310

TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES FORFOR PERSONALPERSONAL COACHINGCOACHING ANDAND

SELFSELF COACHINGCOACHING

Dean Amory

311

Title: Techniques for Personal Coaching and Self CoachingCompiled by: Dean AmoryDean_Amory@hotmail.comPublisher: Edgard Adriaens, Belgiumeddyadriaens@yahoo.comISBN: 978-1-4716-6888-3© Copyright 2011, Edgard Adriaens, Belgium, - All Rights Reserved.

This book has been compiled based on the contents of trainings, information found in other books and using the internet. It contains a number of articles and coaching models indicated by TM or © or containing a reference to the original author. Whenever you cite such an article or use a coaching model in a commercial situation, please credit the source or check with the IP -owner. If you are aware of a copyright ownership that I have not identified or credited, please contact me at: eddyadriaens@yahoo.com

The greatest good you can do for another is not just to share your riches, but to reveal to him his own. – Benjamin Disrael

312

Cover picture: Sam & Jeffrey Adriaens - Fuenzalida

313

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................316

3 TECHNIQUES FOR COACHING ..............................3173.1. ACTIVE LISTENING ...................................................3173.2. ASKING QUESTIONS ..................................................3303.3 HERON’S 6 CATEGORIES OF INTERVENTION ....3603.4 RESPONSIVENESS .......................................................3623.5 GIVING FEEDBACK.....................................................3643.6 FRAMING - REFRAMING ...........................................3723.7 REALITY CHECK .........................................................3833.8 SCALING TECHNIQUES.............................................3853.9 EXTERNALISING OF PROBLEMS ...........................3893.10 CREATING RAPPORT ...............................................3933.11 COLLABORATION BUILDING ................................4023.12 SAYING “NO”...............................................................4223.13 I-MESSAGES ................................................................4323.14 ADVISING .....................................................................4403.15 CREATIVE THINKING ..............................................4493.16 TURNING PROBLEMS INTO POSSIBILITIES .....4913.17 SUMMARIZE, EVALUATE AND WRAP UP ...........4983.18 ENACTING ...................................................................5093.19 THE MIRACLE QUESTION.......................................5253.20 SHARING INFORMATION........................................5303.21 SELF DISCLOSURE ....................................................5333.22 USING INTUITION......................................................5423.23 RECOGNISE LIFE PATTERNS.................................5503.24 BREAKING THE DRAMA TRIANGLE....................6043.25 VOICE DIALOGUE .....................................................6113.26 CONFRONTATION .....................................................6153.27 PROVOCATION...........................................................632

314

3.28 MINDFULNESS............................................................6383.29 HOMEWORK ...............................................................6473.30 HUMOR .........................................................................6483.31 RESPECT.......................................................................6513.32 AFFIRM, COMPLIMENT, CELEBRATE ................6553.33 PAYING ATTENTION ................................................6613.34 TRUST............................................................................6643.35 ALLOWING TIME AND SPACE ...............................6663.36 COPING .........................................................................6783.37 DIAGNOSING...............................................................6883.38 THE PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ..............6973.39 TRACKING ...................................................................7113.40 JOINING .......................................................................7223.41 PARADOXICAL INTERVENTION...........................7263.42 EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE ...................................7283.43 THE HUNGER ILLUSION..........................................7303.44 VALIDATE, INTENSIFY, EMPHASIZE...................7333.45 CHALLENGE EXISTING PATTERNS .....................7473.46 SOLUTIONS AND SUCCESSES TO DATE ..............7513.47 USING SUGGESTIVE COMMUNICATION............7633.48 THE POWER OF “YES”..............................................7843.49 VISUALIZATION.........................................................7863.50 BORROWED GENIUS.................................................8393.51 IMMEDIACY ................................................................8433.52 CHALLENGING THE COACHEE ............................8453.53 MODELLING................................................................8503.54 PROBLEM ANALYSIS................................................8583.55 POSITIVITY ................................................................8643.56 HEAD ON COLLISION ...............................................8673.57 TRANSFERENCE INTERPRETATION ..................8703.58 PRIMAL THERAPY ....................................................8733.59 FOCUSING....................................................................875

315

Techniques for Personal Coaching and Self Coaching

INTRODUCTION

This is the second in a series of three books about Personal coaching.

Part 1, “Personal Coaching” is about what Personal Coaching is and offers a surview of the most popular models for Personal Coaching (or “Life Coaching”) and Self Coaching.

Part 2, “Techniques for Personal Coaching and Self Coaching” introduces you to the most powerful coaching techniques in use and describes the most successful questions and strategies for coaching.

Part 3, “Essential Knowledge for Personal Coaches”, is a practical standard reference work highlighting the knowledge and skills that are indispensable for anybody who is considering life coaching as a career or as a serious self coaching process,

Dean Amory's Complete Life Coaching and Personal Coaching Course is your best guide for coaching your coachees and yourself towards maximizing your life potential and achieving a happier and more fulfilled life. Personal Coaching is an invaluable training manual for anybody who takes life coaching seriously.

316

3.1 ACTIVE LISTENING

Listening is an art. A lot of people stop talking and in their mind they're already trying to think of what they're going to say next. That is not really listening. If you are (pre)occupied with your own thoughts, then there is no room for the coachee anymore. Not really.

And even if you are listening and not busy with your own thoughts on the matter, listening is so much more than just hearing the words and being able to repeat them. To get the essence of what's being said -the words behind the words, is just as important, if not more so. While the coachee is telling his story, try to also listen for things like a slip of the tongue, jokes, omissions, recurring themes, metaphors and contradictions. They can speak volumes.

Apart from the intonations you can pick out the different emotions in the coachee's voice. Body language and other signals can strengthen or weaken the story. Contradictions are called incongruence and the coach can either keep these in mind or ask about them. Make sure you do this carefully, so the coachee won't feel caught out.

In active listening, the coach has an open and alert attitude, he's completely there for the coachee and is peeling his ears, so to speak.

To listen empathically means the coach shows a lot of understanding for what the coachee is experiencing and in a way he manages to convey this warm understanding to the coachee, who can appreciate it.

Before asking questions, we must learn to listen attentively and effectively. Active listening includes a number of

317

techniques: encouraging, paraphrasing, reflecting feelings, and summarizing. But also other techniques are important.

Body languageBody language is important. Excessive eye-contact may be felt as threatening. Not maintaining enough eye-contact on the other hand might be interpreted as a lack of interest (e.g. when listener is repeatedly looking at their watch or documents on their desk!), or as an indication that the listener is hiding information or is not sufficiently open or honest. Body language includes (affirmative) head nodding and the use of silence, which are powerful tools in any conversation.

Gerard Egan describes the correct position for listening as follows :

SOLER S : Sit squarely, face coacheeO: keep an Open postureL: Lean forward when appropriateE: maintain regular Eye contact (don’t stare)R: Relaxed body language

Show coachees that you are interested in the situations, experiences and feelings that they are communicating and that you care not only about what they are saying, but also about how this affects them.

EncouragingHumming, and short expressions like “Yes”, ”I see" … are used to confirm coachee that you are listening to him keenly. These expressions also help them to understand which part of their message is being appreciated and to elaborate on that particular topic.

318

Asking questions is another way of showing your interest and making coachees feel understood, valued, respected and listened to.

In its purest form, life coaching is a technique that uses powerful questions to facilitate you in finding your own answers. (Life-coaching for dummies – Jeni Mumford)

Clarifying and reflective questions often are a very good idea:

Examples of clarifying questions:- Tell me more about …- Go on …- I am interested to hear more about …- What did you do then?- You say …, why is this so ? - Is this always the case?

Clarifying:1. Restate what you heard the trainee say2. Listen for confirmation that what you are saying is correct3. Encourage trainees to tell you if you are right or wrong

Examples of reflective questions:- How was this different from …?- What would it look like if …?- What would happen if …?- What do you wish …?- What did you want him to do instead?- How would this impact / change … ?

Often enough, it is also very useful to repeat in some way what they have said.

This forces coachees to concentrate on what you are saying, thus helping them to take some distance from their own story and obtain an improved general view of the whole

319

situation. By repeating coachees’ messages, you also stimulate their thought process, without introducing new subjects.

Different options to repeat a message are available:

1. Parroting : literally echo their exact words. Often, only the last words are repeated (mirror-questions) in an invitation to amplify on them. The use of parroting should however be limited, since hearing your own words echoed repeatedly soon becomes very annoying.

2. Repeating Content: This technique goes beyond parroting: The coachee’s exact words are repeated, inviting them to elaborate on their story or to continue it.

3. Repeating Conflict: Repeat both sides of a conflict situation, opposing pros and cons stimulate coachee to make a considered choice.

4. Paraphrasing or Reflecting Meaning: Repeating coachee’s message in your own words, that is: reflecting the facts or ideas, but not the emotions and without getting emotionally involved, may open new perspectives.

Often an element of acknowledgement or positive feedback will be part of the paraphrasing, thus motivating the coachee to continue sharing.

Simultaneously, paraphrasing is- either a request for verification of your perceptions

(feedback)- or a confirmation that you have correctly understood the

message.

320

Good openings for paraphrasing are:- So you think, ….- You don’t believe that …- You don’t understand why …- So, what you are saying is …- Sounds to me like you ….- The way you see things …- To you, this means …- So, you are saying that …- I guess it is your opinion that …- If I understand correctly …- You’ve always thought …, but now you found out that …

Some manuals use the term “reflecting” to indicate reflection of meaning (thoughts) only and use “paraphrasing” for referring to reflecting thoughts AND emotions

5. Reflecting - or Repeating Feelings - is very similar to paraphrasing, but instead of reflecting the meaning, the coach now reflects the emotions that are the basis of coachee’s words. Reflecting feelings resorts a much stronger effect, because coachee will experience that the coach is not only understanding him, but is also emphatizing with his feelings.

Reflecting feelings is the basis of emphatic listening and creates rapport. Naming the feeling that you recognize in their story, helps coachees to define and explore their own feelings and become more aware of their seriousness. Reflecting is very useful also when you feel coachees are rattling information without feeling involved.

321

Good introductions for reflecting are:- You feel doubly hurt, because …- The situation is worrying you, …- You are disappointed, …- You feel it’s a shame, …- You are feeling sad, …- You were angry, because …- You don’t dare to, …- You are afraid, …- You must be very fond of him.- You feel you have failed …- You are worried that you …- You had the strong feeling that …- Yet, I notice some doubt in your voice- You don’t sound very convinced though- And yet, you sound sad. Maybe you can tell me what happened?- I sense you are still angry, troubled, mixed up, confused … maybe that’s why …

6. Clarifying brings unclear or vague subjects into sharper focus. It is useful to confirm what was said, to get supplementary information, to present fresh points of view or add details, or to shed light on new elements.

Examples:- Let me see if I’ve got it all …- Let me try to state what I think you said …

7. Summative Reflection involves summarizing the message in order to provide a structured, complete and comprehensive feedback. Aside from organizing and integrating the major aspects of the dialogue, summarizing also establishes a basis for further

322

discussion and offers a sense of progress in the conversation.

It is required to also plan regular summaries and evaluations during which you- repeat the essence of what has been said or done- provide a clear image of the situation- locate where coachee is with respect to the total

journey

Logical moments for summarizing and evaluating are:- At the start and end of each session- At transiting to a new phase - At any moment that you feel a summary might be

helpful to keep track of the situation or to stimulate the coachee.

Alternatively, it is a good idea to ask the coachees every now and then to summarize and evaluate things themselves. This will help you to take notice of- Their point of view- Which elements have stuck- What is most important to them now- What they are “forgetting”

- The most important elements in a summary are:- Accurate summary of core material- Clarity and structure- Reflection of content- Reflection of feelings- Deeper empathy

Possible opening lines for summarizing:

A. X, let’s see how far you got until now:- You came to me X weeks ago, because … and because ….- We determined that …, because ….

323

- Is there something you would like to add at this point?

B. So, to summarize, you say that …, is that correct?

C. At that moment, you set yourself the target of …. Because ….- To this end, we composed an action plan- Now, the question is when to start with the execution of this plan.

D. Summarizing your story, you reported that … , but …, and … - Can you agree with this presentation?

E. This seems a good moment to summarize what we have done during this session.- Is there something you want to add?- How did you experience the conversation?- By the next session, I would like you - to consider / go through today’s points again- to start the actions we agreed upon- Which would allow us to proceed next time with ….

F. Is there anything you want to add?

Examples:

I don't understand why my wife is getting worked up, I for instance never get mad!!

Still I hear a bit of anger in your voice. Your wife might perceive this as you being angry.

If you think it helps, I'm quite willing to do it, you know?You don't sound convinced, what might be holding you back?

324

I actually wanted to stop coming here as I think I'm doing much better now.

I'm glad you're feeling a lot better and of course you're free to stop whenever you want. However I've noticed there are still some things that seem to trouble you...

I haven't touched a drink in weeks, it's clear I'm not an alcoholic... (hiccup)

Being an alcoholic might be too strong a word, but something tells me you still do have a drink regularly.

I don't know what's wrong with me or where to start.We can take our time. You sound very sad, maybe you could tell me what has happened?

8. Empathy and deeper empathy

In coaching you want to build up a trusting relationship with your coachee in a short timespan. The coachee has often heard from people around him things like 'it's nothing to worry about', 'it will be all right', 'don't get worked up, you only make it worse' and more well intended things that unintentionally often made him shut up. With you he is allowed, or rather he should open up and get rid of this threshold. So you want to let him know he's at the right address with his story, his emotions and how he experiences things.

By showing him empathy, you welcome his inner experiences and invite him to explore his own feelings. Empathy is not a technique by itself, it is often part of paraphrasing or reflecting. You not only express empathy in the words you use, but also in your modulation, intonation and by showing the right feelings.

325

Understanding, empathy and deep empathy are all in line and in a way connected. Understanding is more a rational thing and involves mainly intelligence. Empathy involves feelings, including your own feelings as a human being and as coach.

Deep empathy even goes one step further. It goes right into the inner world of experiencing of the coachee for a short while. In other words, with deep empathy you can virtually feel what the coachee must be experiencing. You express the emotions you feel the coachee has. This can be overdone, not every coachee expects a strong emotional reaction from his coach. So use and express deep empathy appropriately and judiciously.

In these exercises successive understanding, empathy and deeper empathy are shown.

Mother is connected to all these tubes and can hardly say a thing anymore. She's also drugged up with medicines.(Understanding)

That must be an awful situation.(Empathy)

I can imagine it must be very emotional to see your mother lying there so helplessly.

(Deep empathy)I can tell you're suffering, you would so much like for her to get well but there's nothing you can do about it and you feel powerless.

Near my house kids hang out; it's very noisy, they fight regularly, and there's trash everywhere.(Understanding)

It must be annoying; all that noise, aggression and mess.(Empathy)

326

It must be threatening; so close to your home, and that day in day out.

(Deep empathy)Looks like it really troubles you. You were looking forward to living in a nice neighbourhood with your children and now it turns out to be just the opposite.

I got fired last week, out of the blue.(Understanding)

Gosh, that must have been quite a shock.(Empathy)

That's terrible, and you thought you would get that promotion.

(Deep Empathy)Of course you feel desperate and betrayed. I would really like to try and help you to get over it.

“Empathy” is the capacity to recognize (and, to some extent,share) feelings expressed by others and to understand their circumstances, point of view and thoughts.

Roadblocks to empathy

There are a number of common ‘roadblocks’ that can prevent empathy (Jarvis et al., 1995).

These include:- ordering or commanding- warning or threatening- arguing or persuading- moralising- ridiculing or labelling- giving advice or providing solutions

It is also important to avoid:

327

- insincerity- repetition- clichés- using jargon- collusion

“Deeper empathy” is the ability to use empathy to help others understand themselves, their world, personal situation, thoughts and feelings better and in another perspective.

Often the coach will 1. Use questions like “Could it be …”, “Perhaps you might see …”, “I feel you may think now …” , “you might ask yourself…”, “Perhaps you feel …”, “it may be that …”, “it seems as if you are feeling …”

2. Followed by a reflection of information implied by cochee’s message, but not put into words by them. This might include naming of themes, patterns, isolated elements or inconsistencies of thoughts or feelings.

3. and by the suggestion of alternative viewpoints or perspectives

Example (E = empathy / E+ = deeper empathy)Statement coachee: “I cannot bear to see her laying there like that.”E: I can imagine it must be very emotional to see her laying there so helplessly.E+: I can tell you are suffering, you would so much like her to get well but there is nothing you can do about it and you feel powerless.

328

9. Evaluation

In a coaching conversation, you will not want to stop at listening. Towards the end of the conversation, you will want the coachee to take a next step, start changing things, commit to action.

Examples:- So, where does this leave us?- What will you do next?- How will this help you to proceed towards your goal?- What will be your first step now?

329

3.2 ASKING QUESTIONS

Asking questions is how we find things out. An excellent way to do this is “the FRRO technique”.“FRRO” stands for:

1. FRAME Put aside your own reactions, opinions and feelings and concentrate on getting as much useful and objective information as possible. Discover the story behind the story, then pull the elements that are useful for reaching the coachee’s goal to foreground

2. REPEAT See the chapter on repeating the coachee’s message. Show you understand, show you care.

3. REALITY Checking the coachee’s story, expectations and beliefs helps to build realistic expectations.

4. OPEN QUESTIONS Start with open questions and ask factual questions first, before proceeding to enquiring about emotions.

The best way to start asking, is by asking open questions

Open questions generally do not start with a verb, but start with a pronoun: who, what, why, when, where, how, how many, which, …

330

The advantage of using open questions is that they will evoke a more detailed response than other types of questions. They are therefore the obvious questions to ask when you want to collect information, stimulate the coachee to talk or stimulate them to put their feelings or thoughts into words.

Exploring questions are very useful during the coaching process:

For putting the problem in the right context and perspective:

Which other feelings play a part? For scanning and identifying possible goals For exploring internal and exterior resources For examining the various paths that might be useful to

achieve the goal

Examples:

Exploring exact meaning of statement.

E.g.: Coachee says: “I am feeling guilty”

Some possible exploring questions:- Why are you feeling guilty?- What does feeling guilty exactly means for you, Ian?- How do you cope with that situation / feeling?- How does this make you feel exactly?- What do you do about these feelings, how do you express

them?

331

Exploring possible goals

E.g.: Coachee says: “I would like to feel really o.k.”

Some possible exploring questions:- That’s a great goal, Ian. What would it take to make you

feel really o.k.?- How would you know that you are feeling really o.k.?- What could make you feel really o.k.?- On a scale from 1 – 10, with 10 being really o.k., where

would you locate yourself today?

Discovering internal and exterior resources.

E.g. Coachee says : “I’m a hopeless case”- You don’t seem to give yourself much courage. Ever

heard of internal resources?“Ah, my sources have been dry for a long time now”

- Hmm, imagine your sources all of a sudden becoming active again, what difference would that make?

“I would be nice, be courageous, …”

Probing questions and Clarifying questions

Once we have obtained the general information, we switch to the more directive types of questions: probing or clarifying questions, which will yield us the missing data. They are also used to verify whether we understood correctly the information we received from the coachee.

Most of these questions will be “Closed questions”.These questions often start with a verb.

332

The risks inherent to this kind of questions are:- they often yield very short questions that do not contain

supplementary information (yes, no …)- there is always the chance of influencing the coachee’s

answer, especially when our question is of a suggestive nature (example: “you wouldn’t know by any chance whether …”, “you wouldn’t want to …” or: “do you think A, or would you rather say B …”

Generally, people tend to use too many closed questions and not enough open questions, with the likely outcome of not receiving all the useful information that they might get through the use of open questions. Instead of learning about the coachee’s story, they might end up with a biased story that is limited in content and influenced by their own assumptions and prejudices.

A special kind of probing question is the mirror-question in which all, but mostly only the last part of a sentence is repeated:

“I have tried everything!” - “Everything?”“It was not a nice chat” - “Not a nice chat?”

THE QUESTION TUNNEL

1. Open: e.g. “What does … mean to you?”2. Probing: e.g. “Which of these objectives are most important to you and why?”3. Clarifying: e.g. “So, what you really want is …?”4. Closed e.g. “What will be your first step?”

333

Open questions:

Obvious line to take for collecting information, for stimulating coachee to talk, for helping coachee describe a situation or put a feeling into words, or for making them reflect on a specific subject.

Open questions often start with: who – what – where – why – when – where to – where from - what for – which - how – how many - ….They rarely start with a verb.The use of “why” has to be carefully considered, since this kind of questions easily lead to coachees feeling that they have to justify themselves and then often leads to a defensive attitude.

In coaching it is recommended to start asking about an experience or situation and then move to asking about connected emortions.

Examples:

Phase 1: exploration of situation:“What exactly happened?”“What was the discussion about?”“When did you notice things were going the wrong way?”

Phase 2: exploration of emotions:“Who was having most problems with the situation?”“How were you feeling at that point?”“What did it mean to you that …?”“What is your biggest fear?”“What do you think of it now?”“What are you expecting from him?”

334

Reflective questions:

Special probing or clarifying questions that challenge thinking:

“What will make you most comfortable with this action / decision / situation?”“What stops you from taking action?”“What would achieving this goal mean to you?”“What tells you that this is what you will achieve by….”“What’s great about that option?”

Pre-supposing questions:

“What would you do next if you knew you couldn’t fail?”“If you could have …, what would it look (be, feel) like?”“If it were possible to combine the security of your current job and the freedom of self-employment, how would you be working now?”

Boomerang Question

�� Redirect a question back to the learner�� Example: “That’s a good question. What do you think ought to be done in that situation?”

When you don’t know the answer …

“What would you do if you knew the answer?”“What would the answer be if you did know it?”

335

Pitfalls when asking questions

1. Being subjective :- Asking suggestive questions- Subjective interpretation of the answers received

2. Lack of delineation:- Asking vague, unclear, ambiguous, confusing questions- Unclear definition of the subject- Ramble from one subject to another- Asking several questions simultaneously- Lack of “fine tuning” of the conversation

3. Advising, judging, criticizing questions- Such questions create resistance and tend to block communication.- Do not try to prove you are right, do not enter into discussion, do not try to convince: “a man convinced against his will, remains of the same opinion still!”

4. One way communication :- Talking too much- Not listening to coachee’s answers- Not acknowledging coachee’s answers- Not responding to coachee’s questions and remarks- Bringing up your solutions instead of helping coachee to find his.

336

Bloom’s taxonomy

Difficult questions stimulate independent thinking and boost the learning or growth process.Bloom distinguishes 6 classes of questions, with an increasing degree of difficulty:1. Knowledge 2. Perception 3. Application 4. Analysis 5. Synthesis 6. Evaluation

1. Knowledge-questions: ask for facts- Who, what, where, when, which ….- Asking for definitions, lists, descriptions, factual or causal links, events, dates, …

2. Perception-questions: require thinking- Asking for a choice, selection, summary e.g.: Which elements influence …?- Asking for an explanation e.g.: How did this influence you?- Asking to convey the meaning of contents e.g.: Can you explain in your words?- Asking to make a sketch or drawing e.g.: Can you draw up a floor plan?- Asking for a prediction or forecast e.g.: How will A influence B?- Asking for examples e.g.: Name a case where this is valid- Asking for the big scope or great lines of an evolution or event- Asking for points of resemblance and of difference

337

3. Application-questions: Asking to use knowledge in new situations - Asking to develop a plan- Asking to propose solutions- Asking to prove, demonstrate, justify, show how, …- Asking: “How would you … in this specific context or case?”- Asking to test abstract definitions by practical experience- Asking to solve a (mathematical, logic …) problem

4. Asking for an analysis: To force coachee to break up the subject into its constituent parts and order or compare the various parts.- What is the risk of …?- Describe pattern: which causes led to…?- Ask for proof for conclusions- Investigate, explore, …- Compare

5. Synthesis-questions: Asking to create a new entity by joining separate parts - Asking to design something, e.g. “design the ideal town”- Asking to create a poem, a stage play …- Asking to compose a survey, draw up a plan, compile a brochure, …- Asking to write an article- Asking to develop a theme, a point of view, …- Asking to predict, forecast, extrapolate, …- Asking to combine knowledge originated from different fields

338

6. Evaluation-questions: Asking for a substantiated point of view and conclusions- Asking for substantiated conclusions- Asking for detailed arguments- Asking to indicate value: “who is the best …?”- Asking for a detailed critic: “What are the weak points?”- Asking to choose and justify the choice made- Asking for a substantiated judgment or verdict.

Tips for asking questions

Replace often pointless “why” questions about the past by “how” questions about the future. “Why” questions my leave the impression that one is asked to justify his actions and thus will easier lead to a defensive position.

Instead of asking :”Why did you take this approach?”, ask: “How can we move on from here?”

---------Avoid using “why”, use “how”: If you need to know why something happened, avoid the “you” approachInstead of: “Why have you done this?”, ask: “How did this happen?”

----------Instead of asking “What did you think about …?”, ask : “How do you feel about …?” or ask: “Did / Do you like …?”

-----------Pay attention to what is scrambled, suppressed or transformed: Continue to ask questions until you feel you dispose of all the necessary information.

339

Be alert for deletions (omission of referential index, nominalizations, omission of subject, comparative deletions, …), subjective remarks, assumptions, general truths, distortions, wordings which contain modal verbs (must, mustn’t, can, can’t, shouldn’t, …), generalizations (all, every, never, always, almost never, …)

Examples : - I cannot ask her now : ask : why not, what is stopping

you? …- I have enough of this : what exactly is bothering you?

-------------Challenge ineffective convictions.

If you feel that the coachee believes:- that he is worthless unless he’s outstandingly competent- that he is special or doomed: either good or bad- that he must prove himself, must have everything he

wants- that he must be immortal; must be loved, must have

everything he wants- that he must be immortal, must be loved and cared for- that he must be made happy by others, must be treated in

a special way

Then ask:- Is their any evidence for this belief?- What is the worst that can happen if he gives up his belief?- What is the best that can happen if he gives up his belief?- Why should this be so?

340

If you really do not know what to answer, ask : “Why do you say that?” – “Why do you want to know?”

---------------Whatever you ask, add “because”:Explaining why you want something increases compliance with up to 50% … even if you add an “empty reason”.Example: “May I use the Xerox, because I have to make some copies?”

341

Questions for coaching

The purpose of these questions is to bring forth answers from your (or your friend's, if you are coaching a friend) own store of values, experiences and abilities. They will also help you to turn your situation on its head and give you a new perspective.

The Miracle question

"Suppose our meeting is over, you go home, do whatever you planned to do for the rest of the day. And then, some time in the evening, you get tired and go to sleep. And in the middle of the night, when you are fast asleep, a miracle happens and all the problems that brought you here today are solved just like that. But since the miracle happened over night nobody is telling you that the miracle happened. When you wake up the next morning, how are you going to start discovering that the miracle happened? ... Ask, what else are you going to notice? What else?"

In a specific situation, the practitioner may ask,"If you woke up tomorrow, and a miracle happened so that you no longer easily lost your temper, what would you see differently?" What would the first signs be that the miracle occurred?"

A child might respond by saying: "I would not get upset when somebody calls me names."

342

The coach wants the coachee to develop positive goals, or what they will do, rather than what they will not do--to better ensure success. So, the coach may ask the coachee, "What will you be doing instead when someone calls you names?"

A couple of supplementary questions you can ask:

1. Who else would notice that this miracle has happened? What would tell them?

This question encourages you to step outside of yourself and think about what would be different in your observable behaviour if the problem were solved. Once you're aware of this, it's a very short step to beginning to act differently.

2. Does anyone else have to change in order for this miracle to happen?

Out of dozens of coachees I've asked this question, everyone has said 'no'. Of course, having just described your answer to the miracle question makes it a lot easier to realise that you are able to make the changes you need in your life.

343

BasicBasic QuestionsQuestions forfor CoachingCoaching Basic questions

How are you doing right now … on a scale of 1 to 10? Describe what a ten-point-level would look like. If you were to go up by two points on the scale – how

would things be different? Which obstacles keep you from getting there today? If you were to wake up one morning and those obstacles

were no longer there, what would you think and do? What is it that keeps your situation from being worse?

Identifying goals

If you had already achieved what you wanted, what would it be like?

When do you want that to happen? Is this really your own goal or is it someone else's?

Motivational questions

What is it you will gain if you reach your goal? What will you gain by not reaching your goal? How would it feel to succeed? How would it feel if you were not to reach your goal?

Would it even be worth trying?

Experience questions

Earlier in your life, have you been in a situation similar to the one you are in now? How did you solve it that time?

If somebody else with your experience had been in your shoes, what would you have told him or her?

344

Identifying obstacles

If some person is involved – who is the most negative? For what reason?

What other circumstances effect you with regard to this matter? If necessary, would you be willing to have a look at these circumstances?

How determined are you to try to reach your goal?

Transformation

What would be a step in the right direction? What other possibilities do you have? What further options are open to you? What sort of things are there that could be done if you

did not have to do them? What more can be done? What can you do to get yourself beyond these obstacles? What do you first need to do/find out in order to move

forward? Who or what can help you to get what you want?

Perspective questions

If you had an unlimited amount of time and money, what would you do?

If somebody else had the same problems or issues that you have, what kind of advice would you give him/her?

If your best friend were in your situation, what kind of advice would you give him/her?

If your child found himself in the same situation, then what would you advise?

345

If someone were sitting up on the moon and looking down on your situation, what do you think he or she would say you should do?

What would a total novice in the field do in the same situation?

What would someone with a strong sense of self do? What would a man or woman of enormous wisdom

think?

Problem-solving questions

What is it that really works? Can you somehow reinforce that?

What has worked before? Can you try it again?

Intuition questions

What does your gut-feeling tell you? What does your intuition tell you?

Answer within five seconds – what would you do if you knew how you should behave?

Confronting your fears

What are you most afraid of? What are you least afraid of? What is the best thing that can happen if you make a

move, even if you are scared? What is the worst that can happen? If you were completely without fear, what would you do? When others are frightened, what do you tell them? Has it ever happened that you worried about something,

even after it turned out be alright in the end? Can you draw any parallels to your current situation?

346

What do you expect if you do nothing – how will you look at that decision when you are eighty years old?

If you let your fears control you, does it help?

1010 PersonalPersonal GrowthGrowth QuestionsQuestions toto AskAsk YourselfYourself

Question # 10: "How am I spending my time?"

We all have 24 hours each day. We cannot manage ‘time’, yet we can choose how we manage ourselves with the time we have. Time is your most valuable resource. You only have a limited supply.

What is your present relationship with time? Does it give you the satisfaction and fulfillment you seek? Do you feel there are never enough hours in the day to achieve what you want? Do you sometimes feel that others are managing your time?

How you choose to spend your time is how you spend your life.

The way you spend your time tells you much about your priorities and what you value in life.Do you know what your core values and priorities are? Have you decided what the top ten things are that you want to spend your time on this year?

"If you want to make good use of your time, you've got to know what's most important and then give it all you've got." (Lee Iacocca)

Take some time to reflect on the larger areas in your life, such as your work/career, health, relationships, finances, personal growth, fun and recreation.

How can you manage yourself more effectively allowing you to spend more time in those areas that are most important in

347

your life? What choices will you make? What will you say 'no' to in order to gain more balance and experience more fulfillment in life?

If you choose to live a more balanced life, you must redefine your relationship with time, to shift the emphasis from quantity to quality, from frustration to fulfillment, from lack to abundance, from pressure to peace.

Managing your time is a choice!

Question #9: What Would I Do If I Knew I Couldn’t Fail?

What if failure was not an option? The fear of failure holds us back more than anything else in all our pursuits in life. Many people don’t even set goals because they are often so afraid of failing that they do not even try.

How many opportunities have you missed in the past because you lacked the courage to take a chance, to play full out, all because you were afraid you might fail? How much more pain and lost opportunities are you willing to endure by continuing to allow fear and procrastination to rule your life?

Failure is a concept that only exists in your ego’s mind. If your ego would have a favorite slogan, it would probably be “Playing It Safe.” Your ego operates in the emotional comfort zone of your mind and will do anything in its power to keep you there. It is that little voice in the back of your head giving you all the reasons why you shouldn’t do this or try that …

The only way to create results in your life is by taking action. Realize that, succeed or fail, you will produce results from which you will learn.

Don’t be afraid of failure; be afraid of not taking action!

348

Question #8: Who Am I becoming?

How satisfied are you with the person you are becoming? What kind of person do you see yourself becoming ? Do you see someone who is becoming more stressed out or tired with an unsatisfying job or an unbalanced work/home life, or do you see someone who is enjoying a happy and fulfilling lifestyle? How do you feel about your future self?

"If you want to have more and experience more in life, you have to become more."

What are some of the personal qualities you would like to further develop this year?

Perhaps you would like to become more skillful or competent. More honest, sincere, genuine or congruent. More compassionate, accepting, forgiving or grateful. More creative or expressive. More courageous. More generous, loving or happy. More responsible.

No matter how you feel about yourself right now, you can make a decision to become more of who you really are. The power to choose lies within your mind and how you think about yourself. You will become what you think about, most of the time.

Your thinking process determines how you feel, the choices you make and the results you create.

If you seek to attract new experiences in your life or you want to make certain changes, you need to begin the process in your mind. Focus on continuous personal development; with books, CD’s, seminars, personal coaching, studying, listening, practicing, and nourishing your mind.

Become the mental architect of your own personal transformation!

349

Change your mind and change your life!

Question #7: What Am I Tolerating?

What are some of the things you have been putting up with in your life? What have you been tolerating at work, at home or in your social environment in the past year? What are the things you wish would resolve themselves somehow?

Sometimes tolerations show up as minor inconveniences such as a messy desk, a squeaking door or a friend who always shows up late for appointments. Other tolerations are more serious, such as mental or physical abuse or a controlling or disrespectful boss.

Sometimes it is easier to ignore your 'tolerations' rather than to take the necessary action to clean them up. Allowing 'tolerations' to hang around in your life will drain your energy, try your patience and show up under the form of stress and anxiety. They can chip away at your self-esteem, confidence and enthusiasm.

Here are a few life coaching tips to help with the process:

Make a list of 10 things that you are putting up with. Ask yourself what each is costing you in terms of energy, confidence and enthusiasm?

Resolve to take action. The decision to act on 'tolerations' is very liberating and will improve the quality of your life.

Set target dates and make time in your schedule to overcome your 'tolerations'.

Seek the support from friends, family or a personal coach to keep you focused and stay on track.

Living a life you want not only means choosing the things you want, but also eliminating the things that are hanging around in your life that you no longer want.

350

Now is the perfect time to do some personal housecleaning, and remove some of the clutter around your house, at work or in your relationships.

When you resolve to stop putting up, you will find a renewed sense of freedom and balance in your life.

Question # 6: Where Do I Focus My Attention?

Your life becomes what you focus on. Your thought patterns create the texture of your everyday life. You are always focusing on something. The experiences you create in this very moment, and the next, are based on where your focus lies.

What you see depends on what you look for. What you hear depends on what you listen for and what you feel depends on the experiences you seek. Your expectations, based on what you focus on, blossom into self-fulfilling prophecies.

The results you create are a result of your focus. If you're not getting the results you are looking for, it is time to re-examine what you focus on. If you keep focusing on the same things and keep doing what you’ve always done, sure enough, you’ll keep getting the same results.

Your mind cannot tell the difference between something you think about or focus on that you do want, and the stuff you think about that you don’t want. Your mind is a very effective goal seeking mechanism and seeks to create precisely what you focus on. The key is to direct your focus on the goals and experiences that you do want in your life.

Think of your focus as a sticky boomerang. What you focus on comes back to you, with more strength that it has gathered along the way. If you send out anger, fear, negativity or jealousy, you will invite the same thoughts manifold.

351

What you focus on expands.

Focus on what is going well in your life right now and what is good for you moving forward. Focus on your innate talents and capabilities. Focus on what you believe is possible and you will see opportunities rather than constraints.

Question #5: How Am I Using My Talents?

When you talk with people who have achieved a high level of success in their lives, you’ll find that they have found ways to incorporate their passions and talents into their daily activities. They also experience more fulfillment and balance because they intentionally played to their talents and strengths by developing the know-how and experience through continued focus and practice.

Your talents influence how you think and the way you respond to the situations in your life. Once you fully understand and acknowledge your natural abilities, you will develop a higher self awareness, which will lead to increased self confidence, a healthier self esteem, more success and personal satisfaction.

Talents by themselves are not that special, it is what you decide to do with them that make them special. All too often we deny our own talents, because to acknowledge them would mean we have to use them.

Why is it sometimes difficult to identify our own talents? First, it’s a question we don’t really ask ourselves. Second, our talents feel so natural to us that we tend to take them for granted. Third, we live in a culture where we tend to focus on improving our weaknesses rather than developing our talents into strengths.

Do you know what your talents are? How do you go about discovering some of your talents or natural abilities?

352

Answer the following questions and start to identify some of the common themes within your answers.

What are some activities or special interests you enjoyed growing up? What did you enjoy most about those moments and why?

What are some of the skills or abilities you developed over the years? What skills were easy for you to learn or develop?

What are some of your favorite activities or projects that give you the most satisfaction? At home? At work? What are some activities that whenever you’re doing them, everything just flows because it just feels right. It comes natural to you and you tend to lose track of time. What are some activities that you genuinely look forward to doing again?

What would you enjoy doing even when you’re not getting paid for it?

What do other people regularly ask you to do? What are some of the qualities that other people think

you have?

Once you get a better understanding of your dominant innate talents and abilities, start looking for ways to incorporate them into your daily life. None of us have been dealt the perfect hand, but it is your responsibility and greatest joy to become the best you can with the cards you have been dealt.

Question #4: Who Do I spend My Time With?

The people you spend most of your time with have a strong influence on you. When you are surrounded by negative or angry people, you will absorb some of their negativity or anger.

353

When you spend time with people who inspire you, support you and believe in you, their positive energy will boost your motivation, self-confidence and inner strength. Do not underestimate the power of influence of the people you surround yourself with.

Make a mental note of the people in your personal and professional life with whom you most often associate and think of how they are influencing you, both positively and negatively.

Perhaps you've heard the story of the little bird. He had his wing over his eye and he was crying. The owl said to the bird, "You are crying." "Yes," said the little bird, and he pulled his wing away from his eye. "Oh, I see," said the owl. "You're crying because the big bird pecked out your eye." And the little bird said, "No, I'm not crying because the big bird pecked out my eye. I'm crying because I let him."

I believe that the quality of your life is greatly influenced by the quality of your associations and relationships. Be cautious of the people you allow yourself to associate with in your personal life and business.

Choose to surround yourself with people who will move you forward on your journey and let go of the negative influences that impede your progress.

Question # 3: How Do I Honor My Core Values?

Your core values express the essence of who you are. Although you may share similar values with others, you have a unique set of values. Many of the important decisions that you make, and the actions you take, are based on the values that you hold. Your values, together with the beliefs that support them, are an energetic driving force and provide meaning and direction in your life.

354

If you commit time and energy to something that violates or neglects one of your core values, you will most likely feel resentful and frustrated.

If your values are not respected at your job or in your relationships, you will feel that something is missing.

While it is enormously helpful to know your core values, it is not always easy to identify them.

Often these things are so much a part of who you are, that they become invisible to you.

Take a moment and write down the unique qualities that define you?

What are the qualities that are at the core of who you are?

Create a list for yourself by thinking about the ideas and questions below. Don’t worry about getting it right and capturing all of your values. Your list will be a work in progress. Also, your values don’t have to be a single word; they could be a string of words or sentences or themes. Find the words that work best for you.

Think about the following questions:

What is important to you? What do you really care about? What do you really want in your life? When do you feel happiest? Select a time from your life when you felt particular

fulfilled. There may have been challenges,but you were still on a roll. It may have been a few minutes, or hours or days. What was important about that experience? What values were you honoring?

355

What do you react negatively to? What makes you angry or frustrated?

What value is being violated? What kinds of situations cause you to feel incongruent? When are you not being true to yourself?

For each of us, there are usually values that are so much a part of us that we don’t even think to put them on a list. These are often our most dearly held values. A teacher might fail to include learning; an artist might forget to write down creativity, a business owner might overlook financial success.

Question # 2: What Do I want?

The quality of your life's experiences amounts to the sum of all the decisions you have ever made.

The power to make decisions is what gives you freedom. The more freedom you have, the more options you can entertain.

The more options you have available, the more opportunities you can create for yourself and others.

Have you ever been told what to believe? Have you ever had someone tell you what you should do, how you should feel or behave? Why would you have someone else decide for you in your life? What is the cost of living that way? Life is short, and time is your most valuable resource. Letting anyone else decide for you is a waste of time! No one else knows you as well as you do. You are the expert of your own life.

Think of yourself as the majority shareholder in your life. What are some of the strategic decisions that will help you grow and flourish in the New Year? What will you vote "yes" for in your life? What will you vote "no" for? Recognizing that you have a choice does not mean that there will never be any uncomfortable consequences. But not making a

356

decision is also a decision which could have consequences that are just as negative.

Peter Drucker once said that whenever you see a successful business, someone once made a courageous decision! In what department of your life's organization - relationships, money, health, fun, recreation, personal growth - do you currently experience the most challenge? Where do you feel trapped?

Whatever you believe is missing, it is yours, waiting to be claimed. The first step is to make a conscious decision about the things you would like to have more of and the things you will need to let go off.

Some people get trapped in inaction. They have a hard time saying yes, because that would mean that they have to close off other possibilities. In economics, this is referred to as the 'opportunity cost'. The same principle is true in life. Saying yes to one thing often means saying no to many other possibilities.

Don't just dwell in possibility. Dwell in reality! Choose, decide and take action.

Question #1: How Am I Committed?

Why is it that we tell ourselves we want certain things but we don’t take action? We might have the best of intentions to make certain changes in our lives, yet we do not follow through on our resolutions?

Does that mean we are lazy or undisciplined? Are we afraid of failure? Are we holding on to limiting beliefs about ourselves?

We get frustrated when we think and say we are committed to wanting something for ourselves, but no action follows that voice of commitment.

357

When you fully commit to something, action always follows thought. There is no question, no debate, no doubt or struggle. You don’t wonder whether or not you will take action or not. Commitment goes beyond making a choice. I have never met a mother who had to think about and decide whether or not to feed her baby. People gain a mysterious strength and resolve when they make a commitment.

Commitment is a unique personal experience. As a personal coach I can offer you many possible commitment strategies, yet the best personal style of commitment comes from a deep emotional awareness within yourself. Often our commitments are invisible to us and we don’t think about them as commitments, it is what we do naturally. And that’s the whole point.

Recall a time in your life when you were committed to something. You were so deeply committed that there was no doubt in your mind, and taking action was almost automatic and effortless. Take some time to answer the following questions to discover the underlying structure of your own personal commitment strategy.

When and where were you committed? Was it a commitment you made to yourself or others? Were there any external influences?

What were some of the actions you took? How did you go about taking action? What was your

strategy for taking action? Did you write down your goal or commitment? Did you visualize your achievements? Did you call a friend or work with a personal life coach? What skills or capabilities did you use?

What were some of the emotional reasons why you were committed? Reflect on the values and beliefs that

358

motivated you to take action and follow through on your commitment.

How did you benefit from taking action? What was the cost of not taking action at all?

How did you think and feel about yourself as a person? Maybe you felt like a successful individual or a compassionate person.

How did your commitment impact others? Understanding and modeling your personal commitment strategy will help you create resolve to follow through and achieve your goals.

359

3.3 HERON’S CATEGORIES OF INTERVENTION

John Heron (1986) defines six major styles of intervention that we can use to increase the effectiveness of our communication skills in coaching relationships.

In the list below, the interventions are described according to their intention rather than content. Pay attention to which of these styles of intervention you use most and least in your own communication. Notice whether you use some more than others.

AUTHORITATIVE INTERVENTIONS

1 Prescriptive: A prescriptive intervention seeks to direct the behaviour of the patient/colleague, usually behaviour that is outside of the coach / coachee relationship.For example – ”I would like you to discuss this issue with your senior colleagues”

2 Informative: An informative intervention seeks to impart knowledge, information and meaning to the other personFor example – “Grants are often made available for this type of work”

3 Confronting: A confronting intervention seeks to raise the awareness of the coachee about some limiting attitude or behaviour of which he/she is relatively unaware.

For example – “I notice this is the third time we have talked about this – and you have still not been able to act – I wonder what is going on?”

360

FACIILITATIVE INTERVENTIONS

4 Cathartic: A cathartic intervention seeks to enable the other person to discharge and express painful emotion, usually grief, anger or fear (Heron believed that unexpressed emotion could block development and creativity)

For example – “I notice that whenever you speak about your research you look rather anxious”.

5 Catalytic: A catalytic intervention seeks to elicit self discovery, self directed learning, and problem solving

For example – “Tell me about a previous time when you had to work with a colleague who you found particularly challenging … How did you deal with that?”

6 Supportive: A supportive intervention seeks to affirm

the worth and value of the other person, and their qualities, attitudes and actionsFor example – “It sounds like you handled that in a very mature and confident way”.

In developing effective coaching relationships, it is usual for the coach to rely more on facilitative interventions rather than on authoritative ones – to enable the coachee to develop their own solutions and autonomy.

(Developed from John Heron ‘Helping the Coachee’ (1990) London Sage)

361

3.4 RESPONSIVENESSResponsiveness is defined as: “Readily reacting to suggestions, influences, appeals, or efforts”

Being responsive means acting quickly, reacting to requests, suggestions, influences, appeals, or efforts. It means being able to adjust quickly to a change in situation, environment, or direction. Though not a perfect antonym, I would say that the antithesis of responsiveness is procrastination, which is the downfall of many businesses, careers, and lives. (Jeff Wilson)

Responsive life coaches will gradually develop an approach and an orientation that is most relevant and useful to both them and their coachees. (www.associationforcoaching.com)

Responsive questions enable the coach to gather more information and to help the coachee discover their gifts and talents - and finds ways to bring those out. A life coach needs to be intuitive and responsive when guiding a coachee to see the value in their own unique gifts. (Patti Stafford)

Some examples of responsive questions are:

1. If it were possible to satisfy and alleviate your specific concerns, would you be interested in discussing this in more detail?

2. (I can certainly appreciate how you feel.) May I ask why you feel that way?

3. What are the top three benefits you would want to realize if you were to …?

4. What do you need to see in order to feel confident that you've made the best decision?

362

5. Is it possible that there is another approach/solution here?

6. What else do you think may be possible?7. I'm not sure what you mean by that. Can you say more?8. That's interesting. Will you share with me why you see it

that way?9. What solution would motivate you enough to explore in

which way you should work to realize it?10. If a coachee says, "I’m not ready for this now. “ respond

with: "May I ask, what might be changing in the near furture that would then make it a better time to try this solution?" This question enables you to smoke out the real objection, just in case "we're not ready now" is not it. Moreover, you may uncover some additional information you can use that will allow you to adjust your approach.

From The Complete Idiot's Guide to Cold Calling

© 2004 Keith Rosen - CPW-014-009062

Visit Keith Rosen's Website: http://www.profitbuilders.com

363

3.5 FEEDBACK

Feedback is the term used for giving people information about their performance.

Sometimes as a coach you have information or a suggested course of action that you believe can help the coachee—you have a suggestion or an opinion. The motivation of suggestion and feedback is to reinforce or change a pattern of behavior, to assist the coachee in solving a problem, or to support a coachee’s development.

We often offer our suggestions and feedback early in the conversation, before we have fully explored a situation with a coachee. The guidelines that follow assume that you have been in enough questioning to significantly understand the situation being presented to you.Advocacy or suggestion is used only after sufficient questioning.

Key Concepts:

● To truly achieve peak performance, people must see the relationship between their behaviors, thoughts, feelings, underlying beliefs, and the result of ALL of these (intended or unintended) in their lives.

● The spirit of coaching is to offer and let go. ● For optimal success, the coach maintains an open and

curious state about the coachee’s situation. If for some reason, this is not possible (ex: coach is highly invested in one alternative or action), another coach may be helpful.

● Coaching assumes that each of us knows our own needs, situation, and goals best.

364

Issues with Feedback

Although supervisors may know about feedback, they do not always have skills to give effective feedback. It takes practice as well as knowledge. Staff and volunteers often are not receptive when feedback is offered. They may get defensive, trying to justify what they did rather than listening and considering the help they are receiving. Both supervisors and their staff or volunteers should prepare for feedback sessions, and know some ground rules. Feedback should be a regular occurrence, a part of the overall strategy to improve performance. As opportunities arise for the supervisor to observe, read, or discuss work, positive and corrective feedback should be a part of the interaction.

365

Guidelines for Giving Feedback

Giving feedback is a delicate communication, because there is always the risk of people interpreting feedback as a personal critic directed against whom and how they are, instead of taking it as useful information on something they did.

The best way to give feedback is to avoid “you-statements” and use “I-statements” instead:

1. Give a specific description of the concrete behavior 2. Tell how it made you feel3. Explain why (because…)4. Describe the desired consequence

1. Be specific and support general statements with specific examples.

The receiver of feedback for both positive and negative behavior will be better able to act on statements that are precise and concise. Example: “During this month you have improved a lot.” This may be satisfying for both parties but it’s not as effective as saying, “Your reports were on time and better proofread.”

2. Describe the facts and do not judge.

Describing the facts helps the receiver to understand the meaning and the importance of the feedback. It tends to focus the discussion on behavior and not on personal characteristics. Example: “Did you prepare for your meeting with the grantee? For me it looked like you did not. It was not organized.” This type of statement can bring anger, return accusations, or passive–aggressive behavior in the

366

listener. A better sequence of statements would be: “I got confused in your presentation to the grantee. I was not clear what the presentation was meant to accomplish. A statement about that at the beginning would have helped us all focus on the information you presented.”

3. Be direct, clear, and to the point.

In many cultures, it is considered more polite and educated to not be direct. But in the case of feedback, since the objective is to communicate clearly and specifically, and not leave someone guessing, we encourage people to be direct but in polite way.

4. Direct feedback toward controllable behavior.

Inquire before critiquing. If an employee is continually late to work, perhaps s/he has a childcare situation that causes this. Discussing the cause and the alternatives to meet everyone’s expectations and needs would be a more constructive approach than simply criticizing the employee’s behavior. Avoid criticizing a participant’s physical characteristics. To say, “You are too short to be seen in the back of the room,” without giving or exploring with him/her some suggestions (about room arrangement, for example), is not very helpful.

5. Feedback should be solicited, rather than imposed.

If a collaborative work environment is present with employees or volunteers, feedback should be expected and welcomed. It should include positive feedback on good performance to reinforce what is being done correctly or better. Feedback that helps improve performance is critical

367

to the learning environment and be desired by employees and volunteers.

6. Consider the timing of feedback.

Do not wait too long to discuss observations with staff or volunteers. Given in useable amounts and in a timely manner, it is much more effective than allowing things to build up. A person may even feel you that you were holding things over him/her, if you withhold information about behavior that you feel needs to be changed.

7. Make sure feedback takes into account the needs of both the receiver and the giver.

Feedback can be destructive when it serves only one’s own needs and fails to consider the needs of the person on the receiving end. If an employee or volunteer is struggling, and there are many points that could be discussed, select some positive points and one or two behaviors to work on first. Then, as performance improves, give feedback on other areas to improve.

8. Plan your feedback.

Plan what to say, and in what order. Think before you talk. As you give feedback on a regular basis it will become easier to balance your comments, and provide feedback that can be acted upon.

9. Own your feedback.

Use “I” statements, so that the receiver understands that it is your opinion. Example: “Your posture of standing with your hands on your hips was very authoritarian as you talked

368

with the group” is different than saying, “I found your hands on your hips distracting. That posture is sometimes seen as aggressive and authoritarian. Were you aware you were standing like that? What were you thinking as you stood that way?”

Guidelines for Receiving Feedback

1. Solicit feedback in clear and specific areas.

It’s always easier to give feedback if one is asked. It’s even easier when a specific question is asked. Example: “I often find it difficult to conclude a presentation. Will you pay particular attention to the conclusion today?”

2. Ask for clarification and make a point to understand the feedback.

Listen carefully and ask for clarification, if the feedback is not clear. Example: “Are you saying that if I had given an introduction stating what I was going to talk about, that the rest of the presentation was clear?”

3. Help the giver use the criteria for giving useful feedback.

Example: If the feedback is too general, ask: “Could you give me specific examples of what you mean?”

4. Avoid making it more difficult for the giver of the feedback than it already is.

Strive to avoid being defensive, angry or argumentative.

369

5. Don’t ask for explanations.

Clarification and examples are different than asking why someone did not like something. Requesting explanations beyond the facts can seem defensive and often end up in an argument. As a result the giver backs off and is discouraged from giving feedback in the future. However, the giver is not discouraged from seeing negative behavior or assessing your performance; the person simply becomes unwilling to provide the feedback. Focus on understanding the behavior and its impact.

