive real-time knowledge system. Following that logic, a Deeper City pathway mapping is no longer just an object of ‘knowledge’, it’s a learning and thinking portfolio, a source for visions, potentials, ideas and actions. A wiser digital system of the future might simulate a pathway as an app-platform-hub. But until then, each pathway mapping page here aims at bridging between right and left brain thinking (and my personal instinct is, ‘when the going gets tough, the tough get drawing’).
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1-3 What’s a Deeper City? Concepts and FAQs
Here are the basic ideas and frequently asked questions, with a cartoon user’s guide below, in conceptS & FaQS (Figure 1-3). Cities (shorthand here for civilizations) have many layers – social, technology, economics, environment, political – with many ‘synergies’ or inter-connections between them, positive and negative. To reduce the negative (syndromes), and realize the positive potential (synergies), we explore the present and the future, with ‘synergistic mapping and design’.
How to look for synergies
Basically, we explore for possible synergies, beyond the normal horizons, in three key dimensions of any system:
• Deeper: synergies between different domains and value systems (social, technical, economic, environmental etc).
• Wider: synergies between ‘actors’ (people, organizations, networks, communities, institutions).
• Further: synergies between the ‘factors’ or metabolic flows (from upstream causes to downstream effects).
What is smart or wise?
To understand all these inter-connections is beyond any one person or field of knowledge – we need a collaborative learning and thinking, and some kind of collective intelligence to put it all together. This emerges from system transformation, not only in material systems but in cognitive-conscious systems, as seen in three distinct Modes of organization:
• Mode-I: functional growth/change, in a ‘clever ’ system: the ‘city as machine’. (Where to put 5000 houses is a Mode-I kind of problem).
• Mode-II: biological evolution, with ‘smart ’ systems: the ‘city as jungle’. (How to build houses with more profit is a Mode-II problem of innovation and competition, and it seems ‘smart’ systems for winners often lead to ‘unsmart’ results for the losers).
• Mode-III: human co-evolution, through ‘wise ’ systems: the ‘city as civilization’. (How to foster a liveable commu-nity is a Mode-III kind of problem).
What’s a synergistic pathway?
If we know where and how to travel, we could use a ‘route-map’, but if goals are fuzzy and routes are uncertain, we need a pathway mapping. A pathway here is based on synergies between two or more domains (social, technical, economic etc), which can bypass or bridge present-day gaps and barriers. For transformation from ‘problems’ or syndromes (generally from clever or smart systems), to ‘responses’ and synergies (generally wise or wiser systems), we look for ‘synergistic pathways from smart to wise’.
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These are ways of learning and thinking and creating which use collective intelligence to connect present problems with future opportunities. We design such processes of connection with pathway mappings, with the help of cartoons and diagrams. These mappings are generated through a four-stage circular process (with the shorthand ’4-S’):
• System-mapping (baselines): the existing system and prob-lems on the table (with a process stage of ‘co-learning’);
• Scenario-mapping (changes): the dynamics of change and alternative futures (the ‘co-knowing’ stage);
• Synergy-mapping (visions): opportunities, innovations, transformations (the ‘co-creation’ or ‘co-design’ stage);
• Strategy-mapping (pathways): route-maps, policies and projects (the practical stage of ‘co-production’).
These ‘structures of thinking’ – the deeper-wider-further scope, the different Modes of collective intelligence and the 4-S process model – are all combined in a practical Toolkit (Chapter 3). Each of the 40 pathways in this book have emerged through and alongside the Toolkit itself. For others to use the Toolkit in the world out there, see the guidance in Chapter 10 on the Collabo-ratorium (‘laboratory of collaboration’) and the Multi-versity (a community where everyone learns with, by and from everyone).
1-4 Where to start? Book-in-useThe book aims to weave deeper concepts and questions, with wider visuals and narratives. This Prologue sketches the big ques-tions, the ‘big picture’ of visual thinking, and some first FAQs (frequently asked questions). Following that, Chapter 2 is about ‘Prospects’ with some hindsight and foresight. Chapter 3 sets out the Toolkits for the synergistic method and the pathway mappings. Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, each explore the five main domains – Cities, Economies, Ecologies, Technologies and Politics – and, in each, the pathways ‘from smart to wise’. Chapter 9 looks at the further ‘Insights’ on intelligence, resilience, evaluation and foresight. Chapter 10 looks at ‘Local-Global’, from the personal to the politi-cal, and sketches the uses and user pathways going forwards. This is all visualized at the upper part (a) of Book-In-USe (Figure 1-4).