6. Assume the sender wants to help.

Related to the point above, assume that the person giving the feedback is helping you improve. It should not be seen as a way to be more powerful than you or to make you feel bad. Everyone can improve; it is a benefit to have someone reflect how your behavior appears to him/her.

7. Be appreciative and thank the observer.

Express your gratitude in a sincere way, such as “Thanks. I am sure I will be clearer if I pay attention to your points.”

8. Share your improvement plan.

Tell the giver what you intend to do in the future. Example: “I think I will try your idea of putting talking points on the flip chart in pencil. That should help me get rid of the notes that are distracting to me.”

370

Remember that feedback is based on one person’s perception of another person’s behavior, not universal truth. You are receiving one person’s perceptions. Having this in mind should make you less defensive. If you do not agree with the feedback, you might check out the perceptions with others. For example, you might ask someone else to watch you for the specific behaviors you received feedback on.

371

3.6 REFRAMINGEveryone sees things differently — knowledge often lies in the eye of the beholder. To reframe means to change the conceptual and/or emotional setting or viewpoint in relation to which a situation is experienced and to place it in another frame which fits the ”facts” of the same concrete situation equally well or even better, and thereby changes its entire meaning. (Watzlawick et al.)

The reframing matrix enables different perspectives to be generated and used in coaching and management processes. It expands the number of options for solving a problem.

“Wise people,” wrote M. Scott Peck, “learn not to dread but actually to welcome problems.” You know why that’s wise? Because you’re going to get problems. If you welcome them and embrace the challenge, you will be better at solving them. And you will be less upset or depressed by problems when they come along (which they will).

We can learn to welcome problems by getting in the habit of framing problems as "opportunities in disguise." We can learn to welcome problems by deliberately trying to see what’s good about the problem — by deciding right up front, “This is good,” and then working to make it so.

Rationale

Perspective is a mental view, an ingrained way of perceiving the world. Different people have different experiences and see in different ways: understanding how they do expands the range of solutions that one might devise to address a question or problem.

372

Definition

The reframing matrix is a simple technique that helps examine problems from distinct viewpoints. In other words, individuals or groups place themselves in the mindsets of different people and imagine what solutions the latter might come up with. The reframing matrix was devised by Michael Morgan.

EXAMPLES OF REFRAMING

Initial frameI am in a tunnel and I can’t see a way out.I am too anxious to study.I know I will never be confident.

When he/she looks at me like that he/she hates me.Beggars are criminals and might kill me.He/she is out at night and that means that he/she does not love me any more.He/she is so boring, stays in all the time and does not have a mind of his/her own.

Reframe

Every tunnel has an entrance and exit.You need to be anxious enough to concentrate.Being confident starts with having insights about our limits.People cover up their hurt by putting a scowl on their faces.No one deliberately wants to fall on hard times.Private time away can help you to appreciate each other much more.Thoughtful people put others first and are a great port in a storm — a great source of security.

373

Process

The reframing matrix lays a question (or problem) in the middle of a four-box grid. It is then examined from four typical business perspectives

• Program Perspective: Are there issues with the program (or product or service) we are delivering?

• Planning Perspective: Is the business (or communications plan) appropriate?

• Potential Perspective: Is the program replicable? Can it be scaled up?• People Perspective: What do the people involved think?

The figure below offers one example of the so-called Four Ps Approach, with illustrative questions aimed at a new program that is not raising funds effectively.

Then again, the four-box grid can be used to consider a question (or problem) from the perspectives of different groups of stakeholders, e.g., staff, coachees, suppliers, and partners, or specialists, e.g., engineers, lawyers, economists, or information technology specialists. The table

374

below shows how one might figure out the potential perspectives of internal and external stakeholders in the context of a development agency.

Even so, the problématique of independent evaluation is still more complex.2 At the request of shareholders tasked with reporting to political leadership, taxpayers, and citizens, feedback from evaluation studies has often tended to support accountability (and hence provide for control), not serve as an important foundation block of a learning organization. Some now argue for a reinterpretation of the notion of

375

accountability. Others cite lack of utility; the perverse, unintended consequences of evaluation for accountability, such as diversion of resources; emphasis on justification rather than improvement; distortion of program activities; incentive to lie, cheat, and distort; and misplaced accent on control.3 Table 3 suggests that the two basic objectives of evaluations—accountability and learning—are generally incompatible.

This is not to say that evaluation units face an either-or situation. Both accountability and learning are important goals for evaluation feedback. One challenge is to make accountability accountable. In

376

essence, evaluation units are placing increased emphasis on results orientation while maintaining traditional checks on use of inputs and compliance with procedures. Lack of clarity on why evaluations for accountability are carried out, and what purpose they are expected to serve, contributes to their frequent lack of utility.

Moreover, if evaluations for accountability add only limited value, resources devoted to documenting accountability can have a negative effect, perversely enough. However, evaluation for learning is the area where observers find the greatest need today and tomorrow, and evaluation units should be retooled to meet it. Table 5 suggests how work programs for evaluation might be reinterpreted to emphasize organizational learning.

Evaluation capacity development promises much to the learning organization, and should be an activity in which centralized evaluation units have a comparative advantage. Capacity is the ability of people, organizations, and society as a whole to manage their affairs successfully; and capacity to undertake effective monitoring and evaluation is a determining factor of aid effectiveness. Evaluation capacity development is the process of reinforcing or establishing the skills, resources, structures, and commitment to conduct and use monitoring and evaluation over time. Many key decisions must be made when starting to develop evaluation capacity internally in a strategic way.4 Among the most important are:

Architecture. Locating and structuring evaluation functions and their coordination.

377

Strengthening evaluation demand. Ensuring that there is an effective and well-managed demand for evaluations.

Strengthening evaluation supply. Making certain that the skills and competencies are in place with appropriate organizational support.

Institutionalizing evaluations. Building evaluation into policy-making systems.

Why development agencies should want to develop in-house, self-evaluation capacity is patently clear.

Stronger evaluation capacity will help them

Develop as a learning organization. Take ownership of their visions for poverty reduction, if the

evaluation vision is aligned with that. Profit more effectively from formal evaluations. Make self-evaluations an important part of their activities. Focus quality improvement efforts. Increase the benefits and decrease the costs associated with their

operations. Augment their ability to change programming midstream and

adapt in a dynamic, unpredictable environment. Build evaluation equity, if they are then better able to conduct

more of their own self-evaluation, instead of hiring them out. Shorten the learning cycle.

Figure 2 poses key questions concerning how an organization may learn from evaluation, combining the two elements of learning by involvement and learning by communication. It provides the context within which to visualize continuing efforts to increase value added from independent evaluation, and underscores the role in internal evaluation capacity development. It also makes a strong case for more research into how development agencies learn how to learn

378

The Reframing Matrix

A Reframing Matrix is a simple technique that helps you to look at problems from a number of different viewpoints. It expands the range of creative solutions that you can generate.

The approach relies on the fact that different people with different experience approach problems in different ways. What this technique helps you to do is to put yourself into the minds of different people and imagine the solutions they would come up with.

We do this by putting the question to be asked in the middle of a grid. We use boxes around the grid for the different perspectives. This is just an easy way of laying the problem out - if it does not suit you, change it.

We will look at two different approaches to the reframing matrix. You could, however, use this approach in many different ways.

The 4 Ps Approach

This relies on looking at a problem from different perspectives within a business. The 4 Ps approach looks at problems from the following viewpoints:

379

1. Product perspective: is there something wrong with the product?

2. Planning perspective: are our business or marketing plans at fault?

3. Potential perspective: if we were to seriously increase our targets, how would we achieve these increases?

4. People perspective: why do people choose one product over another?

The 'Professions Approach'

Another approach to using a reframing matrix is to look at the problem from the viewpoints of different specialists. The way, for example, that a doctor looks at a problem would be different from the approach a civil engineer would use. This would be different from a sales manager's perspective.

Here is an example of both approaches:

380

Sources:

Asian Development Bank- Metro Manila, Philippines - knowledge@adb.org - www.adb.org/knowledgesolutionsOlivier Serrat, Head of the Knowledge Management Center, Asian Development Bank (oserrat@adb.org).

http://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/reframing.pdf

http://www.youmeworks.com/behold-the-power-of-reframing.html

http://finntrack.co.uk/leadership/reframing.htm

381

3.7 REALITY CHECKWhen people come for personal life coaching, they usually feel stuck. They desperately want to change something, but they report they don’t know how to make their lives different. As they discuss the scenario, I typically note a common denominator that keeps them stuck in their unpleasant situation.

Most people who want to change are caught up in a state of “denial”. As you read this, you might be saying to yourself that you don’t fall into that state because you clearly know what is wrong in your life and what you want to change. I assure you, denial is almost always part of the problem.

The classic example of denial is the coachee who lives with an alcoholic and does not see the behavior as being as serious as it is. She might say, “He wasn’t as drunk as last weekend” or “Well, at least he didn’t drive” or “He couldn’t have been that intoxicated because he was able to go to work”.

When a coachee comes in and wants to start a new business they typically have not researched the amount of hours they will need to devote to changing their life so dramatically. They have not created the financial support to sustain them during this transition. They are in denial about the realities of this change. They want the outcome, but they haven’t created the infrastructure to support the change.

My work with coachees who are stuck usually involves moving them out of the state of denial by doing what I call a “reality check”. This is done in two steps. The first step is after the coachee makes a statement, I hit them with a dose of reality.

COACHEE: I want to lose ten pounds.

ME: What have you done to support the change?

COACHEE: I am doing a lot of thinking about it.

382

ME: (reality check) I haven’t heard you talk about the behaviors that support the change.

The coachee is well-meaning, but they continue to avoid looking at the real picture. They stay in that state of denial, pretending they know what they need to do to improve their lives, when in essence their situation continues to have major problems because they don’t have a specific action plan that they are implementing or because they aren’t seeing the situation for what it is.

I believe you will get healthier faster if you move out of the state of denial and see the total picture. When a coachee says to me, “I have been working on my spending” I do a reality check… “How much less are you spending?” They typically answer, “Well, I don’t know the exact numbers.” By not knowing the exact numbers they don’t have to change their behavior drastically.

It’s a very scary thing to alter your life to support the goals you really want. It takes a lot of courage and self-determination to stop enabling others or yourself. It almost always means that you will have to let go of some familiar behavior that has not been working for you. If you want to save money, you can’t buy that new dress or that new technological toy. If you want to lose weight, you won’t be able to have that second helping. If you want to be less affected by your spouse, you will need to walk away from them temporarily and create your own life.

Are you in denial about something important? To live the life you were meant to live, you must give 100% to it.

Source:

http://www.carolthecoach.com/articles/relationships/realitycheck.htm

383

3.8. SCALING

3.8.1 SCALING OF PROBLEMS

Think about something you want to achieve, or even some (minor) problem that you are currently facing. How would you rate where you are in relation to this issue on a scale of 0-10 - where 0 is the worst it's ever been, and 10 is how it's going to be when it's exactly how you want it?

This seemingly simple question does a number of useful things and opens the door to even more. Let's have a look in more detail at how it works:

Unless the rating is zero, it helps you realise that not everything is bad in the current situation. When we focus on solving a problem, that tends to expand to fill our awareness until all we see is the problem. Rating the problem on a scale helps us to realise that some things are already working, and some components of the solution are already happening.

Having a scale implies that it's possible to move. If we view the current situation as 'the problem', and contrast that with our ideal solution, it can seem like there's no bridge between the two - particularly if we are prone to black and white, either/or thinking. The scale builds a bridge between 'problem' and solution - and obviously implies that we can move along it to get closer to the solution.

Do you ever give yourself a hard time about not achieving enough? As you know, that will most likely demotivate you. Instead, you can use scaling to remind you of what you have already achieved with this supplementary question:

(given that you are at n on the scale now) How have you got there from n-1?

Or: How do you stop yourself sliding back to n-1?

384

Notice how these questions acknowledge and validate what you have already been doing to make the solution happen, and provide behavioural reinforcement to your unconscious mind, encouraging it to do more in that direction.

You can use scaling to begin to move towards your ideal solution, like this:

(given that you are at n on the scale now) What will be different when you are at n+1?

Notice that the question is not asking 'How are you going to get there?' - just 'What will be different?'. This begins to build an image in your mind of how things will be when they are just a bit closer to how you want them, and what you will be doing differently - a form of mental rehearsal which makes it more likely that you will take action.

Of course, if you are using scaling to coach someone else, you can equally well use these questions to assist them in moving towards their solution. You can also ask, for any action that they tell you they are going to take: 'On a scale of 0-10, how committed are you?' For anything they expect to happen: 'On a scale of 0-10, how confident are you that this will happen?'

Normally I give sources for any research that I quote. Here's an additional snippet I recall reading somewhere, but the source escapes me - so it's up to you if you believe it or not: when we assign a numerical rating to a problem, this engages the left hemisphere of the brain, which is associated with more positive emotions. So just by scaling a problem, we may start to feel better about it. If anyone is aware of the research which backs this up, do let me know!

Sources: http://www.coachingleaders.co.uk/blog/nlpeq-tip-solution-focus-2-scaling.html (Andy Smith)The Solutions Focus: Making Coaching and Change SIMPLE - by Paul Z Jackson and Mark McKergow

385

3.8.2. Scaling Techniques For Assessing Progress

Using scaling techniques in coaching can be a really useful way of helping a coachee assess their progress or their state of satisfaction in relation to their desired outcomes, or clarify their commitment to a way forward.

For example (in the simplest form):

On a scale of 1 -10……to what extent have you made progress towards this goal?…how content are you in this area? …how committed are you to taking this action.

This then allows the coachee to assess their position and gives a foundation on which to move forward.

The use of scaling techniques in coaching forms part of the ‘Solutions focus’ approach (see further reading) and there are numerous techniques you can employ to use scaling effectively. (There are even whole day courses you can spend to improve your skills in this area!)

Assessing progress

One powerful benefit of scaling is to help your coachee to asess their position in relation to their ideal outcome (their 10/10). So, when you ask a scaling question remember to give a brief description of what their 10/10 might be and a brief description of their 1/10, ensuring that what you describe for the latter is well below what you know their position is:

e.g. ‘On a scale of 1 – 10 where 10/10 is your perfect scenario where you are totally organised, you know what you have to do and you achieve everything you want to achieve in a day and more, and as a result you feel great… and 1/1 is where you are so disorganised that you achieve absolutely nothing in a day, you don’t know what you want to achieve and you don’t even know how to start being organised….where are you on this scale?’

386

In this scenario your coachee will most likely to be able to identify some midpoint between the two extremes on which you can then build with a further question such as:

‘so what do you know you are doing well which is giving you the score of 4?’ which then leads to further positive exploration.

Remember, always use 1 rather than zero as your lower end of the scale as zero cannot be built upon should your coachee choose the lowest extreme.

Once you have established your coachee’s current position you can then ask questions to help move them forward:

e.g. so, if you are now at a 6 what things can you now do to move yourself to a 7?’

Assessing commitment

Using scaling techniques in coaching is also a great way to assess your coachee’s commitment to an action. Simply asking ‘are you committed’ is a closed question and will more likely prompt a ‘yes’ rather than a ‘no’ whatever their commitment is, whilst asking ‘how committed are you’ might elicit a vague ‘very committed’ response which could mean many things. By asking a scaling question you are helping your coachee put some measure on it which you can then explore further and prompt you to ask ‘so what would bring your commitment to a 10/10?’

From experience coachees with a commitment of less than 8/10 usually require further exploration to establish underlying issues affecting their motivation and to establish what action they will be more committed to.

Source: http://www.personal-coaching-information.com/scaling-techniques-in-coaching.html

387

3.9 EXTERNALISING OF PROBLEMSExternalising language is used in coaching to separate the problem from the person. For example, a person may say “I am a sad person”. This implies that the person has a sad quality or characteristic of sadness rather than it just being something that affects the person from time to time.

Coaches working from a narrative perspective are attuned to the language they use to represent an issue or problem in their coachees’ lives. They assume that the issue or problem is “having an effect on the person” rather than the issue or problem being an intrinsic part of who the person is.

Rather than saying “you are lacking in motivation”, a coach working from a narrative perspective may ask “when did motivation leave you?” OR rather than say, “you are stressed” the coach may enquire, “when did stress get a hold of you?”

Source: www.mentalhealthacademy.com.au

Consider the difference between saying ‘I’m a perfectionist’ as opposed to saying ‘Perfectionism is giving me a hard time today.’ In the latter case, you are, in language at least, separating you – the person – from the problem. The separation opens up different ways of talking about the problem and helps bring to the surface different options for responding to it.

Of course, you can think of impediments to productivity as a manifestation of your basic essence, your basic nature. The impediments may be your intrinsic laziness, slow-wittedness, or clumsiness showing through. On the other hand, you can externalise these impediments, think of them as objects or agents that are distinct from you and with which you have a (sometimes troubled) relationship.

When problems are externalised, it’s much more natural to think of them as coming and going, sometimes being strong, sometimes weak. It is much more natural to ask when they arrived on the scene, to ask

388

whether they might leave, and to ask whether and how you might change your relationship with them.

Naming problems

If something is holding you back, you can seek to find a name or other means of referring to the problem, a means that makes it separate from you. Sometimes just putting a ‘the’ in front of it will work, e.g. ‘The Perfectionism’ or ‘The Block’. There are no right answers here. The point of the technique is to find a name that means something to you. And if your first couple of tries for a name don’t feel right, you can always try others.

Names people have shared with me for problems that have interfered with achieving their goals in a sustainable way include: ‘The Critic’, ‘Perfecto Man’, ‘The Pressure Cooker’, ‘The Boulder’ and so on. Having a name for your particular problem, one that means something to you, helps create the separation between you and the problem. For some people, the business of naming a problem can seem daft. And for very many people naming a problem can be both fun and a helpful first step in loosening its grip.

Finding out more about a problem

Once you have a name for your problem – and even if you do not – you can find out more about it. How does it like to operate? When is it most active? Does it have a gender? Does it have a colour and a shape?

When is the problem in charge and when are you in charge? What aspirations does the problem have for you in the short and in the long term? What do you like about it and what do you dislike?

What positive intentions does the problem have (even if, overall, it does not play a positive role for you)? What consequences does the problem tend to bring about?

389

Exceptions and unique outcomes

Problems and the problem-talk that they promote, often like to generalise recklessly. They are very fond of words such as ‘always’, ‘never’, ‘not once’, ‘every time’ and so on, e.g. ‘Every time I start to write I get blocked. I will never finish this report.‘ If this is your experience, it’s worth gently probing your history to see whether such statements really stand up to scrutiny.

You might, for example, get curious as to whether there are any occasions where the problem has not got its way. What was different on such an occasion? Can you find a common thread that links together a series of occasions where the problem did not interfere in a way that you would rather it had not?

This line of inquiry is not about denying the power of the problem. It’s not about pretending that it is not an issue. Rather, it’s about opening up some space for another story thread. If, as can sometimes happen, the dominant story thread is one of being stuck – ‘I have terminal writer’s block, I’ll never get finished‘ – then this can sometimes drive out exceptions. Learning more about the exceptions, especially if you get stuck a lot, can be a route to renegotiating your relationship witha problem.

At the same time, adopting different and richer ways of describing your relationship to a problem, can help prepare the path for changing the manner of that relationship, e.g. ‘On Tuesday morning, The Block started to work on me just as I was making coffee and didn’t let go for the rest of the day. But on Friday, after lunch with Emily, The Block was just absent. I didn’t even think about its presence or absence until now.’

You are not the problem, the problem is the problem

Externalising emphasises that you are not the problem. Rather, the problem is the problem. Getting some distance from the problem can help you see your abilities and competencies, can help you see the differences between what you want for yourself and what the problem wants for you. Having this space can often help you renegotiate terms

390

with the problem or, in some cases, break off relations with the problem altogether.

Externalising has it origins as a subtle technique that is used by narrative therapists. For the best DIY results, read up more about it and work with another person who has also read up. If what you try works, keep on with it. If it doesn’t, stop and try something else.

Origins and understandings

Narrative therapy, and the technique of externalising, was developed by Michael White and David Epston.

Generalising recklessly is a topic addressed within Transactional Analysis therapy in relation to the concepts of ‘discounting’ and ‘grandiosity’.

References

What is Narrative Therapy?: An Introduction. Extracts of the book are available at www.dulwichcentre.com.au site,

o What is Narrative Therapy?: An Easy to Read Introduction

Brief Counselling: Narratives and Solutions. The authors’ have a great slogan – ‘if it works do more of it, if it doesn’t do something different’ .

o Brief Counselling: Narratives and Solutions

Source: http://obliquely.org.uk/blog/externalising/ (Matthew Elton)

391

3.10 CREATING RAPPORTA coach gives his coachee his full attention. By doing so, you make it easier for the coachee to tell his story and enables him to look at he could handle his problem better or even solve it. Giving attention you also do by listening actively, by being genuine and by showing respect, in other words by totally being there for the coachee.

As coach you tune into your coachee. You tune into his use of language, words, intonation, attitude, movements and emotions. Do this unobtrusively. If you tune into your coachee, it will become easier for you to imagine what it would be like being him and having his problem. Your coachee will also feel more at ease with you. This can be called mirroring.

Coaching is a very special learning and development relationship. Rapport is one of the active ingredients of coaching that makes it work. More rapport between the coach and coachee will typically make the coaching go more quickly. Less rapport will make it less effective. What this means is that more time spent by the coach and their coachee up front will lead to less effort later to produce results. Less effort up front to create rapport will mean more effort is needed later to stimulate the coachee to right action.

If you have a coaching role and you have a new coachee, who will be a challenge, taking the time to establish rapport will make the coaching more successful. In extreme circumstances the rapport building might need to be 99% of the coaching relationship.

So what is rapport. The dictionary definition speaks of mutual trust. My favourite definition of trust is ‘an absence of vulnerability.’ So rapport could be considered a ‘mutual absence of vulnerability.’

How is that developed from the coach’s side of the relationship. Here are five ideas.

392

1. Be curious.

Ask a lot of questions. People trust people who are interested in them. The reason for this is that people tend to feel isolated as life gets more complicated. And when someone pays attention to us we feel safer and less isolated.

Think of the car buying situation with the car salesperson as the coach. The salesperson who focuses on finding out the customer’s needs before trying to close the sale will do much better than the salesperson who focuses on the product. When someone tries to sell us something, whether a car or an idea, if we feel they know us, we will feel safer and be more open to what they have to say.

As a coach the more you use curious information gathering to build rapport the more likely it is that your coachee will trust you and be coachable.

2. Be an open space listener.

When you ask a question deliberately pause to let the person you’re asking answer. This is a sign of respect, which builds feelings of safety and trust.

Imagine if you had an audience with the Pope. Would you ask a question and then jump in while he was answering. No, not at all. You would respectfully wait for the answer.

It is the same in building rapport. To build trust you must patiently provide an empty space for the answer to fill. Patient open space listening produces respect, an absence of vulnerability and rapport.

3. Be a flexible mirror.

To make someone you’re talking to feel comfortable it is helpful to mirror their demeanour. If they are slow and deliberate they will feel most comfortable if you are the same way. If you’re in a hurry they will feel uncomfortable and less safe.

393

When trying to mirror someone look for their language pattern. Is it deliberate or fast? Try to measure their breathing pattern in the same way. Is it fast or slow? Reflect it. Watch out for their body language. If they are relaxed, don’t lean in aggressively.

Being flexible in how you act around your coaching coachees will help you to be a better coach. It will help you build rapport, their feelings of safety and their receptiveness to your coaching.

4. Be charismatic.

When coaching act as if your coachee is your whole world. Focusing intently on them will build rapport. It will make them feel important and make it easier for them to trust you and this trust will make them more sympathetic to your coaching.

In order to focus intently on them get into a quiet space to coach. This should be away from distractions. Make it easy on yourself to focus. For example, don’t coach somewhere where there is a lot of action going on behind your coachee. If necessary, face a wall with your coachee in front of you to make it easy on yourself.

If you are distracted during the coaching session it is like saying your coachee is of less importance than what is distracting. What does it say to answer a phone while listening to another person?

5. Be understanding.

One other way to build rapport is let your coachee know that you understand where they are coming from. When you acknowledge them, that is you say and demonstrate that you understand, it doesn’t mean you agree it just means that you have heard them.

This creates an absence of vulnerability because people want to know that they have been heard. That makes them feel important and makes it easier to trust.

To demonstrate that you understand let them know that their words make sense to you and, when possible, that you have had similar experiences and thoughts. This might be done by telling them about a

394

personal experience that is like theirs. If that is not possible say that you understand or ask them to explain further in a way that lets them know you are interested in their experience. Being heard is a building block of trusting.

So building rapport is taking steps to create trust by creating an absence of vulnerability. This is done by helping the coachee to feel safe. Steps to take include being curious, creating an open space for answers to questions, mirroring the demeanour of the coachee, giving the coachee your total attention and acknowledging that they are being heard. It’s all about being an excellent listener.

Rapport is the ultimate tool for producing results with other people and thus it is so vital for effective communications.

Whether you know the person or not, there are 6 main steps to establishing rapport with anyone.

When you bear in mind that 93% of all communication is down to the tonality of your voice and your body language, building rapport is far more than just talking about common experiences.

It's an important point to remember but people like people when they are like themselves and when they are not it so much more difficult to have any sort of relationship with that person never mind an effective one!

Have you ever had times in your past when building rapport was so easy?

I bet you've also had times when you thought, "Oh, what am I going to do and say next?"

We have all been there!

We have also all been there when you've wanted to be quiet and relaxed when all of a sudden a friend or colleague comes jumping in and full of energy, wanting to talk your head off? How did you feel?

395

I bet there have also been times when you've been full of energy and the other person wants to relax! You go arrggghhhhh!

Ok, so let's get to the 6 things you need to do to build rapport.

1. Match the persons sensory modality

What I mean here is to match and mirror the way that they think and talk.

Remember when we were talking about visual, auditory and kinesthetic modalities?

Well, this is about putting it into practice.

Listen for the indicator words that the person is using and use words/phrases from the same modality.

Also, look out for eye movements to spot thinking patterns.

2. Mirror the persons Physiology

By copying the persons posture, facial expressions, hand gestures, movements and even their eye blinking, will cause their body to say unconsciously to their mind that this person is like me!

3. Match their voice

You should match the tone, tempo, timbre and the volume of the person's voice.You should also make use of matching the key words that they use a lot.Examples of this may be: "Alright", "Actually", "You know what I mean"4. Match their breathing

You should match the persons breathing to the same pace. Matching the in and out breath.5. Match how they deal with information

You should match persons CHUNK SIZE of how they deal with information. For example are they detailed or do they talk and think in big pictures.

396

If you get this wrong you will find it very difficult indeed to build rapport as the detailed person will be yearning for more information and the big picture person will soon be yawning!6. Match common experiences

After all, what are you going to talk about!This is all about finding some commonality to talk about. Matching experiences, interests, backgrounds, values and beliefs.

One point to bare in mind is that you need to be subtle when you are matching and mirroring. Don't go over the top!Typically however, the other person will be focussing so much on what they have to say that they will not even notice.Calibration is one way of determining whether you are in rapport with someone.This basically means that you need to develop your ability to notice to such an extent that you can begin to see people's reactions to communications.If the person seems to be comfortable with what you are doing, more than likely you are building rapport. Look at for their eye movement, the muscles around the eyes, their lip movement, and twitches or changes in breathing.Some extra tips that may come in very useful:

Smile

I know that this one’s obvious, but we’re much more approachable when we smile. Alternatively, a greeting without a smile lacks warmth and makes it difficult for us to connect with others.A solid handshake

A good handshake isn’t very memorable, but a bad one is. Make sure that your handshake is firm (without breaking fingers) and doesn’t go on for too long.

397

Hanging your hand out like a dead fish comes across as insipid and lacking in confidence, a bad start to any relationship and to be avoided. Whilst you may have used the same handshake for your whole life so far, it’s never too late to change, so if you’re conscious that you sometimes don’t come across well in this area, start practicing.Get, and use, their name

To assist you to build rapport with others, getting their name early in the interaction is crucial. It’s just as important to use it a few times, making the conversation more personal and increasing the likelihood that you’ll remember it the next time you meet them.

Be conscious of your body language

When meeting people for the first time, it’s obviously important that you appear relaxed and open in your stance and that you make good eye contact. As the conversation goes on, it can also help to mirror the body language of the person you’re speaking to, not in an obvious way, but in a way that gives the impression that you’re “in synch” with each other. Make sure as well that you’re focused on the person that you’re talking to, not looking around the room, which can give the impression that you’re looking for someone more interesting to talk to.

Find common interests, but keep it about them

People like people who share interests with them, so asking questions about their family, work, background, even favourite sporting teams can assist you to find common ground with the other person. However, when you’ve found one or two points of affiliation, don’t take that as permission to talk too much yourself. Ask questions to get the other person talking, enabling them to feel more comfortable and confident with you.

398

Increasing levels of rapport

Matching Modalities

Matching the persons physiology

Matching their voice

Matching their breathing patterns

Matching how they deal with informationChunk Size

Matching common experiences

MEGA RAPPORT LEVELS!!!!!!!!

Sources:

http://www.lifecoachingstudio.com/acom13.htm

The Coaching Clinic: Jerome Shore - tel 416-787-5555 or coach@coachingclinic.com. (www.coachingclinic.com).

http://betterlifecoaching.wordpress.com/2011/06/17/5-tips-for-building-rapport/

dandkpoke@bigpond.com.au

Darren Poke, is a husband and father of three from Melbourne, Australia. He is also an accredited and experienced Life Coach who currently works as a Network Pastor at CityLife Church

399

3.11. COLLABORATION BUILDINGHow to develop collaboration building

1 : Prepare to compromise. When working with a team, it is impossible for everyone to get their way, so compromise is imperative. Don't consider it a blow to your ego, simply a necessity when you develop collaboration skills and put them to use.

2 : Avoid taking it personally. When collaborating with a group, there is always a chance of getting your feelings hurt by insensitive team members or group decisions. Remember that decision-making should not be personal, it is just a natural part of the process.

3 : Focus on the well-being of the project. In order to fully develop collaboration skills, it is important to keep your eye on the task at hand. Focusing your efforts on the success of a project removes the urge to get your own way and helps a group stay on task.

4 : Communicate effectively. Without communication all sorts of problems are likely to pop up. By communicating in thoughtful ways and remaining mindful of others' feelings and motivations, you will be more likely to collaborate successfully.

5 : Identify challenges. If you have trouble developing collaboration skills, take some time to reflect on your difficulties. By pinpointing the hurdles in your way and the causes of your discomfort, you can map out ways to overcome them.

6 : Participate in team building activities. There are a number of team building workshops and activities that are easily accessible online or in person. Take the time to participate in team building activities as a way to quickly and efficiently develop collaboration skills.

Read more: How to Develop Collaboration Skills | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_2060519_develop-collaboration-skills.html#ixzz1qbT2HejN

400

A-to-Z strategies for building collaboration

Most people agree that effective collaboration is more important than ever in today’s turbulent environment. In a “do-more-with-less” reality, it takes ongoing teamwork to produce innovative, cost-effective, efficient and targeted solutions. In fact, the ultimate success of the coaching process may depend on how well coach and coachee can combine their potential and the quality of the information they possess with their ability (and willingness) to share that knowledge .

So, what’s to be done? Here, from A to Z, are the most successful strategies to tear down fences, reduce conflicts and increase collaboration.

A. Find ways to ACKNOWLEDGE collaborative contributors. Recognize and promote people who learn, teach and share. And, penalize those who do not. In all best-practices companies, those hoarding knowledge and failing to build on ideas of others face visible and serious career consequences. In those top companies, employees who share knowledge, teach, mentor, and work across departmental boundaries are recognized and rewarded.

B. Watch your BODY LANGUAGE. All leaders express enthusiasm, warmth and confidence – as well as arrogance, indifference and displeasure through their facial expressions, gestures, touch and use of space. If leaders want to be perceived as credible and collaborative, they need to make sure that their verbal messages are supported (not sabotaged) by their nonverbal signals.

C. Focus on the CUSTOMER. Nothing is more important in an organization – whether it’s a for-profit company or a non-profit group – than staying close to the end-user of the service or product you offer. When you build collaborative relationships with your customers, you give them power and co-ownership of your organization’s success.

D. DIVERSITY is crucial to harnessing the full power of collaboration. Experiments at the University of Michigan found that, when challenged with a difficult problem, groups composed of highly adept members

401

performed worse than groups whose members had varying levels of skill and knowledge. The reason for this seemingly odd outcome has to do with the power of diverse thinking. Group members who think alike or are trained in similar disciplines with similar knowledge bases run the risk of becoming insular in their ideas. Instead of exploring alternatives, a confirmation bias takes over and members tend to reinforce one another’s predisposition. Diversity causes people to consider perspectives and possibilities that would otherwise be ignored.

E. ELIMINATE the barriers to a free flow of ideas. Everyone has knowledge that is important to someone else, and you never know whose input is going to become an essential part of the solution. When insights and opinions are ridiculed, criticized or ignored, people feel threatened and “punished” for contributing. They typically react by withdrawing from the conversation. Conversely, when people are free to ask “dumb” questions, challenge the status quo and offer novel – even bizarre – suggestions, then sharing knowledge becomes a collaborative process of blending diverse opinion, expertise and perspectives.

F. To enhance collaboration, analyze and learn from FAILURE. The goal is not to eliminate all errors, but to analyze mistakes in order to create systems that more quickly detect and correct mistakes before they become fatal.

G. Collaboration takes GUIDANCE by managers who know how to harness the energies and talents of others while keeping their own egos in check. Successful organizations require leaders at all levels who manage by influence and inclusion rather than by position.

H. Eliminate HOARDING by challenging the “knowledge is power” attitude. Knowledge is no longer a commodity like gold, which holds (or increases) its worth over time. It’s more like milk – fluid, evolving and stamped with an expiration date. And, by the way, there is nothing less powerful than hanging on to knowledge whose time has expired.

402

I. Focus on INNOVATION. Creativity is triggered by a cross-pollination of ideas. It is in the combination and collision of ideas that creative breakthroughs most often occur. When an organization focuses on innovation, it does so by bringing together people with different backgrounds, perspectives and expertise – breaking down barriers and silos in the process.

J. JOIN the social media revolution and utilize Web 2.0 technologies – tools and processes that allow people to share opinions, insights, experiences and perspectives in order to collaborate and to self organize.

K. Realize that there are two kinds of KNOWLEDGE in your organization: Explicit knowledge can be transferred in a document or entered in a database. Tacit knowledge needs a conversation, a story, a relationship. Make sure you are developing strategies to capture both.

L. LEADERS at all levels of an organization can nurture collaboration within their own work group or staff. And the most successful of these leaders do so by taking the time and effort necessary to make people feel safe and valued. They emphasize people’s strengths while encouraging the sharing of mistakes and lessons learned. They set clear expectations for outcomes and clarify individual roles. They help all members recognize what each of them brings to the team. They model openness, vulnerability and honesty. They tell stories of group successes and personal challenges. And most of all, they encourage and respect everyone’s contribution.

M. MIX it up by rotating personnel in various jobs and departments around the organization, by creating cross-functional teams, and by inviting managers from other areas of the organization to attend (or lead) your team meetings.

N. Employees with multiple NETWORKS throughout the organization facilitate collaboration. You can accelerate the flow of knowledge and information across boundaries by encouraging workplace relationships and communities. Use a tool like Social Network Analysis (SNA) to

403

create a visual model of current networks so you can reinforce the connections and help fill the gaps.

O. Insist on OPEN and transparent communication. In an organization, the way information is handled determines whether it becomes an obstacle to or an enabler of collaboration. Employees today need access to information at any time from any place.

P. Collaboration is a PARTNERSHIP. As one savvy leader put it, “To make collaboration work, you’ve got to treat people the way you want to be treated. It’s pretty simple, really. Treat all employees as your partners. Because they are.”

Q. Ask the right QUESTIONS. At the beginning of a project, ask: What information/knowledge do we need? Who are the experts? Who in the organization has done this before? Do we have this on a database? Who else will need to know what we learn? How do we plan to share/hand off what we learn?

R. The success of any organization or team – its creativity, productivity and effectiveness – hinges on the strength of the RELATIONSHIPS of its members. Collaboration is enhanced when employees get to know one another as individuals. So, when you hold offsite retreats, organization-wide celebrations or workplace events with “social” time built in, be sure to provide opportunities for personal relationships to develop. Taking time to build this “social capital” at the beginning of a project increases the effectiveness of a team later on.

S. Collaboration is communicated best through STORIES – of successes, failures, opportunities, challenges, and knowledge accumulated through experience. Find those stories throughout your organization. Record them. Share them.

T. TRUST is the foundation for collaboration. It is the conduit through which knowledge flows. Without trust, an organization loses its emotional “glue.” In a culture of suspicion people withhold information, hide behind psychological walls, withdraw from participation. If you

404

want to create a networked organization, the first and most crucial step is to build a culture of trust.

U. Combating silo mentality requires UNIFYING goals. Business unit leaders must understand the overarching goals of the total organization and the importance of working in concert with other areas to achieve those crucial strategic objectives.

V. The incentive to collaborate is the VALUE of the exchange to both the organization and the individual. When the assets and benefits of productive collaboration are made visible, silos melt away.

W. Your WORKPLACE layout encourages or impedes the way the organization communicates. To facilitate knowledge sharing, you need to create environments that stimulate both arranged and chance encounters. Attractive break-out areas, coffee bars, comfortable cafeteria chairs, even wide landings on staircases – all of these increase the likelihood that employees will meet and linger to talk.

X. Take a tip from XEROX. It discovered that real learning doesn’t take place in the classroom – or in any formal setting. In fact, people were found to learn more from comparing experiences in the hallways than from reading the company’s official manuals, going online to a knowledge repository or attending training sessions.

Y. Collaboration is crucial for YOUR success. We’ve witnessing the death of “The Lone Ranger” leadership model, where one person comes in with all the answers to save the day. We now know that no leader, regardless of how brilliant and talented, is smarter than the collective genius of the workforce.

Z. Forget about reaching the ZENITH. Collaborative cultures are learning cultures – and knowledge sharing is an ongoing process, not an end point.

405

Source:

http://www.reliableplant.com/Read/18500/a-to-z-strategies-for-building-collaboration

Carol Kinsey Goman, Ph.D., is a keynote speaker and author of 10 business books. Her latest is “The Nonverbal Advantage: Secrets and Science of Body Language at Work”.

Contact: editorial@troymedia.com

http://www.collaboration.me.uk/HOW2_BUILD_COLLABORATION.php

406

Practical collaboration building

'It's amazing how much can be done when it doesn't matter who gets the credit'. (attributed to George C. Marshal)

This page contains principles that when put into practice will produce results.

Principles, Philosophy and Practice

Start with a unifying purpose

* The purpose may need to be broad enough to bring in enough people with energy, imagination, commitment, resources, and creativity, to generate success. (For example, a community council interested in family and children issues or a business opening a new market.)

* Sometimes the purpose may also be very specific and narrow when the energy, imagination, commitment, and creativity, are sufficient. Start with two or three or a small group of people who have passion for the purpose. (For example, drug prevention.)

* This apparent conflict between broad and specific or narrow collaborations can sometimes be resolved by creating an umbrella committee with a more broad purpose and mission and subcommittees with more narrow and specific missions and purposes. (For example, a community council supporting family and children issues and a subcommittee dealing specifically with drug prevention or a committee working on absentee issues and a subcommittee dealing specific with drug prevention and/or treatment or even a business trying to recreate itself with a number of subcommittees.)

* Start with the End in Mind

407

Create, maintain, and update, simple and practical Mission and Vision statements.

* Create short and concise Mission and Vision Statements, and possibly a strategic plan.

* Be willing to update and change as the need arises.

* Keep the Mission and Vision statements in full view of all of the participants at every meeting. Some organizations place their mission and vision statement at the top of each agenda.

* Stick with it........however,

* If it doesn't fit any more, change it.

* Do it by consensus (unless a specific and different level of authority has been clearly communicated.

* Sometimes it can be helpful to create by-laws. Be careful that you do not get caught in the minutia and loose track of the prize (goal).

* Consider creating and displaying a value statement.

Set goals and objectives.

Goals are where you want to go. Objectives are how you are going to get there.

* Goals should be measurable and observable. They should have specific achievable steps (objectives) with built in accountability for accomplishment.

* Goals should be built upon a consensus and can develop and adapt as the process matures.

* Some goals should be met quickly and easily, others should stretch you and the organization.

408

* Celebrate and advertise success.

* Emphasize both process and product.

* Document baselines to which you can compare.

* Evaluate how your results compare with the results of others working on similar goals. Be willing to learn from the success of others.

* Always strive for improvement, evaluate, solicit feedback, and adjust your course as needed.

Believe in what you are doing and the people who are doing it.

"If you think you can do a thing or think you can't do a thing, you're right." (Henry Ford)

* Radiate and speak Optimism.

* Expect Success

* Expect the best from people that you are working with.

Leadership

"What you are thunders so loudly in my ears that I cannot hear what you say." (Emerson )

* Someone needs to be responsible for facilitating, moderating, and managing the meeting and discussion.

* Value-based dedicated leadership is essential for anything lasting, significant, and positive, to be accomplished.

* Be supportive, consistent, and dependable.

* Set high standards of excellence.

* True collaboration requires shared leadership. Cultivate leadership in others.

409

* Leadership must value an inclusive, collaborative, process.

Coordinate - Organize

* Seating can be very important. Sitting behind tables can have the advantage of giving people a place to write and providing emotional protection. It also creates an atmosphere conducive to getting down to business and working. Preferably, tables should allow everyone to see each other (circle, semicircle, rectangle, or square). Very small groups can often do well sitting on something comfortable such as two or three couches and/or other comfortable chairs that face each other. Very large groups can sit in a circle or semicircle. These formats will increase communication. Avoid rows of people. This cuts down on interaction and communication.

* Hold regular, consistent (same place and same time), mutually beneficial, constructive, profitable, informative, and brief meetings.

* Take notes from the meeting and provide them to everyone in the collaboration. When there is a discussion, write down what is said. Writing on a board or flip chart where everyone can see is often preferred. (In some settings, writing on a board or flip chart can seem pretentious.) Accurately write what people say.

* Always have an agenda. In most cases it is better to send it to everyone ahead of time. Stick to the schedule. Respect everyone's time.

* When someone brings something up that is not on the agenda, write it down where they can see it. Be sure and address it at a later time, such as at the end of the meeting, after the meeting, or during another meeting. Let everyone know ahead of time what the process will be for addressing items brought up during the meeting, but not on the agenda. Occasionally in some urgent situations, items will need to be addressed immediately, this

410

should be rare.

* Stick to your mission statement.

* For community collaboration regularly nominate and vote for officers or set a system for rotation. Even when this is a committee, within a single organization, this can have value.

* Small subcommittees or groups can often accomplish specific technical work or complete projects more quickly than a larger group, committee, or collaboration. These smaller groups can receive direction or report to the larger group. Remember to keep Levels of Authority clear.

Show Respect for People and Time.

* Ask for help. Say please and thank you. Demonstrate common courtesy. Apologize when warranted (know when it's warranted, be humble enough to appologize, at times, even when it's not.)

* 8 a.m. is often a good time for meeting with participants from Agencies and Schools. Lunch time can also be a good time. Evenings and weekends are usually best for Church, Family, Neighborhood, and General Community Meetings. I am aware of one community coalition which meets at 4:30 P.M., to make it easier for teachers to attend. If your goal is to involve youth, be sure to meet at a time and place convenient to youth.

* When there is a meeting for a work group with different organizations/agencies who have a mandate for the collaboration, the time is usually more flexible.

* Always start and end on time.

* Be consistent.

Consider logistical needs of others

411

* Consider parking, transportation, acoustics, and child care, when required.

* Access and comfort should also be considered. Accommodate needs of individuals with disabilities.

* Be sure there are adequate restrooms, water, et. etc.

Be Open-minded * Share Ownership. * Empower others * Share Leadership.

* Be willing to accommodate others, when possible and appropriate.

* Concentrate on the areas that you have in common with others who are involved. A lifetime of good may be accomplished in the areas that you agree. Sometimes working together towards positive goals can be more important than your specific agenda. As you work together and develop relationships you will likely come to a greater unity of purpose.

* Encourage and help your organization to grow and change as the need arises.

* When others feel ownership and empowerment in the organization, they become more committed, creative, and loyal.

* For many people the process is as important, and sometimes even more important, than the results. Everyone needs to be heard.

* Manage/Lead the process, don't control it. (The process does not belong to any one individual, and usually does not belong to any one organization, or agency).

* Allow for conflict and disagreement. Create a healthy atmosphere for disagreement and discussion. As much as possible, resolve conflict and support the solution.

* Members/Participants need to clearly understand and respect

412

each other's values, knowledge, and skills.

* Knowledge needs to be shared in order to increase the capacity of all the members, which in turn extends the capacity of the organization/collaboration. Knowledge shared is more powerful than knowledge kept.

* Enthusiastically support other people's successive or intermittent approximations of the goal. (As much as possible, let it be someone else's idea.) If their bandwagon is headed in the general direction of where you want to go, jump in and cheer it on.

* Use genuine compliments and recognition. At times it is wise to put it in writing and make it public. At times it is wise to make it private. Be specific about the behavior that you are complimenting.

* When appropriate encourage volunteers.

* Provide everyone who wants it, something meaningful to do. Remember that what is meaningful to you may not be meaningful to another. When ever possible, encourage and support others in their interests.

* Share and rotate leadership responsibilities. Support and encourage leadership in others whenever possible.* Learn and practice critical thinking skills...without being critical.

Build relationships

* Allow time before and after meetings for visiting. This can often be as important as the meeting itself. Take time to build friendships with members of the organization outside of the meeting times.

* Serving light refreshments or snacks can help to build relationships and ease conversation.

* Occasionally you may want to send a simple greeting card or thank

413

you note to participants. This can help to build relationships. Sometimes a hand written note is greatly appreciated.

* Get to know and as much as possible understand the needs, issues, and passions of all the members of the coalition and stake holders in and out of the coalition.

* You are more likely to have positive influences over a friend, than an enemy.

* Emphasize both process and product.

Communicate

* For many people the process is as important, and sometimes even more important, than the results. Everyone needs to be heard.

* Serving refreshments or light snacks can open help to relax people and open communication.

* Use common language. One of the most important building blocks of collaboration and consensus is communication. Sometimes our differences are magnified in the words we choose when we come together. At times this is because we get used to using certain words, phrases, or acronyms (words formed from the first letter of each word in a phrase such as USA), with our peers, because these words save time and helps us feel like we fit into a group. When we come together with other people from different backgrounds, we sometimes forget that others may not understand some of the language that we use. Sometimes, some people may use words, phrases, or acronyms, that others may not understand on purpose. This can be a way to appear superior to others or to hide behind language as a way of self-protection.

It is important to understand that we all have fears and concerns and that part of the purpose of this process is to overcome and move beyond fears and concerns together.

When meeting together, use words, and phrases that all will

414

understand. Avoid acronyms. (Common language can include words, phrases, examples, and stories, which are familiar.)

* Sometimes people don't feel comfortable sharing ideas in a group. Take time to solicit opinions and ideas one on one. Use surveys. Break into smaller groups to increase participation. Go around the group asking each person for an idea or their opinion. As people become more comfortable and feel safer with each other, participation will likely increase. Let everyone know that their opinion and contribution is valuable. Promote and encourage open dialogue.

* Remember that language is more than just the spoken or written word. It is also the way words are spoken, timing, body language, and the way silence is used.

* Use the media and other communication tools to communicate with stake holders outside of the collaboration. Some times members of the media are great additions to the collaboration/coalition.

* Send letters, e-mails, agendas, notes, flyers, et. Etc. to other members of the coalition on a regular basis. Make phone calls and when possible personal visits to other members of the coalition to build relationships, keep people involved, and communicate.

* Maintain strong and consistent communication with stake holders outside of the coalition/collaboration.

"Real listening shows respect. It creates trust. As we listen, we not only gain understanding, we also create the environment to be understood. And when both people understand both perspectives, instead of being on opposite sides of the table looking across at each other, we find ourselves on the same side looking at solutions together". (Stephen R. Covey)

416

Motivate

* Find the commonalities and common passions.

* Find out what motivates the members of the coalition/collaboration and the stake holders. Remember that what motivates you, may not motivate them. Appreciate and respect the differences.

Understanding each other's Love Languages may be helpful.

Take responsibility and give credit.

* Give credit for success to everyone else involved with that success. Take responsibility for mistakes, and when they occur, failures that you have any part in.

* Find and take opportunities to compliment and celebrate the success of others.

* As collaboration matures, both responsibility and success will be shared more evenly.

Stick with it...Persevere..Work.

"The only place you'll find success before work is in the dictionary". Mary B. Smith

"That which we persist in doing becomes easy to do. Not that the nature of the thing has changed, but the power to do had increased". Heber J. Grant

* Building Collaboration requires substantial and sustained effort, often without recognition or equal distribution of responsibility.

* Keep your passion alive.

* Help others to find and harness their own passions.

* Complete and encourage the completion of assignments, provide

417

accountability.

Let Go, Forgive.

* Be willing to "let go," forgive, and look past the shortcomings in others. When you do this, they will be more likely to do it for you. Sometimes you have to hear before you will be heard. (This does not mean that you allow yourself or anyone else to be abused.)

* Everyone must be treated with dignity and respect.

* Allow for mistakes and even failure. Look for feedback from failure.

* Don't worry too much about perfection. Participation is sometimes more important then perfection.

* Let go of preconceptions.

Continuity – Consistency - Dependability

* Even though the organization or collaboration may evolve over time, it is important to demonstrate consistency and dependability in values and character.

* There should be a continuity in programs and message. Changes in direction should be openly discussed, understood, and consensual.

* Be honest and trustworthy. Your influence will be greatly dependent upon how dependable and trustworthy you and the organization are over time.

Evaluate - Feedback

* Develop ongoing evaluations, feedback, and course correction, for continuous quality improvement.

* Collect and present data which is accurate, relevant, and easily understood.

418

* Find the feedback in failure when it occurs.

Eliminate (or at least decrease) Financial Dependancy

* Stable resources are essential for anything enduring.

* Consider creating an endowment fund.

* Sometimes extraordinary results can be accomplished through volunteer efforts and limited funds.

* Keep good, clear, financial records.

* Create sustainability.

Celebrate Success

* Look for success.

* Learn to recognize success.

* Celebrate small successes.

* Celebrate big successes.

* Celebrate publicly and privately.

* Acknowledge and reward success.

* Don't go overboard, find out what people really appreciate, make it genuine.

Be flexible

* Remember that there are often exceptions.

Show gratitude

* Show gratitude for gifts of every kind.

419

One last piece of information for this page. There are times when a more formal process can be helpful and times when it can be an encumbrance and times in-between when some formality might help. When some or a lot of formality might be helpful you may want to consider incorporating all or some of Robert's Rules of Order.

Underlying these rules, always remember three fundamental principals.

1. Everyone needs to be treated with dignity and respect.2. Everyone needs to be heard.3. All of the information needs to be clear for everyone.

420

3.12. SAYING “NO”Do you have difficulty saying “no”? Are you always trying to be nice to others at the expense of yourself?

Well, you’re not alone. Lots op people are not good at saying “no”, because they do not want to hurt the other person’s feelings.

Whenever they get requests for help, they attend to them even though they have important work to do. Sometimes, at the end of the day, forcing them to forgo sleep to catch up on their work.

Mostly, they realize that all these times of not saying “no” (when they should) are not helping them at all. They are spending a lot of time and energy for other people and not spending nearly as much time for themselves. This is so frustrating, especially since they bring it upon themselves.

Realities of NOT Saying No

While saying yes seems like an easy answer for the reasons above, it’s not necessary the best answer all the time.

Just like saying no has its implications, NOT saying no *has* implications too. Every time we say yes to something, we’re actually saying no to something else. Think about it:

When you say yes to something you don’t enjoy, you say no to things that you love

When you say yes to a job you don’t love, you say no to your dreams

When you say yes to someone you don’t like, you say no to a fulfilling relationship

When you say yes to working overtime, you say no to your social life

When you say yes to Quadrant 3/4 tasks, you say no to your Quadrant 2, high value activities

To learn to say “No”, we have to first understand what’s resisting us about it. Below are common reasons why people find it hard to say no:

421

1. You want to help. You are a kind soul at heart. You don’t want to turn the person away and you want to help where possible, even if it may eat into your time.

2. Afraid of being rude. I was brought up under the notion that saying “No”, especially to people who are more senior, is rude. This thinking is common in Asia culture, where face-saving is important. Face-saving means not making others look bad (a.k.a losing face).

3. Wanting to be agreeable. You don’t want to alienate yourself from the group because you’re not in agreement. So you confirm to others’ requests.

4. Fear of conflict. You are afraid the person might be angry if you reject him/her. This might lead to an ugly confrontation. Even if there isn’t, there might be dissent created which might lead to negative consequences in the future.

5. Fear of lost opportunities. Perhaps you are worried saying no means closing doors. For example, one of my clients’ wife was asked to transfer to another department in her company. Since she liked her team, she didn’t want to shift. However, she didn’t want to say no as she felt it would affect her promotion opportunities in the future.

6. Not burning bridges. Some people take “no” as a sign of rejection. It might lead to bridges being burned and relationships severed.

If you nodded to any of the reasons, I’m with you. They applied to me at one point or another. However, in my experience dealing with people at work and in life, I realized these reasons are more misconceptions than anything. Saying “No” doesn’t mean you are being rude; neither does it mean you are being disagreeable. Saying “No” doesn’t mean there will be conflict nor that you’ll lose opportunities in the future. And saying no most definitely doesn’t mean you’re burning bridges. These are all false beliefs in our mind.

At the end of the day, it’s about how you say “no”, rather than the fact you’re saying no, that affects the outcome. After all, you have your own priorities and needs, just like everyone has his/her own needs. Saying

422

no is about respecting and valuing your time and space. Say no is your prerogative.

7 Simple Ways To Say “No”

Rather than avoid it altogether, it’s all about learning the right way to say no. After I began to say no to others, I realized it’s really not as bad as I thought. The other people were very understanding and didn’t put up any resistance. Really, the fears of saying no are just in our mind.

If you are not sure how to do so, here are 7 simple ways for you to say no. Use the method that best meets your needs in the situation.

1. “I can’t commit to this as I have other priorities at the moment.”

If you are too busy to engage in the request/offer, this will be applicable. This lets the person know your plate is full at the moment, so he/she should hold off on this as well as future requests. If it makes it easier, you can also share what you’re working on so the person can understand better. I use this when I have too many commitments to attend to.

2. “Now’s not a good time as I’m in the middle of something. How about we reconnect at X time?”

It’s common to get sudden requests for help when you are in the middle of something. Sometimes I get phone calls from friends or associates when I’m in a meeting or doing important work. This method is a great way to (temporarily) hold off the request. First, you let the person know it’s not a good time as you are doing something. Secondly, you make known your desire to help by suggesting another time (at your convenience). This way, the person doesn’t feel blown off.

3. “I’d love to do this, but …”

I often use this as it’s a gentle way of breaking no to the other party. It’s encouraging as it lets the person know you like the idea (of course, only say this if you do like it) and there’s nothing wrong about it. I often get collaboration proposals from fellow bloggers and business associates which I can’t participate in and I use this method to gently say no. Their

423

ideas are absolutely great, but I can’t take part due to other reasons such as prior commitments (#1) or different needs (#5).

4. “Let me think about it first and I’ll get back to you.”

This is more like a “Maybe” than a straight out “No”. If you are interested but you don’t want to say ‘yes’ just yet, use this. Sometimes I’m pitched a great idea which meets my needs, but I want to hold off on committing as I want some time to think first. There are times when new considerations pop in and I want to be certain of the decision before committing myself. If the person is sincere about the request, he/she will be more than happy to wait a short while. Specify a date / time-range (say, in 1-2 weeks) where the person can expect a reply.

If you’re not interested in what the person has to offer at all, don’t lead him/her on. Use methods #5, #6 or #7 which are definitive.

5. “This doesn’t meet my needs now but I’ll be sure to keep you in mind.”

If someone is pitching a deal/opportunity which isn’t what you are looking for, let him/her know straight-out that it doesn’t meet your needs. Otherwise, the discussion can drag on longer than it should. It helps as the person know it’s nothing wrong about what he/she is offering, but that you are looking for something else. At the same time, by saying you’ll keep him/her in mind, it signals you are open to future opportunities.

6. “I’m not the best person to help on this. Why don’t you try X?”

If you are being asked for help in something which you (i) can’t contribute much to (ii) don’t have resources to help, let it be known they are looking at the wrong person. If possible, refer them to a lead they can follow-up on – whether it’s someone you know, someone who might know someone else, or even a department. I always make it a point to offer an alternate contact so the person doesn’t end up in a dead end. This way you help steer the person in the right place.

7. “No, I can’t.”

424

The simplest and most direct way to say no. We build up too many barriers in our mind to saying no. As I shared earlier in this article, these barriers are self-created and they are not true at all. Don’t think so much about saying no and just say it outright. You’ll be surprised when the reception isn’t half as bad as what you imagined it to be.

Learn to say no to requests that don’t meet your needs, and once you do that you’ll find how easy it actually is. You’ll get more time for yourself, your work and things that are most important to you. I know I do and I’m happy I started doing that.

Tips:

1. Be firm -- not defensive or overly apologetic -- and polite. This gives the signal that you are sympathetic, but will not easily change your mind if pressured.

2. If you decide to tell the person you’ll get back to them, be matter-of-fact and not too promising. If you lead people to believe you’ll likely say "yes" later, they’ll be more disappointed with a later "no."

3. If asked for an explanation, remember that you really don’t owe anyone one. “It doesn’t fit with my schedule,” is perfectly acceptable.

4. Remember that there are only so many hours in the day. This means that whatever you choose to take on limits your ability to do other things. So even if you somehow can fit a new commitment into your schedule, if it’s not more important than what you would have to give up to do it (including time for relaxation and self care), you really don’t have the time in your schedule.

Sources:

Celes Chua, The Personal Excellence Blog Get her free ebook “101 Things To Do Before You Die” at http://celestinechua.com/newsletterElizabeth Scott, M.S., http://stress.about.com/od/settingboundaries/ht/say_no.htm

425

Now, do you know how to say NO?

Of course you do. It’s a simple word. But do you have trouble saying NO to the numerous requests that come your way and take your time?

Then at the end of a well-planned week you find you have said “YES” so often to the needs of others and have done very little of what you really wanted to get done for yourself. Time to learn some good Ways to say NO.

In all types of Coaching Jobs and situations from personal life coaching to business and executive coaching, being able to educate clients on the importance of being able to say NO is paramount.

So lets' discuss some ways of how to say NO to yourself (yes yourself) and others, avoid overwhelm and up your refusal skills.

There are ways of saying NO that can put the 'asker' offside. Or and there are ways of saying NO so elegantly to requests, that the requester doesn’t even realize they have been refused.

If you have a favorite that I haven't mentioned or an experience to share, I'd love you to contribute using the invitation at the foot of this page

Take your time in answering a request:

If the response “YES” to a request is automatic for you, practice substituting it with something like “I’m not sure if that will work, can I get back to you in a couple of hours/days?”

Be careful not to give the impression that your answer will be most likely

be favorable so the person asking goes away feeling it is more or less a done deal.

426

They will then feel more let down and maybe annoyed if it turns out to be NO. Keep your tone neutral or even veer on the side of a refusal.

This “get back to you” time will allow you to ponder on the following and make a wise decision:

What is the real benefit I will get personally/professionally if I agree to do this (especially if it is a voluntary project)?

How will doing this extra task affect my focus on doing the really important things I need to do in around Setting and Achieving Goals for myself?

If I agree to this, will I be giving up precious time that could be spent on my goals, with my family or on leisure activities and renewing my energy?

This set of questions is about making it OK to make your needs and what you want to do, at least as important as the needs and requests of others.

Ways How to Say NO!

So you've come to the conclusion that saying YES to the request is not the way to go. It’s time to practice how to say NO graciously and without giving offense.

Try these generally successful strategies:

'I'd love to help you and I’m really busy": Tell me about the project and if I think of something or someone who can help, I’ll get back to you

'It just doesn’t work for me to do that just now, but can I suggest…’: (and come up with someone else who may be able to help). If asked why it doesn’t work, avoid getting drawn into a long explanation which could lead to counter arguments and your giving in and saying YES. Keep repeating “It really just doesn’t work for me right now”

427

I’d love to help but I have a lot on at the moment:I really couldn’t do justice to what you need.

Overloaded at work?

It can seem almost impossible to know how to Say NO in a work situation, especially if you are really good at juggling multiple tasks.

These strategies may help you say NO and avoid overwhelm and burnout.

Say something like, "I can’t see how I can fit this in addition to what you have already requested. Where would you prefer I direct my attention?"

Delegate responsibility: If you are working for more than one person, and they all want to be your priority, throw the requests back to them to sort out the priorities or delegate to someone else.

You might even want to master the The Art of Delegation yourself.

I once worked in a PR company as a secretary to two of the busiest consultants who always wanted everything in a hurry.

There were other consultants not nearly as busy and their secretaries would often sit reading and knitting whilst I was in overwhelm often working through my lunch hour.

Yes, the other secretaries could have offered to help, but they didn't, and in those days, I didn't have the skills or the confidence to stand up for myself and say NO elegantly or insist I got some help.

When You Really Want to Say Yes - But Not Overcommit: Sometimes you are asked to do something you would really like to get involved with but don’t have the time. When this happens, suggest or ask how

428

you can contribute in a way that works for you time-wise. This will keep you involved but on your terms.

Be sympathetic but firm: In all your newly acquired ways of how to say NO, be sympathetic but firm. Don’t over apologize for your NO. Show empathy for their situation but in a way that lets them know your mind will not be changed.

The bottom line is that learning to say NO confidently can move you forward towards having work life balance and achieving your goals faster than saying YES to everything.

How to say no is just one of the strategies in my book Ready Set Goal! to help you and your coaching clients achieve their goals faster and with less stress.

Finally, if you find the idea of saying NO to someone in a particular work or relationship situation sends you into a tizz and makes you anxious, then it could be time to assess whether this is an environment or relationship that really works for you to stay in.

Source: Wendy Buckingham: http://www.all-about-becoming-a-life-coach.com/how-to-say-no.html#ixzz1qnDNxJ5D

429

3.13 I-MESSAGESYou can make a huge difference in your self-esteem as you learn to use assertive “I” messages instead of hurtful “you” messages. It may be hard to re-train yourself to speak in self empowering “I” messages instead of negative “you” messages, but the effort is ever-so worth it.

“You” messages are often heard as blaming, hurtful communications that tend to put people on the defensive, and make them want to attack or withdraw. “I’ messages are more easily heard by others. This increases the chance that we can work with others to get what we need.

Examples of “You” Messages:

“Turn the TV down. You’re so inconsiderate.”

“You just wear me out. Now you’ve really made me mad.”

“You better call the doctor right now.”

Example of an “I” Message.

Using the example above, “You better call the doctor right now” we can see that an “I” message would be easier to hear and more likely to result in the hearer taking the desired

“When I see you having trouble breathing I feel so scared because I think you may not call the doctor and you may die and leave me.”

HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN “I” MESSAGE

Write out a sentence using the 4 steps below. As you become more familiar with the process, you can just think it out before speaking.

1. Describe the behavior that is troubling you – specifically, without blaming or sounding judgmental. Limit the area of behavior that concerns you (instead of globalizing) by starting with “When”: “When I see you having trouble breathing…”

2. State your feelings about the possible consequences of the behavior: “I feel so scared…”

430

3. State the consequences of the behavior: “… beause I think you may not call the doctor and you may die and leave me.”

4. Explain what you would like to happen instead: “so please, make an appointment with the doctor!”

The order in which the 4 parts are expressed is usually not important.

Example:

1. I feel _________________ (express your feeling)

2. when you _____________ (describe the action that affects you or relates

to the feeling)

3. because _______________ (explain how the action affects you or relates

to the feeling)

4. that’s why I would like you to _______ (state your preference for what

you would like to take place instead.)

HOW TO DECODE A “YOU” MESSAGE

What a difference it would have made in your self esteem if your parents used this principle. What if you had heard “I don’t want to hurt you” instead of “You’re too sensitive.” But it’s not too late. You can translate hurtful “you” messages back to “I” messages.

1. Start with writing something painful that your parents or another has said to you about you.

2. Remember how you felt when you heard it? How did it affect your self esteem?

3. What did you want to do when you heard it?

4. Now translate the parent’s or other’s message into an “I” message

5. How do you feel when think of the “I” message?

431

6. What do you feel like doing when you think of it?

As you can see, the end result of consciously speaking with assertive “I” messages about your own feelings, thoughts, and desires is much more effective than talking about the other person. More self empowerment to you!

THERE ARE FOUR BASIC TYPES OF I-MESSAGES

1. DECLARATIVE I-MESSAGES

The declarative I-message is used when we simply want to express a need, desire, opinion or inner reality. We are not necessarily in conflict with someone, but are simply letting our feelings and needs be known by the others. Doing this wards off many potentially unpleasant situations in which we do not express our feelings and thoughts, and then feel others do not take us into consideration. Learning to make declarative messages makes a relationship much more equal and alive.

Suppressing our needs and emotions leads to feelings of resentment, abandonment and neglect. When our negative feelings accumulate, we are likely to lose our temper about some small insignificant event. Let us avoid these two extremes of suppression and aggression, and learn to be assertive about our needs, desires and opinions.

2. RESPONSIVE I-MESSAGES

When we are asked to do something with or for someone else, it is time for a responsive I-message. We must first decide very clearly whether we actually want to respond to what is being asked of us or not. It may be to lend something, to help someone, to go to dinner, to talk to someone for some time on the telephone, to take a position in an organization, or to donate money. We must decide whether we want to do what we are being asked, and why we do or do not want to do it. Then we must express our decision and why we have come to that decision. Some examples might be

432

«I thank you for your invitation to dinner, but I am extremely tired and prefer to get to bed early.»

«I am sorry, but I have decided that I cannot help you on Saturday because I feel my children and family need me more.»

«You know I really do not enjoy social activities very much anymore, so I don't think I will come this evening. Perhaps we can get together just the two of us some other time and have a deeper communication.»

«Yes, I would be glad to help you this weekend because I really love you very much and would like to express that love through my actions.»

Thus, the first step in making a responsive I-message is to clearly understand what we want to do and then to honestly express it. It may be possible that we will have mixed feelings. An example might be:

«I find myself in a dilemma because, on the one hand, I love you and would like to sit and listen to your problem right now, but on the other, I am exhausted and quite tense myself. Let me rest for a few hours and I will call you back.»

We have learned to avoid saying "no" at all costs; for fear the other will stop loving us or reject us. When we do something with or for someone out of fear of rejection, it is of no real value. It is better to offer less but with love rather than do something out of fear or a sense of obligation and build up feelings of resentment. Being able to say "yes" because we love is a higher human quality and can be developed in three basic ways:

a. Diminishing our own personal needs as much as possible so they do not require much time, energy or thought.

b. Keeping our energy level up through exercises, breathing techniques, relaxation, meditation and proper dietary habits.

c. Developing a feeling of love and compassion for others.

Of course, this yes must be used with discrimination.

433

a. We should avoid doing for others what they can actually do for themselves. (Unless there are important reasons, why at this time we should do this for them.) By taking on the others' responsibilities, we might hold them back in their growth process. As long as they depend on others, they will not develop the inner self-confidence, strength and responsibility necessary for their natural maturity as human beings.

b. We will also need to say not when what is requested from us is in conflict with our sense of morality, such as telling a lie.

c. And, of course, we will have to say no when we are asked to do something that is harmful to ourselves or others.

3. PREVENTIVE I- MESSAGES

When we have observed that a problem has developed in the past and we want to avoid the same or worse happening in the future, it is time for a preventive I-message. We hope to prevent a more serious conflict by expressing what is happening within us or what we need or will need, do or will do. The steps are:

a. We take responsibility for what we are feeling inside us, which is a result of our programming.

b. We identify what emotions and sensations we are feeling.

c. We identify what programs, needs, desires or beliefs are creating those feelings.

d. We identify the behavior of the other person that stimulates this program and the consequent unpleasant and separating feelings.

An example:

« I have a childhood conditioning that one shouldn't eat in front of others without offering them a portion. When you eat in front of me and do not offer me any, I feel disrespected and unloved. I realize that it is my problem, but I thought I should explain it to you because sometimes it affects my behavior toward you.»

434

Now it is time for active listening to see how the other feels. The other may have been completely unaware of the problem, or he she may have sensed it but have feared being rejected if he offered the food.

Another example:

«Dear, you know I am beginning to have negative feelings toward you lately, and I would like to discuss the problem. As you have probably realized, I have a need to be reassured of your love though affection and attention. Lately, it seems that you have been very tired or preoccupied with other things, and haven't been paying very much attention to me. Sometimes I talk to you and you do not even answer. When this happens, I feel rejected, unloved, bitter and angry toward you. I sometimes also fear that you have found someone else.

"I am trying to think positively and find strength within myself, but I do still need some more affection and attention from you. Can we discuss this? I would be very interested in what has been going on inside you all this time. I think our relationship needs this communication.»

And then we switch to active listening to understand what the other is feeling. No one has been blamed or accused of being unloving or insensitive. No feelings have been suppressed. We have a deep open communication between two responsible adults.

4. CONFRONTIVE I- MESSAGES

When a situation is causing us strong negative emotions and we have made some attempts to create understanding and cooperation without response, we may need to make a confrontive I-message. In addition to all the aspects of the preventive message previously mentioned, we might assertively add that we are determined to have our needs met in this situation. In some cases, when repeated communication has brought about little attention or cooperation from the other party, we may have to inform him of what we plan to do if the behavior is not changed. For example, in the previous situation, the communication may end with this message:

435

«And after considering all the possibilities and all of our previous attempts to solve this problem, I have come to the decision that if we cannot find a solution now and you cannot understand my needs, I have decided to leave the relationship for the time being and try living on my own.»

Sources:

Dr. Jane Bolton, a marriage and family therapist, master results coach and contemporary psychoanalyst is dedicated to supporting people in the fullest self expression of their Authentic Selves. This includes Discovery, Understanding, Acceptance, Expression, and Self Esteem. Call 310.838.6363 or visit www.Dr-Jane-Bolton.com .

Read more: http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/Improve-Your-Communication-Using-The--i--Message-Technique/202278#ixzz1qbeHXwf9 Under Creative Commons License: Attribution No DerivativesRobert Elias Najemy : Robert E. Najemy, life coach and author of 25 books has trained over 300 life coaches and now does so over the Internet. Become a life coach. There are over 600 free article and lectures at http://www.HolisticHarmony.com/ - new site: http://www.armonikizoi.com/

436

3.14 ADVISINGCoaching is a professional service that attracts clients who want to make big changes in their lives or overcome obstacles. Many clients assume that they are going to work with someone who can give answers or solutions.

Persons who seek help in improving their life or business might then believe that they will be receiving advice from a professional. When we begin to have coaching conversations with prospective clients or contracted clients, we as trained professional Life Coaches (aka personal and professional coaches) must really be clear that giving advice is not really part of the coaching paradigm.

Advising (the act of giving advice) according to the Webster's collegiate dictionary is "to make a recommendation regarding a decision or course of conduct," and it "implies real or presumed knowledge and experience" . Coaching is to empower, to motivate, to enrich, to co create with our clients. In fact, I believe that effective coaching is even more than problem solving or being solution focused. Coaching is about the creative process of designing one's life to be more like they really want it to be. That is creation — bringing into being what does not now exist. Problem solving is about symptoms and fixing, not creating.

"The trouble with advice is that you cannot tell if it is good or bad until you've taken it."

— Frank Tyger

Advising then, should be omitted from the coaching conversation and as coaches, we also need to "train" our clients to not expect advice, even though we might be capable of some very good advice.

Many of us as coaches would also qualify as advisors or consultants, which are focused more on giving direction and recommended action. Part of the joy I experience as a coach is that I do not have to wear the "expert" hat — my job is to evoke the brilliance of each of my clients

437

and the creativity that comes from a conversation that if it had not occurred would not have lead to the same result. Coaching is creativity.

My friend and mentor, and outstanding author, Dave Ellis has created a Coaching Continuum in which he outlines the role of the coach from least intrusive to the most intrusive coaching response. In this continuum, as printed below, the dotted line indicates the boundary between classic coaching and advising. It is a line for all coaches to be cognizant of.

Listen fully and affirmListen fully and feed back the problem (or desire)Ask the client to generate a few new possibilitiesAsk the client to generate many possibilitiesAdd to the client's list of possibilitiesPresent at least 10 possibilities ( some contradictory)Present at least three possibilitiesTeach a new techniqueOffer an optionGive adviceGive advice by sharing or questioningGive the answer

Listen to your coaching, maybe even tape record your conversations for awhile to see if you slip into the realm of advising. We all do it so naturally, but as coaches we need to be intentional to eschew advice giving. (The reader can find this explained in detail in Ellis's book Life Coaching which can be ordered at www.lifecoachbook.com .)

I believe that the beginning of the coaching continuum is most useful early in the coaching relationship. Even though I am very much a "possibility thinker" with my clients, I never offer my possibilities until I have drawn out my clients creative thinking first. And sometimes, the powerful questioning we utilize from our coaches toolbox, can be disguised advice if we are not careful. There is a difference in the kind of questions you ask and why you ask them. Powerful questions should

438

open up possibilities, inquiry, and creativity — not lead it to a known or preconceived response.

When I was a clinical psychologist, taught of course to not give advice, there were times that I simply had some good advice to give my clients. When I delivered it, I said, "Now I am going to give some advice here, but remember it is just my best thinking in this moment — it does not mean it is the best or right thing to do, but it might help you consider options to this advice or adaptations for your situation." I say something very similarly to my coaching clients or students. Even when words from me sound like advice, I frame it as "my best thinking in the moment" and offer it as a possibility, not a requirement.

Coaching is, after all, about increasing clients choices which lead to creating what they really want to develop, or bring into existence in their personal or professional life. For coaching to be transformational, we want to reinforce self-discovery. Coaching is a process to help people maintain and develop an internal locus of empowerment. Advice, even great advice, inherently leads the client to look for and external locus of influence. Remember coaching is an art form not a science and it works best when creativity is the process present in every coaching conversation. My advice, (I mean my request) is for all coaches to be an artist, not an advisor.

© Copyright, Dr. Patrick Williams.

So, what you do if a coachee turns to you for advisc?

One of the most common mistakes in coaching is giving advice rather than helping the coachee find their own answers. This is an easy mistake to make because most of us are so keen to help (and show that we are helpful) and because many coachees are used to being given advice and they expect it.

From my personal experience of coaching, observing others coaching and being coached, I am convinced that most advice-giving in coaching is nowhere near as powerful and effective as eliciting the answers from the coachee. Eliciting the answers takes more skill and it also takes

439

deep trust in the process of coaching, to believe that it is worth taking a bit more time and to make the space for the coachee to be creative.

Recently I learned a very simple and helpful process that simplifies my job in supporting my coachees to come up with their own answers so that I don’t have to give them advice. Here’s how it works:

Let’s say my coachee asks me something like this: “How can I … ? or “What can I do to …? My coachee is seeking an answer to some question or problem he is facing. My options in that moment are to:

1) Give an answer,

2) Ask another question that helps him think further about what the answer might be, or

3) Suggest that we brainstorm possible solutions together.

Obviously Option 1 is giving advice and not recommended.

In the past I have often used Option 2 and asked my coachee something like “What do you think you could do?” There’s nothing really wrong with this question, but asking a question like this does have some risks.

If my thinking is not clear enough, I might frame the question too tightly and restrict the coachee’s responses. For example I might say “What do you think you could do to discover the root causes of this problem?” when in his mind there are no answers in the root causes and this is simply a distraction from the real question. Also, there is an implication that there is one ‘right’ answer, and this limits creativity.

Another risk with following Option 2 is that it may seem like I am throwing the difficult question back to him and withholding my own experience, wisdom and support.

Option 3 has some clear advantages. I could start by saying, “How about if we brainstorm some possible solutions together?” Immediately I am asking permission from the coachee to follow this next step. It is a way of checking the importance of the question and keeping the coachee in control of the process. I am open to the coachee saying, “Actually, I

440

know what I need to do.” !! But often the coachee will agree and I will say, “How about if you come up with two possible solutions, then I’ll add two, and we’ll carry on until we have a whole bunch?” Depending on the confidence of the coachee in this problem, I could also ask him to come up with a whole bunch of possibilities and then I’ll add some more afterwards.

A coachee is often not aware that there are any possible solutions to his problem, so he will find it encouraging to think that together we will find many. It is up to the coach to provide this confidence: essentially the trust that coaching will work and that there are always possibilities and choices in any situation.

Here are some of the other advantages of this approach:

By focusing on creating possible solutions rather than solving the problem, you temporarily stop the judgment and critical thinking that often blocks creativity. Your goal is to collect all the solutions first, and then evaluate them later. Doing this unleashes creativity and in itself will help the coachee think of things they haven’t thought of before.

Coachees often mistakenly believe that the solutions coming from the coach are more valuable than those they generate themselves. You can counteract this assumption by collecting the ideas together so that they have more equal weight. It’s also possible to generate contradictory ideas to make it clear that the coachee has to choose based on his own evaluation of what will work best for him.

Sometimes this process works so well that the coachee immediately comes up with an excellent solution that he knows is perfect for him and that he is excited to implement. Other times we generate a long list and feel safe with an abundance of choices for actions to take. This is what coaching is all about: creating new ways of thinking that change people’s lives.

Most people are not very experienced at being coached. This fact makes it even more important that coaches trust the coaching process and let the power of coaching reveal itself to coachees. The ‘aha’ moments that

441

they experience as a result will let them realize the true power of coaching.

Source: http://spaxman.com.hk/about-coaching/how-to-coach-when-you-really-want-to-give-advice/

But nothing is ever completely black or white in life.Here is what Thomas Leonard has to say about this issue :

"Many of the newer clients hiring coaches are hiring that coach not only for their coaching skills set but also for the coach's situational knowledge and solutions set. Traditional/purist coaching will be around for a long time, but the market is asking for coaches with solutions, not just coaches who are good at evoking or supporting. Both are important. The definition of coaching is expanding because the marketplace is demanding it."

So here are some Tips for Giving Advice in a Coaching Relationship

Posted on October 13, 2009 at 11:10 am by Stephan Wiedner

442

Have you ever tried giving advice to a teenager? If you haven’t, you can imagine that everything you say is going to go in one ear and out the other. Of course rebellious teenagers are an extreme case but most people don’t respond to unsolicited advice. It’s a waste of good intentions.

In order to save you some effort, here are 3 tips for giving advice when you are coaching someone.

Just to be clear, at a fundamental level, coaching is not about giving advice. It is about asking questions and engaging the coachee in discovering their own solutions. But coaching doesn’t always work that way. Every now and again, you will have a nugget of information that can really help a client and here are some helpful tips to get your message across.

Tip 1: Switch between a coaching “hat” and an advisor “hat”

As previously mentioned, coaching is primarily focused on asking questions and wearing your coaching “hat”. When the conversations leads to a great opportunity for you to share advice, it helps to be clear that you are going to switch to an advice-giving “hat”. Make sure you know the difference.

When you switch to an advice-giving hat, the coachee may no longer be using their active thinking and will zone out. Look for signs that the coachee is not really listening or paying attention. If they are not engaged in what you are saying, it will be a waste.

Tip 2: Be transparent when you are switching “hats”

If you are going to be switching “hats” and giving advice, it never hurts to be completely transparent with the coachee. Say things like “I am going to take off my coaching hat for a minute. I want to share a

443

personal experience with you.” Being transparent like this gives the coachee the ability to ready themselves for your story or advice.

For fun, you can actually switch hats, for real. You may have a sun hat that is perfect for coaching and a scholarly hat for giving advice. Whatever hats work for you. Have fun with it.

Tip 3: Give advice from your own experience

Nobody likes a know-it-all. If you are going to give advice, try to limit your advice to your personal experiences, good or bad. Avoid quoting a $100 text book you barely read in University 15 years ago.

For example, consider saying things like “I haven’t done what you are trying to do but I did try something similar and here’s what I discovered” or “When I tried that, here’s what I learned”.

Bonus Tip: Notice when you are working too hard

If you are working really hard for the coachee to get your brilliant advice and they just don’t get it, take off your advice-giving hat. Don’t bother. Switch to your coaching hat and engage their active thinking brain. Ask some simple questions like:

What do you want?

What do you think are the next steps? or

What are you learning?

Let the coachee do all the hard work. Surprisingly, they’ll get more value from it.

444

3.15 CREATIVE THINKING

By: Vadim otelnikov

Inventor and Founder

Ten3 Business e-Coach

1000ventures, 1000advices.com

InsBeCo, Success360

Innovarsity.com, Fun4Biz.com

See the Big Picture

3 Pillars of Inspiration

Entrepreneurial Creativity

"Creativity is allowing yourself to make mistakes. Art is knowing which ones to keep." – Scott Adams

445

Creative Thinking Tips

Break out of self-imposed limitations.

Look for wider solutions, 'think outside the box’.

Think sideways; explore the least likely directions; abandon step-by-step approach and thinking 'to one side' and master the 'lateral thinking' approach.

Sharpen your brain – communicate and exchange ideas with other creative people as often as you can. This is useful not only for stimulating idea generation but also for giving you an opportunity to validate your ideas through professional colleagues.

If you are thinking along a certain line and nothing happens, stop. Step out of your Shoes, analyze the problem again and see if you can come up with a new approach.

454

If you are working on a problem and getting nowhere, leave it for a while and let your subconscious – your depth mind – to take over. Soon, new ideas and facts will inspire new associations and innovative combinations.

Creativity Defined

A "new" idea is often a combination of old elements. Being able to devise new combinations depend on your ability to discern relationships between seemingly disparate items.

"Creativity is the juxtaposition of ideas which were previously thought to be unrelated.' It is your ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make useful associations among ideas.

"There is virtually no problem you cannot solve, no goal you cannot achieve, no obstacle you cannot overcome if you know how to apply the creative powers of your mind , like a laser beam, to cut through every difficulty in your life and your work," says Brian Tracy.

An Important Pre-Condition

Although creative people come from varied backgrounds, they all seem to have one thing in common – they love what they are doing.

Practice Every Day

How often should you practice if you wish to win the World Tennis Cup: once a month? once a week? every day?

How often should you exercise your right brain's creative muscles if you wish to master your creative skills: once a month? once a week? every day?

Take a Different View

Be different and make a difference!

455

It was by taking a different view of a traditional business that major innovations were achieved. To find a better creative solution to the

current practice, force yourself to reframe the problem, to break down its components and assemble them in a different way.

Ask Searching Questions

Creativity requires an inquisitive mind. Unless you ask lots of "Why?" and "What If"? questions, you won't generate creative insights. "To avoid this most common of creative errors, be sure to peek under all carpets, including your own.

Don't take anything for granted. Especially success. Try looking at the world through more inquisitive eyes; try getting ideas in motion; try asking the all-important: "Why?" See what happens!"7

Why Should You Ask Searching Questions?

Searching questions can help you discover new opportunities, uncover the roots of a problem, and find creative solutions to it. Open your mind to what is possible.

Asking searching questions starts with challenging assumptions. If you do not check assumptions you cannot be good at asking searching questions. Don't ask one or two questions and then rush straight towards a solution. With an incomplete understanding of the problem it is very easy to jump to wrong conclusions.

Ask open-ended questions that elicit a wide rage of answers:

'Why' questions to discover the roots of the problem 'How' questions to discover different routes to significant

improvement.

Boosting Your Creativity

Creativity requires an inquisitive mind. Unless you ask lots of "Why?" and "What If"? questions, you won't generate creative insights.

456

"To avoid this most common of creative errors, be sure to peek under all carpets, including your own. Don't take anything for granted. Especially success. Try looking at the world through more inquisitive eyes; try getting ideas in motion; try asking the all-important: "Why?" See what happens!" says Alexander Hiam, the author of Creativity,

Triggering Great Ideas

A major stimulant to creative thinking for business problem solving is focused questions. A well worded question often penetrates to the heart of the matter and triggers new ideas and insights. To trigger more and better ideas, you, first, must be be very clear about exactly what it is that you are trying to do.

Write it down and describe it as if it were already achieved. And, second, question your assumptions continually. What if there were a better way? Be willing to try something completely different.

Case in point : GOOGLE

"We run the company by questions, not by answers," says Eric Schmidt, the CEO of Google. "So in the strategy process we've so far formulated 30 questions that we have to answer. I'll give you an example: we have a lot of cash. What should we do with the cash? Another example of a question that we are debating right now is: we have this amazing product called AdSense for content, where we're monetizing the Web. If you're a publisher we run our ads against your content. It's phenomenal. How do we make that product produce better content, not just lots of content? An interesting question. How we do make sure that in the area of video, that high-quality video is also monetized? What are the next big breakthroughs in search? And the competitive questions: What do we do about the various products Microsoft is allegedly offering?

"You ask it as a question, rather than a pithy answer, and that stimulates conversation. Out of the conversation comes innovation.

457

Innovation is not something that I just wake up one day and say 'I want to innovate.' I think you get a better innovative culture if you ask it as a question."...

Getting the most out of knowledge workers will be the key to business success for the next quarter century. Here's how we do it at Google.

At Google, we think business guru Peter Drucker well understood how to manage the new breed of "knowledge workers." After all, Drucker invented the term in 1959. He says knowledge workers believe they are paid to be effective, not to work 9 to 5, and that smart businesses will "strip away everything that gets in their knowledge workers' way." Those that succeed will attract the best performers, securing "the single biggest factor for competitive advantage in the next 25 years."

At Google, we seek that advantage. The ongoing debate about whether big corporations are mismanaging knowledge workers is one we take very seriously, because those who don't get it right will be gone. We've drawn on good ideas we've seen elsewhere and come up with a few of our own. What follows are ten key principles we use to make knowledge workers most effective. As in most technology companies, many of our employees are engineers, so we will focus on that particular group, but many of the policies apply to all sorts of knowledge workers.

1. Hire by committee. Virtually every person who interviews at Google talks to at least half-a-dozen interviewers, drawn from both management and potential colleagues. Everyone's opinion counts, making the hiring process more fair and pushing standards higher. Yes, it takes longer, but we think it's worth it. If you hire great people and involve them intensively in the hiring process, you'll get more great people. We started building this positive feedback loop when the company was founded, and it has had a huge payoff.

458

2. Cater to their every need. As Drucker says, the goal is to "strip away everything that gets in their way." We provide a standard package of fringe benefits, but on top of that are first-class dining facilities, gyms, laundry rooms, massage rooms, haircuts, carwashes, dry cleaning, commuting buses – just about anything a hardworking engineer might want. Let's face it: programmers want to program, they don't want to do their laundry. So we make it easy for them to do both.

3. Pack them in. Almost every project: at Google is a team project, and teams have to communicate. The best way to make communication easy is to put team members within a few feet of each other. The result is that virtually everyone at Google shares an office. This way, when a programmer needs to confer with a colleague, there is immediate access: no telephone tag, no e-mail delay, no waiting for a reply. Of course, there are many conference rooms that people can use for detailed discussion so that they don't disturb their office mates. Even the CEO shared an office at Google for several months after he arrived. Sitting next to a knowledgeable employee was an incredibly effective educational experience.

4. Make coordination easy. Because all members of a team are within a few feet of one another, it is relatively easy to coordinate projects. In addition to physical proximity, each Googler e-mails a snippet once a week to his work group describing what he has done in the last week. This gives everyone an easy way to track what everyone else is up to, making it much easier to monitor progress and synchronize work flow.

5. Eat your own dog food. Google workers use the company's tools intensively. The most obvious tool is the Web, with an internal Web page for virtually every project and every task. They are all indexed and available to project participants on an as-needed basis. We also make extensive use of other information-

459

management tools, some of which are eventually rolled out as products. For example, one of the reasons for Gmail's success is that it was beta tested within the company for many months. The use of e-mail is critical within the organization, so Gmail had to be tuned to satisfy the needs of some of our most demanding customers – our knowledge workers.

6. Encourage creativity. Google engineers can spend up to 20 percent of their time on a project of their choice. There is, of course, an approval process and some oversight, but basically we want to allow creative people to be creative. One of our not-so-secret weapons is our ideas mailing list: a companywide suggestion box where people can post ideas ranging from parking procedures to the next killer app. The software allows for everyone to comment on and rate ideas, permitting the best ideas to percolate to the top.

7. Strive to reach consensus. Modern corporate mythology has the unique decision maker as hero. We adhere to the view that the "many are smarter than the few," and solicit a broad base of views before reaching any decision. At Google, the role of the manager is that of an aggregator of viewpoints, not the dictator of decisions. Building a consensus sometimes takes longer, but always produces a more committed team and better decisions.

8. Don't be evil. Much has been written about Google's slogan, but we really try to live by it, particularly in the ranks of management. As in every organization, people are passionate about their views. But nobody throws chairs at Google, unlike management practices used at some other well-known technology companies. We foster to create an atmosphere of tolerance and respect, not a company full of yes men.

9. Data drive decisions. At Google, almost every decision is based on quantitative analysis. We've built systems to manage information, not only on the Internet at large, but also internally. We have dozens of analysts who plow through the data, analyze

460

performance metrics and plot trends to keep us as up to date as possible. We have a raft of online "dashboards" for every business we work in that provide up-to-the-minute snapshots of where we are.

10. Communicate effectively. Every Friday we have an all-hands assembly with announcements, introductions and questions and answers. (Oh, yes, and some food and drink.) This allows management to stay in touch with what our knowledge workers are thinking and vice versa. Google has remarkably broad dissemination of information within the organization and remarkably few serious leaks. Contrary to what some might think, we believe it is the first fact that causes the second: a trusted work force is a loyal work force.

Of course, we're not the only company that follows these practices. Many of them are common around Silicon Valley. And we recognize that our management techniques have to evolve as the company grows. There are several problems that we (and other companies like us) face.

One is "techno arrogance." Engineers are competitive by nature and they have low tolerance for those who aren't as driven or as knowledgeable as they are. But almost all engineering projects are team projects; having a smart but inflexible person on a team can be deadly. If we see a recommendation that says "smartest person I've ever known" combined with "I wouldn't ever want to work with them again," we decline to make them an offer. One reason for extensive peer interviews is to make sure that teams are enthused about the new team member. Many of our best people are terrific role models in terms of team building, and we want to keep it that way.

A related problem is the not-invented-here syndrome. A good engineer is always convinced that he can build a better system than the existing ones, leading to the refrain "Don't buy it, build it." Well, they may be right, but we have to focus on those projects with the

461

biggest payoff. Sometimes this means going outside the company for products and services.

Another issue that we will face in the coming years is the maturation of the company, the industry and our work force. We, along with other firms in this industry, are in a rapid growth stage now, but that won't go on forever. Some of our new workers are fresh out of college; others have families and extensive job experience. Their interests and needs are different. We need to provide benefits and a work environment that will be attractive to all ages.

A final issue is making sure that as Google grows, communication procedures keep pace with our increasing scale. The Friday meetings are great for the Mountain View team, but Google is now a global organization.

We have focused on managing creativity and innovation, but that's not the only thing that matters at Google. We also have to manage day-to-day operations, and it's not an easy task. We are building technology infrastructure that is dramatically larger, more complex and more demanding than anything that has been built in history. Those who plan, implement and maintain these systems, which are growing to meet a constantly rising set of demands, have to have strong incentives too. At Google, operations are not just an afterthought: they are critical to the company's success, and we want to have just as much effort and creativity in this domain as in new product development.

462

Table 1: Stimulus to extend perspectives to approach a problem

List the elements that would bring on success. List the elements that we visualise as failure.

463

Visualise success seen from the viewpoint of fifty years from now. Visualise success seen from the perspective of one hundred years

ago. Look for impossible and desirable ideas. Create analogies with other things that have been successful. Imagine and write down ideas that are wild, illegal, crazy, etc. Insert the problem from its present scenario to a totally different

scenario. Return from the fantasy scenario to the present scenario and try to

associate the ideas generated in the fantasy scenario, with ideas that might apply to the real problem.

Imagine what people we admire would say. Search for pairs of ideas that are apparently unconnected and that

can be associated by a third. Imagine that everything exists and all we have to do is find it. Change the level on which the problem is approached.

Source: European Commission, Innovation Management Techniques in Operation, European - Commission, DG XIII, Luxembourg, 1998.

Table 2: Osborn’s Checklist

PUT TO OTHER USES?New ways to use as is? Other uses if modified?

ADAPTWhat else is like this? What other idea does this suggest? Doespast offer parallel? What could I copy? Whom could I emulate?

MODIFYNew twist? Change meaning, colour, motion, sound, odour,form, shape? Other changes?

464

MAGNIFYWhat to add? More time? Greater frequency? Stronger? Higher?Longer? Thicker? Extra value? Plus ingredient? Duplicate?Multiply? Exaggerate?

MiNIFYWhat to subtract? Smaller? Condensed? Miniature? Lower?Shorter? Lighter? Omit? Streamline? Split up? Understate?

SUBSTITUTEWho else instead? What else instead? Other ingredient? OtherMaterial? Other process? Other power? Other place? Otherapproach? Other tone of voice?

REARRANGEInterchange components? Other pattern? Other layout? Transpose cause and effect? Change sequence, pace or schedule?

REVERSETranspose positive and negative? How about opposites? Turn itbackward? Turn it upside down? Reverse role? Change shoes?Turn tables? Turn other cheek?

COMBINEHow about a blend, an alloy, an assortment, an ensemble?Combine units? Combine purposes? Combine appeals?Combine ideas?

Source:

J.M. Higgins, “Innovate or evaporate: creative techniques for strategists”, Long RangePlanning, Vol. 29, No 3, pp. 370-380, 1996 (reprinted from Alex Osborn, Applied Imagination,Charles Scribner’s & Sons, Inc., New York).http://www.urenio.org/tools/en/creativity.pdfhttp://www.squidoo.com/be-more-creative

465

How to Be More Creative ?

Having the ability to come up with creative ideas can help you each and every day. Creativity is not the sole domain of the arts-whether it's painting, theater, music, architecture, dancing, literature, and so on-but is important in any field, from medicine to business, and from engineering to economics.

Being creative can involve cooking a meal from scratch, creating a novel marketing campaign, making up a bedtime story for your child, finding ways to cut costs, or even developing a creative solution to a negotiation impasse. Whatever you do, creativity helps you do it better.

Some people believe creativity to be the result of an abnormal chromosome that causes a muse-like effect, or of a neurological quirk. Others associate it with psychosis, temporal lobe seizures, or childhood trauma. And then there are those who believe it's about winning the genetic lottery: you're either born creative or you're not. However, as most creativity experts hold - including Jack Foster, Roger von Oech, Edward de Bono, and many others - creativity is a process that can be learned, practiced, and perfected.

Being More Creative Will Help You with All of the Following:

Solve everyday problems more efficiently and effectively. Turn problems into opportunities. Create new products, processes, and services. Make creative, innovative, and entrepreneurial thinking part of your

everyday work life. Generate ideas for creative pursuits such as writing, drawing,

photography, and so on. Find creative ways to generate more income.

Four Steps to Unleash Your Creativity

To be more creative, start by following these four steps, roughly modeled after the five step technique set forth in the creativity classic, "A Technique for Producing Ideas" by James Webb Young:

466

1. Gather Information on Your Subject Matter2. Digest the Information and Apply Creativity Techniques3. Take Time for Incubation4. Refine the Idea and Make it Real

467

These four steps are described in more detail below.Schedule a regular time to practice your craft --whether it's writing or anything else -- and show up, even if you're not feeling creative.

Step One: Gather Information on Your Subject Matter

The first step in unleashing your creativity involves gathering information about the topic at hand.

Read everything you can on your subject matter:- Go to the library and check out books;- Go to your neighborhood bookstore and browse through interesting reading material;- Read magazine articles;- Subscribe to a newsletter;- Surf the internet for information;- Subscribe to blogs dedicated to your topic.

You can also talk to people who have knowledge on the topic and ask them lots of questions, go to a lecture, enroll in a seminar, and even take an online class. The more you know about a topic, the more likely you are to come up with creative ideas for that subject matter.("Working it all out . . . ", courtesy of Lost in Scotland).

Creativity Tip:

Play Baroque Music

Baroque music-such as Vivaldi's "The Four Seasons" and Pachbel's "Canon"-has been shown to synchronize brain waves at about 60 cycles per second, a frequency associated with increased alpha waves. In turn, alpha is a frequency of mind associated with enhanced creativity.

Step Two. Digest the Information and Apply Creativity Techniques

The second step involves digesting and working with the raw material that you gathered in the previous step.

468

There are many books on creativity which offer the reader different creativity techniques to help in the generation of ideas, and at this point you can begin applying these techniques to your problem. Basically, there are creativity techniques that are expansive and "open" our mind, and there are creativity techniques that force your mind to focus.

Creativity Techniques that Open Your Mind

Some creativity techniques are intended to "open your mind" and encourage "free thinking", such as idea generation and brainstorming sessions, guided imagery, and other expansive techniques. For example, you can begin by releasing all of the preconceived ideas and assumptions you have about the topic and disregard fixed lines of thinking and rigid behavior patterns.

Creativity Techniques that Force Your Mind to Focus

Other techniques create constraints and force your mind to focus, such as setting time deadlines and other methods that force you to converge on a particular course of action. For example, in problem-solving contexts, the random word creativity technique has been shown to produce great results for those who apply it. Basically, a person confronted with a problem is presented with a randomly generated word and is told to make associations between the word and the problem as a creativity goad. By combining expansive and constraining creativity techniques you can come up with several different alternatives to choose from for solving the problem at hand.("Ball of Whacks", courtesy of kevmaguire).

Creativity Tip

Read one page of the dictionary every day and write down any words that catch your attention in a notebook. When you need inspiration, look through the words you have written down.

Step Three: Take Time for Incubation

The third stage is letting go. You just drop the subject entirely, go do something else, and let the unconscious mind deal with the problem.

469

Incubation is needed to handle complexity - during this relaxing period, people unconsciously and consciously combine ideas with a freedom that denies linear and rational thought (Boden 1990).

After a period of intense concentration, Albert Einstein would take a nap or find another way to detach from whatever he was working on. He found that during these mental breaks his unconscious mind would go on thinking about the challenge and surprise him with an insight when he least expected it.

Isaac Asimov was quoted as saying that when he got stuck writing a book he would simply put the project aside and start writing a completely different book. When he returned to the original project he would find that his unconscious mind had figured things out and the ideas would just flow.

Seymour Cray, the legendary designer of high-speed computers, used to divide his time between building the next generation super computer and digging an underground tunnel below his Chippewa Falls house. He would immerse himself in his work, and then he would walk away from it and let the ideas percolate.

Thomas Edison, a man with over 1,000 patents to his credit, would go down to the dock and fish.

Therefore, after a period of thinking hard about a problem, the next step is to either work on something entirely different, or to relax: practice deliberate frivolity, go to a museum, go to the movies, or go for a twenty minute walk. Many people have reported "Eureka" moments while taking time for incubation.

("Artist Under Bridge", courtesy of Randy Son Of Robert).

Step Four: Refine the Idea and Make it Real

The final stage is where you use trial and experimentation to test, edit, refine and polish the idea. In addition, at this step you need to make your idea real.

470

In her inspiring book, A Creative Companion: How to Free Your Creative Spirit, Sark tells the story of an Australian artist named Ken Done who created a painting he thought would look great on bed sheets. He took the idea to a sheet company but they turned him down because they just couldn't visualize bed sheets with his painting on them. Ken then went home, took a white bed sheet, painted his painting on it, and took it back to the sheet company. The bed sheet he painted looked so fabulous that the sheet company immediately placed a large order.

It's not enough to come up with great ideas, you have to act to turn those ideas into reality.

In this lens you will find more information on how to apply these steps to become more creative.

What Does It Mean to Be More Creative?

A Definition of Creativity

Dr. Edward de Bono is a leading authority in the field of creative thinking and is the originator of the term "lateral thinking". He explains that creativity is a skill that everyone can learn. He adds that even if some people may be better at being creative than others, like some people are better at playing tennis than others, when specific techniques are applied it becomes possible for anyone to generate new ideas in any field.

While Dr. de Bono emphasizes creativity techniques, Rice Freeman-Zachery, author of "Living the Creative Life: Ideas and Inspiration from Working Artists", has this to say about how to be more creative: "Instead of looking at the world as it is, look at everything as being full of possibilities. Instead of seeing what is, look for what could be. If you're an artist, you look at everything as a possibility and inspiration because you know that ideas can come from anywhere."

Psychotherapist and creativity coach Dr. Eric Maisel, Ph.D. has been working with creative and performing artists for over twenty years and has written many books teaching others to be more creative, including

471

"Coaching the Artist Within", "Fearless Creating", "A Writer's Paris", "The Van Gogh Blues", and others. He explains that everyone wishes to create, but some people nurture and honor this desire, while for others the urge to create is dimmed. Dr. Maisel encourages poets, filmmakers, human resource specialists, biochemists, and everyone else to make creativity their religion.

There are also those, such as Dr. Caroline Myss-a pioneer in the field of energy medicine and human consciousness-who argue that creativity is not just an artistic or intellectual inclination; instead, working with your creative energy is as essential to your health and overall well-being as breathing and eating. She has this to say about the creative energy:

"Creative energy is a basic survival instinct; it motivates us to become part of society, to become productive, bring things to life, and to distinguish ourselves from others by what we make, the crafts we pursue, the skills we develop in business or in cultivating friendships, the entrepreneurial ideas we conceive, the problems we resolve, and the children or communities we birth and nurture."

(This was taken from the introduction of my ebook, "How to Be More Creative - A Handbook for Alchemists").

Create MindmapsWrite down the issue at the center of the paper. Now draw branches leading out from the central issue which represent the main associations that come from thinking of this issue, and smaller branches leading out from these for sub-associations.

Use lots of colors & pictures.

Follow Pablo Picasso's lead: first learn the rules, and then break them.

creativity tip

Ask Yourself Lots of Questions

Increase Your Happiness With a Solution-Focused Mindset

472

Whenever you have a problem, there are two approaches that you can take: You can focus on the proble...

Writing Tips: Stop Waiting for Your Muse and Get to Work

Be More Creative by Stealing, Re-conceptualizing, and Recombining Ideas That Already Exist

How many times have you heard the following: ?There?s nothing new under the sun.? It turns out that...

Creativity Tip

Go Back to Basics

Pick up a pen or pencil and paper. There's something about a good old-fashioned pen and a stack of papers, or a brand new notebook, that gets the creative juices flowing.

Return to Basics

"The simplicity of the typewriter is alluring to writers who may be overwhelmed (or underwhelmed) by increasingly elaborate technology. A typewriter is also appealing in its transparency - whack a key, and watch the typebar smack a letter onto a piece of paper. Try figuring that out with a laser printer. Many people also find typewriters charming ambassadors of a bygone era."

Important!

Awaken your sense of wonder. Julia Cameron, author of "The Artist's Way" suggests that once a week, for at least an hour, you take yourself on some small festive adventure. Explore something new, try something you've always wondered about.

The Basic Tools

Creativity Tip

Remember there is more than one right answer. One of the worst aspects of formal education is the insistence it places on finding "the" correct answer.

473

Important!

Edward de Bono

Dr. Edward de Bono is a leading authority in the field of creative thinking and is the originator of the term "lateral thinking."

"Lateral thinking" involves approaching problems from diverse, unexpected angles and from different perspectives. Dr. de Bono meant to differentiate lateral thinking-in which you nudge the mind to make sudden turns- from vertical thinking, which is logical and sequential thinking.

He has written over 50 books in the field of creativity and thinking.

Edward de Bono's Six Thinking Hats

1. White Hat - State the facts and figures2. Red Hat - State the emotions.3. Black Hat -State the negatives. Use judgment and caution.4. Yellow Hat - State the positives.5. Green Hat - Ideas that come by seeing things in a new light. Suggest alternatives, proposals, provocations.6. Blue Hat - Sum up what has been learned. It controls the debate. To see it in action.

Creativity Tip Stop second-guessing yourself and try not to focus on how others will perceive your work.

Creativity Tip

Study and experiment with several forms of media: music, photography, writing or drawing. You can often learn concepts from all of these media which you can apply to other disciplines.

Important!

474

"The state of mind of the photographer while creating is a blank . . . [But] It is a very active state of mind, ready at an instant to grasp an image, yet with no image pre-formed in it at any time."

Creativity Tip

Create a "swipe file". This is basically a collection of items of interest which you found noteworthy and which you can refer to in order to help jump-start your creativity.

Important!

Borrow Ideas From Others but Make the End Product Your Own

Michael de Meng has the following to say about creativity: "In my view, creativity is a rampant thievery mixed with reinterpretation . . . I see the act [of creativity] as being like a martini shaker, in which you add all those ingredients that you like or admire. Three parts Picasso, two parts Joseph Cornell, seven parts Mexican Folk Art, a splash of abstract expressionism, and garnish with a twist of Daidism."

Creativity Tip

Be curious about everything. You never know when random, seemingly unrelated ideas will come together to form a new idea.

Important!

Curiosity is looking for lots of possibilities.

Albert Einstein illustrated this point when asked what made him different from other people. He responded: most people stop looking when they find the proverbial needle in the haystack. I would continue looking to see if there were other needles.