Finally, for a fresh angle, the storyline of Chapter 11 jumps into a near future of ‘Mind-Games’, where the ideas in this book are have become reality. In the Mind-Game workshop, five chapters are taken up into five stories, each told by their players, and each playing a different game (named after ‘Monopoly’): Civil-opoly, Econ-opoly, Planet-opoly, Techno-poly and Polito-poly. The object of each game is simple – to turn competition into collaboration. And while the players question and argue, deeper and wider pos-sibilities begin to emerge, but not in the way we expected . . .
Pathway mapping pages
You will see that each section of each chapter has a full page (like an old-style ‘plate’) of pictures and diagrams. The first page/plate in each chapter is a ‘Landscape’, which sets the scene, with
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a Systems-Mapping and Scenarios-Mapping. Then the following pages show the 40 pathway mappings. The titles are put in Bold-ItalIc-capS, and ending with a ‘III’ – e.g. ‘hoUSIng-III’ or ‘Food-III’. The ‘III’ is shorthand for a Mode-III system, one based on collec-tive intelligence. One single page on ‘hoUSIng-III’ or ‘Food-III’ can’t answer all possible questions on the transformation of housing or food, but it can sketch some likely pathways all to be fol-lowed up. Each title appears in many places through the book, which reflects the reality of many inter-connections: for instance a Low-Carb City is not only about carbon, it’s about economics, politics, culture, design and so on. This also comes up in the boxes marked ‘Overview ’, which are signposts for the landscape of thinking on similar lines.
The subtitle of each chapter section is the same as its pathway mapping page and is seen in italics. In the e-book version these titles are hyper-linked for easy cross-referencing. There’s more detail on the pathway mappings in the online resources.
Each visual pathway mapping page shows variations on a structure (lower part (b) of Book-In-USe). Each page has cartoons above and diagrams below, each to suit a different part of the brain. And each page is structured around transformation and co-evolution: on the left side are present-day problems and ‘syn-dromes’, generally Mode-I and Mode-II systems. On the right side, we see future opportunities and ‘synergies’, generally with a Mode-III collective intelligence. (In some mappings the Modes-I, II and III each appear in separate columns). Where space allows, a change mapping appears above and a pathway mapping below.
All these are works-in-progress, distilled from countless flip-charts on many projects on many themes in many countries. So, the book has an unofficial sub-sub-title – ‘designing the future one flipchart at a time’.
Each of the thematic Chapters 4–8 follows roughly the logic of the four-part ’4-S’ cycle. It starts with the overall landscape, with systems-mapping for the present day, and scenario-mapping for the future. Then it looks at each section in more detail, starting with the local, and working up from there, and focusing on the synergy-mapping for visions and opportunities, and strategy-mapping of likely pathways. Finally, each chapter comes back to a bigger picture, with a sketch of how the parts fit together, with the synergistic ‘pathways from smart to wise’.
How to use the book
Readers can find uses for this B.O.O.K. (a ‘Box of Organized Knowledge’, in the words of Anthony Burgess) in different ways:
• A desktop handbook for systems thinkers and designers (following the example of Alexander’s ‘Pattern Language’, here’s a kind of Pathway Language).6 If you have ever thought about the possibility of ‘intelligent money’, for instance, (or at least something a little less stupid), the pathway mappings at FInance-III (Figure 5-5) could have useful clues – no final answers or blueprints, but a practical guide with signposts and links to other parallel pathways,
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such as local-onomIcS-III (Figure 5-2) or e/valUatIon-III (Figure 9-2).
• As a narrative or journey or ‘atlas of the future’, asking some very big questions – e.g. how would ‘intelligent money’ actually work, and how could it be achieved?
• As a source book and experiment in synergistic thinking – text, reviews, diagrams, cartoons and storylines, all part of an ongoing enquiry.