“Art is work. It is not inspiration." Twyla Tharp”

Twyla Tharp - "The Creative Habit"

Discipline is essential to the flourishing of one's creativity.

475

Twyla Tharp, one of America's greatest choreographers, began her career in 1965, and in the ensuing years has created more than 130 dances for her own company as well as for the Joffrey Ballet, the New York City Ballet, Paris Opera Ballet, London's Royal Ballet, and American Ballet Theater. She writes about the creative process in her book, "The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life".

"Creativity is not a gift from the gods given to select individuals", says Twyla Tharp. She maintains that it's the product of preparation and effort, and it is within reach of everyone who wants to achieve it. All it takes is the willingness to make creativity a habit, an integral part of your life: "In order to be creative, you have to know how to prepare to be creative." ("Ballerina Resting", courtesy of Ruth Christie).

The Creative Habit

Creativity Tip

Exercise during your lunch break.

Important!

Abraham Maslow

"The key question isn't "What fosters creativity?" But it is why in God's name isn't everyone creative? Where was the human potential lost? How was it crippled? I think therefore a good question might be not why do people create? But why do people not create or innovate? We have got to abandon that sense of amazement in the face of creativity, as if it were a miracle if anybody created anything."

476

100 Simple Ways to Be More Creative

http://www.ideachampions.com/weblogs/archives/2008/04/post_7.shtml

I cheerfully present to you Idea Champions' time-tested, easy-to-read, highly compelling, imminently practical 100 Ways to Be More Creative on the Job.

1. Find the most creative people at work and ask for their ideas.2. Brainstorm daily with a co-worker.3. Tape record your ideas on your commute to and from work.4. Present your biggest challenge to a child. 5. Take your team off-site for a day.6. Listen more carefully to your inner muse.7. Play music in your office.8. Go for a daily brainstorming walk.9. Ask someone to collaborate with you on your favorite project.10. Exercise during your lunch break.11. Turn on a radio at random times and listen for a "message."12. Invite your customers and vendors to brainstorming sessions.13. Think of five other ways to define your challenge.14. Assign a "fun fairy" to each of your meetings. 15. Reward yourself, in specific ways, for small successes.16. Introduce odd catalysts into your daily routine.17. Get out of the office more regularly18. Play with fun toys in your office whenever you get stuck.19. Take more naps. 20. Take the train, instead of driving to work.21. Work in cafes.22. Transform your assumptions into "How can I?" questions.23. Write down as many ideas as you can think of in five minutes24. Redesign your office.25. Take regular daydreaming breaks.26. Dissolve turf boundaries.27. Initiate cross-functional brainstorming sessions.

477

28. Arrive earlier to the office than anyone else.29. Turn a conference room into an upbeat "think tank" room.30. Read odd books -- having nothing to do with your work.31. Block off time on your calendar for creative thinking.32. Take a shower in the middle of the day.33. Keep an idea notebook at your desk or in your briefcase.34. Decorate your office with inspiring quotes and images.35. Create a headline of the future and the story behind it.36. Choose to be more creative.37. Recall a time in your life when you were very creative. Feel it.38. Wander around a bookstore while thinking about a challenge.39. Trust your instincts more.40. Immerse yourself in your most exciting project.41. Open a magazine and free associate off of a word or image.42. Write down your ideas when you first wake up in the morning.43. Ask yourself what the simplest solution is.44. Get fast feedback from people you trust.45. Conduct more experiments.45. Ask yourself what the market wants or needs.46. Ask "What's the worst thing that could happen if I fail?" 47. Pilot your idea, even if it's not completely ready.48. Work "in the cracks" -- small bursts of creative energy.49. Incubate (sleep on it).50. Test existing boundaries -- and then test them again.51. Schedule time with the smartest people at work.52. Visit your customers more frequently.53. Benchmark your competitors -- then adapt their successes.54. Enroll your boss or peers in your most fascinating project.55. Imagine you already know the answer. What would it be?56. Create ground rules with your team that foster new thinking.57. Ask stupid questions. Then ask some more.58. Challenge everything you do.59. Give yourself a deadline -- and stick to it60. Look for three alternatives to every solution you originate.61. Write your ideas in a notebook and review them regularly.

478

62. Make connections between seemingly disconnected things.63. Use creative thinking techniques.64. Play with the Free the Genie cards.65 Use similes and metaphors when describing your ideas.66. Have more fun. Be sillier than usual.67. Ask "How can I accomplish my goal in half the time?"68. Take a break when you are stuck on a problem.69. Think of how your biggest hero might approach your challenge.70. Declare Friday afternoons a "no-email zone."71. Ask five people how they would improve your idea.72. Create a wall of images that inspires you.73. Do more of what already helps you be creative off the job.74. Laugh more. worry less.75. Remember your dreams -- then write them down.76. Ask impossible questions.77. Eliminate all unnecessary bureaucracy and admin tasks.78. Create a compelling vision of what you want to accomplish.79. Work on hottest project every day, even if only 5 minutes.80. Do whatever is necessary to create a sense of urgency.81. Go for a walk anytime you're stuck.82. Meditate or do relaxation exercises.83. Take more breaks.84. Go out for lunch with your team more often.85. Eat lunch with a different person each day.86. Ask for forgiveness, not permission.87. Invite an outside facilitator to lead a brainstorming session.88. Take more risks outside of the office (i.e. surf, ski, box etc.) 89. Ask for help when you need it.90. Know that it is possible to make a difference.91. Find a mentor.92. Acknowledge all your successes at the end of each day.93. Create an "idea piggy bank" and make deposits daily.94. Have shorter meetings.95. Try the techniques in Awake at the Wheel96. Don't listen to or watch the news for 24 hours.

479

97. Make drawings of your ideas. 98. Bring your project or challenge to mind before going to bed.99. Divide your idea into component parts. Then rethink each part.100. Post this list near your desk and read it daily.

Ebook: How to Be More Creative - A Handbook for Alchemists by Marelisa Fábrega

Here's more praise for "How to Be More Creative - A Handbook for Alchemists" :

The word 'alchemist' - what does that mean? "A person who turns something common into something special." In this ebook, you'll find a myriad of ways in which to creatively apply this in your life - and really become an alchemist! Marelisa has created a fantastic ebook which is a resource on many, many ways to get the creative thought process really revved up in your life! And what truly makes this great is both the number of different methods on being creative, and the easy to follow understanding of each of these. If you're looking to really increase your creativity factor, then this is just what you can use! Marelisa has created an amazing resource on creativity techniques that everyone can apply to all areas of their life right away!

(Lance from "The Jungle of Life", Wisconsin, USA)

Creativity Tip

Constantly ask:

"What if . . .""Why not . . .""How else can this be done?""How can this be improved?""What other alternatives are there?"

Important!

“I didn't fail 10,000 times. I successfully eliminated 10,000 combinations that wouldn't work.”

480

Thomas Edison

Edison was awarded a total of 1,093 patents. Among his most famous inventions were the phonograph, the mimeograph, fluoroscope, alkaline storage battery, dictating machine and motion picture cameras and projectors.

Where do ideas come from? A + B = C

To have a creative idea simply connect two unrelated things; that is, A+B= C.

How to Unleash Your Creativity?

In a discussion with Scientific American Mind executive editor Mariette DiChristina, three noted experts on creativity, each with a very different perspective and background, reveal powerful ways to unleash your creative self.

"The most potent muse of all is our own inner child." - Stephen Nachmanovitch”

Cultivate Your Creativity: Connect With Your Inner Child

Charles Baudelaire described genius as "no more than childhood recaptured at will." Creativity is also something that you can recapture at will by getting in touch with your inner child. If it's been a long time since you invited your inner child out to play, you can reconnect with him or her by doing the following:

1. Color. Buy crayons and a coloring book-the big thick kind filled with all kinds of images that you loved as a child--and sit down for an afternoon of coloring. It's OK if you color outside the lines.

2. Play. Spend some time thinking about what you loved to play with as a child. Did you play jacks, draw with chalk on the sidewalk, build a fortress with Legos, or create "baked goods" with Play-Doh.

3. Go to the playground. Play hopscotch, jump rope, climb on the swings, and climb on the jungle gyms.

481

4. Draw your goal. Grab some crayons, markers or colored pencils. Imagine a goal that you'd like to meet, and draw a picture of what it will look like when you've reached this goal.

5. Go for a walk.Go on a nature walk and look at everything with wonder like a child would. Be curious and aware. Gather leaves, feathers, rocks, and flowers and take them home with you.

6. Make a cootie catcher. Did you forget how? Go here.

7. Read Dr. Seuss' books. Few things will help you reconnect with your inner child as much as sitting down and rhyming along with the magical Dr. Seuss.

("Little Artist", courtesy of bo_gazi).

Creativity Tip

Disrupt your habitual thought patterns. Take a different route to work, try food you've never eaten before, listen to a music genre you normally don't listen to, and so on.

Important!

Creativity Technique: Play

"When we engage in what we are naturally suited to do, our work takes on the quality of play and it is play that stimulates creativity." -- Linda Naiman

Tim Brown, CEO of Ideo

Look at Some of the Things They Do at Google

These are some of the things they do at Google--a company known for innovation--to stimulate their employee's creativity:

Creative Workspaces

How to Make Your Desk a More Creative Space

482

Do you consider yourself a creative person? Find out how to make your workplace desk a creative workspace that will inspire and amplify your creative talents. This video is funny, informational, and inspirational. Make your common desk, uncommonly special and unique

Creative Cubicles

Every office has one. From the desk that looks like a tropical oasis to a workspace that would make Martha Stewart blush -- we want to see the creative cubicles that occupy

Your office.

Writer's Rooms

Take a look at the rooms in which some of the world's best literature has been written.

Make Your Workspace More Creative

One of the best things you can do to increase your creativity is to create an environment which gets your creative juices flowing. In order to help inspire you in putting together a workspace you can look forward to entering each day, below you'll find pictures of creative cubicles from CNN's iReports, as well as photographs of the spaces in which some of the world's most famous writers have created some of their best work.

Challenge Your Assumptions

Creative Technique

Farmers in Japan figured out how to grow square-shaped watermelons. A fat, round watermelon takes up a lot of room. Instead of just assuming that watermelons had to be round, they began inserting melons in square glass cases while they were still growing on the vine. The end result was a square watermelon which fits conveniently in the refrigerators in which they're transported. What assumptions are you making that are stopping you from finding a solution to your problem? (Source.)

483

Learn to notice patterns. "The genius," said American painter Ben Shahn, "is merely the one able to detect the pattern amidst the confusion of details just a little sooner than the average man."

Lincoln Steffens

"Nothing is done. Everything in the world remains to be done or done over. The greatest picture is not yet painted, the greatest play isn't written, the greatest poem is unsung. There isn't in all the world a perfect railroad, nor a good government, nor a sound law. Physics, mathematics, and especially the most advanced and exact of the sciences are being fundamentally revised. . . Psychology, economics, and sociology are awaiting a Darwin, whose work in turn is awaiting an Einstein."

Tell the World: "I'm an Artist"

Creativity Tip

Strive for Excellence, Not Perfection

"Perfectionism is not a quest for the best. It is a pursuit of the worst in ourselves, the part that tells us that nothing we do will ever be good enough . . . that we should try again." (Julia Cameron)

“You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you feel as though you almost don't exist.”

Creativity and Flow

Flow can happen in any domain or activity. The main requirement is that your skills so perfectly match the demands of the activity that all self-consciousness disappears. If your skills are not up to the challenge, you experience anxiety; if your skills are too great, you experience boredom.

One of the greatest benefits of the flow state is that it's the most creative state to be in. Here's a quote about the flow state:

484

"Being in the flow" is definitely worth striving for. I know when I'm there. I'm tapped into something that is far beyond my ability." - Aleta Pippin (painter)

Jack Foster: The key message is that all of us are very creative. If we simply allow ourselves to be more creative we will be more creative. Most of the time we hold ourselves back, but if we can convince ourselves that we are a fountain of good ideas we will become a fountain of good ideas. The same is true in all facets of life, certainly in all facets of our personality. We make ourselves. We invent ourselves.

Creativity Tip

Break it down. Break a problem down into its smallest components and rebuild it from the ground up, questioning at every step whether that's the best way to do it.

Use Visual Thinking

Learn to Draw

Create Mandalas

Mandalas-from the Sanskrit for "circle"-have been used for thousands of years in many cultures around the globe as a tool for spiritual growth, creativity, and physical and emotional healing.

Constraints and Limitations

Composer Stephen Sondheim once said:

"If you ask me to write a song about the ocean, I'm stumped. But if you tell me to write a ballad about a woman in a red dress falling off her stool at three in the morning, I'm inspired."

Stimulating Creativity with Constraints and Limits

While thinking "outside the box" is often used as a synonym for creativity, thinking "inside the box" with limitations of time, money and other resources often helps the mind to focus and respond with

485

innovative solutions to problems. Composer Stephen Sondheim once said:

"If you ask me to write a song about the ocean, I'm stumped. But if you tell me to write a ballad about a woman in a red dress falling off her stool at three in the morning, I'm inspired."

Two examples of how you can allow your creativity to soar by setting limits are the "Three Units for a Good Tragedy" explained below and "The Houdini Solution" explained in the next text module.:

The Three Unities for A Good Tragedy

In an interview published on "Heads up! on Organizational Innovation", creativity guru Roger von Oech explains that constraints force the innovator to think and look more deeply for opportunities. As an example, he explains that he was watching a Roman Polanski's 1962 film titled "Knife in the Water". One of the DVD's special features had an interview with Polanski and his screenwriter in which they both stated that they forced themselves to stick with Aristotle's "three unities for a good tragedy":

- All action takes place within 24 hours;- All action occurs in the same place; and- There is a limited number of characters

This made them think more deeply about plot and character rather than taking cinematic shortcuts. That is, these three limits helped them create a much better film than they would have put together had they not set any limits.

The Houdini Solution

This lens by Ernie Schenck, author of "The Houdini Solution", explains that creative breakthroughs occur because of limitations, not in spite of them.

486

To Be More Creative, Think Within the Box

Ernie Schenck is an advertising and creative director, as well as the author of the book "The Houdini Solution". He argues that the best way to come up with great ideas is not to think outside of the box, but instead to think within the box. He explains this concept in his squidoo lens, houdinisolution, and quotes psychologist and creativity expert Rollo May as follows:

"Creativity requires limits, for the creative act arises out of the struggle of human beings and against that which limits them."

Schenck argues that you don't need to wait for "the muse" to appear or for your life circumstances to change; instead, work with the circumstances in which you currently find yourself and use any existing parameters or limitations as a vehicle to give your creativity direction. He adds that by the time you finish reading "The Houdini Solution" you'll understand the following:

"The biggest secret of truly productive creative people is that they embrace obstacles, they don't run from them. In their mind, every setback is an opportunity, every limitation is a chance. Where others see a wall, they see a doorway."

One of the examples used by Schenck to illustrate his point is that of Jack White, a guitarist and songwriter and the leader of the Grammy Award-winning rock band, White Stripes. These are some of Jack White's self-imposed restrictions:

* No computers.* No digital recording technology.* No bass guitars.* No studio equipment invented after 1968.* No clothes that aren't red, white or black.

This forced creative captivity nurtures innovation and results in music that is more centered on talent than on technology.

487

How many of us are waiting for something to happen or for some obstacle to be removed before embarking on our creative endeavors? Start using any limitations in your life as a way to mold your creativity, instead of using them as excuses for not getting started.

Small Spark of Insight v. Sudden Blast of Inspiration

An Excerpt From "How to Be More Creative - A Handbook for Alchemists"

Here's an excerpt from my ebook, "How to Be More Creative - A Handbook for Alchemists", which did not actually make it into the ebook, simply because I wanted to limit the size of the document (it ended up being 123 pages long).

Excerpt:R. Keith Sawyer, Washington University psychologist and author of "Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation", argues that the sudden creative flash is a byproduct of doing the work. In an interview for Time magazine he explains that researchers use cleverly designed experiments to study the "creative flash".

In one experiment, subjects were asked to look at words that came up one at a time on a computer screen and to think of the one word that was associated with all of them. After each word they had to give their best guess. Here's an illustration:

red - nut - bowl - cup - basket - jelly - fresh - cocktail - candy - pie - baking - salad - tree - fly

Although most of the test subjects indicated that they had no idea what the answer was until about the twelfth word, their guesses got progressively closer to the correct solution: fruit. That is, even when an idea seems sudden, our minds have actually been working on it all along.

He admonishes that we should get to work instead of waiting for that one full-blown moment of inspiration. As we work-by gathering data, letting the ideas ferment, conducting experiments, and gradually

488

modifying our approach-we begin to get those tiny little sparks of insight, one after the other. “Includes enough fun and informative resources to take your creativity as far as you want to take it.”

Creative Thinking Technique: The Idea Box

You can overcome routine thinking and stimulate creative thought by using specific techniques that will help both stimulate and constrain your mind so that it can solve problems more effectively and generate more ideas. The Idea Box is one of the most interesting creative techniques that there is.

Idea Box - A Morphological Analysis

Idea Box is a Morphological analysis technique developed by Fritz Zwicky in the 1940's and 50's as a method for systematically structuring and investigating the total set of relationships contained in multi-dimensional problems. It's an extension of attribute listing. Variations of this technique are described by Arthur VanGundy in his book "Techniques of Structured Problem Solving" and Michael Michalko in "Thinkertoys".

You choose the number of parameters for your challenge and list variations for each parameter. By combining different variations of the parameters you create new ideas. The box is a matrix in which you insert all of the different parameters so that you can see them clearly. If you choose 10 elements with 10 possible variations for each, there will be 10 billion possible combinations, so keep this in mind so that you're idea box isn't too complex.

The general procedure to implement this technique is the following:

Step 1. List all the major elements involved in the issue or problem. For example, the major elements of a product you're trying to improve could be the material, the shape, and added features.Step 2. Each variable is then listed under each element. So under "material" the variables could be wood, steel, plastic, and so on.

489

Step 3. Start combining the variables together to try to come up with some novel ideas.Step 4. Analyze the ideas and decide which one to pursue.

Creativity Tip

Hang a sign in a prominent place where you'll be sure to see it every day that says "Create or die!".

The Big Dip

"Idea Sandbox" has a free problem solving tool called "The Big Dig". You just click to scoop suggestions, such as: "Consider double-checking that you're solving the right problem. Is there a more significant one you're overlooking?"

Gator Break

Take a Gator Break. Here's one: "If at first an idea is not absurd, then there's no hope for it." - Albert Einstein

Reconsider the old. Redesign something you see all the time (a stop sign, a penny, etc.). This forces you to look at old things in a new way-and challenges you to try different design approaches.

Creativity Tip

Follow Ernest Hemingway's advice: "Write the truest sentence you know."

Writer's Block

More Ways to Get Unblocked

Mixing It Up Down Under: Creativity Unblocked

"When I can't begin or when I can't progress it is usually my inner perfectionist raising her ugly-but-well-maintained head. I have become too precious about the project, sometimes it is just an idea but already I see it as sooooo wonderful that I could not possibly do it justice. I become blocked."

490

Good To Know Issue

What is your biggest stumbling block to creativity (or expressing yourself artistically) and what works for you in overcoming these setback(s)?

Important!

"There is a vitality, a life-force, an energy, a quickening that is translated through you into action and because there is only one of you in all of time, this expression is unique. And if you block it, it will never exist through any other medium and be lost."

Mind Maps: Everything You Need to Know

A mind map is a whole-brain method for generating and organizing ideas which is largely inspired by Leonardo da Vinci's approach to note-taking.

Creativity Tip

Feel the fear, and then do it anyway.

“I've been absolutely terrified every moment of my life -- and I've never let it keep me . . .”

Source: www.squido.com/lensmasters/MarelisaMarelisa Fabrega blogs at http://abundance-blog.marelisa-online.com

491

492

3.16 TURNING PROBLEMS INTO OPPORTUNITIESOne of the most insidious, unproductive, icky ways we use time is complaining about our problems—especially when we should be thinking about them as new opportunities.

The Difference Between Problems and Opportunities

A problem is just a problem because we think of it that way. Stuff happens. If we don’t like the stuff, we label it a problem and try to jam the world back into the way it was going before. If we do like the stuff, we label it an opportunity and try to take advantage of it. The difference between a problem and an opportunity is what we do with it, not what it is to begin with.

How to Turn Problems into Opportunities

Take a piece of paper and draw a line down the middle. Write “problems” in the left-hand column. Write “opportunities” in the right. List your problems down the left. Now comes the fun part. Go down the right column and write down how each problem could be some kind of opportunity.

How to Find the Opportunity: What New Abilities Does It Bring?

This takes some thought. One way of finding the opportunity is: ask yourself what new capabilities your problem gives you. If the problem is that your car broke down, it gives you the ability to sell car parts on eBay. It also gives you the chance to learn to use public transportation, which could give you a lot of time to read and relax while you travel. Though you may or may not want this capability, your problem does give it to you.

Use a New Opportunity to Eliminate Old Behaviors

Your opportunity may lie not in new capabilities, but in the chance to eliminate old behaviors. If your problem is a dead car, you’re saved

493

from having to keep the tank full, having to take it in for regular maintenance, and having to explain to your friends why going “Vrrruuum” when you start your Toyota Corolla really does make it seem like a Porsche 911 Turbo-S. To you. Only to you.

New Opportunities Give You Excuses to Make Changes

The difference between a problem and an opportunity is what we do with it, not what it is to begin with. Sometimes a problem gives you excuses. When your leg gets torn off in a unfortunate rice picking accident, you can no longer be expected to take out the trash. “I have no legs” is really hard to argue with. Then you can hire housecleaners and spend your time finally writing that book you always wanted to write. (Just don’t call it Get-it-Done Guy’s 9 Steps to Work Less and Do More. That’s my book, coming from St. Martin’s Press in September 2010. Order it now!) If your house burns down and you’re well insured, at last you have an excuse to build your dream home… as long as you were insured with replacement value insurance.

A friend of mine was diagnosed with AIDS. He used that as an excuse to quit his job and start doing things he loves. It’s about ten years later. He’s still in great spirits, and has spent the last ten years doing all the things in life he never previously let himself do--and finding ways to get paid for them at the same time. As bad as his problem was, it gave him the push to revolutionize his life.

New Opportunities Lead You to New People and Places

Often, problems bring you to new communities and causes. Hair loss problems? You can join a hair loss support group. You and your new friends will have lots to talk about. Just not hair.

Some people turn problems into activism. My friend Carl was frustrated with the policies his local congressman was voting for in his district. With no prior political experience, he ran for office and won. Now he’s a full-time state senator. His problem led to a whole new career!

494

Turn a Problem into a New Career Opportunity

If your problem is one you think others may share, you can think about solving it for everyone, and it could turn into a huge opportunity. That is how many entrepreneurs get started. Scott Cook was frustrated with the poor quality of software designed to help him balance his checkbook. He decided to start a software company to fix the problem. His company Intuit is now a multi-billion-dollar success story.

Sometimes the Opportunity is Surrender

The opportunity a problem can bring is surrendering to the inevitable. I did the Get-it-Done Guy episode on not giving up your dreams because I’d been bitten by the musical theater bug but never had the courage to follow it. I visited New York, met several actors, producers, and directors, and realized the competition would be brutal. The dancing alone would be a challenge (ask me to tell you the story about the bone saw someday when we have more time).

Dancing, a challenge? I love a challenge! I hired an acting coach to help me prepare audition monologues. At our first meeting, she explained that pretty much no one, no matter how talented, actually makes a living at acting, so I should get that notion out of my head immediately. FREEDOM! Once I discarded the idea that this had to be a career, the possibilities for musical theater as a hobby opened up. Stay tuned for the Get-it-Done Guy one-man musical. And no, I’m not joking. Sometimes surrendering to the inevitable leads to the very thing you thought was impossible.

Now it’s time for me to turn a problem into an opportunity. The problem: I’m staring at a picture of Bernice and Melvin in wet, clinging clothes, at a water park. There must be an opportunity here. Somewhere.

Work Less, Do More, and have a Great Life!

495

SAMPLE EXAMPLE:

Problem Opportunity

I look younger than my age and geeky enough that no one takes me seriously.

Craft my image around fun, humor, and a younger generation.

People don’t take me seriously when they first meet me.

Develop public speaking skills so they have no choice but to sit and listen to my ideas long enough to realize that if they close their eyes, I’m worth taking seriously.

I have way too much writing to do every week and it’s driving me bonkers.

I retain rights to most of the writing, so it can form the basis for another book, or a series of white papers, or an animated series starring Nicholas Cage as the pile of stationery.

I haven’t yet recorded my episode this week.

Get back on a wake-up-at-6:30-am schedule and record before my workout.

"In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity." Albert Einstein"Trouble is only opportunity in work clothes." Henry J. Kaiser"Opportunity is missed by most people because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work." Thomas Alva Edison"Life's up and downs provide windows of opportunity to determine your values and goals – Think of using all obstacles as stepping stones to build the life you want." Marsha Sinetar

496

"We are all faced with a series of great opportunities brilliantly disguised as impossible situations." Charles R. Swindoll

Six Powerful Tips

1. Start to believe you can. Think positively. Most people simply do not get what they want because they have no courage to believe that they can achieve it.

2. Shift your focus. Don't focus on the problems, focus on finding opportunities. Don't talk about a problem; talk about an opportunity. When you see a problem as a problem you only attract more problems. If you wish to attract opportunities instead, see the problem as an opportunity. There is an old saying that goes like this: "There are no problems, only opportunities."

3. Think of what it is you really want to achieve. Write a statement in a form "Wouldn't it be nice if...". Commit to it to engage your subconscious mind.

4. Think about how you can accomplish your goal. When you think of possible solutions you force your mind and subconscious mind to find opportunities that will help you achieve the desired results.

5. Take different views of the situation. Having looked at the scene from your view, look at it from different perspectives, try each of these views: opportunist, entrepreneur, dreamer, optimist, child, strategist, architect.

6. Make it a habit. See every problem as an opportunity. As you regularly start to look for opportunities in a problem, as you continue to think of finding opportunities you will begin to attract more opportunities.

497

498

Sources:

Stever Robbins, author of Get-It Done Guy's 9 Steps to Work Less and Do Morehttp://getitdone.quickanddirtytips.com/is-it-time-to-give-up-your-dream.aspxTurning obstacles into opportunities, sample worksheet – http://www.SteverRobbins.com/getitdoneguy/141-overcoming-obstacleshttp://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/crosscuttings/problem_2opportunities.htmlhttp://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/ten3_smart_hyperslides.html

499

3.17 SUMMARIZE, EVALUATE AND WRAP UPIn line with paraphrasing, when we reflect the content of a message, there are moments when it is essential to summarize the content of a complete story, conversation or session.

Such logical moments are:

- at the start or end of a session- at the transition point to a new phase- when we want to encourage coachee by highlighting what he

has already achieved..- before evaluating a conversation, session, series of sessions,

phase or project

What is summarizing? Why is it useful and how best do it?

I am sure you have experienced the frustration of walking away from a conversation with your head spinning and you're thinking:

What on earth did we discuss? What is expected from me? What did I agree to do? When am I supposed to do this? When, how and to whom do I report about this? Where did we say we would meet? Etc…

The skill of summarizing is an essential yet often overlooked step in the communication process. It allows you to avoid all post conversation confusion and to make that none of the parties involved walk away from a conversation "hoping" they can remember all the important things discussed and in particular any agreements made. You need to be completely confident that you and the person you have been communicating with are both 100% clear on where to from here!

500

In terms of verbal communication, a summary is a brief rundown covering the main points covered in your conversation, made to:

Check each person's understanding of what has been said to that point

Note any important points from the conversation that you feel need to be highlighted

Bring the conversation to a close Restate any contracts or agreements made during the

conversation Refresh each others memory of what has been discussed

It is vital when summarizing that you are as concise as possible!

However, there are 3 ELEMENTS that a summary MUST contain: o Important FACTS obtained from the other person o Important INFORMATION given to the other person o Any CONTRACTS or AGREEMENTS made with the other person

THE THREE STEP PROCESS OF SUMMARIZING

STEP ONE: Introduce the summary. To do so, you could say:"So Tom, let's just review what we have discussed today………"

STEP TWO: Summarize the discussion. Only mention those things that are critical and necessary and make sure you include the 3 ELEMENTS that must be included in a summary, i.e. Facts, Information and Agreements.

501

STEP THREE: Check the other persons understanding. This is vital to a successful outcome. In order to be sure you have summarized correctly, check that the other person agrees that your summary is indeed an accurate account of what has just been discussed. You could do this simply by asking:"So Tom, does that sound OK to you?"

Summary Examples

-1-

"Well John, it's been great talking with you today, I've really enjoyed our discussion and having this opportunity to explore this business with you. Just to wrap up I'd like to review what we covered and make sure we are both clear about where to go from here.

Firstly, thanks for taking the time to tell me about your short and long term goals.

You mentioned that you would like to …. within the next 6 months, and within 12 months you would like to …, so that you can …. In response to hearing your goals I have … We have discussed today so that you can review this over the next 2 days. We have agreed that we will meet at my place next Thursday 10.00 am with the view to …How does that sound John?"

502

-2-

"Well Karen, it's been great chatting - thanks for calling me about …We've covered a bit in our conversation this morning, so I thought it might be helpful if I just recap quickly so we are both clear about where to go from here. You told me that you

have been looking for …. In response to this I have referred you to 2 websites that I believe will provide you with all the information you need to complete your research and assist you to determine if … . We have agreed that I will phone you on Monday at 7.30PM so that we can chat further. At this time I can assist you …How does that sound Karen?"

-3-

"Hey Francis, it's been great catching up today and working through your action plan. You are always such a pleasure to work with as you really show a strong commitment to... As is always the case, we have covered a lot of information in session, so I think it might be a good idea to quickly recap so we are both clear about what we've covered and what we both now need to do.

Firstly, thanks for updating me on your progress with … of your plan and for providing supporting evidence of the tasks you've completed. It is great that you have demonstrated competence in all the skills on level one of this plan and you are starting to see the results of your growing skill level translated into specific results in your life.

503

Now that you have completed level one, I have provided you with the competency framework for level two, so you can start to familiarize yourself with this over the next week. I have also given you the next level of your coaching workbook so you can start to work on this.

We have agreed that we will have your next coaching appointment in one week, on Tuesday at 8.00PM at my house as you are anxious to make a start on level two of your action plan. How does that sound Francis?"

A summary presents to the coachee a brief synopsis of his story, coming from someone else, making it clear to him at what point he is at the moment and/or how far he has come. A good summary is short and gets to the essence of what the coachee has said. In the discussion there are a few logical moments to summarize, such as at the beginning and at the end of a session. But it can also be during a session, when moving from one phase to another in the counselling process. The summary should serve to evaluate the situation and it can stimulate the coachee to add to your interpretation or to correct or change it. Summarizing can have a positive effect on the coachee, who can hear how far he has gotten up to then, and also that he has been heard and understood.

Paraphrasing, summarizing and evaluating follow one another naturally. With paraphrasing you give the essence of what has just been said in a few sentences. Summarizing or evaluating can concern a whole session or even several sessions. You use it to clarify the situation is and to determine together how your coachee can proceed.

It is also possible to have your coachee summarize what has been discussed. This shows the vision of the coachee, what has stuck in his mind, what is going on for him right now, or what he simply 'forgets'.

504

At the start of a session.

For example:

Harry, let's have a look at how we are doing so far. Three weeks ago you came to see me for the first time because you noticed you couldn't concentrate at work anymore and you are afraid you will get fired. During our sessions we established that the relationship with your girlfriend influences your work substantially. Since you started living together you both really have had to get used to the new situation. Is there anything you would like to add to that?

Another example:

You've come to the conclusion that the last few years you've mainly put your energy in taking care of your children, in addition to the household. You got a lot of satisfaction out of that. But since your youngest has gone to school, you've got a lot of energy left and you have no real outlet for it , you feel you're going around in circles. What aspects should we still look at before we start looking for new goals or things to do?

Another example:

Bill, we've come a long way. We talked about your problems. What lies at the heart of the matter is that you start a lot of things, but you never really finish anything. The goal you set yourself was to begin something and this time finish it, no matter what, so you can get a sense of accomplishment. We devised an action plan for this. When could you start putting this plan into action?

Keep track of time, preferably unobtrusively. Reserve five to ten minutes to round off the discussion. Look for a good moment to work towards ending the conversation.

505

A possible end of a session could go as follow:

This seems a good moment to summarise what we have done this session.

To briefly summarize the session, you told me about .... and you had the insight that you... Then we explored some possible actions.

Is there anything you would like to add to that?

How did you experience the session?

I suggest you let the session sink in for a while. Do reflect on it and see where that gets you.... Next time we could continue with this or else focus on what seems most relevant then.

All right, shall we make an appointment for the next session. I suggest we meet again next week. Would the same day and time be ok for you?

That is taken care of, then. I look forward to seeing you next week.

At the end of the coaching process, one could conclude as follows:

Let's see where you are now.. Five sessions ago you came to see me because you.... We discussed your situation thoroughly and you set yourself some new goals, we also made an action plan to achieve these goals. You are now well on your way with putting your plan into action and hearing you today gives me the impression you are fairly back on track. How do you see things?

I am under the impression that you are now capable of continuing under your own steam with the action plan you set for yourself. I suggest we don't set anymore appointments right now and that you continue as planned. Of course, if at some stage you feel the need to come and see me again, then you could contact me and we could have another appointment.

Thank you for trusting me and I wish you all the best!

506

By suggesting the coachee think further about the session and that this might produce further insights, you encourage the coachee to take responsibility for what happens next. Remember, no matter how much coachees think (and often really believe) they are powerless and depending on you, everyone is in fact responsible for his own life and for his day-to-day choices. You're only guiding the coachee, never directing. Note that nobody can help what's being done to him by others (to a certain extent because sometimes you can let things happen), but everybody is responsible for how and when they deal with the consequences of other people's acts.

Experience shows coachees often wait too long to come and see you again. So you can also make an appointment with the coachee for six months on, this could be a maintenance appointment. You can always point out that they could cancel the scheduled appointment sufficiently ahead of time, if they wouldn't have a need for it then.

It maybe a good idea to give coachees you have worked well with, a few business cards which they could give to relatives, friends or colleagues, if they want to. A satisfied customer is the best advertising you can have.

Evaluation is often looked at from four different levels (the "Kirkpatrick levels") listed below. Note that the farther down the list, the more valid the evaluation.

1. Reaction - What does the learner feel about the coaching?

2. Learning - What facts, knowledge, etc., did the learner gain?

3. Behaviors - What skills did the learner develop, that is, what new information is the learner using on the job?

4. Results or effectiveness - What results occurred, that is, did the learner apply the new skills to the necessary tasks and, if so, what results were achieved?

Although level 4, evaluating results and effectiveness, is the most desired result from training, it's usually the most difficult to

507

accomplish. Evaluating effectiveness often involves the use of key performance measures -- measures you can see, e.g., faster and more reliable output from the machine after the operator has been trained, higher ratings on employees' job satisfaction questionnaires from the trained supervisor, etc. This is where following sound principles of performance management is of great benefit.

Evaluation Questions

1. As you went through the coaching journey, how did it change things for you?

2. Did you get what you hoped to get from coaching? Were your expectations met?

3. What new strengths can you see you have developed from the experience?

4. Is there a way I could have been a better coach for you?

5. How did you surprise yourself through the coaching series?

6. What was the thing you benefited from and/or enjoyed the most?

7. What do you see as the major insights or breakthroughs you made through coaching?

8. What will you now do differently?

9. Are you comfortable writing a testimonial for me (the coach) on the overall experience and how could you word this?

10. If you are willing to endorse and recommend my coaching, but are stuck on how to write a testimonial, would you like me to help you with this?

11. Do you have an interest in adding coaching to your portfolio of skills or becoming a Life Coach yourself?

Coaching and development activities can be evaluated before, during and after the activities.:

508

Before the Implementation Phase

Will the selected coaching and development methods really result in the coachee's learning the knowledge and skills needed to perform the task or carry out the role? Have other coachees used the methods and been successful?

Consider applying the methods to a highly skilled coachee. Ask the coachee of their impressions of the methods.

Do the methods conform to the coachee's preferences and learning styles? Have the coachee briefly review the methods, e.g., documentation, overheads, etc. Does the coachee experience any difficulties understanding the methods?

During Implementation of Coaching

Ask the coachee how they're doing. Do they understand what's being said?

Periodically conduct a short test, e.g., have the coachee explain the main points of what was just described to him, e.g., in the lecture.

Is the coachee enthusiastically taking part in the activities? Is he or she coming late and leaving early. It's surprising how often learners will leave a course or workshop and immediately complain that it was a complete waste of their time. Ask the coachee to rate the activities from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest rating. If the coachee gives a rating of anything less than 5, have the coachee describe what could be done to get a 5.

After Completion of the Coaching

Give him or her a test before and after the coaching and development, and compare the results?

Interview him or her before and after, and compare results?

Watch him or her perform the task or conduct the role?

Assign an expert evaluator from inside or outside the organization to evaluate the learner's knowledge and skills?

509

Sources:

Wendy Buckingham: http://www.all-about-becoming-a-life-coach.com/coaching-evaluation.html#ixzz1qnBdNDgw

http://managementhelp.org/training/systematic/ROI-evaluating-training.htm

http://www.network-marketing-mlm-success-system.com/summarizing.html

The Art of Counselling / De Kunst van het Counselen

© Copyright Owner: Academy for Counselling and Coaching - The Netherlands - Paul van Schaik

510

3.18 ENACTING3.18.1 Visualization and imagery

Mental imagery, sometimes know as visualization, is the method used to recreate experiences in the mind using information from real events. This information is stored in our memory. Dreaming is a scattered form of imagery and the imagery. The visualization of interested here is structured imagery, where the athlete uses his or her imagination in a controlled fashion to recreate specific images for a precise goal.

There is a difference between visualization and imagery. Imagery is full body sensation, i.e. see, feel, smell, and touch the experience. Visualization is only “seeing” the experience. It has been found that imagery is the more powerful of the two.

There a three main ways of imagery. 1st person, you see and experience the event thorough your eyes as you are the competitor. 2nd person, you’re watching from the standpoint of a spectator or coach, and 3rd person, it’s like you’re watching a movie, detached from the entire event.

Research has shown that the most effect perception to use is 1st person. In addition, research also shows that the more able an athlete is to control his or her imagined movements, emotions, sounds etc, the greater the potential performance enhancement.

As for hypnosis, there’s nothing mythical about it…all hypnosis is self-hypnosis. The process of hypnosis is nothing more then getting the brain into the Alpha state. This is a state where there is direct access to the sub/un-conscious mind. Basically this is simply a method of inducing a state of heightened relaxation and awareness. And when achieved, provides an ideal mental environment in which to practice imagery.

Indeed, the effects of imagery can be even more powerful when practiced in an Alpha state (hypnotic).

511

How Imagery Works

Research has shown that visualizing a specific muscle movement (in the mind) can create electrical activity in that same muscle even though there’s no actual movement in the muscle itself! In addition, the specific pattern of muscle activity closely resembles that seen during actual movement.

So what does this mean?

Detailed and controlled imagery can stimulate electrical impulses in the desired muscles, and then those ‘primed’ muscles are ready for the physical activities that follow.

Physical skills can be maintained or even improved by proper imagery when practice isn’t possible, i.e. injury, off season, etc. Evidence also suggests that using imagery can even accelerate rehabilitation and recovery after injury.

As for the best type of imagery to use, until recently evidence suggested it depends on what you’re trying to achieve. For the acquisition or improvement of sports skills, it was thought that using an external perspective (i.e. that of spectator) was best for learning or retaining those skills. For ‘psyching yourself up’ or priming yourself for an event, an internal perspective (i.e. imagining the feelings in the muscle) produced better results.

Now, new research indicates that the best results are archived when using first person or internal perspective, although there are benefits from the second person perspective as well.

Combined with other techniques, such as the use of music, imagery can enhance performance or enter the Alpha state. Combining both mental imagery practice and physical practice can be more effective than physical practice alone. Data from various studies have also shown that mental imagery conducted in a state of hypnosis (Alpha) results in far more vivid and realistic imagery than without.

512

The practical use of imagery while in hypnotic (Alpha) state is numerous. It can be used for skill learning, preparation for an event, injury healing and what if scenarios.

Imagery involves creating or recreating an event or a scene in one’s mind. For example, an athlete can use imagery to create a perfect swim performance, or he or she can call to mind a past successful performance. Imagery involves all the senses. When athletes are using imagery they should try to not only see but also to hear, feel and smell all that is going on in the imagined situation. For maximal benefits, the image needs to be as close to reality as possible. Research shows that imagery, if used purposefully, is a skill that enhances performance. But if the imagery becomes negative it can be a detriment to performance.

Make athletes aware of the numerous ways that imagery can be used to help performance. Having this understanding will enable them to obtain the maximal benefits from imagery and will also enhance their motivation to practice and use imagery. Specifically, athletes can use imagery to do the following:

To see and feel success. Athletes can use imagery to see and feel themselves achieving goals and performing as they are capable of doing. Imagery also helps enhance self-confidence.

To motivate. Images of past and future competitions can be called upon to maintain persistence and intensity level while training and competing. This type of imaging provides an incentive for continued hard work.

To manage arousal. Athletes can use imagery to increase or decrease arousal. For example, athletes can visualize a peaceful, relaxing scene to decrease arousal whereas motivating images can be used to increase arousal as needed.

To learn skills and techniques. Athletes can use imagery as an additional form of practice to help them master a skill. For example, athletes can visualize themselves doing a perfect flip turn prior to actual execution.

513

To refocus. During practice and competition, many distractions and situations arise that prevent an optimal focus. Athletes can refocus themselves by using specific images to achieve the focus needed for optimal performance.

To prepare for competition. Athletes can use imagery to familiarize themselves with the competitive environment and to rehearse their performance or key elements of their performance. In addition, they can use imagery to prepare for various situations that may arise so they can develop strategies to cope with these stressors. If the situation does arise they will have rehearsed it in their minds and will know how to deal with it.

Imagery is best learned and practiced in a quiet environment when the athlete is relaxed. It may be beneficial, therefore, to first discuss simple relaxation skills so that athletes learn how to relax their minds and bodies prior to learning how to use imagery. It is helpful to develop imagery skills by initially using non-threatening, non-stressful images. For example, direct athletes to imagine being on a beach: encourage them to see, smell, hear and feel the scene. The athlete can then progress to visualizing swimming skills and, finally, to imaging competitive situations. With a little forethought, imagery training can be easily incorporated into physical training instead of making it a separate component of preparation. For example, coaches can direct athletes to visualize the technique they are working on prior to executing the drills, to imagine hard repeats to help prepare them for the challenge, or to visualize upcoming competitions to enhance practice motivation.

Athletes need to work on the following two components of imagery: control and vividness. Teach athletes to control their imagery (for example, seeing and feeling a perfect start as opposed to visualizing the slow start that has plagued them in past races) and to make their images clear, vivid, and as close to reality as possible (for example, smell the chlorine, hear their parents in the stands, and feel the muscle

514

fatigue in the last 50 meters). With continued practice athletes can manipulate images to see and feel the perfect race and see and feel themselves responding to any adverse situations. They should be able to incorporate performance cues into their visualization to create a vivid image of how they want to perform.

Visualization and imagery is powerful. Our brains do not know the difference between real and imagined success. We can convince ourselves that we have already successfully done something, if we are consistent in “reprogramming” our memory.

And when it is backed up by the physical, for lack of a better word right now, preparation, it becomes almost magical in its applications.

But you have to believe, you have to want to believe, need to believe. It doesn’t work if you only “sort of” want it to happen. You need the fire in your soul, hunger, call it whatever you want, to make the visualizations take hold and you must spend time at it every day.

Old old principles of psycho-cybernetics and psycho-prophylaxis. Spend 21 days at this and you can set new patterns of behaviour and results. It really does work but it gets ignored a fair bit. You cannot measure it, attach a diode to it, track it with a machine that goes ping, so those of us who are used to taking measurements in scientifically quantifiable terms get a bit uncomfortable with the principles involved at times.

The thing is: Once we have done something successfully the first time, it is far easier to repeat that thing.

Our brains are pretty incredible. As long as you do not try to convince yourself that you will wake up on Day X to discover you have suddenly lost 20 pounds, grown 6″ and have been awarded a Nobel Prize for breathing, it will work. The goal still has to be believable and humanly achievable.

Sources:

515

http://www.usaswimming.org/ViewMiscArticle.aspx?TabId=1781&Alias=Rainbow&Lang=en&mid=7901&ItemId=4959

Michele Greb (http::/swimhsk.dk)

Gregg Swanson (http://www.warriormindcoach.com/blog/contact-me/)

(http://www.warriormindcoach.com/blog/2010/08/12/hypnosis-imagery-and-personal-success/)

516

3.18.2 Psychodrama

Psychodrama is the use of action techniques to explore an individual's private and public world in a multi-dimensional way. It is also useful in helping the individual to express unexpressed feelings and to find and practice new ways to change unsatisfying situations in life.

It is a safe environment for people to explore issues and concerns in a gentle, non confrontational manner. For non-therapists, this method of psychotherapy allows participants to view their conflicts experientially from a different perspective and thus resolution is faster and long lasting. For therapists and counselors, action methods can be incorporated into an existing therapeutic model providing a new theoretical framework to increase the effectiveness of clinical skills and facilitate spontaneity and creativity in the therapeutic process.

Psychodrama explores an individual's world through action incorporating various modalities such as music, art, roleplay, story telling etc. to facilitate personal growth. Through enactment, clients enter the world of their issues in a safe non judgmental environment. During the enactment, they experience their world instead of talking about it. After each enactment, all participants share their stories. The power of the group sharing aids in the healing process.

Psychodramatic interventions are designed to encounter people where they are, in the present and assist them in contacting and developing the best that is within themselves, whatever their functioning level. Psychodrama reinvests power in people.

Source: Psychodrama Training Associationhttp://www.psychodramatraining.com/article1.htm

517

Tips and Techniques

Listed below are a few tips for using action and experiential methods in one to one therapy. An excellent resource is Stein, M.B. & Callahan, M.L. (1982). The use of psychodrama in individual therapy. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama and Sociometry, 35, 118-129.

WARM-UP, ACTION & CLOSURE Each individual session will have a warm-up, action and a closure segment. During the warm-up, the client (re)gains, rapport with the therapist, discusses what issues will be the focus of the session, and readies him/herself for action. The action phase is the actual psychodramatic portion. The closure is the time succeeding the action when the client de-roles and cools down from the role playing. Occasionally, the therapist shares from his own life experience to assist the client in normalizing, in reducing isolation, or in presenting new possibilities for further thought and integration. If you choose to share with the client, remember that the sharing is directed toward the client's therapeusis.

Sometimes directors and clients are skittish about moving into psychodrama in individual therapy. Here are some ways to gently warm yourself and the client up to action.

1) As the client is talking to you, shift your seat to the client's double position, explaining to the client that you want to be sure you understand fully what she means and feels. Once in the position, note that you'll be speaking as the client and that if what you say is correct the client is to repeat it; if incorrect, to change it.

2) As the client discusses a significant person in his life, ask him to imagine the person sitting in an empty chair in your office. Ask the client to describe the person in detail so that you can have a sense of him/her. Then ask the client to step over into the seat so that you can ask a couple of questions, again to better understand what the person is like. You can ask the client to choose a scarf or prop to symbolize the role.

518

3) When a client is recounting a story vividly and is saying first what she said and then what the other person said, ask her to shift her body position when she shifts roles.

4) If you have used artwork with a client, ask him to hold the work and speak from one of the elements of the drawing. You can interview him as the drawing.

5) When a client is uncertain about the future, ask her to imagine that there is an imaginary clock face on the floor, each of whose numbers represents a month in the future. Let's say it's currently April. Ask the person to stand at 3 (months from April), and tell you what's happening to her in July.

6) Time line: When a client begins to describe a long chain of events, ask him to stand and begin at a spot on the floor and walk forward (or around the perimeter of the space) and stop at specific, important times and tell you what happened on that date. You can use objects in the room, scarves, or labeled pieces of paper to mark off the times. When the exercise is complete ask the client to stand back and see if he can see any patterns; what sense he makes of all the events when considered from this perspective; or if any specific time is more crucial than the others. This may also be done at the beginning of treatment when taking a history from a client.

7) If a client remarks about or is drawn to an object in your office, ask her to reverse roles with the object and interview her in the role of the object.

8) When working with a client whose spontaneity or creativity are blocked, concretize the Canon of Creativity, marking out areas on your floor for Creativity, Spontaneity, the Conserve and the Warming Up Process. Ask the client to walk the Canon focusing on the issue (conserve) in relation to their spontaneity or creativity or where they are in the warming up process.

SOCIAL ATOM Make the social atom a regular and routine part of the one-to-one experience. Remember the therapy maxim, "Treat the

519

individual as a group and the group as an individual." Think systemic. Assess, intervene and evaluate within the client's social network. Other useful tools are the Food Atom, Addictions Atom, Future Atom.

HERE AND NOW Most of the session should be focused on the here and now. Remember that all enactment takes place in the here and now. Remember that scenes from the past, when enacted, take place in the "present" of that time; e.g., a client re-enacts an event that occurred when he was 22. In the scene, he is 22; not his current age of 40.

SET UP THE SCENE As in a group psychodrama enactment, you will want the client to identify the time and place of the scene. You will also want the client to describe the other (e.g., three characteristics of the other) before proceeding with the action. You may also want to interview the client in the role of the other to gain more information. This is contra-indicated if the client is very angry at the other or if the other is a perpetrator. Take your time and do a thorough and complete warm-up. Use empty chairs for the characters so that the client can do the role reversals and sit in the other person's chair. Two or three characters are plenty.

SUPPORT AND ENCOURAGEMENT Where abuse and/or trauma form the base of the client's issues, the majority of the action phase of the session should be conducted with others who support and encourage the client. Create and bring the positive other (someone who is in the protagonist's corner) into the room prior to bringing in the negative actor. Create a balance, so that the positive energy is at least as potent as the negative energy. Sometimes it is necessary to have more than one positive figure available. Also it is helpful to ask the client to define some area of the room as a safe, time-out space, where she can go if the action seems overwhelming at any point. She might use pillows, scarves or props to define the area.

COACHING Clients can frequently derive much help from interacting with wise and caring figures. These can be intrapsychic roles like one's own inner guide, inner counselor, inner friend, one's future self. The

520

coach can be a supportive figure from the client's past and present: best friend; loving grandparent; caring youth group leader. Coaches can also be transpersonal guides whom the client has never met, such as a fantasy or historical figure. An all-purpose figure that embodies many energies is very useful: the Goddess, god, Buddha. Archetypal energies can also be useful, but each has its own limitations (e.g., the Lover will always say the solution is to love, while the Warrior will always tell you the solution is to fight).

DOUBLE Start and end the action phase with doubling the client. Doubling is one of the most important and client satisfying actions to take in any one to one session. Use a variety of doubling techniques (e.g., cognitive, containing, expressive, etc.) The deepening double is especially useful with timid clients, those who have difficulty accurately labeling feelings, and with those who have difficulty tapping into the depth of feeling. With the deepening double the client becomes her own double.

To utilize the deepening double, do the following: After the client makes a statement to her significant other in the empty chair, place another empty chair behind the client in her own double position. Ask her to sit in the chair and make another statement on the same subject to the significant other. Then place another chair behind the double chair. Ask the client to sit in that chair and speak from this deeper place inside herself. If necessary, place still another chair in the double position behind the other ones and reverse the client into that seat to make a statement. You can put pillows, stuffed toys or scarves in the empty chairs to hold the spot for the client. After the client has said all she needs to say from the deepest double spot, move her gradually forward to the outer self, first making another statement from each double position and ending with a statement from her outer self to the significant other. Another wonderful aspect of this technique is that you can double for the client in each of the double positions, providing support and encouragement for expression.

521

For example if Bob is speaking to his wife about an affair she just concluded, he may say, "That really irritates me," from his outer position. From his first double position, he may say, "How could you do this to me, you bitch?" From his second double position, he may say, "I feel so betrayed. I feel so helpless." From his third position, he may say, "I'm heartbroken. How can we ever repair this?" Doubling is especially useful if a client is overtly angry at the therapist. Simply evacuate your seat and move to the client's double position. Assist the client in fully expressing whatever he feels. In this way, the client feels supported and is often able to unravel the transference that may be at the base of his feelings. (Certainly, if the therapist has made an error that deserves an apology, e.g., double booking a client, it is important to acknowledge the error and make a sincere apology. Obviously, this is not simply the client's transference operating, although that may indeed be in the mix).