Further questions
Some might ask, is this whole project too utopian, with such talk of collective intelligence? What about the darker side of power and inequality, crisis and conflict? The prospects seem darker and more ominous every day, and there are no easy answers. Clearly the ‘wiser’ economIeS-III (Figure 5-7) or polItIcalS-III (Figure 8-7) are at great risk from ‘smarter’ predatory capital or aggressive power. In each case we sketch some possible responses – co-option, subversion, confrontation, or perhaps ‘building a new system which makes the old one obsolete’, as Buckminster Fuller put it. We don’t have to look far for dark and dystopian futures: ‘Cities’ (Chapter 4) looks at sprawl and seg-regation; ‘Economies’ (Chapter 5) goes for predatory and self-destructive finance. For ‘Ecologies’ (Chapter 6) it’s the doctrine of MADDER (‘Mutually Assured Destruction and Depletion of Ecosystems and Resources’). In ‘Technologies’ (Chapter 7), the existential challenge of artificial intelligence (AI), leads straight into ‘Politicals’ (Chapter 8) with extreme inequality and SADDER (‘Social-cultural Alienation and Disruption of Emotional Resil-ience’) (see the Abbreviations in Table 12-2). Each of these is about transformation in the outer material world, which seems to work in parallel with that of the inner personal world. So this book finishes just where the next book is called for – proposals are welcome! – on ‘inner pathways’, for cultural, psychological, ethical and spiritual dimensions.
Second, you will see this book doesn’t have catchy anecdotes, or self-help checklists, or sound-bite statistics. It doesn’t put up the brave sustainability ‘good guys’ against the corporate popu-list ‘bad guys’ for a daily checklist of outrage. For Low-Carb cities and other themes, many other books cover the science, politics, economics, or the ten-point plans. Here the focus is on the inter-connections and the possibility of deeper transformation from syndromes to synergies, via the pathways ‘from smart to wise’.
Third, these 40 pathway mappings don’t provide ‘the answer’. Everything here is in flux – finance, governance, technologies, lifestyles – way beyond any textbooks or manuals – and every sector in every city is different. So, this book doesn’t claim fixed truths or silver bullet solutions. Its methods were developed and tested in many places and many sectors, with a creative learn-ing process in each. A shortlist includes (2016–2019): ‘smart-wise cities’ in India and UK, risk and resilience in Melbourne, low-carbon transition in Qatar, future of the labour movement in the EU, prospects for the European Research Area, transfor-mation to ‘beyond cities’ in Finland, squatters’ livelihoods in
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Mexico, climate-proofing the peri-urban in 21 cities around the world, and in Manchester many themes in low-carbon, socio-ecosystems, circular economy, multi-level governance and com-munity development.
Fourth, this book sets a challenge for ‘knowledge’, as explored in ScIence-III, (Figure 7-6) or deepeR-mInd-III (Figure 9-1). What kind of research can work with cognitive or deeper complexity and inter-connectedness, and still be ‘robust science’? Mean-while there’s a practical question of citations, of which many are attached to the ‘overview’ boxes in each chapter – mini litera-ture reviews with sources and signposts. At the moment most prime scientific literature sits in exclusive enclaves protected by paywalls (this is now changing fast). In practice, anyone can start with the citations here to search online, and in a few seconds they will find open access papers, Wikipedia pages or reviews, forums or blogs. The challenge is not so much in finding infor-mation, more about how to navigate and make sense of an infor-matic jungle, and the mappings here should help.
Overall this book is a journey into the art of the possible, a quest for human co-evolution. It’s a kind of Collaboratorium itself, or Multi-versity, an experimental zone for collaborative (co)-learning and co-creation. It aims to explore systematically beyond normal boundaries, ‘deeper, wider, further’. It points to a new kind of operating system of ‘Mode-III’ collective intelligence. It proposes a post-post-capitalism, or a ‘pre-co-opolism’, to coin a new term, for envisioning and debate.
Deeper City then raises the greatest challenge of all, a One Planet Hypothesis, on possible alternatives to human self-destruction and/or enslavement. It sketches and maps 40 syn-ergistic pathways ‘from smart to wise’, in cities, economies, ecologies, technologies and politics, from local to global. But this is hardly a beginning. There are countless and endless pathways to explore, in such very interesting times . . .
Notes1 UN-HRC 20192 Cohen 20123 Adamson and Lang 2014
4 Ravetz and Ravetz 20165 Sousanis 20156 Alexander et al 1977
References 1 Ravetz 2000 2 Ringland et al 2010; Elahi 2011 3 Watkins et al 2017 4 Alexander, Silverstein & Ishikawa 1977 5 Meadows 2008 6 Clayton & Radcliffe 1996; Beer 1966 7 Folke, Colding & Berkes 2002; Waltner-
Toews, Kay & Lister 2009 8 Mulgan, 2016; Argyris & Schön 1996; Yang
& Shan 2008 9 Latour 200510 Wilber 200011 Thompson, Grendstad & Selle 199912 Fiske 199113 Rittel & Webber 1973:14 Darling 2009; Jones 2009; Murdoch 200615 Bathelt & Glückler 2003; Sunley 200816 Emirbayer 1997; Crossley 201017 Ferguson et al 2005; Grandori 200618 Healey 200719 Geels 200420 Corning 199521 Loveridge 200922 Funtowicz & Ravetz 199423 Leach, Scoones & Stirling 201024 Bhaskar 199825 Scharmer 2007; Nachmanovitch 200726 Barnes 200627 Pielke 201428 Moser 201429 Cañeque and Hart 201530 Cohen 201231 Checkland & Scholes 199032 Inayatullah 201133 Reynolds & Holwell 201034 Hajer 199535 Ringland, Sparrow & Lustig 201036 Horn 201537 Atlee 200338 Ravetz & Ravetz 201639 WEF 2015; CIA 2015; MOD 201540 Graphics first published in Duckworth et al
201641 Bostrom 201442 Ford 201643 CIA report; MOD report44 WEF, 201445 Costanza et al 201446 WWF 201247 Rockstrom & Klum 201448 Barrett, Ravetz & Bond 200649 Berners-Lee & Clark 201350 Zlatev et al 201051 Kelley et al 201552 Taleb 2012; Lenton 201353 www.bemine.fi54 Ravetz & Miles 201655 Duckworth et al 201656 Ravetz & Miles 2016
57 Piorr, Ravetz & Tosics 201158 Greater Manchester (GM) is the name of
the former county, and now includes 10 freestanding authorities (2 cities and 8 boroughs). Manchester City is the largest and covers the regional centre. The AGMA (Association of Greater Manchester Authorities) hosts the GM Combined Authority with various executive functions.
59 Ravetz 200060 Sherriff 201361 Ravetz 200862 Goodhart 201763 Shaxson & Christensen 201564 OBR 201865 Wiedmann et al 200666 Stuckler & Basu, 2013; JRF 201667 Brenner 201368 Lovelock 2001; Vernadsky 198669 de Chardin 1955 1 Thompson, Grendstad & Selle 1999 2 Latour 2005 3 Ravetz 2000 4 Loveridge 2008 5 Checkland & Scholes 1990 6 EEA 2000 7 Inayatullah 2011 8 Sharpe and Williams 2013 9 Gunderson & Holling 200110 IPCC, 2001; Piorr, Ravetz and Tosics 201111 Wilson 200012 Phaal, Farrukh & Probert 200713 Thaler & Sunstein 200814 Ravetz 2011, 2013; Horn 201515 Alexander, Silverstein & Ishikawa 197716 Sousanis 2015 1 Ravetz 1991 2 UN-Habitat 2016 3 Brenner 2013 4 WEF 2017 5 Brand 1994 6 Cohen 2012; Ernstsson et al 2010; Hamilton
2008; Gaffney 1978 7 Glaeser 2011; MGI 2017; Katz and Bradley
2013 8 Raco & Lees 2014 9 Welter 2003; Mumford 1961; Jacobs 196510 MGI 201811 Sennett 2013; Koolhaas 201412 Ove Arup 201413 Minton 200914 Revi et al 201415 Raco & Lees 2014; Stuckler & Basu, 2013;
Keegan, 201416 UN-Habitat 201617 Harvey 2008; Lefebvre 2003; de Soto 200018 IOM 2015; Saunders 2010
19 For instance: EEA 2015; OECD 2015; MGI 2011
20 Pesaresi et al 201621 UN-Habitat 2016; Neuwirth 200522 Butler 201523 Soja 2000; Kasarda & Lindsay 201124 Krane 2009; Ravetz, 201325 McGuirk 201426 Piorr, Ravetz & Tosics 201127 West 2017; Brenner 201328 Gunderson & Holling 200129 Ravetz 2014; see www.shrinkingcities.com30 Jiang & O’Neill 201531 Piorr, Ravetz & Tosics 201132 Aerni 201633 Jacobs 196534 Rudlin & Falk 199935 Ravetz 201736 Hedge Clippers 2016; The Guardian 201737 Boo 201238 UNICEF 201639 Brookfield 201740 Hamdi 200441 Illich 1973; Amin and Thrift 200242 Portas 2011; Gibson 200843 See: www.borsig11.de44 IOM, 201545 Weinstein 201446 Arias 199347 Ravetz 200148 Shelter 201549 Dorling 2017a50 NHF 201651 Ravetz 200852 Turnbull 200753 Ravetz 2017; Brand 199454 Holliss 2015:55 Lang & Adamson 201456 Compass Housing 201757 Vasudevan 2017; McGuirk 201458 Brand 199459 Bouzarovski 201560 ONS 201161 Guertler & Rosenow 201662 Shrubsole et al 201463 Ravetz 200864 IKEA 201665 Boardman 201066 SDC 200667 Yunus with Weber 200868 Ravetz 201069 Hand & Shove 200470 RAE 201371 Pawlyn 201172 Hall 2001, Ravetz 200073 Hanson 2014; Menzies 201474 Robson 201675 Goodhart 201776 Phelps 2011