ROLE REVERSAL Role reversal is the sine qua non of psychodramatic intervention techniques, and it is used differently in individual therapy sessions. The director rarely, if ever, assumes the role of the other. The director can repeat a last line of the other, but it is wise to do so either from your chair or from behind the chair of the other, and not sitting in that chair. You can speak from the client's role when the client is in the role of the other, either from the double position, or from the client's seat. Playing the role of the other can lead to negative transference and premature termination from therapy. Role reversal can be used effectively with a client when a client asks you for advice. Reverse roles with the client and have him answer his own question.

FUTURE PROJECTION Psychodrama provides the wonderful option of time travel since everything takes place in the present in psychodrama. A scene from 1956 happens in the "now' of 1956 and a scene from 2010 takes place in the now of 2010. When clients feel their present problems are unresolveable, it is helpful to place them into some future time when their problem has been solved. This works well also when the client is holding a grudge and wants to move toward forgiveness of the wrong. Place him into some future time when he has forgiven the

522

wrong. Ask him what steps he took to move toward forgiveness. One can also ask the solution-focused therapy "miracle question:" "If some miracle happened and your life were as you wished (or your problem solved), what would it look like?" Place the client into that future of life as desired, interview them, and ask them what they did to get there. Continue with dialogues mentioned above, role reversing the present and future selves.

HUMANIZE RATHER THAN DEMONIZE The ultimate goal in therapy is for the client to experience everyone in the universe humanely. The key is compassion for self and others. Psychodramatists believe that people do the best they can at the time of action. Hampered spontaneity and creativity create inadequate judgment, inflexibility, and inadequate action.

CHANGE AGENT The goal of psychodramatic therapy is to help the individual change how he/she is in the world and in so doing, change the world. Challenge the client to make the world a "bigger" place by thinking outside him/herself and incorporate the thoughts and feelings of others. One of the exciting areas of opportunity in psychodrama is in the realm of atonement. Sometimes we have regrets, though at the time we acted as best we could. Psychodrama provides us with the opportunity to re-enact a past situation and practice how to better complete it, so that we can go forth in our lives and make the necessary amends. It also provides us with the opportunity to re-enact the past with people who are no longer available (through death, for example) and finish unfinished business that would otherwise have no outlet.

ADVICE GIVING The desire to give advice is often a signal of counter-transference. When the urge to give advice hits, breathe, refrain and say nothing. After the session, process your desire to give advice.

HOMEWORK Make behavioral homework assignments a regular and routine part of the session. The obvious purpose is to re-enforce empowerment outside the session and integrate and further the work of the session in the client's general life experience. Our most difficult job is to help the client chunk down here and now goals that are

523

RUMBA (realistic, utilitarian, measurable, behavioral and achievable). Unattained goals may result in shame, hopelessness and premature termination from therapy.

ADAPT A VARIETY OF GROUP TECHNIQUES TO INDIVIDUAL WORKThere are many sociometric and psychodramatic intervention tools that can be adapted to psychodama a deux: spectrograms, behind-the-back, high chair, metaphors, myths, magic shop, trial scenes, dream re-enactment, locograms, etc.

DIAMOND OF OPPOSITES The Diamond of Opposites was created by Linnea Carlson Sabelli and Hector Sabelli. The method moves from linear sociometry (A chooses B) to a multidimensional sociometry (A chooses and rejects B). The method allows for the illumination of both positive and negative feelings that individuals have about a person, situation or thing. It also illuminates the degree to which a person experiences those feelings. It is very useful for exploring ambivalence, for example, the degree of positive feelings towards dating (or a particular person) and the degree of negative feelings towards dating (or a particular person). The model postulates that conflict comes from having equal and high tensions between positive and negative forces. Let's say that Mary wants to get a new job, but she fears leaving her old job because her position is secure and familiar. If she has a 90% desire to leave and a 10% desire to stay, she will leave. However, if Mary has a 100% desire to leave and a 100% desire to stay, there will be high tension and no resolution.

The director's job is to help her increase or decrease the tension on one end of the diamond so that she is released from the ambivalence and can move toward choice. We have also noticed that sometimes people feel conflicted and tell themselves they feel equally about two options, but when they concretize their ambivalence on the Diamond of Opposites, they realize that in fact they feel, say, 60% that they do want to do something and 40% that they don't. When working with the Diamond, an additional question we like to ask clients who seem constitutionally ambivalent, is, "Whose voice is speaking the message

524

from Pole A and whose voice is speaking the message from Pole B?" Frequently it is the voice of each of the client's parents.

DIFFERENTIAL DIRECTION John Raven Mosher and Brigid Yukman have written on the need for differential directing styles, and they have identified four primary styles: caring leader, emotional stimulator, director, and meaning attributor. When clients are dealing with abandonment and telling stories of lovelessness, the director needs to be caring (e.g., protective, genuine, encouraging, providing unrequested unconditional acceptance for being, etc.). When the client is dealing with issues of betrayal and stories of joylessness, the director needs to be an emotional stimulator (e.g., charismatic, playful, intimate, creative and emotionally available and transparent). When the client is disempowered and telling stories of disempowerment, the director needs to be challenging (e.g., setting limits, norms and direction, challenging current behavior, asking the client for answers, etc.). When the client is in chaos and telling stories of meaningless, the director needs to provide structure (e.g., interpreting reality, naming, normalizing and identifying emotional states and experiences, teaching cognitive techniques, providing a framework for change, identifying experiences).

EVALUATION From time to time with some regularity it is helpful to ask your clients to evaluate you as a therapist and take stock of their own progress. Encourage positive and negative expressions. This helps to keep the process on track. It helps the client and therapist to look at the work, see what goals have been accomplished and which ones haven't so that objectives can be revised if appropriate and new plans can be made.

525

3.19 THE MIRACLE QUESTIONThe miracle question The miracle question is a method of questioning that a coach, therapist, or counselor uses to aid the client to envision how the future will be different when the problem is no longer present. Also, this may help to establish goals.

A traditional version of the miracle question would go like this:

"Suppose our meeting is over, you go home, do whatever you planned to do for the rest of the day. And then, some time in the evening, you get tired and go to sleep. And in the middle of the night, when you are fast asleep, a miracle happens and all the problems that brought you here today are solved just like that. But since the miracle happened overnight nobody is telling you that the miracle happened. When you wake up the next morning, how are you going to start discovering that the miracle happened? ... What else are you going to notice? What else?"

Whilst relatively easy to state the miracle question requires considerable skill to ask well. The question must be asked slowly with close attention to the person's non-verbal communication to ensure that the pace matches the person's ability to follow the question. Initial responses frequently include a sense of "I don't know." To ask the question well this should be met with respectful silence to give the person time to fully absorb the question.

Once the miracle day has been thoroughly explored the worker can follow this with scales, on a scale where 0 = worst things have ever been and 10 = the miracle day where are you now? Where would it need to be for you to know that you didn't need to see me any more? What will be the first things that will let you know you are 1 point higher. In this way the miracle question is not so much a question as a series of questions.

There are many different versions of the miracle question depending on the context and the client.

In a specific situation, the counselor may ask,

526

"If you woke up tomorrow, and a miracle happened so that you no longer easily lost your temper, what would you see differently?" What would the first signs be that the miracle occurred?"

The client (a child) may respond by saying,

"I would not get upset when somebody calls me names."

The counselor wants the client to develop positive goals, or what they will do, rather than what they will not do--to better ensure success. So, the counselor may ask the client, "What will you be doing instead when someone calls you names?"

Four Questions:

1. When would a clinician use the Miracle Question?

The Miracle Question is a goal setting question that is useful when a client simply does not know what a preferred future would look like. It can be used with individuals to set the course for therapy, with couples, to clarify what each person needs from each other and with families, who too often see one person as the culprit. By using the Miracle Question and asking each person what a better life would look like, the system sees perhaps for the first time, what others need from each other.

2. What does it look like?

"Suppose tonight, while you slept, a miracle occurred. When you awake tomorrow, what would be some of the things you would notice that would tell you life had suddenly gotten better?"

The therapist stays with the question even if the client describes an "impossible" solution, such as a deceased person being alive, and acknowledges that wish and then asks "how would that make a difference in your life?" Then as the client describes that he/she might feel as if they have their companion back, again, the therapist asks "how would that make a difference?" With that, the client may say, "I would have someone to confide in and support me." From there, the therapist

527

would ask the client to think of others in the client's life who could begin to be a confidant in a very small manner.

3. How does it help the client?

It catapults the client from a problem saturated context into a visionary context where he/she has a moment of freedom, to step out of the problem story and into a story where they are more problem free. But, more importantly, it helps the therapist to know exactly what the client wants from therapy...and this is what makes Solution Focused Therapy so efficient and brief.

4. What makes the Miracle Question a cool intervention?

It helps the therapist see where the client wants to go. Too often, therapists assume that a client needs to grieve, leave their spouse, quit their job, after the client describes why he/she has come to therapy. The Miracle Question helps the client and therapist to address exactly what the client wants, not what the therapist thinks is best.

Follow up Questions:

FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS TO THE MIRACLE QUESTION THAT HELP THE CLIENT DEVELOP WELL-FORMED GOALS

How will you know the miracle happened? What will be the first thing you notice that would tell you that a

miracle happened; that things are different? What else would tell you that things are different/better? What might others (mother, father, spouse, partner, siblings,

friends, work associates, teachers, and etcetera) notice about you that would tell them that the miracle has happened, that things are different or better?

How would they react? Then what would you do?

528

What would they do next? If I had a “before miracle” and an “after miracle” movie of you

shown sideby-side, what differences would I see in your looks, your behavior?

Have there been times when you have seen pieces of this miracle happen?

Alternative approach:

Prof Miller maintained that people are often able to give themselves excellent advice but often lack the framework and objectivity to do so, so he taught me this little assignment...

Imagine that it is two years from now and everything in your life has worked out well and the problems you are currently facing have been successfully resolved. Everything is okay, your dreams have come true and you are enjoying your life. Write yourself a letter from the "future you" to the "you of today" not only explaining how you overcame various difficulties, but just as importantly giving yourself encouragement, praise and tips for how to deal with things.

It is an assignment that I have used many, many times and always provokes a positive response. It can be given as a "homework" style assignment or worked on "live" in a Life Coaching session. Both ways work equally well.

The assignment encourages people to be pro-active in giving themselves advice rather than relying on the practitioner to come up with the answers. It also immediately stimulates a higher level of confidence as people are "seeing" themselves as having changed already. This easy method of generating "success experiences" is also a hugely therapeutic element of the assignment.

529

Sources:

Wikipedia.org (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_focused_brief_therapy)

Linda Metcalf, Ph.D. is founder of the Solution Focused Institute of Fort Worth, Texas and author of ten books including The Miracle Question: Answer It and Change Your Life. http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-therapy/201001/cool-intervention-10-the-miracle-question

The Pennsylvania Child Welfare Training Program

http://www.pacwcbt.pitt.edu/Curriculum/301%20Effective%20Interviewing%20in%20the%20Case%20Planning%20Process/Handouts/HO31MiracleQuestionsandFollowupQuestions.pdf

The best life coaching technique in the World by Alex GunnArticle Source: http://EzineArticles.com/6497060http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Best-Life-Coaching-Technique-In-The-World&id=6497060

530

3.20 SHARING INFORMATIONEffective coaches assess the needs of their coachees and draw upon a variety of blended strategies , which can be grouped into five broad categories: Instructional, Facilitative, Consultative, Collaborative and Transformational strategies.None of these categories are fully distinct: E.g.: Consultative coaching tends to be instructional, but may also be facilitative.

Instructional strategies focus on ways of doing things (How should I …?) and include a variety of didactic teaching strategies including showing, and telling. In fact the coach is taking on the role of a teacher here, offering information that can be of value to the coachee.

Facilitative strategies on the other hand, aim to build internalized learning and change not only what the coachee does, but also their way of being in the world, including how they think and feel.

Here too, often, the coachee will not dispose of all the required information, The coach may than share information that allows the coachee to obtain the necessary internal and external resources for personal and professional growth.

Sometimes a coachee hasn't got all the relevant or necessary information. The information you give as coach is not advice in the sense that the coachee must follow it, but is shared when it seems the coachee can make good use of it.

Look at the following examples:

My girlfriend is already three months pregnant, if her father finds out... She can't even go to the doctor because her parents will get the bill.

I would like to help the two of you as best I can. Do you know there are organisations that help young girls in her situation with all sorts of practical things, free of charge. If need be, they can even offer Anita a roof over her head. They respect the unborn child and

531

it doesn't matter to them if the pregnant woman is 14 or 40. Here you have the address.

I can't face it anymore; it seems that the more I try, the deeper I sink.I think that at the moment you are in a really difficult phase of the process you are going through. You're trying to find out how you got in this mess in the first place, without seeing any real future for yourself. It means you're investing a lot of energy in getting ahead, but at the same time it also means that it's not impossible to do so.

Yes, the homeopath said that it had something to do with my mother passing away.

A homeopath might be able to notice the imbalance of your body by certain signs. But he can't tell you anything about the cause of this imbalance, unless he is making assumptions on the basis of what you've told him yourself.

I'm powerless. Next week I'm being evicted.As a tenant you have certain rights, even if you can't pay the rent. You can get legal assistance. To find out more, you could contact the legal affairs agency. They help people who have no money nearly free of charge. The first consult is even for free.

I just wonder why I had to get burglarized? I don't even know the guy, I didn't harm him and I don't deserve this.

Good question. Seems more a coincidence you got burglarized. He is well know to the police and seems to have committed more than a hundred burglaries. He's a drug addict. Though you're deeply affected by it, it was nothing personal.

I know I should exercise more, but when I run my knees start to trouble me.

Running is a strain on the knees, but there are other sports you could do that won't injure you, for example swimming could be an option if that's your thing.

532

Source:

The Art of Counselling / De Kunst van het Counselen© Copyright Owner: Academy for Counselling and Coaching - The Netherlands - Paul van Schaik

533

3.21 SELF DISCLOSURECoachees often are under the impression that they are the only ones struggling with that kind of problem. Though they may have heard of or read about similar cases, that has not led to recognition or helped them develop a better strategy. Because they have been going round in circles, they are unable to see a way out. In such cases, it can be useful to tell them of similar things from your own experience. The purpose is to show them a solution is possible.

Self-disclosure can also be used to a degree to strengthen the bond with the coachee, i.e. if it would help the coachee to know that the coach has gone through a similar experience. You can also use self-disclosure to break the ice or to make sure the coachee doesn't put you on a pedestal. Make sure self-disclosure is done in such a way that the coachee doesn't get the impression everybody can handle the situation, except him. Don't disclose things about yourself that you haven't come to terms with, otherwise the coachee might start feeling he really should coach you instead of the other way around.

This use of self cannot be taught in a prescriptive or normative manner, since each coach will draw on unique personal experiences and knowledge, and each coaching encounter will present unique constellations of opportunity for the coach’s use of self.

Change through relationship

Gestalt holds that change happens through relationship. The importance of the quality of the relationship between coach/client is not exclusive to Gestalt of course (e.g. De Haan, 2008), but Gestalt does bring a perspective, which is quite different from conventional wisdom. To Perls, the ‘self ’ is not a semi-fixed entity that endures over time. Instead ‘self ’ is a process, always in flux and totally contextual, it is a function of what gets evoked in the interaction between individuals under the unique set of circumstances of that particular interaction (Perls, 1978). Simply put, the ‘me’ that I experience when I am with my boss is likely to be different in some respect from the ‘me’ that I

534

experience when I am with my best friend etc. The implication of this for coaching is that you, as coach, are a critical aspect of the client’s experience and how you ‘show up’ will inform (not necessarily consciously) what the client chooses to reveal. Two aspects of the way you work as a Gestalt coach are critical: your presence/use of self and your ability to engage in dialogue.

Presence is much more than how ‘professional’ you are as a coach. It includes how ‘grounded’ you are in yourself and your work, how able you are to ‘contact’ the client, even when they are difficult to reach. It is the ability to be in the here and now, i.e. to tune into what is going on within yourself (your reactions to your client, what they evoke in you, what images come to mind, what sensations are stimulated) as you are impacted by them, and to disclose some of this in order to ‘make contact’.

I am listening to Jane who has returned to work after a miscarriage and is struggling as a new partner in a professional services firm. She talks in a jolly, light, cheerful manner and I notice that I am struggling to stay present. Suddenly the image of a bird comes to mind. I see it skimming along the top of the hedgerow, never really coming to land anywhere. I share this image with Jane, owning that it is my image, and ask if it has any meaning for her in her world.

I trust that because this vivid image has arisen within the interaction between me and my client it is reasonable to assume that it has some relevance to the client’s situation and is worth checking out.

You do this of course in the service of their awareness and part of the process is to find out what impact your disclosure has had on them. This opened the door to a fruitful exploration of how she has been trying to ‘make light’ of her situation with her colleagues and how in our session we both have been staying in a ‘light, frothy’ place (the parallel process). My disclosure enabled Jane and I to make contact, i.e. relate in a different way, to move from ‘skimming the surface’ to something more helpful to her and to us.

535

This is the Gestalt notion of ‘dialogue’ , which has its roots in Buber’s (e.g. 1970) existential philosophy that differentiates between ‘I–thou’ interaction (two people engaging in an open, mutually respectful way without attempting to impose their will on the other) and ‘I–it’ interactions in which one or both attempt to shape the other towards some desired outcome. Genuine, moving contact cannot be made to happen. It flows from the coach’s willingness to be him or herself without any attachment to what might happen in the encounter. This means that as a Gestalt coach, I am particularly attentive to the quality of the relationship between myself and my client.

1 Siminovitch, D., and Van Eron, A. (2006)

Practical Implications for the Coach

1. What to disclose

• The coach’s internal reactions offer valuable data. These reactions are data that is readily available, present in the room, and which have arisen in the context of the coaching encounter. They have a relevance and the coach needs to trust his/her internal world – the thoughts, reflections, observations, sensations, the visualisations, metaphors and images that come to mind, along with what the client evokes for the coach etc. In order to do this coaches may need to ‘unlearn’ some previously held notions of coach self disclosure, notably that a) it isn’t relevant, and b) any attempt by the coach to share their experience takes the focus away from the coaching client.

• Through use of self, as a coach you become an expert in awareness, not only awareness of yourself and awareness of your client, but also awareness of the unfolding relationship between the two of you. Useful questions to reflect on are: what is the tone/colour/Music which best captures your coach/client relationship? What do you observe about the client,

e.g. energy levels, flow and tone of speech, body movements, eye contact, congruence between behaviour, thinking and feelings etc. How does all of this impact on you as coach? In a Gestalt way of working, the

536

human body is a gateway to the inner world, and so through sharing the impact the client has on you, you bring the client’s awareness to ‘how’ they are being in relationship with you (and potentially wider world) which in turn heightens their own self-awareness.

• What we can never know is how the client will respond to the information you offer. It is not for the coach to volunteer an interpretation, but to help the client do the meaning making. In selecting the most pertinent observations the Gestalt coach invites the client to first ‘stay with’ (i.e. attend to) and then explore their experience in the moment. The key emphasis is on the client’s enhanced awareness rather than on finding the ‘right’ answer. Siminovitch and Van Eron also make the point that by self disclosing the coach models personal risk taking for clients who may view such behaviour as too personally threatening.

2. If and when to disclose

• The key question that guides your decision is always ‘how will your disclosure serve the client?’ If the response is a potential heightening of the client’s awareness, thus ‘adding to’ what the client already knows, then you may decide to go ahead. For example, at the end of a challenging piece of work in which the client had worked through a particularly difficult scenario about which he had felt very stressed, he reported that he felt calmer and more at peace which was visible in his body demeanour, rate and flow of speech etc. A response of “Yes I feel calmer also” is superfluous and adds nothing for the client. Whereas a response of “Yes, I can see that and I’m also aware of my own feeling of satisfaction, of a job well done.

I’m wondering how you reflect on and celebrate your achievements?” affirms the client and helps him to acknowledge what he has achieved. • If you are unsure then wait, and by delaying you may get further clarity about your internal data which might well be of use to the client at a later point in the session. You might also give some thought to the consequences of not disclosing. For example, a persistent image or

537

hunch that keeps running through your thoughts, if left undisclosed, might lead you to feel distracted and so less present with the client.

• If a feeling, image etc. has persisted with this client during the session or over the time you have known him or her, it is important you chose to disclose when it emerges once more in the current session, because there will be reason that it has come back to you ‘right now’ and this is the context that can help you and the client make sense of the data.

Sharing an image that occurred to you last session at the beginning of this session will be out of context and the client is unlikely to be able to relate to it.

• One of the many reasons that coaches refrain from self disclosure is anxiety about it being ‘my stuff ’ and, therefore, not relevant to the client. So how do you know if your emotional reaction is a genuine response to a client or ‘your own stuff ’ (technically known as countertransference? Sometimes it is obvious, as when a client reminds you of someone else, or brings material which evokes a strong reaction that reactivates a past event or relationship of your own, or touches on a strong value that you hold. Here it is probably more appropriate to refrain from disclosing, reflect further and take your reaction to supervision. One question to ask yourself is how frequently something happens. For example, are you working on the same issue with every coaching client that you have? If you are, then it is highly possible that you are (unconsciously) shaping the agenda because it’s your interest (or your expertise).

This is why supervision is so essential.

3. How to disclose

• When noticing your internal world, make sure you articulate it first to yourself and then to the client using language which is both non-judgemental and non-interpretive, and which is phrased in the present ‘here and now’, e.g. “that’s interesting, I notice that my attention is drifting” as opposed to “this is (she is) really boring!”.

538

• Then, when you articulate your awareness, own what you say using ‘I’ rather than ‘you’language (“I notice that my energy level dropped in the last few minutes. What’s happening for you as you talk about this?”). Notice how important it is to make the link back to the client’s experience… simply saying “I notice that my energy level dropped in the last few minutes” without checking what is going on for the the client is likely to be received as a criticism, when if fact you are trying to see if you are picking up some of the client’s own boredom with his situation.

• Having made your intervention be attentive to the client’s reaction by noticing the impact on the client, and be ready to help the client express a reaction to what you said. There is no right or wrong in this. You are not making an interpretation or casting a judgement, but offering your self-reflections lightly, with curiosity and wonderment. Track your client’s energy and interest. If your disclosure does not ‘land’ fully with the client, he/she will let you know and something will happen. Your intervention may help the client to get clear about something else, or you may opt to ‘let it go’. It will come around again if it is significant, it might simply be that the client isn’t quite ready to explore this area yet.

• We talk a lot about the use of intuition in coaching, i.e. the hunches we have. In a Gestalt way of working, our hunches are backed up with observational data in the room. For example, in a coaching demonstration as part of a Gestalt workshop I shared a hunch which had materialised for me from data offered by the client, in her use of language, changes in her energy levels when she referred to a particular relationship, as well as my own feelings of increasing sadness as she talked. I shared my hunch (owning it as mine, and not an interpretation) and this struck a chord for her. In the debrief following there was comment from an observer about ‘how I had instilled’ my thoughts into the client. Drawing on my own ‘internal supervisor’ there were two ways I could double check the ‘integrity’ of my intervention. First, I referred back to the client’s experience and her response to what I’d said, which had been very positive. Second, I had supported my

539

intervention with the data I had observed (e.g. the client’s energy level shift).

4. How much to disclose

• As a general rule, less is always better than more. In the event that you have a number of responses that you could make, it pays to keep paying attention to your own evolving reactions for a while, and eventually something will begin to stand out (e.g. a particularly strong image or sensation), or what started as multiple reactions will suddenly synthesise into a single and, therefore, potentially potent response.

Guidelines for Practice: a summary

1. Tune into yourself: what impact does the client have on you?2. Selectively disclose in service of the client;3. Trust the validity of your self disclosure;4. Check the impact this has on the client, what meaning it holds for them;5. Don’t be too attached to your reaction. Be prepared to let it go if it has little/no resonance for the client;6. Use supervision as a place to talk through strong reactions you have to your clients and the issues they bring.5. Examples: The outside world seems to think that after two weeks you should go on as if nothing happened. I can't do that. Nothing seems fun anymore since my mother died and all I can think of are her last days.

I understand. When my mother died, it took me quite some time to get over it. I did notice that after a while, the good memories about her came back, and that I could enjoy them again.

I am afraid to speak in public. The times that I had to do it, I broke out in such a sweat I virtually floated of the stage.

Fear of failure, stage fright, fear of speaking in public - a lot of people are troubled by it. I shall let you in on a secret. When I first started, I had to give a seminar about counselling in a big firm to

540

their employees. The entire management was present, 20 men in three-piece suits. I blacked out, completely forgot what I had prepared and could hardly get a word out - me being a professional coach... Please don't tell anyone. Luckily a colleague lend me a good book with lots of tips and a friend provided me with some good training on speaking in public. Nowadays it's not a problem anymore.

I feel like shit. The stupid girl dumped me for some dickhead. I will never get over it.

It can happen to anyone. It happened to one of my friends a while back. He also thought he would never get over it. He was still hopelessly in love and felt completely lost without her. But in spite of feeling desperate, he made a full recovery. He married a woman who is much more suited to him and they have two children. In hindsight he is glad his former girlfriend left him.

References

Buber, M. (1970). I and Thou. New York: Scribner’s Sons.De Haan, E. (2008). Relational Coaching: Journeys towards mastering one-to-one learning. John Wiley - & Son, Ltd. West Sussex, UK.Perls, F. S. (1978) Finding self through Gestalt Therapy. Gestalt Journal, Siminovitch, D., & Van Eron, A. (2006). The Pragmatics of Magic. OD Practitioner, 38:1.

Sources:

AoEC Conference 2010: Marjorie Shackleton and Marion Gillie http://www.thegilliepartnership.co.uk/Use-of-self-and-self-disclosure-in-coaching.pdf

The Art of Counselling / De Kunst van het Counselen© Copyright Owner: Academy for Counselling and Coaching - The Netherlands - Paul van Schaik

541

3.22 USING INTUITIONThis is a thought-provoking article, on an intriguing subject – the potential links between intuition and coaching. As human beings, we all use intuition to varying degrees. The same, argues Mavor, can be said about our role as coaches. She acknowledges, however, that apart from a trickle of studies, very little research has been undertaken on this subject.

But what do we mean by intuition? There is, as yet, no universally accepted definition. Mavor presents a number of alternative perspectives. Dane and Pratt (2007: 40) for example, regard intuitions as ‘affectively charged judgements that arise through rapid, nonconscious, and holistic associations’. Hence, intuition contains features such as: ‘gut feelings or gut instincts’; speed – they arise rapidly; nonconscious information processing; and holistic associations including patterns, structures or schemas held in long-term memory.

The Mavor study used semi-structured interviews with 14 experienced executive coaches (8 males and 6 females) with an average of 14.5 years experience as a coach. The coaches were asked to report retrospectively on intuitive experiences in either one-to-one or group coaching. A series of 15 broad questions, elicited from the literature on intuition, were posed, each interview lasting approximately two hours.

The findings suggest that intuition is, indeed, very much present in coaching conversations. One coach, for example, talked about ‘out of the blue’ experience. The intuition ‘came from nowhere’. But it cannot be deliberately ‘called up’. Looking for it makes it difficult to find. The key seems to be being open and maintaining a ‘soft focus’, allowing intuition to give you messages and clues.

Intuition is more likely to be accessed if the coach has self-belief and self-confidence in what they do. But it is also essential that the coach gets themselves in the right physical, mental and emotional state to help them access and apply their intuition. This includes the coach’s:

542

Attention to their own well-being- The preparation they undertake before the coaching session- The rituals or routines they use before the session to get into ‘the zone’- Their ability to stay present and focused during the session

Preparation for a session depends on the individual coach. Some would read through the notes from previous sessions; others would look through coaching models or frameworks. The key, however, was letting go of analytical thoughts, of getting ‘grounded’ and quieting the mind. It meant being congruent, receptive, fresh, attentive and calm. This helps to develop the vital ingredient of rapport which allows the coaching conversation to access deeper levels of communication and beliefs, attitudes, emotions and feelings. Yet it also means having a level of detachment and objectiveness in accessing and applying intuition, and to present an observation as an offering as opposed to a profound truth. As one coach said, it means being “willing to put it out there and willing to get it wrong”. This is not a celebration of ignorance. As one coach commented, “you have to know your stuff”. Hence, intuition is mainly used by more experienced coaches. This is because they operate at an unconscious competence level. Experience enables coaches to chunk information so that they can store and retrieve it easily (Hayashi 2001).

It would be wrong to read too much into what is, at best, a small scale study. However, the findings here on intuition in coaching, seem largely consistent with much of the general literature on intuition. The study raises some important themes that are certainly worthy of further exploration.

It is often possible to know things or have a gut feeling about something without having any real tangible indication or evidence, by just having a feeling, an impression. The coach could express this intuition. Be cautious though, because the coachee is usually not aware of it yet and it may be hard to tell initially whether your intuition is right or not. Take into account that the feeling you get with this coachee is an interpretation based on your own experience, it doesn't have to match

543

the coachee's feeling or experience. Be sure the coachee doesn't get a sense of being exposed or unmasked. Throw out a feeler or say something in casual manner.

Intuition and Intuitive Awareness

If you could...

Know Your true Self... Would you? Be totally aware, always... Would you? Activate your inner guidance... Would you? Enjoy ultimate support to discover the authentic You... Would you?

What kind of a person wouldn't?

Intuitive awareness is being in touch with your True Self. Intuitive awareness is the unmoving bedrock of my life coaching work. My intuition coaching work includes:

Combining life skills coaching with intuition coaching Customised personal intuition coaching programs Life purpose awareness Integration of intuition and awareness into your everyday life You can know exactly what you need to know—right when you

need to know it.

Are you overwhelmed by the volume of information and tasks you face? Have you noticed that logic and will power don't get the same results anymore? Whether in your personal life or in business, to cut through today's noise in pursuit of authentic answers and purposeful action, you need a new way of perceiving that integrates the direct knowing of the body and soul with the logical mind. With intuition, your insights, choices, and timing will be immediate and in perfect alignment with what's right for you.

I'd love to share what I've discovered about intuitive awareness with you!

544

The more I've studied the mysteries and searched for the sanity of the soul, the more I've found that intuition is the key to knowing our life purpose, our whole self, and our basic interrelatedness with all people, all forms of life, and all dimensions of awareness; in other words the key to life itself! Life functions according to elegant innate principles, and if we can live in alignment with these truths, things work more smoothly and effectively—and with higher quality. With increased intuition, you can easily discern new channels for creativity in your personal life or business. Your intuition might give you insight into techniques for putting problems into a new context, yielding a more rapid solution, or potentials for success on any given action path.

Intuition, awareness and life coaching

Maybe you recognise intuition as a hunch, an inner voice, gut instinct, common sense or inspiration. At all times we are unconsciously in tune with both our universe and our immediate environment, intuition allows us to discriminate the preverbal data our body is constantly picking up from the environment. An incredible resource that is there for the taking.

Intuitive awareness has been described as the art of "skilful perception"—using our awareness to create more harmony in ourselves and the world. Your intuitive awareness is your unmovable solid ground upon which I build a quality life coaching regimen for you. Intuition is a method for continually staying in touch with your life vision or dreams enabling you to accurately live out your evolving life purpose; it can act as a vehicle to bring you an experience of connectedness with life, which is true spiritual knowing.

As a coach I will work with you to unlock the inspired guidance that comes from your higher mind, or your soul. By increasing your attention on your sensory awareness, and learning how to trust and interpret sensations, symbols, and the imagery that is constantly streaming from your unconscious, you'll find a source of information that is direct and highly useful in all aspects of your life. You can apply this kind of attentiveness to various micro-aspects of your life, like

545

problem-solving, creativity and innovation, self-guidance and relationships and communication; and at a macro level we can use your intuitive awareness to tap into your evolving life purpose. There are no new discoveries here -- we simply work together to heighten your awareness of a phenomenon that you are doing already! Very exciting indeed!

Inspirational messages Emotional awareness Recognise your unique gifts Enhance and develop spiritual growth Activate your inner guidance Discover the essence of divine purpose Partner with your inner self and understand your innermost reality Personal Intuition

As a skilled intuitive I can help cut through the "noise" in your mind to put you back in touch with your most central truths, the goals that fulfil all aspects of your self and the most efficient and joyful paths of action.

Looking below the surface into the hidden patterns of your life. By bringing light to your blind spots, and helping you see your talents and gifts, I can help you reveal applicable insights about streamlining your personal growth process.

Higher perspective on your life Understand fully what intuition is, what frees and blocks it Guidance in your personal life or business Values, energy and destination follow your purpose Getting un-stuck and finding clarity in your way forwards Heightened perception Address spiritual purpose Encourages you to make your own decisions Delineates your life purpose, lessons, and the probability for success on various action paths. Be more, do more, have more, and know more Professional Intuition

Intuitive awareness is being in touch with your True Self. My intuition coaching for professionals includes:

Combining professional coaching with intuition coaching Customised professional intuition coaching programs Life purpose awareness Integration of purpose, intuition and awareness into your work life

546

In business, as a skilled intuitive you can penetrate into the inner workings of your organization and shed light on underlying unconscious "yes, buts" that interfere with success, whether they be yours, or shared with your partners, management team, or employees. Calling out these hidden agendas can help you create from the clearest level possible and initiate actions that won't be sabotaged by people, circumstance, or procrastination. Looking under the surface for intangible influences can help solve personnel problems, assess prospective business partnerships, identify trends in pertinent markets, name and position new companies and ventures, pinpoint timing, estimate sales figures, and create and double check strategies. You can also define the most comprehensive, accurate and current vision statement for your career path and company. With alignment between true inner purpose and appropriate outer action, you and your employees will characteristically respond with increased motivation and productivity.

Intuition always needs to be grounded and related to what's practical. Intuition should fund your logical mind, not the other way around--you cannot live without logistics. In spite of your feelings You can learn how to take charge of your professional life. Finding solutions from within and moving forward with increased insight into professional potential for positive living.

Take up the challenge of confident intuitive and awareness coaching. Using a safe and supportive foundation of trust, freedom of expression and commitment, I always work to help you explore your inner being, to regain balance in your personal and working life and to align with your true values and fullest potential. Using a stimulating face-to-face, phone support and email program customised to fit your current personal development needs, my coaching focuses on your inner guidance, purpose, skills, beliefs, techniques and processes necessary to take you into a great future.

547

I partner with intelligent, successful people who want to excel at their passion, gifts and unique talents in a way that brings them success, happiness and balance.

Examples:

Since my wife's passing, I am at loose ends. What am I still doing here...? Being together was nice but... You can't bring her back either, so let's just end this here.

It must be awful to lose your wife after forty years of marriage. That's not something you get over in just a couple of months. Hearing you talk, it seems like you have given up on life.

Me? No, I haven't hacked a single site the last couple of weeks. Didn't even download illegal software or sell it. I'm studying now to be an IT specialist and I am well on my way...

Sounds good, but I have this whispering voice inside of me saying you are still a bit tempted. You know I adhere to strict confidentiality, so what we discuss will go no further...

Sources:

The Art of Counselling / De Kunst van het Counselen© Copyright Owner: Academy for Counselling and Coaching - The Netherlands - Paul van Schaik

Professor David E. Graig: http://realworldresearch.blogspot.com/2009/06/intuition-in-coaching.html

Coach Lee:http://www.greatlifecoach.co.uk/great-life-coach/topics/intuition-and-intuitive-awareness

548

3.23 RECOGNISING LIFE PATTERNSThough every person is unique, you can often recognise general patterns in people's lives. For example certain problems are related to age, gender, social status, the spirit of the time or the religious belief of the coachee. Having knowledge of these general human patterns enables you as coach to see similarities or rather to recognise when a coachee deviates from standard patterns. Through life experience and knowledge, you can possibly reassure coachees that it is not unusual to be faced with certain problems in particular phases of life.

3.23.1 THE PHASES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

No individual is born complete or fully developed. Throughout life we continue to learn and grow, although what we learn is often dictated by what stage of life we are at. This process can be seen as continuous, while at the same time moving through stages or phases. Although each individual life path is different, human life has certain common phases.

There have been many interpretations of these phases, and one can find many different models of human development in modern developmental psychology. These models go back to the theoretical foundations laid by Aristotle and other classical scholars, which were subsequently elaborated during the 18th century by Descartes and other Enlightenment philosophers.

In the 20th century, Freud outlined five stages of psychosexual development and Rudolf Steiner described 10 stages of development throughout human life. Whatever model one chooses, however, it becomes clear that these are all variations of the archetypal model in terms of which human life is divided into three phases: Childhood, Adulthood and Old Age. In terms of our relationships with each other, these phases are characterised by three states of being: Dependence, Independence and Interdependence.

These phases are not only found in Western thinking, but appear to be an archetype common to many cultures. For example, ancient Chinese

549

teachings refl ects similar phases, known as a time to learn, a time to fi ght and a time to grow wise.

In terms of the model, the dependent phase lasts from conception until we are able to make our own way in life – usually in our early 20s.

The independent phase arises when, as young adults, we question or reject the ‘givens’ that we grew up with, strive to formulate our own ideas and become fi nancially self-suffi cient. This phase can last into the mid-40s.

The interdependent phase arises when there is a mature recognition that to achieve life’s full potential we need to cooperate actively with other people in order to give back something to the world. This phase often kicks in at middle age, but can arrive much earlier.

Ten phases of individual development

According to Bernard Lievegoed, the three major phases of life can further be divided into ten phases, each seven years long. The problem with Lievegoed’s formulation is that while everyone seems to agree on the existence of the three main phases, the age groups that apply to these stages may vary from one culture or society to another. For this reason we have adapted Steiner’s model to make it more flexible, retaining his suggested ten phases without aligning them to specific age groups.

DEPENDENCY: From 0 to +- 20 years

1. THE PHASE OF IMITATION

• When a child is born it is completely dependent on its parents for basic human needs; food, shelter and warmth, as well as the emotional needs of love and trust.

• Children learn primarily through imitation and role modeling, therefore play is immensely important at an early age. It allows the infant an opportunity to mimic and copy the human behavior they see around them. Mother and father fi gures are the fi rst models for

550

children to learn the balance between masculine and feminine in each of them.

• Children learn to use language at an early age, building up sixty percent of their vocabulary in this period.

• Children have very fertile imaginations and in this period they cannot always distinguish between fantasy and reality.

• At this stage it is important that a child develops self confi dence and a good concept of their self and their ability.

2. TESTING AUTHORITY

• The world outside becomes increasingly important at this stage (for example, schools, teachers and friends, which the child will integrate into his/ her world view.

• Other role models besides the parents will emerge, such as teachers and friends.

• Children may start to contest authority, particularly of their parents. This too can be seen as a learning process.

• Children may start to articulate their thinking, particularly around issues like: good and evil, competition, beauty and ugliness, truth and untruth and fantasy and reality.

. They will often develop a sense of their own values in this period.

• At this stage children are often ready to take on some responsibility.

3. WHO AM I?

• Puberty can be seen as a time when a person searches for their own individuality and identity in the world, often defying and exploring the notions of authority in this search.

• It is a time for growth of sexual awareness and the questioning of sexuality. It is the onset of woman/manhood that is signifi ed by

551

physical changes such as menstruation in girls and the boys’ voices cracking and getting deeper.

• Ideals and idols become important, such as pop singers and fi lm stars. There is often a strong identifi cation with a certain group or hero/heroine.

• It can be a period of intense emotions such as insecurity, loneliness, boredom and anger. These are sometimes related to the search ‘for the meaning of life’ that the young teenager may be going through.

INDEPENDENCE: From +- 18 to +- 45 years

4. A TIME FOR CREATIVITY

• This can be seen as an explorative phase, when the young adult wants to have as many new experiences as possible. It is a search for sensations, experimentation with borders and limits, a time of wandering and traveling, but also of childbearing and raising. The young adult may change jobs, or even places they live in many times in this period.

• It is a time of increased independence, when one’s own space and lifestyle choices become important, sometimes distancing the young adult from his/her family

• The notion and fear of conformity become prevalent in some cases, as the young adult wants to make a life for themselves that is different and exciting.

5. MY OWN PHILOSOPHY

• This is a time when there is a tendency towards specialisation and a readiness to deepen understanding.

• As an adult there is more creative ability accessible to respond to different situations.

• It is a time when people may have found their place in the world and are using it to their advantage. A settling down phase.

552

• There are dangers to be faced here, such as becoming stuck in a certain routine and not accessing new creative energy.

6. THE MIDDLE PASSAGE

• This period can be described as almost a “second puberty” that brings up a deep questioning of personal identity.

• It is a period where self doubt is common, as your assumptions of life are challenged by experience.

• The recognition that many things you wanted to do are not yet completed can be diffi cult to accept, along with the fi rst signs of physical decline; the inevitability of getting older and the fact that you will die at some stage.

• It can be a painful and emotional period. Some people respond by indulging in escapist behavior such as: alcohol abuse, workaholism or expensive hobbies.

INTERDEPENDENCE: From +- 40 years to …

7. THE PIONEERING STAGE

• Emergence from the crisis with new values and meaning can be an uplifting experience. At this point some people make radical life changes; new jobs or careers and approaching things with new attitudes.

• Moments in life are more appreciated through a new attitude. • A new-found freedom may bring new interests and strengths.

• One may fi nd an enhanced ability to bring “inner” and “outer” worlds together, while incorporating the views of others.

• A sense of real self knowledge is brought about by the experience of life.

553

8. A TIME FOR WISDOM

• A tranquil time in which a new respect for nature is developed. It is a time when you may discover your own uniqueness.

• There is the danger of contemptuous talk and behaviour if a person has not come to grips with the slipping away of youth at this stage. A respect should develop for the task of youth in life.

• A sense of wisdom that is rooted in experience, self knowledge and knowledge of the world may develop • An interest in long term development may arise.

9. A TIME FOR REVIEW

• Issues that have not been fully dealt with earlier in life may come back with a vengeance.

• There may be the realisation that the work of life is not fi nished and there is little time to put things right.

• It is a time for dealing with the negatives of one’s own personality.

• The fear of becoming too old to look after oneself; having to become dependent on others might be painful. A heightened awareness of death and coming to terms with it.

10. FREE TIME

• In these late years time becomes “free” if we decide we are responsible and have the capacity to truly love. If not we will be needy but unable to give unconditional love.

• There is an important choice to be made; one can choose to hang onto things from the past or let go and gracefully give and accept love.

• The retrospective perception of life; one can appreciate that although people are imperfect, mostly they genuinely strive for something better. This is true respect for the individual.

554

Examples:

I will go and live on my own and work. I am finished with school, they can go to hell!

You're young, rebellious and know what you want. I used to be like that, maybe even worse. It's not easy though to leave school without a diploma and find a well paid job. Cleaning toilets might be fun for a while, but after that... What would you say if we look at what you would really like to go for?

The doctor says I'm depressed and prescribes medication just to get rid of me. Am I not allowed to be sad because my wife died?

It's not unusual that grieving over a loved one is confused with having a depression. I believe that you are very sad and that medication isn't going to help to come to terms with things. In the old days people could mourn for two years, but nowadays with the fast pace of life you're supposed to be happy again a few weeks after the funeral. But that is just not humanly possible, you do need more time.

3.23.2 ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Erik Erikson's psychosocial crisis life cycle model - the eight stages of human development - is a very significant, highly regarded and meaningful concept.

Life is a series of lessons and challenges which help us to grow. Erikson's wonderful theory helps to tell us why.

The theory is helpful for child development, and adults too.

Various terms are used to describe Erikson's model, for example Erikson's biopsychosocial or bio-psycho-social theory (bio refers to biological, which in this context means life); Erikson's human development cycle or life cycle, and variations of these. All refer to the same eight stages psychosocial theory, it being Erikson's most distinct work and remarkable model.

555

The word 'psychosocial' is Erikson's term, effectively from the words psychological (mind) and social (relationships). Erikson believed that his psychosocial principle is genetically inevitable in shaping human development. It occurs in all people.

He also referred to his theory as 'epigenesis' and the 'epigenetic principle', which signified the concept's relevance to evolution (past and future) and genetics. Erikson explained his use of the word 'epigenesis' thus: "...epi can mean 'above' in space as well as 'before' in time, and in connection with genesis can well represent the space-time nature of all development..." (from Vital Involvement in Old Age, 1989).

In Erikson's theory, Epigenetic therefore does not refer to individual genetic make-up and its influence on individual development. This was not central to Erikson's ideas.

Erikson, like Freud, was largely concerned with how personality and behaviour is influenced after birth and especially during childhood. In the 'nature v nurture' (genes v experience) debate, Erikson was firmly focused on nurture and experience.

Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development

Like other seminal concepts, Erikson's model is simple and elegant, yet very sophisticated. The theory is a basis for broad or complex discussion and analysis of personality and behaviour, and also for understanding and for facilitating personal development - of self and others.

The main elements of the theory covered in this explanation are:

Erikson theory overview - a diagram and concise explanation of the main features of model.

The Freudian stages of psychosexual development, which influenced Erikson's approach to the psychosocial model.

Erikson's 'psychosocial crises' (or crisis stages) - meanings and interpretations.

556

'Basic virtues' (basic strengths) - the potential positive outcomes arising from each of the crisis stages.

'Maladapations' and 'Malignancies' - potential negative outcomes (one or the other) arising from each crisis stage.

Erikson terminology - variations and refinements to names and headings, etc.

N.B. This summary occasionally uses the terms 'positive' and 'negative' to identify the first or second factors in each crisis (e.g., Trust = positive; Mistrust = negative) however no crisis factor (disposition or emotional force - whatever you choose to call them - descriptions are quite tricky as even Erikson found) is actually wholly positive or wholly negative. Healthy personality development is based on a sensible balance between 'positive' and 'negative' dispositions at each crisis stage. Erikson didn't use the words positive and negative in this sense. He tended to use 'syntonic' and 'dystonic' to differentiate between the two sides of each crisis, which is why I occasionally use the more recognisable 'positive' and 'negative' terms, despite them being potentially misleading. You should also qualify your use of these terms if using them in relation to the crisis stages.

Erikson's psychosocial theory - summary diagram

Here's a broad introduction to the main features of Erikson's model. Various people have produced different interpretations like this grid below. Erikson produced a few charts of his own too, from different perspectives, but he seems never to have produced a fully definitive matrix. To aid explanation and use of his theory he produced several perspectives in grid format, some of which he advocated be used as worksheets. He viewed his concept as an evolving work in progress. This summary attempts to show the main points of the Erikson psychosocial crisis theory of human development. More detail follows this overview.

557

Erikson's psychosocial crisis stages(syntonic v dystonic)

Freudian psycho- sexual stages

life stage / relationships / issues

basic virtue and second named strength (potential positive outcomes from each crisis)

maladaptation / malignancy (potential negative outcome - one or the other - from unhelpful experience during each crisis)

1. Trust v Mistrust

Oral infant / mother / feeding and being comforted, teething, sleeping

Hope and Drive

Sensory Distortion / Withdrawal

2. Autonomy v Shame & Doubt

Anal toddler / parents / bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking

Willpower and Self-Control

Impulsivity / Compulsion

3. Initiative v Guilt

Phallic preschool / family / exploration and discovery, adventure and play

Purpose and Direction

Ruthlessness / Inhibition

4. Industry v Latency schoolchild / Competence Narrow

558

Inferiority school, teachers, friends, neighbourhood / achievement and accomplishment

and Method Virtuosity / Inertia

5. Identity v Role Confusion

Puberty and Genitality

adolescent / peers, groups, influences / resolving identity and direction, becoming a grown-up

Fidelity and Devotion

Fanaticism / Repudiation

6. Intimacy v Isolation

(Genitality) young adult / lovers, friends, work connections / intimate relationships, work and social life

Love and Affiliation

Promiscuity / Exclusivity

7. Generativity v Stagnation

n/a mid-adult / children, community / 'giving back', helping, contributing

Care and Production

Overextension / Rejectivity

8. Integrity v Despair

n/a late adult / society, the world, life /

Wisdom and Renunciation

Presumption / Disdain

559

meaning and purpose, life achievements

This chart attempts to capture and present concisely the major elements of Erikson's theory, drawn from various Erikson books, diagrams and other references, including Childhood and Society (1950); Identity and the Life Cycle (1959); The Life Cycle Completed: A Review (1982, revised 1996 by Joan Erikson); and Vital Involvement in Old Age (1989). Erikson later suggested psychosexual stages 7 and 8, but they are not typically part of Freud's scheme which extended only to Puberty/Genitality. See Freud's psychosexual stages below.

Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory overview

Erikson's psychosocial theory is widely and highly regarded. As with any concept there are critics, but generally Erikson's theory is considered fundamentally significant. Erikson was a psychoanalyst and also a humanitarian. So his theory is useful far beyond psychoanalysis - it's useful for any application involving personal awareness and development - of oneself or others.

There is a strong, but not essential, Freudian element in Erikson's work and model. Fans of Freud will find the influence useful. People who disagree with Freud, and especially his psychosexual theory, can ignore the Freudian aspect and still find Erikson's ideas useful. Erikson's theory stands alone and does not depend on Freud for its robustness and relevance.

Aside from Freudian psychoanalysis, Erikson developed his theory mainly from his extensive practical field research, initially with Native American communities, and then also from his clinical therapy work attached to leading mental health centres and universities. He actively pioneered psychoanalytical development from the late 1940's until the 1990's.

560

Erikson's concept crucially incorporated cultural and social aspects into Freud's biological and sexually oriented theory.

Erikson was able to do this because of his strong interest and compassion for people, especially young people, and also because his research was carried out among human societies far removed from the more inward-looking world of the psychoanalyst's couch, which was essentially Freud's approach.

This helps Erikson's eight stages theory to be a tremendously powerful model: it is very accessible and obviously relevant to modern life, from several different perspectives, for understanding and explaining how personality and behaviour develops in people. As such Erikson's theory is useful for teaching, parenting, self-awareness, managing and coaching, dealing with conflict, and generally for understanding self and others.

Both Erikson and his wife Joan, who collaborated as psychoanalysts and writers, were passionately interested in childhood development, and its effects on adult society. Eriksons' work is as relevant today as when he first outlined his original theory, in fact given the modern pressures on society, family and relationships - and the quest for personal development and fulfilment - his ideas are probably more relevant now than ever.

Erikson's psychosocial theory basically asserts that people experience eight 'psychosocial crisis stages' which significantly affect each person's development and personality. Joan Erikson described a 'ninth' stage after Erik's death, but the eight stage model is most commonly referenced and is regarded as the standard. (Joan Erikson's work on the 'ninth stage' appears in her 1996 revisions to The Life Cycle Completed: A Review, and will in the future be summarised on this page.)

Erikson's theory refers to 'psychosocial crisis' (or psychosocial crises, being the plural). This term is an extension of Sigmund Freud's use of the word 'crisis', which represents internal emotional conflict. You might also describe this sort of crisis as an internal struggle or

561

challenge which a person must negotiate and deal with in order to grow and develop.

Erikson's 'psychosocial' term is derived from the two source words - namely psychological (or the root, 'psycho' relating to the mind, brain, personality, etc) and social (external relationships and environment), both at the heart of Erikson's theory. Occasionally you'll see the term extended to biopsychosocial, in which bio refers to life, as in biological.

Each stage involves a crisis of two opposing emotional forces. A helpful term used by Erikson for these opposing forces is 'contrary dispositions'. Each crisis stage relates to a corresponding life stage and its inherent challenges. Erikson used the words 'syntonic' for the first-listed 'positive' disposition in each crisis (e.g., Trust) and 'dystonic' for the second-listed 'negative' disposition (e.g., Mistrust). To signify the opposing or conflicting relationship between each pair of forces or dispositions Erikson connected them with the word 'versus', which he abbreviated to 'v'. (Versus is Latin, meaning turned towards or against.) The actual definitions of the syntonic and dystonic words (see Erikson's terminology below) are mainly irrelevant unless you have a passion for the detailed history of Erikson's ideas.

Successfully passing through each crisis involves 'achieving' a healthy ratio or balance between the two opposing dispositions that represent each crisis. For example a healthy balance at crisis stage stage one (Trust v Mistrust) might be described as experiencing and growing through the crisis 'Trust' (of people, life and one's future development) and also experiencing and growing a suitable capacity for 'Mistrust' where appropriate, so as not to be hopelessly unrealistic or gullible, nor to be mistrustful of everything. Or experiencing and growing through stage two (Autonomy v Shame & Doubt) to be essentially 'Autonomous' (to be one's own person and not a mindless or quivering follower) but to have sufficient capacity for 'Shame and Doubt', so as to be free-thinking and independent, while also being ethical and considerate and responsible, etc.