77 Kasarda & Lindsay 201178 Muggah 201679 Raco and Lees 201480 Ashby 195681 Howard 190182 Welter 200383 Batty 2013, Bettencourt 201384 Soja 200085 Scott 200886 Davis 200587 Shoard 1983; Symmons & Farley 201188 Rudlin 201489 Bauman 2008; Cooper and al Waer 201790 Brenner 201391 Rajan 201992 McGuirk 2014:93 Ravetz, Fertner & Nielsen 201394 Soja 200095 Stein 197196 Rajan 201997 Tetlow & Goss 196598 Rapoport 197799 Augé 1999
100 Kasarda & Lindsay 2011101 Newman & Kenworthy 1999102 Newman, Kosonen & Kenworthy 2016103 Piorr, Ravetz & Tosics 2011104 EEA 2006105 Garreau 1991; Henderson 2005106 De Marino & Lapintie 2017107 Soja 2000108 Tachieva 2010109 CPRE 2011. See: www.greenbelt.ca110 Piorr, Ravetz & Tosics 2011; Low Choy 2010111 Girardet 2014112 Vasudevan 2017113 Gibson 1998; Alexander, Silverstein &
Ishikawa 1977114 Ravetz 1995115 Farrell 2013116 Healey 2007; Karvonen 2011117 Arbib 2010118 RTPI 2001; DG-REGIO 2011119 Arnstein 1969; Ravetz 1999120 Newman 1972121 Bauman 2008; Lewis & Conaty 2012122 See www.metroquest.com123 Ravetz 2017124 Welter 2003125 Gunderson & Holling 2001126 Martinez-Fernandez et al 2012127 Cugurullo 2013128 Fusco Girard & Nijkamp 2011129 Rudlin 2014130 Deakin 2009131 Fisher 2009132 Lang & Adamson 2014; Bowman et al 2014133 Mishra 2017; Zukin 2010134 Mitchell 2014; Heben 2014
135 Ravetz 2015136 Lewis & Conaty 2014137 Batalla & Ribera-Fumaz 2015
1 GM Food Poverty Alliance 2014 2 Murphy & Palan 2015; Blyth 2013; Elliott &
Atkinson 2012 3 We distinguish ‘collective intelligence’
from related terms such as business or financial intelligence.
4 RSA 2016; Bullough 2018 5 Taibbi 2010 6 Corning 2018 7 Kennet 2011; Raworth 2017; Daly & Farley 2011 8 Tapscott & Williams 2007; Boutang 2012 9 Ostrom 2005; Sedlácˇek 2011; Bowman
et al 201310 Bathelt & Glückler 2003; Scott 200811 Beinhocker 2006; Barnes 2006; Drucker
1993; Mason 201512 UNDP 201613 Berners-Lee & Clark 201314 Ravetz 2006b15 Hardin 196816 ceteris paribus, meaning ‘all other things
being equal’, a common economic assumption which justifies much reductive thinking.
17 Porritt 2005; Munasinghe 200918 Schwab 201519 Rifkin 2014; Mason 201520 Zuboff 201721 Glaeser 2011; Katz & Bradley 2013;
Bettencourt, 201322 Smith 2008; Harvey 200223 Centre for Cities 2016; Stuckler and Basu
201324 Cooke 2012; Komninos 200825 Geiselberger 201726 Bowman et al 201327 Ravetz & Warhurst 2013; Hanson 201428 Moran & Williams 201529 SQW & Cambridge Econometrics 201630 Fisher 201431 Myrdal, 195732 Ravetz 2013a33 Shaxson & Christensen 201534 Hüfner 2010, Fisher 201435 Morgan 1997; Bathelt & Glückler 2011;
Cooke 201236 Normann & Ramirez 1998; Allee 2003;
Hausmann et al 201137 Schot & Steinmueller 201838 Goddard & Vallance 2013; Uyarra &
Flanagan 201039 Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff 2000; Carrillo et al
201440 Hodson et al 201941 Glover 2013; Lewis & Conaty 2012
42 König 2013; Mind-Lab 2015; Scholl & Kemp 2016
43 Leadbeater 200944 Evans, Karvonen & Raven 201645 Hawken 199746 Jackson 2009; Raworth 201747 Webster 201748 Unilever CEO Paul Polman, pers.comm,
One Planet Business Forum 201149 UNEP & International Resource Panel 201450 Hausmann et al 201151 Schwab 201552 Miller 2010, www.storyofstuff.com53 Thaler & Sunstein 200854 Botsman & Rogers 201155 Circle Economy 2016; Ellen MacArthur
Foundation 201256 ING 2015; Yunus with Weber 200857 Lombardi & Laybourn 201258 Barrett, Ravetz & Bond 2006; Ravetz 200859 Note: the simple word ‘model’ has multiple
meanings here: a business proposition, a framework of ideas or a simulation of a complex system.
60 Benko, Anderson & Vickberg 201161 Future Laboratory 201562 Slee 201663 Databuild 201264 Normann & Ramirez 1998; Allee 200365 Osterwalder et al 201066 Chen, Chen & Huang 201367 Beer 199468 Mackey & Sisodia 2013; The Guardian
201869 Bendell and Doyle 201470 Volans 201871 Ringland, Sparrow & Lustig 201072 CSIRO & University of Sydney 200573 www.alara.co.uk74 Stiglitz 201075 Mainelli & Giffords 200976 Z/Yen Group 2014; Berwin Leighton
Paisner 201577 Bullough 201878 Graeber 201179 Bank of England 201480 Blowfield & Johnson 201381 Glover 201382 Yunus with Weber 200883 Bathelt & Glückler 2011; Hall & Soskice
200184 Scrieciu, Barker & Ackerman 201385 Berners-Lee and Clark 201386 Lohmann 200687 Stern 201588 Grubb, Hourcade & Neuhoff 201489 Giddens 200990 Oxfam 201791 Guez & Zaouati 2015
92 Bullough 201893 Palmer 201594 Henderson & Brown 201395 Z/Yen Group 201496 Ravetz & Warhurst 201397 Tax Justice Network 201998 Elliott & Atkinson 2012; Shaxson and
Christensen 201599 Centre for Cities 2016
100 IPPR 2017101 Forrest & Murie 2014102 Meacher 2014103 Hutton 2015104 Stiglitz 2010105 Maxton & Randers 2016106 Jackson 2009107 Daly & Farley 2011108 Fumagalli & Lucarelli 2007; Boutang 2012109 Sedlácˇek 2011; Blyth 2013; Dorling 2017110 Beinhocker 2006111 Ravetz 2006b112 Bowman et al 2013113 Stiglitz & Greenwald 2014114 Mazzucato 2012
1 Tippett, Handley & Ravetz 20072 www.ketso.com3 Bateson 1979; Næss 1989; Kimmerer 20134 Lewis & Maslin 20185 Keyes 20046 WBCSD 19987 MEA 2005; Defra 2013; WBCSD 20078 Pearce & Barbier 20009 Costanza et al 1997, 2014
10 WWF 201211 WEF 201412 Steffen et al 201513 Lenton 201314 WEF 201415 Raworth 201716 EAT-Lancet Commission 201917 Gunderson & Holling, 2001; Waltner-
Toews, Kay & Lister 200918 Hardin 196819 Ostrom 200520 IPCC 200021 Geels 200522 Grubb, Hourcade & Neuhoff 201423 West 201724 see http://peri-cene.net; www.periurban.in25 McGranahan 2006; Ravetz 2006a26 Pesaresi et al 201827 Seto, Güneralp & Hutyra 2012; Güneralp et
al 201328 Butler 201529 Haase et al 201430 Cugurullo 201331 Pretty 200232 Ginn & Francis 201433 Hertwich & Peters 2009
34 NEF 201235 Zenghelis & Stern 201536 Haberl et al 200437 Wiedmann et al 200638 Forster & Escudero 201439 Douglas & Ravetz 201140 TEEB 2010, Defra 201341 von Weizsacker, Lovins & Lovins 199742 Girardet 2014, Lehmann 2015; Alberti 2016;
Benyus 200243 Giddens 2009; Hulme 201344 Anderson 201545 Fracking = ‘Hydraulic rock fracturing for
shale gas extraction’46 Clark et al 201647 Mayer 201648 Gouldson et al 201649 WEC 201650 www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/
feb/15/europe-climate-change-goals-need-profound-lifestyle-changes-european-commission
51 Grubb, Hourcade & Neuhoff 201452 Scrieciu, Barker & Ackerman 201353 EEA 199554 Hardin 196855 Lohmann 200656 Klein 201457 Heynen, Kaika & Swyngedouw 200658 Ali 200959 Ostrom 200560 WEC 201661 Scrieciu, Barker & Ackerman 201362 Funk 201463 www.carbon.coop, http://gmlch.