562

Erikson called these successful balanced outcomes 'Basic Virtues' or 'Basic Strengths'. He identified one particular word to represent the fundamental strength gained at each stage, which appear commonly in Erikson's diagrams and written theory, and other explanations of his work. Erikson also identified a second supporting 'strength' word at each stage, which along with the basic virtue emphasised the main healthy outcome at each stage, and helped convey simple meaning in summaries and charts. Examples of basic virtues and supporting strengths words are 'Hope and Drive' (from stage one, Trust v Mistrust) and 'Willpower and Self-Control' (from stage two, Autonomy v Shame & Doubt). It's very useful however to gain a more detailed understanding of the meaning behind these words because although Erikson's choice these words is very clever, and the words are very symbolic, using just one or two words alone is not adequate for truly conveying the depth of the theory, and particularly the emotional and behavioural strengths that arise from healthy progression through each crisis. More detail about basic virtues and strengths is in the Basic Virtues section.

Erikson was sparing in his use of the word 'achieve' in the context of successful outcomes, because it implied gaining something clear-cut and permanent. Psychosocial development is not clear-cut and is not irreversible: any previous crisis can effectively revisit anyone, albeit in a different guise, with successful or unsuccessful results. This perhaps helps explain how 'high achievers' can fall from grace, and how 'hopeless failures' can ultimately achieve great things. No-one should become complacent, and there is hope for us all.

Later in his life Erikson was keen to warn against interpreting his theory into an 'achievement scale', in which the crisis stages represent single safe achievement or target of the extreme 'positive' option, secured once and for ever. Erikson said (in Identity and the Life Cycle):

"...What the child acquires at a given stage is a certain ratio between the positive and negative, which if the balance is toward the positive, will help him to meet later crises with a better chance for unimpaired total development..."

563

He continued (in rather complicated language, hence paraphrasing) that at no stage can a 'goodness' be achieved which is impervious to new conflicts, and that to believe so is dangerous and inept.

The crisis stages are not sharply defined steps. Elements tend to overlap and mingle from one stage to the next and to the preceding stages. It's a broad framework and concept, not a mathematical formula which replicates precisely across all people and situations.

Erikson was keen to point out that the transition between stages is 'overlapping'. Crisis stages connect with each other like inter-laced fingers, not like a series of neatly stacked boxes. People don't suddenly wake up one morning and be in a new life stage. Changes don't happen in regimented clear-cut steps. Changes are graduated, mixed-together and organic. In this respect the 'feel' of the model is similar to other flexible human development frameworks (for example, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's 'Grief Cycle', and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs).

Where a person passes unsuccessfully through a psychosocial crisis stage they develop a tendency towards one or other of the opposing forces (either to the syntonic or the dystonic, in Erikson's language), which then becomes a behavioural tendency, or even a mental problem. In crude terms we might call this 'baggage' or a 'hang-up', although perhaps avoid such terms in serious work. I use them here to illustrate that Erikson's ideas are very much related to real life and the way ordinary people think and wonder about things.

Erikson called an extreme tendency towards the syntonic (first disposition) a 'maladapation', and he identified specific words to represent the maladapation at each stage. He called an extreme tendency towards the dystonic (second disposition) a 'malignancy', and again he identified specific words to represent the malignancy at each stage. More under 'Maladapations' and 'Malignancies'.

Erikson emphasised the significance of and 'mutuality' and 'generativity' in his theory. The terms are linked. Mutuality reflects the effect of generations on each other, especially among families, and

564

particularly between parents and children and grandchildren. Everyone potentially affects everyone else's experiences as they pass through the different crisis stages. Generativity, actually a named disposition within one of the crisis stages (Generativity v Stagnation, stage seven), reflects the significant relationship between adults and the best interests of children - one's own children, and in a way everyone else's children - the next generation, and all following generations.

Generations affect each other. A parent obviously affects the child's psychosocial development, but in turn the parent's psychosocial development is affected by their experience of dealing with the child and the pressures produced. Same for grandparents. Again this helps explain why as parents (or teachers or siblings or grandparents) we can often struggle to deal well with a young person when it's as much as we can do to deal with our own emotional challenges.

In some ways the development actually peaks at stage seven, since stage eight is more about taking stock and coming to terms with how one has made use of life, and ideally preparing to leave it feeling at peace. The perspective of giving and making a positive difference for future generations echoes Erikson's humanitarian philosophy, and it's this perhaps more than anything else that enabled him to develop such a powerful concept.

Freud's influence on erikson's theory

Erikson's psychosocial theory of the 'eight stages of human development' drew from and extended the ideas of Sigmund Freud and Freud's daughter Anna Freud, and particularly the four (or five, depending on interpretation) Freudian stages of development, known as Freud's psychosexual stages or Freud's sexual theory. These concepts are fundamental to Freudian thinking and are outlined below in basic terms relating to Erikson's psychosocial stages.

Freud's concepts, while influential on Erikson, are not however fundamental to Erikson's theory, which stands up perfectly well in its own right.

565

It is not necessary therefore to understand or agree with Freud's ideas in order to appreciate and use Erikson's theory. If you naturally relate to Freud's ideas fine, otherwise leave them to one side.

Part of Erikson's appeal is that he built on Freud's ideas in a socially meaningful and accessible way - and in a way that did not wholly rely on adherence to fundamental Freudian thinking. Some of Freud's theories by their nature tend attract a lot of attention and criticism - sex, breasts, genitals, and bodily functions generally do - and if you are distracted or put off by these references then ignore them, because they are not crucial for understanding and using Erikson's model.

Freud's psychosexual stages - overview

Age guide is a broad approximation, hence the overlaps. The stages happen in this sequence, but not to a fixed timetable.

Freudian psychosexual stages - overview Erikson's psychosocial crisis stages

age guide

1. Oral Stage - Feeding, crying, teething, biting, thumb-sucking, weaning - the mouth and the breast are the centre of all experience. The infant's actual experiences and attachments to mum (or maternal equivalent) through this stage have a fundamental effect on the unconscious mind and thereby on deeply rooted feelings, which along with the next two stages affect all sorts of behaviours and (sexually powered) drives and aims - Freud's 'libido' - and preferences in later life.

1. Trust v Mistrust

0-1½ yrs, baby, birth to walking

2. Anal Stage - It's a lot to do with pooh - 'holding on' or 'letting go' - the pleasure and

2. Autonomy v Shame and

1-3 yrs, toddler, toilet

566

control. Is it dirty? Is it okay? Bodily expulsions are the centre of the world, and the pivot around which early character is formed. Am I pleasing my mum and dad? Are they making me feel good or bad about my bottom? Am I okay or naughty? Again the young child's actual experiences through this stage have a deep effect on the unconscious and behaviours and preferences in later life.

Doubt training

3. Phallic Stage - Phallic is not restricted to boys. This stage is focused on resolving reproductive issues. This is a sort of dry run before the real game starts in adolescence. Where do babies come from? Can I have a baby? Why has dad got a willy and I've not? Why have I got a willy and mum hasn't? Why do they tell me off for touching my bits and pieces down there? (Boys) I'm going to marry mum (and maybe kill dad). (Girls) I'm in love with my dad. Oedipus Complex, Penis envy, Castration Anxiety, etc. "If you touch yourself down there it'll fall off/heal up.." Inevitably once more, experiences in this stage have a profound effect on feelings and behaviour and libido in later life. If you want to know more about all this I recommend you read about Freud, not Erikson, and I repeat that understanding Freud's psychosexual theory is not required for understanding and using Erikson's concepts.

3. Initiative v Guilt

3-6 yrs, pre-school, nursery

4. Latency Stage - Sexual dormancy or repression. The focus is on learning, skills, schoolwork. This is actually not a psychosexual stage because basically normally nothing formative happens sexually. Experiences, fears

4. Industry v Inferiority

5-12 yrs, early school

567

and conditioning from the previous stages have already shaped many of the child's feelings and attitudes and these will re-surface in the next stage.

5. Genital stage - Puberty in other words. Glandular, hormonal, and physical changes in the adolescent child's body cause a resurgence of sexual thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Boys start treating their mothers like woman-servants and challenge their fathers (Freud's 'Oedipus'). Girls flirt with their fathers and argue with their mums (Freud's 'Electra'). All become highly agitated if away from a mirror for more than half an hour (Freud's Narcissus or Narcissism). Dating and fondling quickly push schoolwork and sports (and anything else encouraged by parents and figures of authority) into second place. Basically everyone is in turmoil and it's mostly to do with growing up, which entails more sexual undercurrents than parents would ever believe, even though these same parents went through exactly the same struggles themselves just a few years before. It's a wonder anyone ever makes it to adulthood, but of course they do, and mostly it's all perfectly normal.

This is the final Freudian psychosexual stage. Erikson's model, which from the start offers a different and more socially oriented perspective, continues through to old age, and re-interprets Freudian sexual theory into the adult life stages equating to Erikson's crisis stages. This incorporation of Freudian sexual stages into the adult crisis stages is not especially significant.

5. Identity v Role Confusion

11-18 yrs, puberty, teens

earlier for girls

568

Arguably no direct equivalent Freudian stage, although as from Identity and the Life Cycle (1969) Erikson clearly separated Puberty and Genitality (Freud's Genital stage) , and related each respectively to Identity v Role Confusion, and Intimacy v Isolation.

6. Intimacy v Isolation

18-40, courting, early parenthood

No direct equivalent Freudian stage, although Erikson later interpreted this as being a psychosexual stage of 'Procreativity'.

7. Generativity v Stagnation

30-65, middle age, parenting

Again no direct equivalent Freudian stage. Erikson later called this the psychosexual stage of 'Generalization of Sensual Modes'.

8. Integrity v Despair

50+, old age, grandparents

N.B. This is a quick light overview of Freud's sexual theory and where it equates to Erikson's crisis stages. It's not meant to be a serious detailed analysis of Freud's psychosexual ideas. That said, I'm open to suggestions from any Freud experts out there who would like to offer improved (quick, easy, down-to-earth) pointers to the Freudian psychosexual theory.

Erikson's eight psychosocial crisis stages

Here's a more detailed interpretation of Erikson's psychosocial crisis stages.

Remember age range is just a very rough guide, especially through the later levels when parenthood timing and influences vary. Hence the overlap between the age ranges in the interpretation below. Interpretations of age range vary among writers and academics. Erikson intentionally did not stipulate clear fixed age stages, and it's impossible for anyone to do so.

Below is a reminder of the crisis stages, using the crisis terminology of the original 1950 model aside from the shorter terminology that

569

Erikson later preferred for stages one and eight. The 'Life Stage' names were suggested in later writings by Erikson and did not appear so clearly in the 1950 model. Age range and other descriptions are general interpretations and were not shown specifically like this by Erikson. Erikson's main terminology changes are explained below.

Crisis stages are driven by physical and sexual growth, which then prompts the life issues which create the crises. The crises are therefore not driven by age precisely. Erikson never showed precise ages, and I prefer to state wider age ranges than many other common interpretations. The final three (adult) stages happen at particularly variable ages.

It's worth noting also that these days there's a lot more 'life' and complexity in the final (old age) stage than when the eight stages were originally outlined, which no doubt fuelled Joan Erikson's ideas on a 'ninth stage' after Erik's death.

Erikson's eight psychosocial stages

Psychosocial Crisis Stage Life Stage age range, other descriptions

1. Trust v Mistrust Infancy 0-1½ yrs, baby, birth to walking

2. Autonomy v Shame and Doubt Early Childhood 1-3 yrs, toddler, toilet

training

3. Initiative v Guilt Play Age 3-6 yrs, pre-school, nursery

4. Industry v Inferiority School Age 5-12 yrs, early school

5. Identity v Role Confusion Adolescence 9-18 yrs, puberty, teens*

6. Intimacy v Isolation Young Adult 18-40, courting, early

570

parenthood

7. Generativity v Stagnation Adulthood 30-65, middle age, parenting

8. Integrity v Despair Mature Age 50+, old age, grandparents

* Other interpretations of the Adolescence stage commonly suggest stage 5 begins around 12 years of age. This is reasonable for most boys, but given that Erikson and Freud cite the onset of puberty as the start of this stage, stage 5 can begin for girls as early as age nine.

Erikson's psychosocial theory essentially states that each person experiences eight 'psychosocial crises' (internal conflicts linked to life's key stages) which help to define his or her growth and personality.

People experience these 'psychosocial crisis' stages in a fixed sequence, but timings vary according to people and circumstances.

This is why the stages and the model are represented primarily by the names of the crises or emotional conflicts themselves (e.g., Trust v Mistrust) rather than strict age or life stage definitions. Age and life stages do feature in the model, but as related rather than pivotal factors, and age ranges are increasingly variable as the stages unfold.

Each of the eight 'psychosocial crises' is characterised by a conflict between two opposing positions or attitudes (or dispositions or emotional forces). Erikson never really settled on a firm recognisable description for the two components of each crisis, although in later works the first disposition is formally referred to as the 'Adaptive Strength'. He also used the terms 'syntonic' and 'dystonic' for respectively the first and second dispositions in each crisis, but not surprisingly these esoteric words never featured strongly in interpretations of Erikson’s terminology, and their usual meanings are not very helpful in understanding what Erikson meant in this context.

571

The difficulty in 'labeling' the first and second dispositions in each crisis is a reflection that neither is actually wholly good or bad, or wholly positive or negative. The first disposition is certainly the preferable tendency, but an ideal outcome is achieved only when it is counter-balanced with a degree of the second disposition.

Successful development through each crisis is requires a balance and ratio between the two dispositions, not total adoption of the apparent 'positive' disposition, which if happens can produce almost as much difficulty as a strong or undiluted tendency towards the second 'negative' disposition.

Some of the crisis stages are easier to understand than others. Each stage contains far more meaning than can be conveyed in just two or three words. Crisis stage one is 'Trust versus Mistrust', which is easier to understand than some of the others. Stage four 'Industry versus Inferiority' is a little trickier. You could say instead 'usefulness versus uselessness' in more modern common language. Erikson later refined 'Industry' to 'Industriousness', which probably conveys a fuller meaning. See the more detailed crisis stages descriptions below for a clearer understanding.

Successful passage through each stage is dependent on striking the right balance between the conflicting extremes rather than entirely focusing on (or being guided towards) the 'ideal' or 'preferable' extreme in each crisis. In this respect Erikson's theory goes a long way to explaining why too much of anything is not helpful for developing a well-balanced personality.

A well-balanced positive experience during each stage develops a corresponding 'basic virtue' (or 'basic strength - a helpful personality development), each of which enables a range of other related emotional and psychological strengths. For example passing successfully through the Industry versus Inferiority crisis (stage four, between 6-12 years of age for most people) produces the 'basic psychosocial virtue' of 'competence' (plus related strengths such as 'method', skills,

572

techniques, ability to work with processes and collaborations, etc). More detail is under 'Basic virtues'.

Where passage through a crisis stage is less successful (in other words not well-balanced, or worse still, psychologically damaging) then to a varying extent the personality acquires an unhelpful emotional or psychological tendency, which corresponds to one of the two opposite extremes of the crisis concerned.

Neglect and failure at any stage is is problematical, but so is too much emphasis on the apparent 'good' extreme.

For example unsuccessful experiences during the Industry versus Inferiority crisis would produce a tendency towards being overly focused on learning and work, or the opposite tendency towards uselessness and apathy. Describing these unhelpful outcomes, Erikson later introduced the terms 'maladaptation' (overly adopting 'positive' extreme) and 'malignancy' (adopting the 'negative' extreme). More detail is under 'Maladaptations' and 'Malignancies'. In the most extreme cases the tendency can amount to serious mental problems.

Here is each crisis stage in more detail.

Erikson's psychosocial crisis stages - meanings and interpretations

Erikson used particular words to represent each psychosocial crisis. As ever, single words can be misleading and rarely convey much meaning. Here is more explanation of what lies behind these terms.

Erikson reinforced these crisis explanations with a perspective called 'psychosocial modalities', which in the earlier stages reflect Freudian theory, and which are paraphrased below. They are not crucial to the model, but they do provide a useful additional viewpoint.

'psychosocial crisis' / 'psychosocial modality'

meaning and interpretation

573

1. Trust v Mistrust

'To get'

'To give in return'

(To receive and to give in return. Trust is reciprocal - maybe karma even..)

The infant will develop a healthy balance between trust and mistrust if fed and cared for and not over-indulged or over-protected. Abuse or neglect or cruelty will destroy trust and foster mistrust. Mistrust increases a person's resistance to risk-exposure and exploration. "Once bitten twice shy" is an apt analogy. On the other hand, if the infant is insulated from all and any feelings of surprise and normality, or unfailingly indulged, this will create a false sense of trust amounting to sensory distortion, in other words a failure to appreciate reality. Infants who grow up to trust are more able to hope and have faith that 'things will generally be okay'. This crisis stage incorporates Freud's psychosexual Oral stage, in which the infant's crucial relationships and experiences are defined by oral matters, notably feeding and relationship with mum. Erikson later shortened 'Basic Trust v Basic Mistrust' to simply Trust v Mistrust, especially in tables and headings.

2. Autonomy v Shame & Doubt

'To hold on'

'To let go'

(To direct behaviour outward or be retentive. Of course very

Autonomy means self-reliance. This is independence of thought, and a basic confidence to think and act for oneself. Shame and Doubt mean what they say, and obviously inhibit self-expression and developing one's own ideas, opinions and sense of self. Toilet and potty training is a significant part of this crisis, as in Freud's psychosexual Anal stage, where parental reactions, encouragement and patience play an important role in shaping the young child's experience and successful progression

574

Freudian...) through this period. The significance of parental reaction is not limited to bottoms and pooh - it concerns all aspects of toddler exploration and discovery while small children struggle to find their feet - almost literally - as little people in their own right. The 'terrible twos' and 'toddler tantrums' are a couple of obvious analogies which represent these internal struggles and parental battles. The parental balancing act is a challenging one, especially since parents themselves are having to deal with their own particular psychosocial crisis, and of course deal with the influence of their own emotional triggers which were conditioned when they themselves passed through earlier formative crisis stages. What are the odds that whenever a parent berates a child, "That's dirty.." it will be an echo from their own past experience at this very stage?

3. Initiative v Guilt

'To make (= going after)'

'To "make like" (= playing)'

(To make and complete things, and to make things together. To pursue ideas, plans)

Initiative is the capability to devise actions or projects, and a confidence and belief that it is okay to do so, even with a risk of failure or making mistakes. Guilt means what it says, and in this context is the feeling that it is wrong or inappropriate to instigate something of one's own design. Guilt results from being admonished or believing that something is wrong or likely to attract disapproval. Initiative flourishes when adventure and game-playing is encouraged, irrespective of how daft and silly it seems to the grown-up in charge. Suppressing adventure and experimentation, or preventing

575

young children doing things for themselves because of time, mess or a bit of risk will inhibit the development of confidence to initiate, replacing it instead with an unhelpful fear of being wrong or unapproved. The fear of being admonished or accused of being stupid becomes a part of the personality. "If I don't initiate or stick my neck out I'll be safe.." (from feeling guilty and bad). Parents, carers and older siblings have a challenge to get the balance right between giving young children enough space and encouragement so as to foster a sense of purpose and confidence, but to protect against danger, and also to enable a sensible exposure to trail and error, and to the consequences of mistakes, without which an irresponsible or reckless tendency can develop.

This crisis stage correlates with Freud's psychosexual Phallic stage, characterised by a perfectly natural interest in genitals, where babies come from, and as Freud asserted, an attachment to the opposite sex parent, and the murky mysteries of the Oedipus Complex, Penis Envy and Castration Anxiety, about which further explanation and understanding is not critical to appreciating Erikson's theory.

What's more essential is to recognise that children of this age are not wicked or bad or naughty, they are exploring and

4. Industry v Industry here refers to purposeful or

576

Inferiority

'To make (= going after)'

'To "make like" and complete things, and to make things together'

(To initiate projects or ideas, and to collaborate and cooperate with others to produce something.)

meaningful activity. It's the development of competence and skills, and a confidence to use a 'method', and is a crucial aspect of school years experience. Erikson described this stage as a sort of 'entrance to life'. This correlates with Freud's psychosexual Latency stage, when sexual motives and concerns are largely repressed while the young person concentrates on work and skills development. A child who experiences the satisfaction of achievement - of anything positive - will move towards successful negotiation of this crisis stage. A child who experiences failure at school tasks and work, or worse still who is denied the opportunity to discover and develop their own capabilities and strengths and unique potential, quite naturally is prone to feeling inferior and useless. Engaging with others and using tools or technology are also important aspects of this stage. It is like a rehearsal for being productive and being valued at work in later life. Inferiority is feeling useless; unable to contribute, unable to cooperate or work in a team to create something, with the low self-esteem that accompanies such feelings.

Erikson knew this over fifty years ago. How is it that the people in charge of children's education still fail to realise this? Develop the child from within. Help them to find and excel at what they are naturally good at, and then they will achieve the sense of purpose and industry on which everything else can then be built.

577

5. Identity v Role Confusion

'To be oneself (or not to be)'

'To share being oneself'

(To be yourself and to share this with others. Affirmation or otherwise of how you see yourself.)

Identity means essentially how a person sees themselves in relation to their world. It's a sense of self or individuality in the context of life and what lies ahead. Role Confusion is the negative perspective - an absence of identity - meaning that the person cannot see clearly or at all who they are and how they can relate positively with their environment. This stage coincides with puberty or adolescence, and the reawakening of the sexual urge whose dormancy typically characterises the previous stage.

Young people struggle to belong and to be accepted and affirmed, and yet also to become individuals. In itself this is a big dilemma, aside from all the other distractions and confusions experienced at this life stage.

Erikson later replaced the term 'Role Confusion' with 'Identity Diffusion'. In essence they mean the same.

6. Intimacy v Isolation

'To lose and find oneself in another'

(Reciprocal love for and with another person.)

Intimacy means the process of achieving relationships with family and marital or mating partner(s). Erikson explained this stage also in terms of sexual mutuality - the giving and receiving of physical and emotional connection, support, love, comfort, trust, and all the other elements that we would typically associate with healthy adult relationships conducive to mating and child-rearing. There is a strong reciprocal feature in the intimacy experienced during this stage - giving and receiving - especially between

578

sexual or marital partners.

Isolation conversely means being and feeling excluded from the usual life experiences of dating and mating and mutually loving relationships. This logically is characterised by feelings of loneliness, alienation, social withdrawal or non-participation.

Erikson also later correlated this stage with the Freudian Genitality sexual stage, which illustrates the difficulty in equating Freudian psychosexual theory precisely to Erikson's model. There is a correlation but it is not an exact fit.

7. Generativity v Stagnation

'To make be'

'To take care of'

(Unconditional, non-reciprocating care of one's children, or other altruistic outlets)

Generativity derives from the word generation, as in parents and children, and specifically the unconditional giving that characterises positive parental love and care for their offspring. Erikson acknowledged that this stage also extends to other productive activities - work and creativity for example - but given his focus on childhood development, and probably the influence of Freudian theory, Erikson's analysis of this stage was strongly oriented towards parenting. Generativity potentially extends beyond one's own children, and also to all future generations, which gives the model ultimately a very modern globally responsible perspective.

Positive outcomes from this crisis stage depend on contributing positively and unconditionally.

579

We might also see this as an end of self-interest. Having children is not a prerequisite for Generativity, just as being a parent is no guarantee that Generativity will be achieved. Caring for children is the common Generativity scenario, but success at this stage actually depends on giving and caring - putting something back into life, to the best of one's capabilities.

Stagnation is an extension of intimacy which turns inward in the form of self-interest and self-absorption. It's the disposition that represents feelings of selfishness, self-indulgence, greed, lack of interest in young people and future generations, and the wider world.

Erikson later used the term 'Self-Absorption' instead of 'Stagnation' and then seems to have settled in later work with the original 'Stagnation'.

Stagnation and/or Self-Absorption result from not having an outlet or opportunity for contributing to the good or growth of children and others, and potentially to the wider world.

8. Integrity v Despair

'To be, through having been

This is a review and closing stage. The previous stage is actually a culmination of one's achievement and contribution to descendents, and potentially future generations everywhere.

580

To face not being'

(To be peaceful and satisfied with one's life and efforts, and to be accepting that life will end.)

Later Erikson dropped the word 'Ego' (from 'Ego Integrity') and extended the whole term to 'Integrity v Disgust and Despair'. He also continued to use the shorter form 'Integrity v Despair'.

Integrity means feeling at peace with oneself and the world. No regrets or recriminations. The linking between the stages is perhaps clearer here than anywhere: people are more likely to look back on their lives positively and happily if they have left the world a better place than they found it - in whatever way, to whatever extent. There lies Integrity and acceptance.

Despair and/or 'Disgust' (i.e., rejective denial, or 'sour grapes' feeling towards what life might have been) represent the opposite disposition: feelings of wasted opportunities, regrets, wishing to be able to turn back the clock and have a second chance.

This stage is a powerful lens through which to view one's life - even before old age is reached. To bring this idea to life look at the 'obituaries' exercise.

Erikson had a profound interest in humanity and society's well-being in general. This crisis stage highlights the issue very meaningfully.

Happily these days for many people it's often possible to put something back, even in the depths of despair. When this happens people

581

are effectively rebuilding wreckage from the previous stage, which is fine.

Erikson's basic psychosocial virtues or strengths (positive outcomes)

The chart below identifies the 'basic psychosocial virtues' - and related strengths - which result from successfully passing through each crisis. Erikson described success as a 'favourable ratio' (between the two extremes) at each crisis stage.

A basic virtue is not the result of simply achieving the positive extreme of each crisis. Basic virtue is attained by a helpful balance, albeit towards the 'positive', between the two extremes. Helpfully balanced experience leads to positive growth.

Chief life stage issues and relationships are also re-stated as a reminder as to when things happen.

'Basic psychological virtue' and 'basic virtue' (same thing), are Erikson's terminology.

Erikson identified one basic virtue, plus another virtue (described below a 'secondary virtue') for each stage. At times he referred to 'basic virtues' as 'basic strengths'.

A bit confusing, but the main point is that based on what observed for each stage he identified one clear basic virtue and one secondary virtue. From this he was able to (and we can too - he encouraged people to do so) extrapolate other related strengths.

Bear in mind also that the first disposition in each crisis is also inevitably a related strength that comes from successfully experiencing each stage.

Erikson recognised this by later referring to the first disposition (e.g., Trust, Autonomy, etc) as an 'Adaptive Strength'.

582

basic virtues and other strengths

crisis including adaptive strength

basic virtue & secondary virtue (and related strengths)

life stage / relationships / issues

1. Trust v Mistrust

Hope & Drive (faith, inner calm, grounding, basic feeling that everything will be okay - enabling exposure to risk, a trust in life and self and others, inner resolve and strength in the face of uncertainty and risk)

infant / mother / feeding and being comforted, teething, sleeping

2. Autonomy v Shame & Doubt

Willpower & Self-Control (self-determination, self-belief, self-reliance, confidence in self to decide things, having a voice, being one's own person, persistence, self-discipline, independence of thought, responsibility, judgement)

toddler / parents / bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking

3. Initiative v Guilt

Purpose & Direction (sense of purpose, decision-making, working with and leading others, initiating projects and ideas, courage to instigate,

preschool / family / exploration and discovery, adventure and play

583

ability to define personal direction and aims and goals, able to take initiative and appropriate risks)

4. Industry v Inferiority

Competence & Method (making things, producing results, applying skills and processes productively, feeling valued and capable of contributing, ability to apply method and process in pursuit of ideas or objectives, confidence to seek and respond to challenge and learning, active busy productive outlook)

schoolchild / school, teachers, friends, neighbourhood / achievement and accomplishment

5. Identity v Role Confusion

Fidelity & Devotion (self-confidence and self-esteem necessary to freely associate with people and ideas based on merit, loyalty, social and interpersonal integrity, discretion, personal standards and dignity, pride and personal identity, seeing useful personal role(s) and

adolescent / peers, groups, influences / resolving identity and direction, becoming a grown-up

584

purpose(s) in life)

6. Intimacy v Isolation

Love & Affiliation (capacity to give and receive love - emotionally and physically, connectivity with others, socially and inter-personally comfortable, ability to form honest reciprocating relationships and friendships, capacity to bond and commit with others for mutual satisfaction - for work and personal life, reciprocity - give and take - towards good)

young adult / lovers, friends, work connections / intimate relationships, work and social life

7. Generativity v Stagnation

Care & Production (giving unconditionally in support of children and/or for others, community, society and the wider world where possible and applicable, altruism, contributing for the greater good, making a positive difference, building a good legacy, helping others through their own crisis stages

mid-adult / children, community / 'giving back', helping, contributing

585

8. Integrity v Despair

Wisdom & Renunciation (calmness, tolerance, appropriate emotional detachment - non-projection, no regrets, peace of mind, non-judgemental, spiritual or universal reconciliation, acceptance of inevitably departing)

late adult / society, the world, life / meaning and purpose, life achievements, acceptance

Erikson and Maslow correlations?

As an aside, there are significant parallels between the growth outcomes of the Erikson psychosocial model, and the growth aspects Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. It's not a precise fit obviously because the Erikson and Maslow perspectives are different, but the correlations are clear and fascinating. Erikson separately listed a series of 'Related Elements of Social Order' within his psychosocial model, which although quite obscure in this context, might aid the comparison. You might have your own views on this. For what it's worth here's mine:

life stage / relationships / issues

crisis virtue outcomes

Erikson's 'related elements of social order'

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs stage - primary correlation

infant / mother / feeding and being comforted,

1. Trust v Mistrust

Hope & Drive 'cosmic order' biological & physiological

586

teething, sleeping

toddler / parents / bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking

2. Autonomy v Shame & Doubt

Willpower & Self-Control

'law and order'

safety

preschool / family / exploration and discovery, adventure and play

3. Initiative v Guilt

Purpose & Direction

'ideal prototypes'

belongingness & love

schoolchild / school, teachers, friends, neighbourhood / achievement and accomplishment

4. Industry v Inferiority

Competence & Method

'technological elements'

esteem

adolescent / peers, groups, influences / resolving identity and direction, becoming a grown-up

5. Identity v Role Confusion

Fidelity & Devotion

'ideological perspectives'

esteem

587

young adult / lovers, friends, work connections / intimate relationships, work and social life

6. Intimacy v Isolation

Love & Affiliation

'patterns of cooperation and competition'

esteem

mid-adult / children, community / 'giving back', helping, contributing

7. Generativity v Stagnation

Care & Production

'currents of education and training'

self-actualisation

late adult / society, the world, life / meaning and purpose, life achievements, acceptance

8. Integrity v Despair

Wisdom & Renunciation

'wisdom' self-actualisation

N.B. I'm not suggesting a direct fit between Erikson's and Maslow's models. Rather, this simply puts the two perspectives alongside each other to show how similar aspects could could inter-relate. Judge for yourself.

We might also use the Erikson model to help explain what happens in Maslow's theory when a particular trauma sweeps away a part of someone's life (perhaps due to redundancy, divorce, social exclusion, bankruptcy, homelessness), which causes the person to revisit certain needs and internal conflicts (crises) which were once satisfied earlier but are no longer met. According to both Erikson's and Maslow's

588

theories, anyone can find themselves revisiting and having to resolve needs (or crisis feelings or experiences) from earlier years.

Further thoughts and suggestions about correlations between Maslow and Erikson are welcome.

Erikson's model - maladaptations and malignancies (negative outcomes)

Later Erikson developed clearer ideas and terminology - notably 'Maladaptations' and 'Malignancies' - to represent the negative outcomes arising from an unhelpful experience through each of the crisis stages.

In crude modern terms these negative outcomes might be referred to as 'baggage', which although somewhat unscientific, is actually a very apt metaphor, since people tend to carry with them through life the psychological outcomes of previously unhelpful experiences. Psychoanalysis, the particular therapeutic science from which Erikson approached these issues, is a way to help people understand where the baggage came from, and thereby to assist the process of dumping it.

To an extent these negative outcomes can also arise from repeating or revisiting a crisis, or more realistically the essential aspects of a crisis, since we don't actually regress to a younger age, instead we revisit the experiences and feelings associated with earlier life.

This chart is laid out with the crisis in the centre to aid appreciation that 'maladaptations' develop from tending towards the extreme of the first ('positive') disposition in each crisis, and 'malignancies' develop from tending towards the extreme of the second ('negative') disposition in each crisis.

A maladaptation could be seen as 'too much of a good thing'. A malignancy could be seen as not enough.

In later writings malignancies were also referred to as 'antipathies'.

589

maladaptations and malignancies

Maladaptation Crisis Malignancy

Sensory Distortion (later Sensory Maladjustment)

Trust v Mistrust Withdrawal

Impulsivity(later Shameless Willfulness)

Autonomy v Shame/Doubt Compulsion

Ruthlessness Initiative v Guilt Inhibition

Narrow Virtuosity Industry v Inferiority Inertia

Fanaticism Identity v Role Confusion Repudiation

Promiscuity Intimacy v Isolation Exclusivity

Overextension Generativity v Stagnation Rejectivity

Presumption Integrity v Despair Disdain

590

Erikson was careful to choose words for the maladaptations and malignancies which convey a lot of meaning and are very symbolic of the emotional outcomes that are relevant to each stage.

In each case the maladaptation or malignancy corresponds to an extreme extension of the relevant crisis disposition (for example, 'Withdrawal' results from an extreme extension of 'Mistrust'). Thinking about this helps to understand what these outcomes entail, and interestingly helps to identify the traits in people - or oneself - when you encounter the behavioural tendency concerned.

Malignancies and maladaptations can manifest in various ways. Here are examples, using more modern and common language, to help understand and interpret the meaning and possible attitudes, tendencies, behaviours, etc., within the various malignancies and malapdations. In each case the examples can manifest as more extreme mental difficulties, in which case the terms would be more extreme too. These examples are open to additional interpretation and are intended to be a guide, not scientific certainties. Neither do these examples suggest that anyone experiencing any of these behavioural tendencies is suffering from mental problems. Erikson never established any absolute measurement of emotional difficulty or tendency as to be defined as a malignancy or maladaptation.

In truth each of us is subject to emotional feelings and and extremes of various sorts, and it is always a matter of opinion as to what actually constitutes a problem. All people possess a degree of maladaptation or malignancy from each crisis experience. Not to do so would not be human, since none of us is perfect. It's always a question of degree. It's also a matter of understanding our weaknesses, maybe understanding where they come from too, and thereby better understanding how we might become stronger, more productive and happier.

maladaptations and malignancies - examples and interpretations

examples Maladap- crisis Malign- examples

591

tation nancy

unrealistic, spoilt, deluded

Sensory Distortion

Trust v Mistrust

With-drawal

neurotic, depressive, afraid

reckless, inconsiderate, thoughtless

Impuls-

ivity

Autonomy v Shame/Doubt

Compulsion

anal, constrained, self-limiting

exploitative, uncaring, dispassionate

Ruthless-

nessInitiative v Guilt

Inhi-bition

risk-averse, unadventurous

workaholic, obsessive specialist

Narrow Virtuosity

Industry v Inferiority Inertia lazy, apathetic,

purposeless

self-important, extremist

Fana-

ticism

Identity v Role Confusion

Repudiation

socially disconnected, cut-off

sexually needy, vulnerable

Promis-

cuityIntimacy v Isolation

Exclu-sivity

loner, cold, self-contained

do-gooder, busy-body, meddling

Over-

extension

Genera-tivity v Stagnation

Reject-ivity

disinterested, cynical

592

conceited, pompous, arrogant

Presump-

tionIntegrity v Despair Disdain

miserable, unfulfilled, blaming

Erikson's terminology

This section explains how some of the model's terminology altered as Erikson developed his theory, and is not crucial to understanding the model at a simple level.

Erikson was continually refining and re-evaluating his psychosocial theory, and he encouraged his readers and followers to do likewise. This developmental approach enabled the useful extension of the model to its current format. Some of what is summarised here did not initially appear clearly in Childhood and Society in 1950, which marked the establishment of the basic theory, not its completion. Several aspects of Erikson's theory were clarified in subsequent books decades later, including work focusing on old age by Joan Erikson, Erik's wife and collaborator, notably in the 1996 revised edition of The Life Cycle Completed: A Review.

The Eriksons' refinements also involved alterations - some would say complications - to the terminology, which (although presumably aiming for scientific precision) do not necessarily aid understanding, especially at a basic working level.

For clarity therefore this page sticks mostly with Erikson's original 1950 and other commonly used terminology. Basic Trust v Basic Mistrust (1950) is however shortened here to Trust v Mistrust, and Ego Integrity (1950) is shortened to Integrity, because these seem to be more consistent Erikson preferences. The terms used on this page are perfectly adequate, and perhaps easier too, for grasping what the theory means and making use of it.

593

Here are the main examples of alternative terminology that Erikson used in later works to describe the crisis stages and other aspects, which will help you recognise and understand their meaning if you see them elsewhere.

Erikson used the terms 'syntonic' and 'dystonic' to describe the contrary dispositions and effects within each crisis stage - 'syntonic' being the 'positive' first-listed factor (e.g., Trust) and 'dystonic' being the 'negative' second-listed word (e.g., Mistrust). Again realise that a balance between syntonic and dystonic tendencies is required for healthy outcomes. Extreme tendency in either direction is not helpful. Syntonic extremes equate to maladaptations. Dystonic extremes equate to malignancies. The words syntonic and dystonic outside of Erikson's theory have quite specific scientific medical meanings which are not easy to equate to Erikson's essential ideas. Syntonic conventionally refers to a high degree of emotional response to one's environment; dystonic conventionally refers to abnormal muscular responsiveness. See what I mean?.. neither literal definition particularly aids understanding of Erikson's theory and as such they are not very helpful in using the model.

Erikson later used 'Adaptive Strength' as a firm description of the first disposition in each crisis, e.g., Trust, Autonomy, Initiative. He used the description loosely early in his work but seems to have settled on it as a firm heading in later work, (notably in Vital Involvement in Old Age, 1986).

'Basic Virtues' Erikson also called 'Basic Strengths' (the word 'basic' generally identified the single main virtue or strength that potentially arose from each crisis, which would be accompanied by various other related strengths).

Erikson (or maybe Joan Erikson) later used the term 'Antipathy' as an alternative for 'Malignancy' (being the negative tendency towards the second resulting from unsuccessful experience during a crisis stage).

594

'Sensory Distortion' was later referred to as 'Sensory Maladjustment', being the maladaptive tendency arising at stage one (Trust v Mistrust).

'Impulsivity' he later changed to 'Shameless Willfulness', being the maladaptive tendency arising at stage two (Autonomy v Shame & Doubt)

Erikson generally used the simpler 'Trust v Mistrust' instead of 'Basic Trust v Basic Mistrust' which first appeared in the 1950 model.

Erikson later refined 'Industry' to 'Industriousness'. Erikson later referred to 'Role Confusion' as 'Identity Diffusion' and

'Identity Confusion'. He later referred to 'Intimacy' also as 'Intimacy and Distantiation'.

(Distantiation means the ability to bring objectivity - emotional detachment - to personal decision-making.)

'Ego Integrity' he also simplified at times to simply 'Integrity'. 'Stagnation' was later shown alternatively as 'Self-Absorption', and

later still reverted to 'Stagnation'. At times he extended 'Despair' to 'Despair and Disgust' (Disgust here

being a sort of 'sour grapes' reaction or rejective denial).

In conclusionErikson's psychosocial theory very powerful for self-awareness and improvement, and for teaching and helping others.

While Erikson's model emphasises the sequential significance of the eight character-forming crisis stages, the concept also asserts that humans continue to change and develop throughout their lives, and that personality is not exclusively formed during early childhood years. This is a helpful and optimistic idea, and many believe it is realistic too. It is certainly a view that greatly assists encouraging oneself and others to see the future as an opportunity for positive change and development, instead of looking back with blame and regret.

595

The better that people come through each crisis, the better they will tend to deal with what lies ahead, but this is not to say that all is lost and never to be recovered if a person has had a negative experience during any particular crisis stage. Lessons can be revisited successfully when they recur, if we recognise and welcome them.

Everyone can change and grow, no matter what has gone before. And as ever, understanding why we are like we are - gaining meaningful self-awareness - is always a useful and important step forward. Erikson's theory, along with many other concepts featured on this website, helps to enable this meaningful understanding and personal growth.

Erikson's psychosocial theory should be taught to everyone - especially to school children, teachers and parents - it's certainly accessible enough, and would greatly assist all people of all ages to understand the connections between life experiences and human behaviour - and particularly how grown-ups can help rather than hinder children's development into rounded emotionally mature people.

Erikson was keen to improve the way children and young people are taught and nurtured, and it would be appropriate for his ideas to be more widely known and used in day-to-day life, beyond the clinical and counselling professions.

Hopefully this page explains Erikson's psychosocial theory in reasonable simple terms. I'm always open to suggestions of improvements, especially for a challenging and potent area like this one.

I recommend for more detail you see the wonderful materials created by Professor George Boeree of the Shippensburg (Pennsylvania) University Psychology Department, and specifically George Boeree's Erikson theory explanation.

Or read any of Erikson's books - they are very accessible and rich in ideas, and they do have a strong resonance with much of what we face in modern life.

Sources:

596

WWW.BAREFOOTGUIDE.ORG

The Art of Counselling / De Kunst van het Counselen© Copyright Owner: Academy for Counselling and Coaching - The Netherlands - Paul van Schaik

http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htmSee www.businessballs.com/aboutus.htm for more details about the use of this material. See for the separate terms and conditions for the Businessballs Community. Please retain this notice on all copies. © alan chapman 1995-2012

597

3.24 THE DRAMA TRIANGLEThe Drama Triangle is a model of dysfunctional social interaction, created by psychotherapist Stephen Karpman. Each point on the triangle represents a common and ineffective response to conflict, one more likely to prolong disharmony than to end it.

Rescuer Persecutor

Victim

Participants in a drama triangle create misery for themselves and others. The goal is to transform this lose-lose situation and create a more positive outcome for everyone.

Each player in this particular mind game begins by assuming one of three archetypical roles: Victim, Rescuer, or Persecutor.

• Victims are helpless and hopeless. They deny responsibility for their negative circumstances, and deny possession of the power to change them. They do less than 50%, won’t take a stand, act “super-sensitive”, wanting kid glove treatment, and pretend impotence and incompetence.

598

• Rescuers are constantly applying short-term repairs to a Victim’s problems, while neglecting their own needs. They are always working hard to “help” other people. They are harried, tired, and often have physical complaints. They are usually angry underneath and may be a loud or quiet martyr in style. They use guilt to get their way.

• Persecutors blame the Victims and criticize the enabling behavior of Rescuers, without providing guidance, assistance or a solution to the underlying problem. They are critical and unpleasant and good at finding fault. They often feel inadequate underneath. They control with threats, order, and rigidity. They can be loud or quiet in style and sometimes be a bully.

Players sometimes alternate or “switch” roles during the course of a game. For example, a Rescuer pushed too far by a Persecutor will switch to the role of Victim or counter-Persecutor. Victims depend on a savior, Rescuers yearn for a basket case and Persecutors need a scapegoat.

While a healthy person will perform in each of these roles occasionally, pathological role-players actively avoid leaving the familiar and comfortable environment of the game. Thus, if no recent misfortune has befallen them or their loved ones, they will often create one. In each case, the drama triangle is an instrument of destruction. The only way to “escape” the Drama Triangle is to function as an “adult” and not participate in the game.

How the game is played

A good example of the game could be this fictitious argument between John and Mary, a married couple. Sometimes the Rescuer’s point seems calm and even reasonable. If the words placate, soothe, calm, explain or justify, it can be considered a Rescuer response--it is an attempt to move the other person from their position.

John: I can't believe you burnt dinner! That's the third time this month! (P)

599

Mary: Well, little Johnny fell and skinned his knee, it burned while I was busy getting him a bandage. (R) John: You baby that boy too much! (P) Mary: You wouldn't want him to get an infection, would you? I'd end up having to take care of him while he was sick. (V) John: He's big enough to get his own bandage. (R) Mary: I just didn't want him bleeding all over the carpet. (R) John: You know, that's the problem with these kids! They expect you to do everything! (R) Mary: That's only natural, honey, they are just young. (R)John: I work like a dog all day at a job I hate... (V) Mary: Yes, you do work very hard, dear. (R) John: And I can't even sit down to a good dinner! (V) Mary: I can cook something else, it won't take too long. (R) John: A waste of an expensive steak! (P) Mary: Well maybe if you could have hauled your ass out of your chair for a minute while I was busy, it wouldn't have gotten burned! (P) John: You didn't say anything! How was I supposed to know? (P) Mary: As if you couldn't hear Johnny crying? You always ignore the kids! (P) John: I do not, I just need time to sit and relax and unwind after working all day! You don't know what it's like... (V) Mary: Sure, as if taking care of the house and kids isn't WORK! (P)

Anyone reading this article could undoubtedly continue this argument indefinitely. What is of perhaps more interest is how one can remove oneself from the triangle, which, as the example makes clear, can be exhausting.

The simplest method is the non-defensive response. This works at any point no matter what the role the other person is taking, as it doesn't give a cue as to the next response.

600

For instance:

Mary: Well maybe if you could have hauled your ass out of your chair for a minute while I was busy, it wouldn't have gotten burned! (P) John: Yes, that's true. Although Mary may attempt to restart the cycle by continuing to scold, if John continues in the same vein, Mary will eventually run out of things to say. Unless Mary is actually abusive, in which case care should be used in employing this method, John's calm response invites discussion rather than continued wrangling. She might realize that she didn't ask him for help, and they might well be able to resolve the situation by planning on a course of action should something similar arise in the future.It Works just as well for the victim role:John: I do not, I just need time to sit and relax and unwind after working all day! You don't know what it's like... (V) Mary: I'm sorry you're feeling so tired. This acknowledges any real problem the other person might have without continuing the dance. Again, the other person may attempt to restart the cycle by continuing to complain, but again, with continued non-defensive responses, the other person will run out of things to say. While the "rescuer" role is seemingly the least problematic of the three points of the triangle, it still is a part of a non-communicative cycle, and thus should be treated in the same manner. Mary: That's only natural, honey, they are just young. (R) John: Yes, they are young. Once again, the cycle is broken, and John has made it clear to Mary that he needs no further placating or assistance. Other excellent non-defensive responses: "Oh." "I see." "You may be right."

Source: www.johngouletmft.com/Breaking_The_Drama_Triangle_Newest.pdf

601

The Empowerment Dynamic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Empowerment Dynamic (TED) stands as an alternative to The Drama Triangle. The drama triangle is a psychological and social model of human interaction in transactional analysis (TA) first described by Stephen Karpman in 1968. The drama triangle is used in psychology and psychotherapy to describe the insidious way in which victims, persecutors, and rescuers get caught in a cycle that is hard to escape. For many years, the key to escaping this triangle was thought to be awareness plus willpower. However, there was no clear alternative to the drama triangle. In 2005, David Emerald (aka Womeldorff) published a short book called The Power of TED* to provide a new model that offers an antidote to and escape from Karpman's drama triangle. TED* involves three key roles that correspond to the roles found in the drama triangle. In the drama triangle, the major role is known as the Victim. The Victim is someone who sees life as happening to them and who feels powerless to change their circumstances. Victims place the blame for their status on a Persecutor, who can be a person or a situation. Being powerless, the Victim seeks a Rescuer to solve the problem for them. This dynamic is cyclical and repeats as one problem replaces another, creating a roller-coaster effect of tension and relief in a person's life. These roles are intrinsic to the idea of Victimhood or, as David Emerald describes it, the Victim Orientation.

The empowerment dynamic (TED*) is goal or outcome oriented and replaces the Drama Triangle roles as follows. In the TED* framework, the Victim shifts into the role of Creator. The Persecutor takes on the role of Challenger, and the Rescuer assumes the new role of Coach. A Creator is someone who stops to think about what they want - what their long-term goal or vision is. Creators are outcome-oriented as opposed to problem-oriented. Problems will always occur, but instead of acting as a Persecutor, the problem now takes on the form of Challenger.

602

Two-Triangles

A Challenger is a person or situation that forces you to clarify your goal. Challengers encourage us to get clearer about what it is we do want, then focus our efforts towards moving closer to that goal. Emerald calls this Dynamic Tension. Dynamic Tension is the difference between current reality and the envisioned goal or outcome. By taking what Emerald calls Baby Steps a Creator gets closer to and clearer about the goals or outcomes they are trying to create in their lives.

The final role of the TED* triangle is that of Coach. Instead of Rescuing someone, a Coach asks questions that are intended to help the individual to make informed choices. A Rescuer, by definition solves a Victim's problems, which keeps the Victim powerless and dependent

603

upon the aid of others. This is a form of mind-game that can be found in Transactional Analysis. This is a self-perpetuating cycle designed to keep the Victim down and powerless. The key differentiation between a Rescuer and a Coach is that the Coach sees the individual as capable of making choices and of solving their own problems. A Coach asks questions that enable the individual to see the possibilities for positive action, to focus on what they do want instead of what they don't want. Coaches see victims as Creators in their own right and meet them as equals. This process interrupts the drama cycle and puts the former victim in the powerful position of Creator where they make informed choices and focus on outcomes instead of problems.

Sharon Stanley, Ph.D., is a scholar-practitioner in the field of somatic psychotherapy who describes Victimhood as a "neurological image that is held in the brain as a biological substrate". Dr. Stanley advocates the use of the TED* framework to help individuals connect what they feel in their bodies to what they believe in their minds to replace old memories of victimhood with new beliefs in their individual potential.

The Empowerment Dynamic (*TED) - was developed by David Womeldorff, a former Executive Trainer for BankOne and a current faculty member of the Notre Dame Mendoza School of Business where he incorporates TED* into their MBA curriculum. He is also the co-founder of The Bainbridge Leadership Center, keynote speaker, and author writing under the pen name of David Emerald. TED* was first published in 2006 as a paperback self-help book in a fable format under the title The Power of TED* (*The Empowerment Dynamic) - The Key to Creating an Extraordinary Life

Other Uses

The TED* framework has been used by several city and county governments in the US to help stop the drama in the workplace as well as in the educational and private sectors. In 2009, the TED* framework was approved by a state prison warden and used (citation coming soon) by an inmate to teach other prisoners how to shift their focus from a problem/drama based lifestyle to a choice-based life.

604

References

1. Johnson, Brian. PhilosophersNotes Modern Classics Section, page 1, MindValley LC 2009

2. http://www.itaa-net.org/ta/

3. http://www.somatic-transformation.org/about.html

4. http://business.nd.edu/Executive_Education/Custom/Faculty/Faculty_Listing/

5. Emerald, David. The Power of TED* (*The Empowerment Dynamic), pages 1-152, Polaris Publishing, 2006.

6. http://business.nd.edu/search.aspx?searchbox=womeldorff

605

3.25 VOICE DIALOGUE

Ever feel a battle raging inside you? The part that wants to achieve versus the lazy bum? The good guy versus the rebel? The loner versus the attention-seeker? Or maybe your critic, inner child, ideal self and saboteur get together to play poker once in a while. Voice Dialogue may be the technique for you.

Voice Dialogue is the main intervention used in a modality called the Psychology of the Selves developed by psychologists Hal and Sidra Stone, Their theory suggests that various parts of self coexist within each of us and determine our thoughts, behaviors and relationships with others.

“Each of us "contains multitudes". We are made up of many selves, identifying with some and rejecting others. This over-identification with some selves and the loss of wholeness that comes from the rejection of others, can create imbalances and blind spots. This work is about embracing all the selves. This dance of the selves is an amazing process and we see the dynamics of the world around us shift as our internal world changes.”

Rather than making choices based on a given criteria (the most rational, what feels right, what other people want, etc.), Voice Dialogue encourages a discussion between the parts of self at odds with one another. The understanding and expression of these selves helps us increase our self-awareness and even function better within a relationship.

When would a clinician use Voice Dialogue?

When there is a sense that the client has a feeling that he or she has different selves or parts. For example, let us say that John goes to a party that he doesn't really feel like going to. Once there he has a few drinks and soon he is the life of the party. In the middle of the night when he awakens he is a bit depressed. In his session he may say something like: "I don't understand how I get into these things. I

606

really didn't feeling like going and again it is as if something just takes over and there I am again doing something I don't really feel like doing." In a situation like this Voice Dialogue could be a very effective intervention.

What does is look like?

The therapist might say: "It really does sound like there are two very different ways of being or value systems that are operating in you. There is you the party person, the more extraverted self who generally needs some alcohol or drug to get him going. On the other side is a more introverted part of you trying to come out and be heard but he seems to have less authority than the other one. How would you feel about my talking to these two feelings or ways of being in the world to see if this might help clarify some of the conflict that you are describing?"

The therapist starts always with the self that is the more primary, that leads his life in the world. For this the client actually moves over physically to a different position and the conversation or interview begins. When finished John would go back to the center for a discussion of the work so far. In this, or the next session, the therapist might have a conversation with the less developed, often totally disowned self.

How does it help the client?

Listen to the underlying messages of our internal voices Discover the hidden agreements we have made with particular

parts of ourselves and change the contracts Make peace with all aspects of ourselves so we can develop

cooperative members of our internal team

It helps the client in three ways. First he gets to hear in a very objective way what these different "voices" or selves have to say, what they want and need, how they developed -- the family forces that shaped them.