ontheplatform.org.uk/64 Nesbit 2018; IPCC 201465 Fischer, Meissner, Mix et al 201866 Martens, McEvoy & Chang 2009; Karvonen
201167 Gleick 201468 Revi et al 201469 Pitt 200870 Martens, McEvoy & Chang 2009; Karvonen
201171 Connelly et al 201872 McEvoy, Lindley & Handley 200673 Defra 2013; TEEB 201074 Nesbit 201875 Monbiot 201576 McGee 200977 Circle-21 201478 Vanclay et al 200479 Bourne 201580 IAASTD 200981 EAT-Lancet 201982 FAO 201583 Children’s Society 201684 WWF-UK 2010
85 CDC 2015; WHO 201586 E.g. www.takepart.com/foodinc87 George 201288 Lang & Heasman 201589 IPES-Food 201690 Despommier 201191 http://avrdc.org/92 Ravetz & Warhurst 2013; www.
incredibleedibletodmorden.org.uk93 Simms 200794 Stuckler & Basu 201395 www.greatermanchester-ca.gov.uk/
ourpeopleourplace :96 Ravetz 200097 Clutterbuck 201798 Eftec 2019; Ravetz et al 202099 Defra 2013
100 Gouldson & Murphy 1998; Ravetz 2000
1 Botsman 20172 Wang 20173 Morozov 2013; Sennett 2013; Zuboff 20174 BEIS 20135 Mulgan 2016; Atlee 20136 Belkhir & Elmeligi 20187 Arthur 20098 Gibson 19849 Greenfield 2013
10 McGranahan 2006, Ravetz, 2006a11 Duckworth et al 201612 Shroff 2013; Tegmark 201713 Hermann, Pentek & Otto 2016; Blowfield &
Johnson 2013; Tapscott and Williams 200714 Weaver & Shannon 196315 Shroff 2013; Dormehl 201616 Argyris & Schön 1996: Levy 199917 Kasparov 201718 Kurzweil 2005; Bostrom 201419 Cugurullo 2013; Sennett, Sassen & Burdett
201820 Townsend 201321 Roy 201622 Sennett 2012; Viitanen & Kingston 201423 Zuboff 201924 Ford 201625 Mostashari et al 201126 See http://complexitys.com/
english/44-fabbing-cities-barcelona-fab-city/27 Anderson 200628 Morozov 201329 Valtorta et al 201630 Gilroy-Ware 201731 Gordon & de Souza 2011; Hudson-Smith
2008; Hardey 200732 Greenfield 2013; Townsend 201333 Curwell et al 200534 Albrechts & Mandelbaum 2006; Viitanen
and Kingston 201435 Poonam 2018
36 Bartlett 201837 Viitanen & Kingston 2014; Zuboff 201738 Foer 201839 Gilroy-Ware 2017; Botsman 201740 Cilfone et al 201941 AI Now Institute 201742 Cottam 201843 Arnstein 196944 Noveck 2015, Christakis & Fowler 201045 See www.cityverve.org.uk46 See www.oecd.org/pisa/47 Morgan 199748 Cooke, 201249 ‘Ecosystem’ is often used to describe the
‘innovation system’ of actors and factors50 Komninos 200851 Forsyth 201552 Lee Olson & Trimi 201253 From www.openlivinglabs.eu/, Voytenko
et al 2015, May & Perry 201654 Etzkowitz 2008; König & Evans 201355 Goddard & Vallance 201356 Uyarra & Flanagan 201457 Landry 200058 Freire 2014; Illich 1971; Ravetz 197359 Morin 2002; Hicks 2001; Clarke 201160 Ford 2016; Schwab 201561 Lynch 201662 Argyris & Schön 1996; Elia & Poce 2010.63 CIPD 2015; UNICEF UK 201364 Keats & Schmidt 200765 Egan 200466 Thornton May 201167 Ravetz 197368 Leicester 2012; Curry & Hodgson 200869 Crow & Dabars 2015; Randles & Laasch 201570 Note: we use ‘R&I’ for ‘research and
innovation’, a common shorthand for a range including ‘R&D’ (research and development), ‘RTD’ (research and technology development) or ‘STI’ (science, technology, innovation)
71 Sayer, 201472 ERA Expert Group 2008; Duckworth et al
201673 Cornell et al 201374 d’Ancona 201775 Kimmerer 201376 Smith & Stern 201177 Pielke 2014; Ravetz 200478 Kelley et al 2015; Selby & Hulme 201579 Nerlich 201080 https://charterforcompassion.org/81 Vanclay et al 200482 Ravetz 201383 Benessia et al 201684 Miedema 2012; Nowotny, Scott & Gibbons
200385 Grubb, Hourcade & Neuhoff 2014
86 Stacey 2010; Leach, Scoones & Stirling 2010; Ravetz 2006
87 Balducci & Mäntysalo 2013; Zlatev et al 201088 Ravetz & Ravetz 2016; Horn 2015; Ravetz
201389 Ford 2016; Morozov 201390 Taleb 2012; Homer-Dixon 2006
1 Young, 20162 Goodwin and Eatwell 20183 Sieden 20114 Foucault 19975 Beer 19946 Westall 20137 Landemore 20138 Mulgan 20169 Tapscott & Williams 2007
10 Kakutani 201811 Green 201612 Goodwin & Eatwell 201813 Argyris and Schön 199614 Surowiecki 200515 Frase 201616 Draca and Schwarz 201917 Ravetz 199518 Barber 201319 Soja 2000; Ravetz, Fertner & Nielsen 201320 EC 2008; DG-REGIO 201121 Mair 201322 National Audit Office 201623 Meek 201524 Ravetz 200025 Ravetz & Connelly 201826 Bateman et al 2010; Betancur 200727 Soja 200028 Piorr, Ravetz & Tosics 201229 Ravetz, Fertner & Nielsen 201330 Osterwalder et al 201031 Johanson and Vakkuri 201832 Kostera 201433 Ringland, Sparrow & Lustig 201034 Beer 1966, Espinosa and Walker 201235 Bookchin 2005; Corning 201836 Ravetz 200437 Williamson 198538 Allee 200339 Johanson & Vakkuri 201840 Meek 201541 Endenburg 199842 Murray 2010; Mazzarol et al 201443 Espinosa & Walker 201244 Ornstein 200345 Parkin 201046 UNICEF-UK 201647 Stuckler & Basu 2013; Watkins et al 201748 Dorling 2017b49 RSA 201650 Fisher 201251 JRF 2016, Oxfam 201452 NAO 201853 Reinhart & Rogoff 2010; Wren-Lewis 2015
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1 CIPD, 2015 2 Stiglitz & Greenwald 2014 3 Terminology note: here we define collective
intelligence as a quality of the whole system, and deeper mind as a quality of the various actors or factors within the system (see the Glossary in Chapter 12)
4 Argyris & Schön 1996; Elia & Poce 2010 5 Tosey, Visser & Saunders 2012 6 Nonaka & Toyama 2005 7 Piaget & Inhelder 1973 8 Landemore & Elster 2012 9 Ostrom 200510 Axelrod 198411 Beinhocker 200612 Apperly 201013 Hardin 196814 Axelrod 198415 Terminology note: ‘business intelligence’
or ‘military intelligence’ have more specific meanings, as in covert or asymmetric information: ‘collective intelligence’ is also used to mean digital social media information/exchange. Here we use ‘collective intelligence’ in its wider sense. Also note the Institute for Co-Intelligence uses ‘co-intelligence’ (see the Glossary in Chapter 12)
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Wamsler 201057 Folke, Colding & Berkes 2002; Evans 201158 Martens, McEvoy & Chang 200959 Revi et al 201460 Smit and Wandel 2006; Yohe
and Tol 200261 White and O’Hare 201462 Rajan & Byravan 201963 MGI 2017, Gowing and Langdon 201664 www.gov.uk/government/collections/
land-use-futures65 Loveridge 2009; Georghiou et al 2008; Miles,
Saritas & Sokolov 201666 Rohrbeck & Kum 201867 Barré 201468 Robinson et al 2011; Mulgan 201669 Bezold 2009; Ravetz & Miles 201670 Inayatullah 201171 O’Riordan & Lenton 2013; Hiltunen 200672 Turnheim et al 201573 Mazzucato 201274 Florida 200275 Geels 200576 Rotmans, Kemp & van Asselt 200177 Freeman & Louçã 200178 Beinhocker 200679 Grubb, Hourcade & Neuhoff 201480 Schot & Steinmueller 201881 Ravetz & Miles 2016; Ravetz 2015
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https://ourworldindata.org/global-economic-inequality
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