607

Just knowing that the voices are real can be a total revelation. A woman might say that she can't stand looking in the mirror in the morning. To discover that she has a voice in her, the Inner Critic, that embodies all of her self criticism can initiate a major shift in her life.

Secondly, the therapist helps to develop a new place between the opposites, a place that can help the client hold the introversion with one hand and the extraversion with the other. It is a new "center" of personality that we call the Aware Ego. It is this Aware Ego Process that can learn to embrace the vast system of opposites that live within each of us.

The third advantage is that from this Aware Ego Process the client is in a better position to make conscious choices. A conscious choice is one that honors both sides of the conflict no matter which choice is actually made.

In your opinion what makes Voice Dialogue a cool intervention?

First of all it is way of working that is fun and alive and brings in all kinds of different thoughts, feelings and emotions. It is impossible as a therapist to be bored or tired doing this work. It the therapist gets tired or bored it is because he or she has fallen into a pattern of being overly responsible or overly mental or some primary self that limits possibilities of enjoying the work.

Secondly there is the constant excitement of new discovery. Discovering and separating from a primary self is like waking up from a dream and discovering whole new worlds of possibility.

Thirdly, what you judge in the world are generally expressions of selves in you that have been shut down or rejected over time. What a ride it is and how relationships do change as you begin to learn how to catch hold of these judgments.

Fourthly, how different it is to learn how to allow your own vulnerability to live in the world of relationship. So many people look for more meaning in their lives. Learning how to use vulnerability in a

608

conscious way is really the royal highway to a more deeply felt and experienced life.

Source :

Published on January 28, 2010 by Ryan Howes, PhD, ABPP in In Therapy

http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-therapy/201001/cool-intervention-7-voice-dialogue

609

3.26 CONFRONTATIONConfrontation does not have to be negative. It is the currency of the realm for effective coaching. Here are seven steps to help coaches develop effective confrontation skills:

I. Listen very carefully to what the person you are coaching truly wants to accomplish: his values, beliefs, and aspirations. This is the foundation of authentic coaching. Take the time to truly understand.

“What I’m hearing is you truly believe that the only way to make a dent in your department’s productivity is to implement an effective quality improvement program. You really want to make that happen. Have I got that right?”

II. Intervene directly and clearly when you discover self-sabotage (When the person is looking at things in distorted or defensive ways that block achievement of her aspirations and goals.)

“You keep telling war stories about why TQM efforts failed in other operations and how top managers are cynical about quality improvement programs. I wonder if, at some level, you’re worrying about outside reactions and are reluctant to go against the grain – using that as an excuse for not doing what you believe in?”

III. Help the person discover the destructive nature of negative internal self-talk or external rationalization).

“Do you realize that if you give up, you automatically forfeit your ability to create the future that you want or the difference you want to make?

610

IV. Help the person revise his interpretation of reality (ladder of inference) to see things differently.

“Just because quality programs haven’t worked here in the past doesn’t mean they won’t work in your operation. There are lots of success stories from other organizations where quality programs have been implemented at the departmental level after not taking in other parts of the organization. You may be drawing false conclusions.

V. Help her rehearse behaviors that will move toward achievement of goals and aspirations.

“I’ll play the role of your direct subordinate who, you think, will have a problem supporting the program. Let’s rehearse that dialogue and come up with some ways you can get his buy in.”

VI. Stimulate action taking.

“You’ve done enough thinking and negative self-talk. It’s time to take action. What are the two or things you can do now to get started? Let’s list them down.”

VII. Affirm client’s efforts and teach patience with the process.

“Sounds like your meetings went about as expected. You’ve demonstrated a lot of courage. You are walking your talk – that must feel good. Let’s see if we can find some ways to move the project forward another step. Rome wasn’t built overnight.”

Source: http://www.davidnoer.com/blog/2011/06/362/

611

A coachee has become a coachee because his current approach doesn't work. Something will have to change, but nobody likes to admit he was wrong. Help the coachee to look at change as a process of growth and not because of failure. Make it appealing to the coachee to try a different approach and prevent loss of face.

If that is not enough, then it may be in the coachee's best interest to have him face what he's trying to hide. First see if the coachee can handle a confrontation, because you don't want a countereffect that would damage or even destroyed the carefully constructed trusting relationship. Keep showing respect and care towards the coachee, as he's probably not able to envisage what will happen once he lets go of what is familiar and doesn't know if he will be successful in the new situation.

Oh well, I don't know. I think it's best if I continue to take care of mother. Despite everything you said, though I understood what you meant. But still...

What would you do with all the time you would have, if you didn't have to spend all day taking care of your mother?I understand it's not easy to stop taking care of your mother. But you've told me you're on the verge of a breakdown and if that happens you will be of no use to anyone and you wouldn't be able to take care of her anymore anyway. What would have to happen to keep you from breaking down?I can see it's hard for you to stop taking care of you mother. Continuing to take care of her won't change your own situation, which is already too much for you as it is, with your own household as well.... What's holding you back from involving other people in the care of your mother?

I'm fat and diets don't work, it must be something genetic.Changing your genes is impossible, but you could learn to be selective about what you eat?

612

It's not my fault I drink too much. Everywhere I come drinks are virtually forced upon me. And because of my profession I can't say no, all those business lunches. You can't expect me to stop working.

A good businessman keeps a level head. It might sound harsh but you came to see me because you didn't get promoted because of the orders you didn't get. And you didn't get these because you drank too much...What's wrong with saying no and ordering an orange juice?

I feel like I'm being used by my husband and children. I feel like Cinderella.

It's not easy keeping everything together... But somehow I have the impression you can't say no and that you tend to give in whenever anyone asks you to do something.

You see, I can't do it, I've been telling you that for weeks now. Can't do it and never will.

Apparently you're a master in visualizing things. Everything you say happens. What about visualizing what you do want to happen?

I think I get it now. I know what the problem is and what my goal is. How about stopping with counselling?

Seems to me that's only the start. You've known what your problem was for years. How about allowing me to help you solve the problem?

I don't think it will ever get that far, I know what I'm doing.Could be, but how about going to the alcohol clinic this afternoon and having a chat with all those people who’ knew what they were doing' too.

Source: Source: The Art of Counselling / De Kunst van het Counselen© Copyright Owner: Academy for Counselling and Coaching - The Netherlands - Paul van Schaik

613

The Art of Constructive Confrontation

An article from John Hoover Ph.D and Roger P. DiSilvestro: http://www.constructiveconfrontation.com/whitepaper/index.php

Building the People who Build your Business

The memoirs of successful men and women in business, education, medicine, science, sports, and public service are filled with tributes to their coaches, mentors, teachers, and trusted advisors—the people who saw more potential in them than they saw in themselves. In looking back upon their lives and careers, people whose names have become household words, and whose accomplishments have become legendary, don’t attribute their achievements to luck or being well-connected. They invariably give credit to the people who encouraged them and, more importantly, patiently taught them the processes and disciplines that made extraordinary achievements possible. In short, they pay tribute to those who cared enough to confront them.

Sometimes controversial and always irreverent organizational leadership author, lecturer, and consultant, John Hoover, PhD (How to Work for an Idiot, Career Press 2003 & Unleashing Leadership, Career Press 2005), has teamed up with Athlon Sports Publishing CEO, Roger DiSilvestro, a 30-year veteran of the corporate battlefield and leading expert in process leadership, to issue the toughest in your face challenge to executives in years:

“Do you have what it takes to hold people accountable for the performance they’re paid to deliver?”

If they’re not held accountable Hoover and DiSilvestro say that leadership is failing every member of the team and the organizational mothership that takes care of everyone. The good news is that courage has nothing to do with it. “People cower at the thought of confrontation,” Hoover says, “because they believe effective leaders must be strong like bulls and as courageous as lions.” The notion that effective leadership requires unbridled boldness is the first of many

614

myths Hoover and DiSilvestro explode in their new book, The Art of Constructive Confrontation: How to Increase Accountability and Decrease Conflict (John Wiley and Sons 2005).

According to DiSilvestro and Hoover, most supervisors, managers, and executives have been instructed or taught by example that chewing out a subordinate after a missed deadline or failed project is an act of courage. The authors say not. “Chewing people out is an act of cowardice,” DiSilvestro explains. “It means that the supervisor, manager, or executive is afraid to accept responsibility for not effectively confronting issues and team members early and often enough to have positively affected the outcome.”

“People might comply with policy and/or step up production for fear of their livelihoods,” adds Hoover. “But the increases will be temporary and the cost and consequences of forcing compliance with threats and intimidation increase with each negative experience.”

Although using confrontation as a constructive building block in workplace accountability and performance doesn’t require the courage of a lion, holding people accountable for what they are paid to do and decreasing conflict in the process does require the resolve to faithfully follow a specific procedure such as the “circle of confrontation” the authors outline in their book. “Acts that appear to be courageous might be theatrical,” says Hoover, “and may appear to save the day in dramatic moments. But, the success of an enterprise and the internal and external people the enterprise serves is measured in performance over time. For that, consistent process trumps drama.”

In addition to resolve, the consistent process that is constructive confrontation also requires surrender to systematic behaviors that bring about successful outcomes. It’s not about beating direct reports into submission to the leader’s will, regardless of how vaguely he or she expresses his or her will. It’s about securing commitment to the entire circle of confrontation.

615

Confrontation’s Bad Reputation

Calling confrontation, “the weakest link in executive leadership,” the authors explain that confrontation is not synonymous with conflict, although it is frequently mistaken for the tantrums of supervisors, managers, and executives who reach the end of their ropes and blow up at those around or below them on the organizational food chain—pointing fingers, making accusations, and assigning blame. In stark contrast to this pejorative definition of confrontation, constructive confrontation is the intentional, deliberate, and systematic use of confrontation as:

A facilitated dialogue that establishes a specific course A guidance system to maintain that course A monitoring method to make course corrections as necessary

The notion that confrontation can be constructive is news to many leaders and their direct reports who, based on extensive experience, equate confrontation with conflict. According to DiSilvestro and Hoover, conflict is confused with confrontation when the latter is used reactively instead of proactively to assign guilt rather than to recognize and reward responsibility. When expectations are made clear and continuously reinforced, people are more likely to stay on task. Correspondingly, confusion and ambiguity become less likely to contaminate team leader/team member relationships.

Action is the Key

DiSilvestro and Hoover insist that the pro-active, constructive approach to confrontation they teach prevents the aforementioned tantrums from ever happening in the first place by exposing and eliminating the assumptions and ambiguities that act like landmines hidden beneath the workplace landscape. The “weakest link” accusation further exposes confrontation for what it is; a misunderstood and thereby mostly ignored business concept that is not studied or properly taught in business school curriculums or management seminars.

616

The authors operate under the premise that action accomplishes more than thinking alone. The circle of confrontation (or cycle of success as the authors sometimes refer to it) is anchored in the fact that the right actions drive right thinking, not the other way around. “Constructive confrontation is an easy-to-follow, three-step cycle that takes the guesswork out of leadership,” DiSilvestro contends, “and it’s all based on action.”

Dr. Hoover cites experience dating back to Deming proving that consistently doing the right things improves personal productivity, organizational performance, and produces positive attitudes more than sitting in the Yoga position and contemplating positive thoughts. “Just thinking positively,” he laments, “won’t make things happen. In most organizations, leadership success is measured in the ability to get results.” Like the old saying goes, there’s a big difference between just doing things and getting things done.

Confront or Suffer the Consequences

The case the authors make for constructive confrontation as an intentional and deliberate leadership technique is partially based on the inevitability of some kind of confrontation. Leaders will either constructively confront their people about expectations at the beginning of and throughout a project or they’ll be compelled to confront them in a negative manner later when expectations are not met. Like fire and water, which can save life or kill, confrontation will improve morale and organizational performance or drive both into the ground—depending on how it is applied. Applying confrontation constructively is a willful act.

The lack of attention paid to confrontation during conventional leadership development is surprising given that avoiding confrontation inevitably leads to conflict that is manifest as outward hostility or repressed-but-deadly resentment—neither one of which are healthy for the people who build businesses or those whose quality of life depends upon healthy providers of goods and services.

617

DiSilvestro and Hoover’s constructive confrontation is a structured, systematic approach that they claim decreases conflict and increases accountability by connecting the dots between what people want and what organizations need. They call it, “emotional purpose.” Constructive confrontation is an example of displacement theory at work. It reduces conflict in the same way it increases accountability through clear and well-articulated expectations, follow-up, and recognition. These qualities force the alternatives—confused and ambiguous expectations, lack of follow up, and unrecognized accomplishments—out of the organization along with their negative consequences.

Circle of Confrontation

The circle of confrontation continuous cycle begins with a conversation between a team leader and team member that leads to a mutual commitment, including a written covenant. The covenant is then constructively confronted on a predetermined, regular basis, in a specific manner as agreed to in the commitment stage. The third stage of the circle of confrontation is celebration. Everything positive that happens is celebrated, from a mere thumbs up for compliance with the plan to a vacation in the Bahamas as reward for executing a wildly successful (and profitable) project. Celebration, like commitment and confrontation, needs to be appropriate to the accomplishment. Because expectations need to be developed realistically and kept realistic, because conversation needs to be continuous, and confrontation needs to be consistent and constructive…the circle of confrontation never ends.

Constructive confrontation, as the cornerstone of a leadership system, is an individual and organizational guidance system. Without it, proper course corrections will be coincidental at best. Together with commitment and celebration, constructive confrontation is a premeditated, methodical, and systematic approach to leveling the leadership playing field.

618

Constructive confrontation could be called leadership engineering. It’s a process that can be easily learned and applied across the organization. When targets are not hit and goals are not reached, the leader and the team member suffer, although not necessarily in that order. Constructive confrontation is a well-engineered process that breaks down what needs to be done, how it needs to be done, and how often it needs to be done in order to produce higher-profile results.

Commitment

The Conversation

Leadership is a two-way street. Long gone are the days when leaders could merely invoke their institutional authority to command obedience out of their direct reports. Compliance can be commanded through intimidation, threats, and bribery. But the compliance only lasts as long as the last threat or bribe and the quality of the work will always be suspect. Despite the shift toward a kinder, gentler management style, the conversation between the career-building leader and the person whose career is being built isn’t apologetic. The dialogue merely shifts to the most essential issue in professional development: the emotional purpose that drives work.

Nothing engenders a sense of ownership and propriety more than a personal and professional commitment to the cycle of success, based upon a sense of purpose. The sense of purpose revealed in the team leader/team member conversation is not couched in terms of material possessions, but in achievements that bring meaning to the achiever’s life. Material possessions are, nonetheless, important rewards that are strengthened when considered in the context of the joy and happiness they will bring to the achiever’s family and significant others.

On a higher level, commitment involves recognition of and submission to the guiding principles of the organization and its mission. Surrender is a term that most people in Western Civilization are socialized to avoid. It implies loss of freedom. However, career success that results from surrender to a successful process of achievement provides the

619

greatest opportunity for personal and professional satisfaction and fulfillment.

The conversation follows a simple who, what, when, where, why, and how script to establish the context and conditions for commitment from the team member to the organization and the organization to the team member. The team leader is the conduit for the organization’s end of the bargain.

If the commitment to action isn’t cleansed of all ambiguity, the entire agenda is likely to be derailed. Objectives must be specific, concrete components individual team members can complete in a measurable manner. Using the cycle of success, each team member commits to the required actions, in real time, to achieve real results. The commitment between team member and team leader must be realistic, complete, and meaningful before it can be enforceable.

The Covenant

It’s the leader’s responsibility to identify and engineer the connection between the individual’s emotional purpose and the resources, rewards, and realities of the job. Each team member’s wants and needs need to be merged with the organization’s wants and needs. Once that merger is defined and agreed to, it needs to be written down in a covenant and signed off on by the team member and the leader on behalf of the organization.

This is much more than a goal-setting session. The covenant is used to translate principles into practice. The covenant is the basis for the meat of the process to follow. Goals are broken down into tasks, and tasks are plotted on a time-line. The covenant covers what is to be accomplished, and when—all in the context of the team member’s emotional purpose and the organization’s overriding mission and strategic agenda. Purposeful goals are broken down into the habits, skills, and activities necessary to complete the cycle of success and bring it back to the point where the cycle starts anew.

620

The who, what, when, where, why, and how script is straight forward. But, simple doesn’t always mean easy. It’s simple to talk a good game and then begin losing pieces of the covenant as time passes and circumstances change. Constructive confrontation is a dynamic process. The who, what, when, where, why, and how are discussed and then written down, hopefully in an online format that can be sent back and forth between the team leader and the team member. That way the document can be revisited and revised as often as necessary to keep the team member firing on all cylinders and operating at maximum efficiency and effectiveness.

Confrontation

If enterprise leadership lacks a spine about anything, it’s the resolve to confront. A well-crafted covenant between team leaders and team members is only as good as the team leader’s commitment to support each team member through consistent and constructive confrontation. To give executives, managers, and supervisors the benefit of the doubt, no one probably taught them how badly they are cheating themselves, their direct reports, and their organizations as a whole, when they fail to confront in a thoughtful, methodical, systematic, and strategic manner.

The craft of constructive confrontation is so rare that few have seen enough of it to adopt it through imitation. Typically, once goals and objectives are set in most organizations, team members and team leaders fly off in different directions, aware at some level that there will be no follow through. Constructive confrontation is the consistent revisiting of the skills, habits, and activities agreed to in the commitment stage. If team leaders fail to shoulder this responsibility, team members not only have the opportunity to disconnect from their commitments, they have a person to blame—the leader.

Consistent and constructive confrontation is not a burden to be endured by the leader or the team member. It’s an obligation each has to the other. It’s also an opportunity to propel things forward and build enthusiasm. The leader owes it to the team member to make daily,

621

weekly, monthly, and quarterly assessments of the team member’s performance, just as the team member is obligated to exert the daily, weekly, monthly, and quarterly efforts set forth in the covenant.

Constructive confrontation is about holding team members accountable for the habits, skills, and activities they need to engage in to fulfill their covenant. The who, what, when, where, why, and how covenant needs to be confronted frequently so that the conversation and commitment it is based on remain clearly defined and free of ambiguity. When the time comes to deal with adherence, and that time comes at regular, pre-defined intervals, there’s no reason not to couch the confrontation in positive terms of staying on track to fulfill the emotional purpose agreed to in the beginning.

Once-per-year performance reviews aren’t nearly enough. Daily, weekly, and monthly constructive, confrontation is a team leader’s most fundamental responsibility to him- or herself, team members, and the well-being of the entire organization. Confrontation, in the form of coaching, encouragement, and accountability is an essential tool in a team leader’s skill set.

A crack in the leader’s commitment can cause a dam break on the part of the team member’s commitment, and rightly so. It’s as important for the leader to be consistent as it is important for the leader to stay positive. The bond between team members and the team leader is cemented by trust. Nothing builds and sustains trust more than consistent behavior over time. A major element of the initial conversation, commitment, and covenant is the promise made by the leader, on behalf of the organization, to each team member. Placing a high priority on following through on that promise is imperative to build and sustain trust.

Celebration

One common mistake made in business is taking small accomplishments for granted. Another mistake is celebrating only extraordinary achievements. The commitment, confrontation,

622

celebration process involves celebrating the devotion to daily effort as quantified in the covenant. When loyalty and adherence to the process are sufficiently encouraged, the major results will happen. If the deliberate, daily activities required to achieve larger results are not encouraged, and dwindle as a result, the larger outcomes will not be realized, except by coincidence.

Celebrations, large and small, must be meaningful if they’re to support and encourage ongoing loyalty to the cycle of success. As previously mentioned, the rewards must be appropriate and resonate with the emotional purpose upon which the team member’s personal and professional agendas are based. Cycles of success vary, depending on the depth and scope of the achievements being sought. Daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, and annual celebrations are based on successful adherence to the disciplines required to remain consistent with the covenant.

Without celebration, commitment and confrontation are meaningless. But, what should be celebrated? The cycle of success is predicated on the achievement and acquisition of the things team members have identified as the possessions, moments, and memories they seek most in their lives. Yet, celebration starts with the smallest achievements upon which the larger accomplishments are built. If commitment and constructive confrontation result in successful completion of the covenant, celebration is essential to renew the cycle.

For all but the rarest individual, completely meeting a challenge is a new experience for which he or she is not fully prepared. Armed with recognition for the team members’ successes, the team leader consistently and constructively confronts each team member as she or he guides the team member’s personal and professional growth—all of which were included in the original covenant with an eye toward reaching and exceeding personal and organizational objectives.

From celebration comes increased confidence and renewed commitment as the cycle begins anew. Each new cycle of success begins with a newly energized person as a result of how well the team leader

623

facilitated the team member’s growth and development through the celebration stage. The ultimate cycle is fulfilled when the team member is able to step up and lead another person through the process of commitment, confrontation, and celebration.

Celebration, with its resonant rewards and recognitions, brings the cycle of success full circle and begins the cycle anew. The place and time to determine which rewards are most appropriate for the team member’s success are the same time and place to determine cycle schedules—the initial conversation, commitment, covenant stage.

Summarizing the Enterprise-Wide Solution

Constructive confrontation is not a practice reserved for leaders to apply to subordinates. Anyone, at any level, can and should be encouraged to engage in constructive confrontation. The conditions are simple: (1) A commitment covenant between the parties outlines expectations, methods, and measures. (2) All parties to the covenant regularly confront one another in a constructive way to ensure progress and performance are what they should be. This means peer-to-peer confrontation as well as team member-to-team leader confrontation. The rules and principles are the same for everybody; the only difference being range of institutional responsibility. (3) All parties to the covenant must celebrate the successful completion of each designated step in the process.

One of the core concepts supervisors, managers, and executives need to learn is that appropriate action drives right thinking, not the other way around. Training, education, hype, and/or fear-mongering won’t produce high-performance over time. Even when eliminating hype, false promises, and fear-mongering in favor of positive practices like training and education, the active follow-through of constructive confrontation is still vital to genuine performance enhancement.

Once the three-steps of constructive confrontation are understood, the necessary instruction and encouragement can be applied and measured evenly across the organization.

624

The commitment, confrontation, celebration process is also the training ground for succession. The greatest fulfillment in the cycle of success is to pass on the learning to others, and prepare them to move up. When the team member begins to mentor other team members, the way he or she has been mentored, the cycle of success becomes and upward spiral. If the leader keeps his or her promise to confront team members in a positive, constructive, and consistent manner, more skilled leaders will emerge. Not new leaders with natural charisma, but leaders who know, understand, and respect the system that made them successful. That’s a legacy an organization can build on. Constructive confrontation is the gospel of growing the organization through the marriage of human capital and organizational needs.

625

3.27 PROVOCATIONSystemic coaching includes a complete sequence for human development. It integrates systemic diagnosis, experiential mini-interventions reminiscent of Gestalt therapy, elements of Virginia Satir's questioning, Gregory Bateson's systemic theory, Robert Dilts' Sleight of Mouth, Frank Farrelly's Provocative Therapy and Victor Frankl's Logotherapy - to provide the best in

solution-focused coaching.

Provocation is an integral part of systemic coaching. Properly used, it can motivate action, challenge beliefs and help people make difficult decisions. This page is to assist students of systemic coaching and systemic family therapy be artfully - and heartfully - provocative.

Belief: accept that something is true or real, often with an emotional sense of certainty

Provoke: to elicit a response; to motivate an emotion or behavior Reality: What is left when you stop believing in it Faith: Believing what you know is not real

Provocation Described

Provocative coaching can quickly cut through victim games, such as:

There is nothing I can do about it If I try to do something I will fail I am helpless, hopeless and powerless You don't understand how weak I am

Provocation, not sympathy, helps people find resources. Provocation can ...

Motivate an action or reaction (Martyn Carruthers)

626

Help people make decisions Awaken new perspectives (Jan Sikorski) Get too close to the truth (Carolyn Martin)

Guidelines for Provocation

1. Build TRUST first! (Provocation without trust starts fights!)2. Start with agreement, compliments and mini-metaphors3. Use a gentle voice tonality (unless you want a fight)4. Soften provocation with “Maybe…”; “Perhaps…”, etc5. Use the person’s values ("If X is really important, ...")6. Give a person time to assimilate your provocation7. Use a rising “question” tonality (“You really believe that?”)8. Incorporate verbal and non-verbal objections9. If a person age-regresses - talk as if to a wise child10. Repeat important provocation in different ways11. Offer provocative choices with multiple “Maybe”12. Be prepared to support your provocation

Provocation Examples

1. Agreement You’re right! Exactly! Of course! So true! Good! 2. Compliment That may be a good summary of your situation. 3. Empathy If I were you I might believe that too. 4. Conditional Agreement Perhaps that’s true for you. 5. Neutral Maybe we can both learn something from this. 6. Reality Check Is that always true? Is there another way to look at

it? 7. Exaggeration Maybe this problem has never before been solved! 8. Challenge Values Maybe it’s fine for you to stay this way. 9. Doubt I want to believe you ... but something is missing… 10. Mild disagreement That may not be totally true. 11. Counter Example Another client resolved that situation by… 12. Yes + No I completely agree (as you show a non-verbal “No”) 13. Yes, but I agree, but do you think that it’s really possible? 14. Metaphor Once upon a time there was an Ugly Duck … 15. Peaceful tact I agree that a person under stress might say that…

627

16. Total disagreement If that is true, I can go no further with you. 17. Mentor What would <a respected person> say about this? 18. Death What would you say about this on your deathbed? 19. Authority My trainer might tell you to… 20. Return to Goalwork That’s very interesting – and what do you

want?

Appropriate provocation can accelerate clarification and help people laugh at their issues. It can aid insight and integration, and help people find integrity. Creating irritation or confusion can strengthen resistance. Marina Budimir, Croatia

Meta-Model Challenges (from NLP)

Universals All? Every? Never? Is there no other possibility? Beliefs According to whom? Who told you that? Mind Reading How you know what he/she/I thought? Cause-Effect I don’t understand. How can you make them happy? Necessities What would you do if you could change this situation? Time How long do you want to keep believing that? Definitions You interacted with her? What does interacted mean?

Provocation to challenge beliefs

1. Agreement: Provoke a person to mismatch their own belief2. Counter-examples: Find examples that do not fit a belief3. Redefine: Substitute a belief with similar meaning and different

implications4. Consequence: Mention some effects of keeping a belief 5. Intention: Find the purpose or intention of a belief (pleasant or

unpleasant)6. Decompose: Break a complex belief into pieces and evaluate each

piece

628

7. Generalize: Mention a larger classification that changes the definition

8. Change Goal: Question relevancy and switch to an appropriate goal9. Analogy: Find a relationship analogous to the belief, with different

implications10. Apply to Self: Evaluate a belief according to the defined

relationship or criteria11. Hierarchy: Evaluate a belief with more important values 12. Frame Size: Evaluate a belief for a different time frame, group size

or perspective13. Model of Reality: Evaluate a belief from a different model14. Reality: Evaluate a belief allowing that we define beliefs with

perceptions15. Relationships: Evaluate a belief allowing that we define beliefs for

relationships16. Meta-frame: Evaluate a belief as one way of summarizing complex

experience17. Relevance: Evaluate whether a belief is relevant to a goal.

Provocation Examples for “I can’t change!”

1. Agreement: Great! Wonderful! Exactly! So true!2. Counter-example: That’s what I said last week, but … I changed

anyway.3. Redefine: Does that only mean that you can’t change this belief?4. Consequence: That is one way you can try to freeze reality.5. Intention: Does that belief allow you to relax and not make any

effort?6. Decompose: Is it only you who can’t change? What does change

mean to you?7. Generalize: Life is change – whether you believe you can change or

not.8. Change Goal: That’s an interesting belief – and what do you want?9. Analogy: You can change your mind – why not your beliefs about

it?

629

10. Apply to Self: How could you see yourself so that change is easy?11. Values: Is that the example you want to give to your children?12. Frame Size: Maybe we all think that sometimes, even when it’s not

true.13. Model of Reality: Does that mean that you don’t have enough

motivation?14. Reality: If you are convinced that that is true – what is your

evidence?15. Relationships: Maybe your belief protects an important

relationship…16. Meta-frame: The world is complex and we need generalizations

that serve us…17. Relevance: That's interesting; but how does that support your

happiness?

Soulwork provocation is about consequences - not about manipulation. Practice provocation carefully. If you practice on important people without their consent - you might not enjoy the consequences.

What good is a belief if it does not benefit your life? (Phineas Quimby, 1862)

Source:

http://www.systemiccoaching.com/sw_articles_eng/provocation.htm

630

3.28 MINDFULNESSMindfulness is a "hot topic" in Western psychology right now - increasingly recognised as a powerful therapeutic intervention for everything from work stress to depression - and also as an effective tool for increasing emotional intelligence. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a powerful mindfulness-based therapy (and coaching model) which currently leads the field in terms of research, application and results.

Mindfulness is a mental state of awareness, focus and openness - which allows you to engage fully in what you are doing at any moment. In a state of mindfulness, difficult thoughts and feelings have much less impact and influence over you - so it is hugely useful for everything from full-blown psychiatric illness to enhancing athletic or business performance.

Mindfulness in coaching is equally important to coach and coachee, because it helps him them to establish a positive, open, and acceptive relationship based on trust and respect,

Acceptance and Commitment Training (ACT) programs offer a vast range of tools to learn mindfulness skills - many of which require only a few minutes to master. They break mindfulness skills down into 3 categories:

1) defusion: distancing from, and letting go of, unhelpful thoughts, beliefs and memories

2) acceptance: making room for painful feelings, urges and sensations, and allowing them to come and go without a struggle

3) contact with the present moment: engaging fully with your here-and-now experience, with an attitude of openness and curiosity .

These 3 skills require you to use an aspect of yourself for which no word exists in common everyday language. It is the part of you that is

631

capable of awareness and attention. And is sometimes described as 'observing self'’ or ‘pure awareness’.

We can talk about 'self' in many ways, but in common everyday language we talk mainly about the 'physical self' - your body - and the 'thinking self' - your mind. The 'observing self' is the part of you that is able to observe both your physical self and your thinking self. Being mindful is 'pure awareness' in the sense that it refers to the part of us that is aware of everything else: aware of every thought, every feeling, everything you see, hear, touch, taste, smell, and do.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FLEXIBILITY & THE SIX CORE PROCESSES OF ACT

There are six core processes in ACT:

1. Contacting The Present Moment means being psychologically present: consciously connecting with whatever is happening right here, right now.

2. Defusion means learning to step back or detach from unhelpful thoughts and worries and memories: instead of getting caught up in your thoughts, or pushed around by them, or struggling to get rid of them, you learn how to let them come and go - as if they were just cars driving past outside your house. You learn how to step back and watch your thinking, so you can respond effectively - instead of getting tangled up or lost inside your thinking.

3. Acceptance means opening up and making room for painful feelings and sensations. You learn how to drop the struggle with them, give them some breathing space, and let them be there without getting all caught up in them, or overwhelmed by them; the more you can open up, and give them room to move, the easier it is for your feelings to come and go without draining you or holding you back.

4. The Observing Self is the part of you that is responsible for awareness and attention. We don't have a word for it in common everyday language - we normally just talk about the "mind'. But there are two parts to the mind: the thinking self - i.e. the part that is always thinking; the part that is responsible for all your thoughts,

632

beliefs, memories, judgments, fantasies etc. And then there's the observing self - the part of your mind that is able to be aware of whatever you are thinking or feeling or doing at any moment. Without it, you couldn't develop those mindfulness skills. And the more you practice those mindfulness skills, the more you'll become aware of this part of your mind, and able to access it when you need it. (The technical term for this, in ACT, is 'self-as-context'.)

5. Values are what you want your life to be about, deep in your heart. What you want to stand for. What you want to do with your time on this planet. What ultimately matters to you in the big picture. What you would like to be remembered for by the people you love.

6. Committed action means taking action guided by your values - doing what matters - even if it's difficult or uncomfortable.

When you put all these things together, you develop 'psychological' flexibility. This is the ability to be in the present moment, with awareness and openness, and take action, guided by your values. In other words, it's the ability to be present, open up, and do what matters. The greater your ability to be present, open up and do what matters, the greater your quality of life - the greater your sense of vitality, wellbeing and fulfillment.

Definitions of Mindfulness

"Bringing one's complete attention to the present experience on a moment-to-moment basis." (Marlatt & Kristeller) "Paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally." (Kabat-Zinn). "The non-judgmental observation of the ongoing stream of internal and external stimuli as they arise." (Baer) "Awareness of present experience with acceptance." (Germer, Segal, Fulton) My own personal definition is: "Paying attention with openness, curiosity and flexibility."

633

The Benefits of Mindfulness

Practising mindfulness helps you:

to be fully present, here and now to experience unpleasant thoughts and feelings safely to become aware of what you're avoiding to become more connected to yourself, to others and to the world

around you to become less judgmental to increase self-awareness to become less disturbed by and less reactive to unpleasant

experiences to learn the distinction between you and your thoughts to have more direct contact with the world, rather than living

through your thoughts to learn that everything changes; that thoughts and feelings come

and go like the weather to have more balance, less emotional volatility to experience more calm and peacefulness to develop self-acceptance and self-compassion

Mindfulness and Psychotherapy

Mindfulness training has emerged as a powerful, evidence-based tool for enhancing psychological health. It is empirically supported as an effective intervention in a wide range of clinical disorders, including chronic pain, anxiety disorders, depression, PTSD, OCD, substance abuse, and borderline personality disorder.

The 'third wave' of behavioural therapies started in the late eighties with Acceptance & Commitment Therapy, and now includes therapies such as Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT). These 'third wave' therapies all emphasise mindfulness as a core principle in undermining destructive cognitive,

634

emotional and behavioural patterns. Since the first publications in 1984, ACT has seen more published studies, more randomised controlled studies, and more participants in outcome studies than DBT, MBCT, or any of the other 'Third Wave Therapies'.

The Benefits of Mindfulness for Therapists & Coaches

Facilitates empathy, compassion, and unconditional positive regard. Allows you to stay focused and present, even when your client is

not. Helps you stay grounded, centred and composed, even in the midst

of clients' emotional turmoil Enables a healthy attitude to therapeutic outcomes: neither

complacent nor overly-attached. Helps you maintain direction and focus for therapy. Increases your skills at observing your clients' responses.

Some Mindfulness Techniques

1. RAIN.

In his blog “Difficult Emotions: One Approach You’ll Want to Try,” Dr. Goldstein writes:

In the mindfulness circles the acronym R.A.I.N has floated around to support people in dealing with difficult emotions. It has been found in Tara Brach’s book Radical Acceptance, Jack Kornfield has said it, and you will find it the upcoming Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Workbook that I have co-authored with Bob Stahl, Ph.D (February, 2010). Here is a sneak peek:

“R” is to recognize when a strong emotion is present. “A” is to allow or acknowledge that it is indeed there. “I” is to investigate and bring self-inquiry to the body, feelings, and mind, and “N” is to non-identify with what’s there. This non-identification is very useful in that it helps to

635

deflate the story and cultivates wise understanding in the recognition that the emotion is just another passing mind state and not a definition of who you are. Just like seeing a movie, standing back and watching the actors play out their dramas, by non-identifying with your story and seeing it as impermanent, this will help assist in loosening your own tight grip of identification. Utilizing R.A.I. N. as a practice can help you bring space to be with things as they are and grow in deeper understanding of what drives, underlies or fuels our fears, anger, and sadness.

Turning into our emotions can feel a bit foreign since most of us live in such a pain denying culture. Isn’t it time to begin acknowledging stress, anxiety or pain rather than suppressing, repressing, or all-too-quickly medicating it? Can we learn to view these challenges as a rite of passage instead of running away from them?

2. STOP.

Another tip to weave mindfulness into your daily schedule: before work, during lunch, before you walk into your home in the evening, or after you get the kids to bed at night. Writes Goldstein in his post “Stress Got You Down?”:

Creating space to come down from the worried mind and back into the present moment has been shown to be enormously helpful to people. When we are present we have a firmer grasp of all our options and resources which often make us feel better. Next time you find your mind racing with stress, try the acronym S.T.O.P.:

S - Stop what you are doing, put things down for a minute.

T - Take a breath. Breathe normally and naturally and follow your breath coming in and of your nose. You can even say to yourself “in” as you’re breathing in and “out” as you’re breathing out if that helps with concentration.

O - Observe your thoughts, feelings, and emotions. You can reflect about what is on your mind and also notice that thoughts are not facts and they are not permanent. If the thought arises that you are inadequate,

636

just notice the thought, let it be, and continue on. Notice any emotions that are there and just name them. Recent research out of UCLA says that just naming your emotions can have a calming effect. Then notice your body. Are you standing or sitting? How is your posture? Any aches and pains.

P - Proceed with something that will support you in the moment. Whether that is talking to a friend or just rubbing your shoulders.

3. Walk.

Walking is an easy way to incorporate mindfulness into your day. Heck, even walking to the frig to grab some milk provides 60 seconds of reflection time. So why not squeeze out the mindfulness potential? In his post, “4 Ways to Walk (Mindfully) into Mental Health” Dr. Goldstein lists four ways we can apply the simple act of walking to mindfulness.

Appreciation - If you are fortunate enough to have the ability to walk, try and remember, it took you over a year to learn how to walk and these legs are often the unsung heroes that take you to and fro day in and day out. Thank your legs for all their efforts.

Grounding - Bring your attention to the sensations of your feet and legs as the heel touches the ground, then the base of the foot, then the toes, and then they lift. You can actually say to yourself, “heel, foot, toes, lift.” This is a way to connect to the action of walking in the present moment.

Open Awareness - Walk slightly slower and begin to open your awareness to all your senses one by one. Sight, sound, taste, feeling, smell. See what is around you, listen to the sounds, taste the air or whatever is in your mouth, feel the warmth, coolness, or breeze on your cheeks, smell the air. Then stop for a moment and see if you can take in all of the senses.

Mantra - As I mentioned in an earlier blog, you can also recite some sayings while taking a few steps. For example, take a few steps and during an in breath say to yourself, “breathing in, I have arrived, breathing out, I am home” or “breathing in, I calm my body, breathing out, I relax”. Or make up your own sayings.

637

4. SHOWER.

I actually use this one a lot. Because when the kids were young, my time in the shower was, honest to God, the only time I had to myself. So I was not so green and blasted the hot water for a good five to minutes, pretending I was under a tropical waterfall in Hawaii. In his post, “Turn on the Shower and Reduce Your Stress Today,” Dr. Goldstein writes:

What would happen if instead of thinking about all the plans you had to catch up on while you were in the shower, you took a pause, and then brought your nose to the smell of the soap…and again, just exploring the scent of it with your nose… What would happen if you then brought your attention to just feeling the sensation of the warm water against your skin and the feeling of goose bumps that might be there from the contrast of coming in from the cold? Oh… then the mind drifts back again about who you need to call at work, why are you doing this stupid practice, the upcoming meetings, when you need to pick up your kids, what you need to buy for dinner, as you begin to speed up and the tension mounts. What would happen if you noticed this, said to yourself “there goes my mind again”, and then brought your attention back into the shower where you were right now. How might your experience be different? How might your mood be different when getting out of the shower? Would you be more or less reactive with your family, roommates, or whoever you came in contact with next?

Sources:

http://www.actmindfully.com.au/acceptance_&_commitment_therapy

http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2009/11/23/for-thanksgiving-week-4-quick-mindfulness-techniques/

638

3.29 HOMEWORK

Through coaching, coachees aim to achieve real changes in their personal life. A good coach will therefore always search for ways to help the coachee make the best use of interesting conversation items and ideas that surfaced during the coaching session.

Homework is a valuable activating element of the coaching process, which keeps coachees commited to their goals outside the limited time of coaching sessions, motivates them to reflect on particular issues and encourages them to experiment new behaviour.

Homework may contribute considerabely to the progress, quality and level of success of the coaching process.

Some examples of homework are:

- Find examples of people who do something you respect and are attracted to for a living.

- Observe feelings of anger. Physical and emotional. Write it down.- Make a sign by bed, on a cell phone display, or in car that says:

“What am I angry about?”- Call Matthew every day for 30 seconds or less, anytime 24/7 and

leave a message reciting your declaration of self.- Fill in the “blanks” in this sentence: “I am the blank that blanks.” –

e.g.: “I am the communicator that helps humanity.” - Other examples of homework include reading, listening to an

educational tape, tracking one's use of time, trying a new approach to communicating with a co-worker, etc.

Source:

http://www.calebclark.org/?p=913

639

3.30 HUMORApparently laughter is the best medicine, although I’m guessing if somebody ran into the back of your car and you’ve got severe whiplash, you’re better to avoid laughter altogether and rely on a neck brace.

Yet, I do encourage the use of humor in coaching for three main reasons:

1. It’s Fun! Yeh I know it’s a radical concept but having fun is fun! I want to enjoy what I do and I want my clients to enjoy coaching.

There are enough people in this world with faces that look like Warthogs sniffing a skunk’s ass. I’m talking about people that develop a permanent scowl on their face and think the world is constantly conspiring against them. It isn’t honestly.

2. You could be dead tomorrow (don’t worry you almost certainly wont be, but if you do happen to wake up deceased please accept my deepest condolences). Do you want to leave the impression that you were a happy person that people loved to be round? Or would you rather be the person who’s death had ‘friends’ sighing with relief and wondering how they can get out of going to the funeral? The choice is yours.

3. It’s A Break State. If I can get a client to laugh about something it immediately breaks their state. Break states are powerful tools for shifting thinking and are frequently used by people that are skilled influencers.

Think of the last time you laughed a lot. Do you remember it? Yeh, of course you do, you can always remember things that set off that lovely sensation of endorphins running rampant round your body making you feel good.

What if you linked that feeling to learning? What if you associated change with laughing and having fun? Wouldn’t that be a kind of a cool way to get past the usual resistance to change that most people encounter?

640

4. It’s Devious. Talking directly to your unconscious mind is a waste of time because it’s unconscious. It’s much cleverer than your conscious mind and it has lots of stuff on its plate. At this very moment it’s beating your heart, moderating your blood pressure, contracting muscles, digesting your food and blinking your eyes.

Have you ever read a self-development book that gave you lots of great advice on improving yourself? You read it all and thought, this is so blindingly obvious, I can do this? Then nothing happened, no long-term behaviors changed, you didn’t stop procrastinating, you didn’t get fit, you didn’t lose weight and you didn’t leave your dead end job?

What do you think happened there? You knew what you needed to do, but you didn’t do it.

Well the fact is, you knew what to do at an intellectual and conscious level, but behaviors come from the unconscious level. Whilst you were reading that book your unconscious was probably thinking “Yeh whatever, you do what you want, but don’t count on me going to the gym because I’m off out for a few beers”

When somebody is laughing, their unconscious mind is a lot more accessible and messages can slip in unnoticed. That’s why when people tell me they miss the message because they were laughing too much, I often think, “Well you may think you missed the message, but that doesn’t necessarily mean you did”

To recapitulate one and another : Humor can work miracles during a session. It is very useful to lighten things up,It helps the coachee to take their situation and them selves less seriously,It’s a great way to help people see things from a different angle.

641

The thing with humor, like with all other communication, is that it has to be used in a functional way. We must always be aware of how, when and with whom we are using it: we all have our own sense of humor and we all want to be taken seriously. Coachees do not pay us, nor do they come to see us to crack jokes together

Source:http://www.adaringadventure.com/life-coaching/method-to-the-madness/

642

3.31 RESPECTCoaches believe that it is necessary to build a strong relationship with a coachee and that the relationship is based on the coachee’s needs. The process of building the coaching relationship is coachee-focused, with the coach serving the coachee. In the coachee-centered coaching engagement, the coachee sets the agenda and direction. Yet, a coachee-focused approach does not mean “the client is always right.” Basically, the coach is an equal partner in the coaching process.

The coach shows respect and builds rapport through being open minded, empathic, accepting coachees as they are, mindfully listening, reflecting and creating a general sense of trust and safety.

In the end, being coachee-centered means believing that with accurate inquiries, the coachee can generate his or her own best solutions in an environment of positive regard.

Some great ways of showing respect to the coachee, are:

1. Asking permission: Ask them if they are interested BEFORE you dive in and offer your advice. In your own words, try saying something like: “I’ve got some experience with that. Would you like me to share some insights I’ve discovered?” You’ll find that 99% of the time they will say “Yes” and then you know they are really listening. Asking permission builds respect. Just make sure you then put the focus back onto them.

2. Listen harder. We love when people listen to us, so we find it safe to assume that other people love when we listen to them.

3. Be considerate. Once you’ve listened, it’s time to act accordingly. If there was anything about the persons tone of voice or body language that gave a hint as to how they were feeling, use that information in your interaction.

4. Keep your promise. By keeping your word to someone, you not only establish yourself as a person of integrity, but make the other person feel as though you value them.

643

5. Be on time. Another way to demonstrate that you value someone, is by treating their time as though it is valuable. Nothing says this better than being punctual.

6. Have manners. This is pretty simple. Do not interrupt a conversation, be polite and watch your ‘please’ and ‘thank you’. By showing manners towards someone, you make them feel valuable.

7. Encourage. Sometimes when we hear a silly idea, it’s easy to shoot down someone’s hopes and dreams, or otherwise make them feel unimportant. Genuinely encouraging someone could be very empowering and liberating.

8. Be fair. We often find ourselves in a position of power over someone else; to some extent. Having power enables the opportunity to be corrupt. Avoid corruption, give people what they earn-deserve, and they’ll appreciate it.

9. Go out of your way. You don’t have to always do the bare minimum. If you want to show someone that they’re valuable, and that you respect them, go the extra mile without expecting a reward.

10. Preserve dignity. When wronged, mistreated, or otherwise upset in some way handle the dispute with finesse. This means approaching the person in such a way as to preserve their dignity. The best way to handle it is via a calm and private conversation, as opposed to a public screaming match.

11. Do Not Assume. They say when you ASSUME, you make an AS$- out of -U- and -ME. So don’t assume anything about a person based on their race, income level, or gender. Start off each interaction by thinking of the other person as your equal.

12. There are dozens if not hundreds of other ways to show people respect. However, the key to showing someone respect, is to show the person you are interacting with that they are valuable.

644

25 More Ways To Show Respect

Everyone wants to be treated with respect, but respect meansdifferent things to different people. It also meansdifferent things in different cultures, so treating otherswith respect often becomes a serious problem. If you want toavoid offending someone by being disrespectful, you mustthink about both what they need and how you act.

Respect sometimes means

1. Look at me - make eye contact! 2. Don’t look at me.3. Listen attentively when I speak4. Respond to what I mean instead of to what I say. Thatoften means respond to my emotions as well as to my words.5. Ignore my emotions when I am supposed to appear strong.6. Keep the agreements you make with me.7. Keep time agreements with me. Don’t keep me waiting.8. Notice what is important to me and comment on it.9. Remember what I like and dislike.10. Don’t force me to encounter things I hate.11. Allow me my privacy.12. Don’t ignore me.13. Acknowledge everything I do well.14. Don’t demean me by commenting on my expected work.15. Offer to shake hands.16. Never disagree with me.17. Challenge my thinking.18. Don’t interrupt me.19. Interrupt me, it means you are listening and you care.20. Protect me.21. Challenge me - give me tough things to do.22. Always speak in a calm way.23. Match the energy of my excitement.24. Always use my title.25. Use my first name.

645

Yes, it is contradictory! How can you sort it out? First andforemost, recognize that people are different from you andfrom each other. Be mindful of the Golden Rule, “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” But be even more mindful of the Platinum Rule, “Do unto others as they would have you do unto them.”

Pay attention to how others respond to you and, whenpossible, when you can do so without violating your ownprinciples, treat them as they expect and wish to betreated.

Sources:

http://juliettescoachtraining.wordpress.com/category/coaching-skills/http://www.alexshalman.com/2007/09/18/10-ways-to-show-respect/Laurie Weiss, Ph.D. - Copyright 2004 Laurie Weiss, Ph.D.http://www.DareToSayIt.com or email: media@laurieweiss.com or feedback@laurieweiss.com

646

3.32 AFFIRM, ACKNOWLEDGE, COMPLIMENT, CELEBRATECelebrate Your Life!

I am a huge task master at times. And I have come to realize with all of my accomplishments that I actually celebrate or acknowledge any of them very little. And I've noticed with my clients, family and friends, the same is true for them. Life is not just about accomplishment, it's about acknowledgement, affirmation, compliments and celebration. It's about pausing for a moment to acknowledge how far you've come, to affirm that you are better today than yesterday, and to celebrate that you are still here in this very present moment alive and ready to acknowledge, affirm and celebrate again.

We shouldn’t wait all year just to celebrate our life on occasion of our birthday. Instead we should fin dor create moments to acknowledge, affirm, compliment and celebrate every single day of our life.

I'm not going to wait until next year to celebrate something so beautiful and precious, it needs no occasion to be acknowledged. Every day we wake up is a gift. One of my favorie quotes is:

"Yesterday is history, tomorrow's a mystery, today is a gift, that's why they call it the present."

I am going to live my life in the present. I am going to acknowlege all that I've gained and lossed and be grateful for the opportunity and the experience. I am going to affirm that I am better today than yesterday, and live each day as my best self. And, most importantly, I am going to celebrate the wins, the gifts, the people, the pleasures, the love, the laughter and the tears, that I am blessed to experience each and every day. Another one of my favorite quotes is:

"Sing like no one's listening; dance like no one's watching, love like you've never been hurt; live like it's heaven on earth."

647

Friends, join me in the celebration! Don't wait until your next birthday, or your friends birthday or the next party or girls/guys night out. Live your life as the celebration it is today! Truly live like it's heaven on earth. And celebrate each day you have on earth in some small (or large way). Acknowledged something or someone. Affirm something or someone. And/or Celebrate something or someone!

Remeber . . . It's a Celebration!

The Practice

"You are what you repeatedly do. Excellence is not an event - it is a habit."

Exercise: Affirm, Acknowledge, compliment and Celebrate

1) At the beginning of each day Affirm that you are better than yesterday and committ to being your best self today!

2) After you complete a task, a day at work, get through putting the kids to bed or anytime you complete any activity and before you begin the next one, Acknowledged that you completed something to the best of your ability, even if the end result was not what you wanted. It's about acknowledging what you did do, not what you didn't do.

3) Take a few minutes at the end of each day and select something for which you are grateful and have a small Celebration. It could be dancing around a room because you are celebrating your legs, call a friend because you are celebrating your friendship or a great telephone system! I like to pause when I'm in the shower at night thanking God for allowing me to be born in a century and a country with fresh clean hot water that is piped into my home. It makes me feel humble and honored for the privileged. As such my night time routine is a celebration of priviledge.

Now, what is true for yourself, is also true for others:

My invitation to you is to become a detective who searches for opportunities to give people genuine and personalized compliments. In

648

doing so, you contribute to UPlifting someone’s day by reminding them of the truth of who they are.

When you deliver the compliment, you can add extra value to it by turning i tinto a personal endorsement. Simply add a bit of personal touch so the recipient really connects to what you are saying. For example, when I see a woman in a beautiful dress I say something like, “You look absolutely amazing in that dress” as opposed to, “That’s a great dress.”

It’s so fun to surprise someone with words of affirmation and acknowledgment! You realize the healing power of giving people genuine compliments as you see the smiles rush to their faces.

And don’t limit your compliments to people who seem like they could use it. Whenever you see something that strikes you in a positive way instead of just thinking it, share it with the person! Go out of your way to pay someone a compliment to experience the pay off of appreciation.

Also, being a compliment Columbo is one of the best ways I know to deal with comparison and jealousy. The instant we go into envy, we are in a state of depreciation. Paying someone a genuine compliment immediately shifts our energy toward one of appreciation. And the more we are in that energy, the more we recognize our unique own beauty, worth, and gifts. So the next time you find yourself comparing yourself to someone, compliment them instead, because really it’s just criminal to believe anyone one is better or worse than you.

Compliment, Endorsement or Acknowledgement

A compliment is a positive statement about a behavior or thing. Emotionally it's detached. Comments such as "great job", "nice play", "beautiful jacket", or "good work" are all compliments. They are nice to receive, but really don't say much about the person who is receiving them. Compliments are appropriate for showing appreciation to people you don't know well such as the gas station attendant who washes your windows or the clerk in the grocery store, but may leave someone you have a relationship with feeling appreciative but empty.

649

An endorsement is much more fun to receive, because it's a positive comment that is specific and personal. An endorsement is focused on a person's ability or skills, and says something about them and how capable and competent you think they are. Examples of endorsements are: "You really have a talent with numbers", "Your athletic ability is outstanding", "You always look so stylish and chic, you make that jacket look great", "The warm friendly manner you use to answer the phone makes people want to call us".

An acknowledgment is even more personal and is the best of all, because it's a positive comment that focuses on who the person is. It acknowledges the unique individual they are underneath all the talents, skills and facade. An acknowledgement is affirming and empowering, and can be a great motivator to encourage a person to continue with desired behaviors. Some examples of acknowledgements are: "You are such an intelligent person, I can always count on you to get it right", "You are a natural athlete and have a can-do attitude, which makes you a joy to coach", "Your eyes are so lovely, and that jacket really brings out their incredible color," "You are thoughtful and kind and it shows in the way you treat our customers."

Acknowledgement is more than giving someone a compliment.

Acknowledgement means telling a person you see qualities in them that helped them get a job done or will help them accomplish something in the future.

The acknowledgment of an individual's quality must be honest and sincere for it to have impact.

For example: "I know you have the creativity and determination to succeed at _________________." or "You were great with the client because of your positive attitude and clear thinking. Thank you."

The Most Effective Combination

Compliments, endorsements and acknowledgements can be delivered separately, and in situations where you don't know the person well, but want to give praise for something, a simple compliment is appropriate.

650

However, the most effective to give and the most fun to receive is a combination of all three. When a compliment, endorsement and acknowledgement are combined it's a very affirming and motivating experience for the recipient, and is a "feel-good opportunity" for the giver.

Examples of the combination are:

"Great job! You really have a talent with numbers. You're such an intelligent person I can always count on you to get it right!"

"Nice play. Your athletic ability is outstanding. You are a natural athlete and have a can-do attitude, which makes you a joy to coach."

"Nice jacket. You have a talent for choosing just the right thing to wear, and this outfit emphasizes the lovely color of your eyes."

Be Kind To Yourself Too

Giving praise and appreciation not only applies to how you speak to others, but also to how you talk to yourself. Hopefully your self-talk is positive and helps you feel validated and motivated. Remember that when you speak to yourself you can choose to be vague with "nice job", or specific and affirming with an endorsement, acknowledgement or combination.

Of course, it goes without saying that compliments, endorsements and acknowledgements should only be given when you truly feel what you're saying and are sincere with your comments. People can detect insincere praise instantly and you will loose all credibility if you give praise you don't feel.

So, I'd like to suggest that in the next week you take some time to notice how you verbalize your appreciation for others and yourself. Do you thoughtlessly hand out compliments, or do you give thought to what you want to say and take the time to share a heartfelt endorsement or acknowledgement? You may find that as you do more endorsing and acknowledging, your clients/customers, employees, family and friends will seem to blossom, and you will blossom along with them.

651

Sources:

Onelife Coaching - http://www.merchantcircle.com/business/OneLife.Coaching.410-277-8887/newsletter/25438

Christine Hassler -http://www.christinehassler.com/2011/07/be-a-compliment-columbo/

Sandra Abell -http://ezinearticles.com/?Compliment,-Endorse-or-Acknowledge&id=5792653

652

3.33 PAYING FULL ATTENTIONDon’t do any analysis during an interview, don’t think about what you will answer. And certainly do not think about things that have nothing to do with the coachee’s story. If you are completely focused on someone, that person will feel it. and this will make them feel comfortable opening up, so you can get those underlying explanations. When you are fully concentrated on the coachee and what they are saying, you are making it easier for them to tell their story,

Having the undivided attention of someone feels good. Attention like this is probably why we remember certain experiences in a brighter light. Feeling understood or dismissed makes a huge difference in an interaction with another person.

Paying full attention to someone makes them feel good. In my experience, people will respond to me with more and more detail when they realize I am only thinking about them. They are willing to unfold their thought processes to me; some people even express revelations in the process of explaining themselves. Nearly everyone ends the session thanking me for such a good discussion.

I love doing this. I have developed a practice of getting people to tell me stories at gatherings that have nothing to do with work, like at a food court in a mall. I’ll be standing next to someone in line, for instance, and make some comment about the circumstances or about what they are wearing or carrying. I’ll listen and ask for more detail. I’ll find out why they reacted some way or why they made some decision. Within a few minutes a complete stranger will feel comfortable enough to explain a story to me.

We are, of course, in the relative safety of a gathering, which helps. But the fact that I am concentrating on their answers, rather than trying to make a point of my own or trying to count out money for my lunch bill, makes that person feel a little cherished. I practice this in unofficial settings so that I’ll be skillful when interviewing people for generative research.

653

Signs of giving full attention to a person: Give the speaker your full attention. Stop doing other things.

Eliminate distractions, such as the television. Turn to face the speaker.

Lean towards the speaker. Make eye contact with the speaker (unless that would be rude in

your culture or theirs). Nod or shake your head in response to the speaker's comments. Make sounds that let the speaker know you are listening, such as

“uh huh,” “yes,” and “go on.” Change your facial expression to reflect the appropriate emotion,

such as concern excitement, or worry. Check out what you are hearing. Say, “I think you are saying ...” and

ask if you understand correctly. Try to figure out what the speaker is feeling and check to see if you

are correct. “You must have felt so excited?” “You sound so sad ...” Let the other person respond with how she/he is feeling.

Do not interrupt unless time is an issue and you have to be somewhere else or do something. In that case, apologize and ask to finish the conversation at another

Happiness Exercise:

When listening to somebody, there’s really nothing else you have to do other than. The difficulty for most of us is to listen without letting our minds get distracted by thinking about how we relate to what they’re saying, a story about ourselves that we want to share, or even our opinions about what they’re saying.

The exercise is simply to listen with an open mind and hear what the other person is saying, have attention on their emotions while they’re saying it, and try to avoid jumping ahead in either their story or your own. See if you can get attentive enough to feel the tiny shifts in their emotions at different points in their story.

It’s ok

654

- to speak to ask for clarification, - to repeat something they said to be sure you understood, - or to ask them to slow down so you can be sure you got it.

Do what you need to do to be sure that you really heard them and understood them.

Once you’re sure you understand, and the person you’re listening to agrees that you got it, then the next thing that’s great to do is to share how you’re feeling about hearing their story. Keep the focus on them as you’re speaking, and share your reactions so they know how you related to them.

Sources:

Indi Young – http://johnnyholland.org/2012/03/pay-full-attention-to-people/http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/storage/advfy/documents/listener2.pdfhttp://happinessexercises.com/level-1/give-your-full-attention/

655

3.34 TRUST

Coaching and relationships Trust is the foundation

The saying 'Relationships are the container everything else fits into' certainly applies to a coach and coachee relationship. Fundamentally, trust is one of the keys - if not the key foundation - any relationship will be built on. When coaching you also need to be able to allow the coachee to see that the same will be true if they wish to be successful in business, their career, or life in general. Whether it is with their partner, their children, their staff, their manager or other key stakeholders, the ability to create and maintain relationships is vital. In this module we shall put forward the six areas of successful relationships, allowing you to review and enhance your coach-coachee relationships and also pass on your knowledge to your coachee when coaching them to reflect on their business and social relationships.

You may ask, 'Why look at relationships?' Brian Tracy1 said, 'Eighty percent of life's satisfaction comes from meaningful relationships.' And I am sure all of us would like more satisfaction.

A lot of people focus on developing their technical ability, their qualifications and experience. They assume their relationships will just happen by chance. Often when emotions come in to play, all the theories go flying out of the window. Coaching can help the individual to focus on the areas that they are finding most challenging, whether these are relationship with a colleague, partner, friend, a member of their family or all of these.

656

The secret of successful relationships may be attributed to the following six areas:

Communication. Commitment and trust. Freedom. Friendship and support. Working at your relationship. Learning to love yourself.

The coaching relationship is an opportunity to demonstrate good practice in these areas, and the coach will use opportunities to help the individual to reflect on their own behaviour in the coaching relationship as well as their relationships with others.

Communication

Talking openly and honestly, listening and showing you are interested, and revealing secrets knowing you are not going to be judged are the ingredients for success. The coach will follow four steps to encourage open and honest conversations that will give the individual a positive experience which they can practise themselves:

Letting the individual know that talking about their issues is important.

Being open and encouraging the individual to share things that are important to them.

Asking questions. Demonstrating that silence doesn't mean lack of interest. People

talk for the fun of it, to solve problems and to ask for what they want. Listening to what the other person is saying and feeling what they are feeling helps to make a connection between you. Listening to feelings is an instant guide to knowing what response to make.

657

There are four basic feelings: Anger - give the person space and take them seriously. Sadness - give the person some physical contact and lots of care and

consideration. Fear - talk through the person's fears and make some plans to

change the situation. Happiness - laugh, dance, sing or do whatever you do to celebrate!

Commitment and trust

Many people are afraid of commitment. Some fear it is like a life sentence, or like jumping off a cliff! The truth is that commitment happens in small stages. Successful coaching relationships require an equal commitment from the coach and the coachee, one that is clear and understood; this often is achieved through the contracting process. Contracts or agreements make it clear where both people stand and allow individuals to be their real self. People who have an 'anything goes' situation often feel insecure and feel they can't count on the other person. When people feel secure, they often find it easier to get close to others and trust them. This is true of any relationship and a coach will help the individual to concentrate on the positive and talk about what they want to create in their life.

True commitment to a relationship is deciding to make it work, no matter what. It is important that both people have a shared understanding about the basis of the relationship - even about basic things, from money, cooking, cleaning, to faithfulness. Most misunderstandings and mistrust come from not having a shared understanding or contract. True commitment involves looking out for someone, and being their Number 1 fan and best friend. When two people are really committed to each other, the other person's happiness is as important as their own. In essence it is about treating the other people with love, respect and kindness. Trust is about knowing the other person will take responsibility and live up to expectations - about knowing that you can count on them to do the right thing in any

658

situation and respecting their judgement. For a relationship to be healthy, trust needs to be reciprocated.

The process for creating trust is illustrated in the Trust pyramid

TrustLike

RespectUnderstand

Acknowledge

The Trust pyramid was developed by Sharon Sands, an associate of Performance Coaching International. At the base of the pyramid, both sides acknowledge one another, but are likely to make many assumptions about what they see and who the other person is. These will come out of their consciousness: they will ask themselves, 'Is this other person like me or different from me?' If the other person is markedly different from them, then various assumptions may be made about that person, and if the assumptions are negative the relationship may end at that point.

However, for the relationship to move forward it is necessary for both sides to seek to understand the other - and also to seek to be understood. Steven Covey in his book The 7 Habits of Highly Successful People2 confirms it is key to be interested in the other person rather than trying to be interesting yourself. If this step can be achieved, then the reasons for the other person's views or behaviour start to make sense and it is possible to move on to the next step, which is respect. Once we understand the other person, we can start to respect why they act the way they do and also to respect those things that they do well. There may be conflict as they have different values, working styles and personality traits. However, as these are understood we can look past them and see the bigger picture. Often the people who are very different from us, the ones we find hardest to work with, are the ones that we complement best. Their skills and strengths will underpin our weaknesses and vice versa.

659

Respect usually leads to liking, and liking - on further acquaintance - can lead to trust. Of course, it can be argued that you do not have to like someone in order to trust them, but it certainly helps. Trust is the essential ingredient of any good coaching relationship - without it, the client is not going to tell you, the coach, those confidential things that may be necessary to allow you to be of real help. Equally, if they are leading a team, a family or working with their boss or customers, they will need trust relationships in order to succeed.

Freedom

The question of freedom is often explored. Generally, in most happy relationships, people don't live in each other's pockets! The healthiest and happiest relationships are those where both partners give each other freedom to enjoy life apart from each other. It is important to have friends and activities that each can enjoy on their own. Freedom in a relationship is allowing each other to keep a sense of self. There is a huge difference between thinking for two and thinking as two. Freedom is also about not expecting the other person to be a clone of you and respecting the other's rights to have different opinions, likes and dislikes. Time for reflection and just being alone is good for healthy relationships. It gives you time to think things through and make changes, and to dream and plan for the future. This is just as relevant in a business relationship, where the level of empowerment you give or receive is significant. A key question to ask is, 'What is freedom for you and how would you know you had it?' It may be totally different for different people. Here is an example:

Two current director-level coachees have both been empowered by the same CEO. One has a 121 meeting with the CEO once a month and is left to his own devices to manage his business, lead his team and make strategic decisions. The other is new to the role and within the vital first hundred days of a new role. He has 121 meetings with the CEO each week, they jointly agree strategy and direction, and the director feels totally supported. The CEO supports him in understanding the political environment and the key stakeholder relationships that will be fruitful.

660

Here we see different levels of freedom and empowerment as appropriate. Have you asked anyone what freedom means to them?

Friendship and support

Many successful relationships start with people being friends and colleagues, and develop from there. Lasting relationships are built on two people who are best friends and closely linked to friendship is support. Support means helping each other out and sharing responsibilities. In short, it is about thinking about the other person as well as yourself. If you can put yourself in the other person's shoes, and see what the relationship is like on their side, then you can start to see what you both need to do to be happy. Ask yourself what objections they might have to what you would like to do? And then take their feelings into account. here are four tips for great friendships:

Take the opportunity to learn about the other person's point of view.

Be open to new ideas and ways of doing things. Accept who you are; you don't need to be better than other people

to be liked. Be open to the feelings and needs of the other person.

Working at your relationship

Many people think that once a successful relationship has been established, then all the hard work is over and it will just take care of itself. Working at it simply means putting effort into the relationship to keep each other happy. It is about being interested, attentive and thoughtful. It is about turning a blind eye to the things you find annoying and focusing on the things you like. And it's about solving problems before they escalate, and making each other feel special.

The trick is, every time you think something nice, say it. Say 'Thank you' as often as possible, 'Thanks for listening', 'Thanks for being nice to me when I felt down.' The more positive feedback you give, the more the

661

other person will continue to be nice to you - Fig. 1: Trust pyramid win-win!

Working at it also means having fun. We all need routine, but if you can predict what you will be doing every night of the week for the next month and the next year, then things could go horribly wrong. Have too much routine and, although it can be pleasant at times knowing what you are going to do, the rest of the time it can become dull and boring. Try to plan to do something different and take turns to choose an activity. Relationships don't just coast along happily ever after; they require effort and commitment to make them work.

And, finally, one of the biggest challenges for many people is learning to love and respect themselves. Coaches use every opportunity to reinforce the positive qualities and skills of the coachee through feedback and interactions. Many people concentrate on asking why rather than how. Focusing on how helps people to concentrate on improvement, whereas why questions keep the individual in the problem and are more likely to confirm the feelings of low self-esteem. Get them to focus on their strengths, keep logs of their achievements, and celebrate what they are good at.

Learning to love yourself - or at least like yourself

In any relationship it is important to recognise what you have to offer, your good points, what makes you, you. Consider this. You're in a shop and admiring a new suit you think you'll buy, when a sales assistant comes over. 'This is great,' you say, 'just what I have been looking for.' 'Do you really think so?' they reply, 'Actually it is not very well made, the seams are not stitched properly and I think it is over-priced.' Rather than responding by buying it, you are more likely to walk away. It is the same in a relationship, if you don't think you have something to offer, how are you going to convince someone else?

So why are relationships so important in achieving success? Many people give priority to values that reflect only one area of their life - work. Goals can be achieved, but some people then find that their life

662

still feels incomplete. Realising that something else is just or even more important than work can be a scary thought. Successful relationships are the basis of a different kind of success, and living up to that means letting go of an old way of life and making way for the new. Working with a coach to identify development needs is a positive way to move forward and improve relationships. It important to remember that any development is an ongoing process; in fact it is a way of life! The coach and coachee chemistry must be right to build on the relationship of trust. People in general should choose their relationships carefully. In true coaching fashion, we shall conclude this module with a number of questions to be answered by you, your coachee and anyone who is interested in improving and developing:

Are you around the people you need to be? If not, what action are you going to take?

What or to whom are you not currently communicating? What are you not currently noticing with regard to commitment and

trust? Are you giving and receiving the right amount of freedom and/or

empowerment in your relationships? Who do you need to give or receive friendship and support from

that you currently are not? Which relationship do you need to start working at now? How are you going to acknowledge your strengths? What next?

References

Brian Tracy is an American audio author on personal and business success.

See http://www.briantracy.com//?NoPopWindows=1&s=gaw&kw=Brian+Tracy

663

Steven Covey, The 7 Habits of Highly Successful People, Simon & Schuster (trade division), 2004.

Kevin McAlpin is an executive performance coach and a leadership development specialist working with a number of high-profile clients. He is co-author of the forthcoming book entitled The Executive Coaching Handbook, published by Kogan Page, and lecturer in leadership and management development. He has been central to the development and success of the DART CoachingT programme that is currently having an impact on the UK coaching market, and he has coached Olympic, world and European record holders.

Telephone: +44 (0)1708 510345 E-mail: info@performancecoachinginternational.com Website: www.performancecoachinginternational.com

Dawn Wilkinson is head of organisational development in the London Borough of Redbridge, working to bring about change at all levels of the organisation. She has developed leadership and management programmes for staff at all levels, including a programme of reflective learning for senior executives.

Telephone: 020 8708 3262 E-mail: dawn.wilkinson@redbridge.gov.uk

Source:

Kevin McAlpin and Dawn Wilkinsonhttp://www.performancecoachinginternational.com/resources/articles/relationships.asp

664

Trust, the Foundation of Coaching

What is the importance of trust for coaches?

Creating a strong foundation of trust is the first step in building every coaching relationship. Coaching happens in a collaborative relationship based on mutual trust with a high degree of openness between both parties. When trust is not sufficient, the coach will be unaware of a lot of information that is critical to coaching effectively.

How can a coach build trust?

Here are some key techniques for greatly increasing the level of trust between you and your coachees:

Open yourself first. Share your strengths and weaknesses. Share your mistakes and achievements.

I don't mean that you have to talk a lot or reveal a lot of personal details. You must simply display your willingness to reveal what is relevant and to treat your own and other's shortcomings lightly and

665

positively. If you can accept your own weaknesses, it is much more likely that you will be able to accept other's shortcomings as well. Your coachees will feel relief that they are not the only ones to have made mistakes. They will feel much more trust for someone they can know well. They will begin to model your openness.

Many of us have been brought up to feel uncomfortable about revealing our weaknesses, particularly to people who report to us. You may want to examine the reasons for your discomfort so you can consciously decide whether or not it is useful to continue hiding yourself.

Have a frank conversation with each coachee about how you want to relate to them and ask for their support.

This is the simplest and most direct way to initiate a more trusting relationship, regardless of the current level of trust you have. If your relationship has been rocky in the past, or if you believe your coachee is resistant to opening up, you may want to prepare for a diplomatic conversation including plenty of listening. Your willingness to discuss such issues directly will impress your employees of the importance you place on your relationship.

666

Listen to them fully. Give them a chance to be heard. Listen beyond their words for deeper understanding of their intentions, needs and assumptions.

Deep listening builds understanding and trust. And it is something that all of us can do, as long as we give ourselves time and focus. That means we have to stop both external and internal distractions and be fully present to the other person. Although listening is a basic skill for all communicators, it is a skill that can be developed further through practice and attention.

Openly appreciate them. Be generous with your praise. Point out the specifics of their personality and behaviour that add value.

Some coaches feel hesitant to appreciate and assume there is a risk of appreciating 'too much'. These coaches underestimate the power of positive feedback, even though they may have benefited from it personally. Have you experienced the burst of enthusiasm and initiative that comes from effective positive feedback? This is valuable energy that can be generated easily

through frequent recognition and that leads to increased trust.

In my experience, appreciation and recognition is only 'over used' when it is insincere. There are many different ways to appreciate and recognize people that will help you retain full sincerity and positive effect.

667

Nonetheless it is useful for coaches to also build their proficiency in giving positive corrective feedback so that they can freely give both while further enhancing the trusting and supportive relationships they have with their coachees.

Do what you say you will do. Be reliable and consistent.

Of course, the basis of trust is that we abide by our agreements and contracts. And even unspoken expectations act like promises that reduce trust when they are broken. For example, if you are usually calm when you learn of poor sales results, and then one day you lose your patience and blurt out your frustrations, people will lose trust in you because they can no longer be sure that you will react they as expect.

What are the obstacles to building trust?

In working with coaches, the main barriers to developing trusting relationships with coachees, are related to the coach’s beliefs about themselves. Do you feel uncomfortable reading through the tips above? Or do you have good reasons why these techniques would not work in your situation? If so, you might want to explore your beliefs and assumptions to see if any are blocking you and learn how they might be changed or improved.

One particular set of beliefs that has a strong impact on the coach’s ability to build a trusting relationship with his coachees, is related to self-acceptance. Coaches who completely accept themselves can more easily be open about their own weaknesses, accept others, listen without judgment and appreciate others, all actions that build trusting relationships. Building self-acceptance is a worthwhile goal that can greatly improve coaching ability.

For building trust, the use of basic coaching skills such as active listening, appreciating and recognizing, when practiced with above-average attention, will lead to greatly improved coaching results

Source:http://www.spaxman.com.hk/coach-manager-4.html

668

3.36 COPINGCoping has been defined in psychological terms by Susan Folkman and Richard Lazarus as "constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing"[1] or "exceeding the resources of the person".

Coping is thus expending conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems, and seeking to master, minimize or tolerate stress or conflict. Psychological coping mechanisms are commonly termed coping strategies or coping skills. Unconscious or non conscious strategies (e.g., defense mechanisms) are generally excluded. The term coping generally refers to adaptive or constructive coping strategies, i.e., the strategies reduce stress levels. However, some coping strategies can be considered maladaptive, i.e., stress levels increase. Maladaptive coping can thus be described, in effect, as non-coping. Furthermore, the term coping generally refers to reactive coping, i.e., the coping response follows the stressor. This contrasts with proactive coping, in which a coping response aims to head off a future stressor.

Coping responses are partly controlled by personality (habitual traits), but also partly by the social context, particularly the nature of the stressful environment.

Types of coping strategies

About 400 to 600 coping strategies have been identified. Classification of these strategies into a broader architecture has not yet been agreed upon. Common distinctions are often made between various contrasting strategies, for example: problem-focused versus emotion-focused; engagement versus disengagement; cognitive versus behavioral.

Weiten has provided a useful summary of three broad types of coping strategies:

669

appraisal-focused (adaptive cognitive), problem-focused (adaptive behavioral), and emotion-focused.

Appraisal-focused strategies occur when the person modifies the way they think, for example: employing denial, or distancing oneself from the problem. People may alter the way they think about a problem by altering their goals and values, such as by seeing the humor in a situation: "some have suggested that humor may play a greater role as a stress moderator among women than men".

People using problem-focused strategies try to deal with the cause of their problem. They do this by finding out information on the problem and learning new skills to manage the problem. Problem-focused coping is aimed at changing or eliminating the source of the stress.

Emotion-focused strategies involve releasing pent-up emotions, distracting oneself, managing hostile feelings, meditating or using systematic relaxation procedures. Emotion-focused coping "is oriented toward managing the emotions that accompany the perception of stress".

Typically, people use a mixture of all three types of coping strategies, and coping skills will usually change over time. All these methods can prove useful, but some claim that those using problem-focused coping strategies will adjust better to life.

Problem-focused coping mechanisms may allow an individual greater perceived control over their problem, whereas emotion-focused coping may sometimes lead to a reduction in perceived control (maladaptive coping).

Folkman and Lazarus identified six emotion-focused coping strategies:

disclaiming escape-avoidance accepting responsibility or blame

670

exercising self-control seeking social support positive reappraisal

and two problem-focused coping strategies: "taking action to try to get rid of the problem is a problem-focused strategy, but so is making a list of the steps to take".

Lazarus "notes the connection between his idea of 'defensive reappraisals' or cognitive coping and Freud's concept of 'ego-defenses'", coping strategies thus overlapping with a person's defense mechanisms.

Positive techniques (adaptive or constructive coping)

One positive coping strategy, "anticipating a problem...is known as proactive coping." Anticipation is when one "reduce[s] the stress of some difficult challenge by anticipating what it will be like and preparing for how [one is] going to cope with it".

Two others are "social coping, such as seeking support from others, and meaning-focused coping, in which the person concentrates on deriving meaning from the stressful experience".Keeping fit - "when you are well and healthy, when nutrition, exercise and sleep are adequate, it is much easier to cope with stress" - and learning "to lower the level of arousal...by relaxing muscles the message is received that all is well" are also positive techniques.

Arguably, however, the best of all "the methods people use to cope with painful situations...is humor! You feel things to the full...but you master them by turning it all into pleasure and fun!"

While dealing with stress it is important to deal with your physical, mental, and social well being. One should maintain their health and learn to relax if they find themselves under stress. Mentally it is important to think positive thoughts, value oneself, demonstrate good time management, plan and think ahead, and express emotions. Socially

671

one should communicate with people and seek new activities. By following these simple strategies, one will have an easier time responding to stresses in their lives.

Negative techniques (maladaptive coping or non-coping)

While adaptive coping methods improve functioning, a maladaptive coping technique will just reduce symptoms while maintaining and strengthening the disorder. Maladaptive techniques are more effective in the short term rather than long term coping process.

Examples of maladaptive behavior strategies include: dissociation, sensitization, safety behaviors, anxious avoidance, and escape (including self-medication).

These coping strategies interfere with the person's ability to unlearn, or break apart, the paired association between the situation and the associated anxiety symptoms. These are maladaptive strategies as they serve to maintain the disorder.

Dissociation is the inability of the mind to separate and compartmentalize thoughts, memories, and emotions. This is often associated with Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome.

Sensitization is when a person seeks to learn about, rehearse, and/or anticipate fearful events in a protective effort to prevent these events from occurring in the first place.

Safety behaviors are demonstrated when individuals with anxiety disorders come to rely on something, or someone, as a means of coping with their excessive anxiety.

Anxious avoidance is when a person avoids anxiety provoking situations by all means. This is the most common strategy.

672

Escape is closely related to avoidance. This technique is often demonstrated by people who experience panic attacks or have phobias. These people want to flee the situation at the first sign of anxiety.

Further examples of coping strategies include:

emotional or instrumental support self-distraction denial substance use self-blame behavioral disengagement religion indulgence in drugs or alcohol.

Religious coping has been found to be the most common coping response, with one study reporting that 17% use religion as a coping response. Women mentioned religious coping more frequently than did men.

Many people think that meditation "not only calms our emotions, but...makes us feel more 'together'", as too can "the kind of prayer in which you're trying to achieve an inner quietness and peace".

Low-effort syndrome or low-effort coping refers to the coping responses of minority groups in an attempt to fit into the dominant culture. For example, minority students at school may learn to put in only minimal effort as they believe they are being discriminated against by the dominant culture.

Historical psychoanalytic theories

Otto FenichelOtto Fenichel summarized early psychoanalytic studies of coping mechanisms in children as "a gradual substitution of actions for mere discharge reactions...[&] the development of the function of judgement"

673

- noting however that "behind all active types of mastery of external and internal tasks, a readiness remains to fall back on passive-receptive types of mastery."

In adult cases of "acute and more or less 'traumatic' upsetting events in the life of normal persons", Fenichel stressed that in coping, "in carrying out a 'work of learning' or 'work of adjustment', [s]he must acknowledge the new and less comfortable reality and fight tendencies towards regression, towards the misinterpretation of reality", though such rational strategies "may be mixed with relative allowances for rest and for small regressions and compensatory wish fulfillment, which are recuperative in effect".

Karen HorneyIn the 1940s, the German Freudian psychoanalyst Karen Horney "developed her mature theory in which individuals cope with the anxiety produced by feeling unsafe, unloved, and undervalued by disowning their spontaneous feelings and developing elaborate strategies of defense." She defined four so-called coping strategies to define interpersonal relations, one describing psychologically healthy individuals, the others describing neurotic states.

The healthy strategy she termed "Moving with" is that with which psychologically healthy people develop relationships. It involves compromise. In order to move with, there must be communication, agreement, disagreement, compromise, and decisions. The three other strategies she described - "Moving toward", "Moving against" and "Moving away" - represented neurotic, unhealthy strategies people utilize in order to protect themselves.

Horney investigated these patterns of neurotic needs (compulsive attachments). Everyone needs these things, but the neurotics' need them more than the normal person. The neurotics' might need these more because of difficulties within their lives. If the neurotic does not experience these needs, he or she will experience anxiety.

The ten needs are:

674

1. Affection and approval, the need to please others and be liked2. A partner who will take over one's life, based on the idea that love

will solve all of one's problems3. Restriction of one's life to narrow borders, to be undemanding,

satisfied with little, inconspicuous; to simplify one's life4. Power, for control over others, for a facade of omnipotence, caused

by a desperate desire for strength and dominance5. Exploitation of others; to get the better of them6. Social recognition or prestige, caused by an abnormal concern for

appearances and popularity7. Personal admiration8. Personal achievement.9. Self-sufficiency and independence10. Perfection and unassailability, a desire to be perfect and a fear of

being flawed.

In Compliance, also known as "Moving toward" or the "Self-effacing solution", the individual moves towards those perceived as a threat to avoid retribution and getting hurt, "making any sacrifice, no matter how detrimental." The argument is, "If I give in, I won't get hurt." This means that: if I give everyone I see as a potential threat whatever they want, I won't be injured (physically or emotionally). This strategy includes neurotic needs one, two, and three.

In Withdrawal, also known as "Moving away" or the "Resigning solution", individuals distance themselves from anyone perceived as a threat to avoid getting hurt - "the 'mouse-hole' attitude...the security of unobtrusiveness." The argument is, "If I do not let anyone close to me, I won't get hurt." A neurotic, according to Horney desires to be distant because of being abused. If they can be the extreme introvert, no one will ever develop a relationship with them. If there is no one around, nobody can hurt them. These "moving away" people fight personality, so they often come across as cold or shallow. This is their strategy. They emotionally remove themselves from society. Included in this strategy are neurotic needs three, nine, and ten.

675

In Aggression, also known as the "Moving against" or the "Expansive solution", the individual threatens those perceived as a threat to avoid getting hurt. Children might react to parental in-differences by displaying anger or hostility. This strategy includes neurotic needs four, five, six, seven, and eight.

HartmannHeinz Hartmann focused on the adaptive progression of the ego "through the mastery of new demands and tasks". In his wake, ego psychology further stressed "the development of the personality and of 'ego-strengths'...adaptation to social realities".

Object relationsEmotional intelligence has stressed the importance of "the capacity to soothe oneself, to shake off rampant anxiety, gloom, or irritability....People who are poor in this ability are constantly battling feelings of distress, while those who excel in it can bounce back far more quickly from life's setbacks and upsets". From this perspective, "the art of soothing ourselves is a fundamental life skill; some psychoanalytic thinkers, such as John Bowlby and D. W. Winnicott see this as the most essential of all psychic tools."

Object relations theory has examined the childhood development both of "[i]ndependent coping...capacity for self-soothing", and of "[a]ided coping. Emotion-focused coping in infancy is often accomplished through the assistance of an adult."

Gender differencesGender differences in coping strategies are the ways in which men and women differ in managing psychological stress. There is evidence that males often develop stress due to their careers, whereas females often encounter stress due to issues in interpersonal relationships. Early studies indicated that "there were gender differences in the sources of stressors, but gender differences in coping were relatively small after controlling for the source of stressors"; and more recent work has

676

similarly revealed "small differences between women's and men's coping strategies when studying individuals in similar situations."

In general, such differences as exist indicate that women tend to employ emotion-focused coping and the "tend-and-befriend" response to stress, whereas men tend to use problem-focused coping and the "fight-or-flight" response, perhaps because societal standards encourage men to be more individualistic, while women are often expected to be interpersonal. It is however also important to note that the strictly genetic component of these differences is still debated, and that gender preferences for coping strategies are the result of social conditioning and child-rearing: for instance, males are often encouraged to be independent, while females are expected to comply, which may influence each gender's choice of coping mechanism.

MaladaptiveBoth men and women sometimes employ maladaptive mechanisms, such as avoidance and self-punishment, to handle daily hassles. Stress is often a primary factor in models of illness and disease; and research has shown that people under extreme amounts of stress often exhibit cognitive deficits, illness, increased levels of depression and anxiety, lower self-esteem, bad health, and lack of sleep.

However, college students of both genders who employ problem-solving strategies have better health and increased self-esteem.

HormonesHormones also play a part in stress management. Cortisol, a stress hormone, was found to be elevated in males during stressful situations. In females, however, cortisol levels were decreased in stressful situations, and instead, an increase in limbic activity was discovered. Many researchers believe that these results underlie the reasons why men administer a fight-or-flight reaction to stress; whereas, females have a tend-and-befriend reaction. The "fight-or-flight" response activates the sympathetic nervous system in the form of increased focus levels, adrenaline, and epinephrine.

677

However, the "tend-and-befriend" reaction refers to the tendency of women to protect their offspring and relatives. Although these two different reactions are generally associated with their respected genders, one should not assume that females cannot implement a "fight-or-flight" behavior or that males cannot implement a "tend-and-befriend" behavior.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_%28psychology%29

678

3.37 DIAGNOSINGUse this diagnosis checklist and tailor the coaching techniques to match the coachee’s unique improvement strengths and weaknesses. It is recommended that you should ask the coachee to complete the checklist themselves and then discuss the list together.

A diagnosis checklist will enable you to clarify improvement learning priorities, avoid cop out and, use the techniques in this book as the foundation for the coaching process. As a result of using this technique you will be able to improve your awareness of how to best assist your coachee.

BELOW IS A DIAGNOSIS CHECKLIST TO DETERMINE HELP AND IMPROVEMENT PRIORITY NEEDS

The purpose of this simple checklist is to enable you to rate the coachee’s strengths and weaknesses. This checklist is taken from Dennis Martin’s ebook, "My Future, My Choice".(http://www.i-choose-self-improvement.com/index.html)Using it will enable you to match the techniques to the coachee’s particular needs and priorities.

If you do not like the terms strengths and weaknesses, there is nothing absolute or judgmental about the terms “strengths and weaknesses”, as all ratings are relative (to coachee’s potential).

If you prefer, think of strengths as those areas that you see the coachee doing well or very well and of weaknesses as areas that you believe they can do better or improve.

This checklist is not exhaustive, or a scientific measurement of anything, but it will give you a broad picture of how you see the coachee (or, if completed by the coachee, how they see themselves)

679

How to use the self-rating Diagnostic Checklist.

Since completing the checklist will undoubtedly require some time, the self-rating Diagnosis can be performed by the coachee as a homework or assignment, and be finetuned after evaluation by the coach.

It is easy to do and involves three steps:

Ask coachee too:

1. consider the questions for each of the techniques (they may want to write down their thoughts to help them arrive at a self-rating)

2. ask coachee to give themselves a rating from 0 (a major weakness) to 10 (a major strength).

3. once they have completed the self-ratings for all the techniques, transfer them onto the overall summary sheet.

This is not a test and there are no right or wrong answers, just self opinions. Raising their self awareness in this way will boost their self improvement on many levels, including the meaning of their circumstances, what they are doing and how to make life better (identified by Viktor Frankl as key elements of motivation and survival in his amazing book, "Man's Search for Meaning").

Coachees should be honest with themselves in this self diagnosis to create the best self improvement and change opportunities.

1. Your self-image and self esteem:

* what is the most important statement you can make about yourself?* how would you describe yourself to another?* what do you think and feel about yourself?* how well do you like, respect and value yourself?

Rate yourself from 0 (major weakness) to 10 (major strength)

Capture any immediate thoughts that occur from this self diagnosis in terms of your self help self improvement opportunities for change.

680

2. How proactive are you?

* how good are you at making things happen rather than just reacting to things after they have happened?* how well do you take responsibility and ownership for your behaviour?* do you think mainly in terms of possibilities or limitations?* how easy do you find it to show initiative?

Rate yourself from 0 to 10 (major weakness to major strength)

Capture any immediate thoughts that occur to you from this self diagnosis in terms of your self help personal development opportunities for change.

3. Are you a brilliant learner?

* do you keep a journal or learning log?* how well do you seek feedback from others about your behaviour?* how easily do you accept feedback and learn from it?* do you question things and look for alternative meanings?

Rate yourself from 0 to 10 (major weakness to major strength)

Capture any immediate thoughts that occur from this self diagnosis in terms of your self help and self improvement opportunities for change.

4. Are you programmed for success?

* are you able to relax at will?* do you have negative emotional baggage from the past?* do you deliberately visualise yourself succeeding?* do you have a lot of fun in everything you do?* are you often manipulated by others?

Rate yourself from 0 to 10 (major weakness to major strength)

Capture any immediate thoughts that occur to you from this self diagnosis in terms of your self help opportunities for change and personal development.

681

5. How do you see your world?

* how do you react when someone disagrees with you?* do you see it as a problem or an opportunity?* would you describe yourself as highly judgemental?* would you describe yourself as tolerant?

Rate yourself from 0 to 10 (major weakness to major strength)

Capture any immediate thoughts that occur from this self diagnosis in terms of your self help self improvement opportunities for change.

6. are you powerful?

* how good are you at influencing others?* would you describe yourself as a good role model for others to follow?* how willingly do you share information with others?* would you describe yourself as an expert at what you do?

Rate yourself from 0 to 10 (major weakness to major strength)

Capture any immediate thoughts that occur to you from this self diagnosis in terms of self help personal development opportunities for change.

7. Are you a great communicator?

* how good a listener are you?* do you ask great questions?* are you good at summarising what others say?* how good are your communication skills?

Rate yourself from 0 to 10 (major weakness to major strength)

Capture any immediate thoughts that occur from this self diagnosis in terms of self your help self improvement opportunities for change.

8. Do you handle conflicts well?

* how well do you keep your emotions under control?* do you have a short fuse?

682

* do you run away from disagreement?* are you good at calming down others?

Rate yourself from 0 to 10 (major weakness to major strength)

Capture any immediate thoughts that occur to you from this self diagnosis in terms of your self help and self improvement opportunities for change.

9. Are you a good persuader?

* do you find it easy to persuade others to your point of view?* are you easily convinced by others?* are you easily put off if someone says, “no”?* do you take things personally (especially, “no”)?

Rate yourself from 0 to 10 (major weakness to major strength)

Capture any immediate thoughts that occur from this self diagnosis in terms of self help self improvement opportunities for change.

10. Do you set goals for yourself?

* have you written down your key goals?* do you use your goals to motivate and ensure action?* have you prioritised your goals?* do you regularly reset your goals?

Rate yourself from 0 to 10 (major weakness to major strength)

Capture any immediate thoughts that occur from this self diagnosis in terms of your self help personal development opportunities for change.

11. Are you good at persevering?

* do you give up easily?* are you good at overcoming barriers?* are you easily disheartened?* are you passionate about achieving?

Rate yourself from 0 to 10 (major weakness to major strength)

683

Capture any immediate thoughts that occur to you from this self diagnosis in terms of your self help self improvement opportunities for change.

12. Are you good at solving problems & making decisions?

* do you find the same problems keep re-occurring?* are you good at making changes to solve problems?* are you good at making decisions?* do you take effective action?

Rate yourself from 0 to 10 (major weakness to major strength)

Capture any immediate thoughts that occur from this self diagnosis in terms of self help self improvement opportunities for change.

13. Are you good at managing change & uncertainty?

* do you find it easy to respond positively to change?* do you handle ambiguity easily?* how comfortable are you feeling uncomfortable?* do you need to have things certain?

Rate yourself from 0 to 10 (major weakness to major strength)

Capture any immediate thoughts that occur to you from this self diagnosis in terms of your self help personal development opportunities for change.

After having taken a look in the mirror and having evaluated their personal strengths and weaknesses, coachees should proceed to the Self Diagnosis Summary page where they will be able to summarise the results and consider what to do with them.

In order to get the best returns on investment, the coachee may consider to focus on those areas where they rated themselves at 6 or less (weaknesses). Alternatively, they may prefer to begin by building on their strengths (that is, those areas where they rated themselves at 7 and above).

684

The self diagnosis summary will be very helpful in their self improvement and learning goal setting. In addition, as they carried out the self diagnosis, they had the opportunity to capture any immediate thoughts or ideas, that they can now incorporate into their goal setting and learning. which will help them to prepare their personal development plan.

SELF DIAGNOSIS SUMMARY SHEET

List your self-ratings below to get a pattern of how you have assessed your strengths and weaknesses.

You may want to capture your ratings in two columns: left hand side for ratings of 6 and below and right hand side for ratings of 7 and above.

Self diagnosis rating - rating 6 and below/rating 7 and above

1. your self-image and self esteem 2. how proactive are you? 3. are you a brilliant learner? 4. are you programmed for success? 5. how do you see your world? 6. are you powerful? 7. are you a great communicator? 8. do you handle conflicts well? 9. are you a good persuader?10. do you set goals for yourself?11. are you good at persevering?12. are you good at solving problems and making decisions?13. are you good at managing change and uncertainty?

This summary may surprise or disappoint the coachee in some ways because, SELF appraisal is nearly always tricky in that our self image and how we behave in "reality" may differ - e.g. we all have our blind spots.

685

If they wish, they may use their self diagnosis summary as a framework for getting some feedback about how trusted others see ytheir strengths and weaknesses.

The self diagnosis will enable them to focus on priorities that match their needs and, therefore, will likely lead to a sense of achievement and success as they deliver the action (which is great for their self esteem).

Thus, this self diagnosis summary of strengths and weaknesses will reveal opportunities for positive learning, goal setting and achieving, beneficial change and action.

Source:http://www.i-choose-self-improvement.com/index.html

686

3.38 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN“You cannot change your destination overnight, but you can change your direction overnight.”- Jim Rohn

For a successful personal development, you need exactly two conditions:

You want to change something about your life You’re not happy with the results you got so far

And that’s it.

Specifically, you do NOT need to know exactly what you want. You’d be surprised by how many clients come to me for life coaching when they don’t know what they want from life – they just know that whatever they have at the moment is not it.

Why make a personal development plan?

Making a personal development plan comes down to two main things. Helping you figure out:

What do you want from life? How will you go about achieving it?

You could certainly achieve personal development without a plan. A lot of people have. But a plan vastly increases your chances to move towards a life that you find fulfilling and satisfying every day. Having a plan gives you:

A much better understanding of what you really want from life (hint: money is almost never the answer)

A list of specific actions you can take to advance towards your goals in life, so you never feel stuck again

A clear understanding of obstacles that trip up a lot of people, and how to avoid them

Durable growth and improvement

687

How to Make a Personal Development Plan

The personal development planning method below is based on The GROW Coaching Model and might seem fairly straightforward, but it’s insanely powerful.

There’s a lot of clear structure underneath the surface, and if you follow the plan step-by-step as outlined, you will blast through any obstacles in your way. You will find a clear vision of what you want from life, as well as a specific action plan on how to get there. Say “goodbye”, procrastination! Say “hello”, fulfilling life full of growth and opportunities!

Step 1 – What do you want?

This first step of making a personal development plan will help you figure out which parts of your life you’re happy with, and which could use some change. Then you can pick an area to work on where there’s room for improvement and growth.

1.1 Make a list of the main areas of your life

First, I’d like you to make a list of the main areas of your life which you have been focusing your time and energy on lately. This might include:

career relationships fun/social

And anything else you can think of. For example, one of your main areas might end up “guitar playing”, if it’s really that important to you that it deserves its own category.

Note that if there’s an area of your life you haven’t been focusing on but would really like to, that belongs on the list as well.

Once you have this list, I’d like you to narrow it down to 4-8 of the main areas. You don’t want to overwhelm yourself with options before we even begin.

688

1.2 Rate each of those areas from 1-10 based on how satisfied you are with it

Next, I’d like you to give it some thought, and rate each of those areas on a scale from 1 to 10, ten being the highest, based on how satisfied you are with your current situation.

Note, it’s not how good you are, or how successful, but how satisfied you are with the current situation. For example, if you have almost no social life because you spend all your days working, but you’re okay with that for the next couple of months because it’s a very important stage of your business, then you might give yourself a 10 on your social life.

Chances are, some of your areas did better than others. I’d like you to take a good long look at the areas you’re not very satisfied with, and pick which one you would like to begin improving first.

Because that’s what you’ll be working with throughout the rest of this article.

Once you have gone through this guide, you can make a full-fledged personal development plan by applying the exercises to the other areas of your life. But for now, we will focus on one main area, because it’s better if you truly grasp the concepts well with a clear example in mind, instead of mucking things up by focusing on too much at once.

1.3 Figuring out your ideal situation

Have you got an area of your life in mind yet? O.K.; then just start daydreaming, and imagine what the ideal situation would be, in the long-term (many years from now).

For instance, when I was making my own personal development plan a while ago., an important area of my life had to do with friendships. My ideal situation would have been having half a dozen to a dozen closer friends (as well as the usual acquaintances). People who I could call up to hang out in the park when the weather was nice, or to go rock-climbing, or cook up some mean Indian food together with. And

689

meeting up with someone often, nearly every day of the week, to do various fun stuff, or just nothing at all.

Go ahead, daydream about how your chosen part of your life would ideally look, if you could do anything you wanted…

…

Now let’s pull a bit closer to the present. Pick a medium-term future. Say, somewhere between 3 months and 1 year from now.

Imagine how you would like your ideal situation to be then. In my example, this doesn’t really change anything. But if you’re focusing on the business side of your life, for example, it’s a good idea to pull closer to the present with a 1-year dream, and even 3-month dream. This helps you move from vague daydreaming (as pleasant as it is) towards making those dreams a reality.

Go ahead, think about your specific middle-term goal.

…

Once you have it, start imagining it in great detail. How you would feel when you wake up in the morning. What you would do during the day. The people you would meet. The things you would say to yourself.

Do NOT neglect this step. It might sound small and simple, but it’s incredibly powerful. Firstly, it gets you excited and motivated. Secondly, it sets up cognitive dissonance in your mind. That’s where your brain holds two conflicting thoughts, gets uncomfortable, and tries to resolve the conflict by changing one of the thoughts.

In the case of imagining your ideal situation, your brain will start looking for opportunities to start moving towards it. And trust me, those opportunities are all around you. You just haven’t been noticing them until now.

So take your time to imagine it, in full detail. This little time investment of 5 minutes is extremely worth it.

690

1.4 Get very specific about what you want

One big difference between a dream and a goal is being specific about what you want. A dream is a vague fuzzy thing you like to think about to make yourself happy. A goal is a specific prospect, and by gosh, you’re going to make it happen!

One word of warning – for now, don’t worry about how you will achieve your goal. That will come in steps 3 – Generating options, and 4 – Goalsetting. For now, we simply figure out what it is you want! (There’s a reason this solid structure works. Trust me.)

For now, just eliminate any vagueness and make it specific. Exactly when is your “middle-term” goal? How will you know when you have achieved it? Also eliminate any vague words.

Go ahead. Think about it. Then write it down.

…

Okay, by now you should have:

a list of 4-8 main areas of your life a number next to each of those areas signifying how satisfied you

are with the current situation a clear vision for one of your chosen areas, with a clear deadline and

specific things that will let you know when you’ve achieved it

If you missed out any of those steps, go back now and do the exercises before reading on. This guide will still be here when you get back.

Step 2 – Bridging the gap between your goal and your current life

Now that you know what your ideal situation would be, it’s time to compare it to your present situation. That way, you’ll know how big a chasm stands between your reality and your dream situation, which will later help you build just the right bridge to cross that chasm.

After that we’ll have a good hard look at everything you already possess that will help you move towards your ideal situation!

691

2.1 How does your current situation compare to the ideal?

For this section, I will mainly just ask you a bunch of questions. And I’d like you to take your time and answer them thoroughly.

I won’t be telling you how to change your life for the better, because you know best what works for your particular situation. Hey, it’s your personal development plan, not mine!

…

What do you spend your time on, during a typical week?

Make a list of the biggest categories you spend your time on, like work, sleep, commute, cooking, watching TV, social, and anything else you want to ad. And figure out how much time you spend on each of them, during a typical week.

Are you happy with how you spend your time?

And now, with the chosen area of your life in mind:

How, specifically, will you know that you have achieved your ideal situation?

Where are you now, in terms of that goal? What needs to happen for you to move from here to there?

(Take the time to answer those questions.)

2.2 What resources do you already have?

For this second part, we will find out what assets you currently have that could help you move towards your ideal goal. Take a few moments to answer the questions below:

What skills do you already have, that could help you move towards your ideal situation ?

What relevant knowledge do you already have? Who do you know that could help you? What tangible resources do you have that could come in useful? What skills/knowledge do you need to gain?

692

(I highlighted the third question because it’s very, very important. Take the time to think it through.)

…

And to give you a real-life example, when I answered the above questions about my chosen area of life, friendships…

I found out that I already had plenty of acquaintances. I also had two or three good friends, but wasn’t really spending much time with them. (Ah, ha!). I found out I had the relevant social skills needed to meet people, as well as several interests (chess, swing dancing, juggling…) that could help me meet others if I didn’t discover enough people I really clicked with in my existing circle of acquaintances.

…

This section might take a bit of time to answer, but it’s well worth it. Yes, it might take you some 10-15 minutes, or even longer just to answer those questions properly. That can seem like one hell of a long time while you’re reading an article online.

But it’s just 15 minutes. Just a drop in the lake of your life. But like a drop of an indicator in a bucket of hydroxide, a single drop is enough to turn the whole lot pink.

(Okay, I’m not sure where I was going with that analogy…)

By the time you’re done with Step 2, you should have:

A clear understanding of what needs to change for you to move from your current situation to your ideal situation, in the one chosen area of your life

A list of assets you already have that will help you achieve that

693

Step 3 – Generating options

You now have an area of your life in mind, and you know what your ideal situation would be and what needs to happen to bridge the gap between the ideal and your current situation.

In this step, you will come up with tons of actions you could take that will help you move towards your ideal goal.

Please note: It is crucial to separate this step, Generating options, from the next one - Goalsetting. Because even though they deal with the exact same thing – the actions that will help you move from where you are to where you want to be – they are fundamentally different.

This step is all about getting creative, broadening your thinking and coming up with plans of action you might have never considered before. The next (and last) step is all about focusing, narrowing down your options, and setting clear deadlines for the actions you plan to take soon.

And you cannot be both creative and focused at the same time, because the two states of mind are directly contradictory. In fact, they are caused by contradictory brain chemicals, so you physically cannot be really focused and creative at the same time.

One of the biggest causes of overwhelm and getting stuck is when you try to do both steps at the same time. And it’s also one of the reasons why this method of personal development planning is so damn effective for helping you get unstuck and starting to move towards the life you want!

3.1 It’s brainstorming time!

It’s time to pick up your pen again.

Now, you can do this part in two ways (or any other way, really, if it works for you):

make a long list of actions you could take

694

turn your sheet of paper sideways, and start with your central theme in a bubble at the centre. Then draw lines branching out to sub-themes and split those down until you get to specific actions

Neither is right with the other being wrong. They are just different approaches, and either of them might be better for you. I like to use either of them, depending on the situation.

Just note one thing – it’s important to drill down until you get to specific actionable steps.

To give you a different example, when I was applying this to my life coaching – “find out more about how to get life coaching clients” isn’t an actionable step. It’s a wish.

On the other hand: e-mail Eddy and ask to look at his materials regarding getting new

clients google “how to get more life coaching clients” call up Chuck and ask him how he got his clients when he was

starting out

Are all actionable steps. When you look at them, you don’t need to do any more thinking, you know exactly where to go and what to do. That’s what you want to drill down to.

…

Okay, time to get writing. Grab your piece of paper and pen, and get ready.

In this step, I won’t be able to give you much guidance, because it mostly comes down to you coming up with options. I’ll just throw out a couple of questions that might push you in new directions of thought:

Who could you ask for help or information? Who in your life knows a lot about your chosen area to improve? What phrases could you search for online to get some more ideas?

695

If you weren’t afraid at all, if you were like James Bond, what would you do?

If money weren’t an issue, what would you do? What would [insert any character you admire] do? What else could you do?

Go ahead, make your list!

For now, do NOT censor your list, or trim it down. That’s a focused thing to do, and would sabotage your creative thinking. Don’t worry about writing down crazy and stupid stuff, because we’ll trim that down in the next step. For now, just write!

…

And only when you have loads and loads of possible actions, then it’s time to move on to the next step. Where you will move from thinking and planning to setting clear goals and taking action!

Step 4 – Goalsetting

Alright! It’s time to take all the planning you’ve done so far, and use it to make your ideal situation a reality!

In this step, we’ll focus mainly on how to make sure you take action, once you decide what you want to do. Because it would be a shame to figure out exactly what you want, what needs to happen to get there and come up with many great ways to move towards it… only to fall victim to procrastination.

As promised, this is a complete method for making a personal development plan. And by now, you have gone through the big-picture stuff of figuring out what you want from life, through finding the gap between your ideal situation and your current life, and coming up with specific options to make it happen. And now we’re about to drill down to specific goals and make sure you start moving towards your ideal life today!

696

Luckily, I have a quite a few tricks up my sleeve to help you with this one

4.1 How to pick the actions you want to take

I assume you have a big list of possible actions from step 3.

I’ll leave you to pick which actions to take. You are the most qualified person to decide which ones you want to take, and which ones make you feel “meh”.

But I’ll give you a few pointers, to make sure you maximize your chances of getting them done.

…

Firstly, do not pick too many actions at once. That can easily leave you feeling overwhelmed, and increases your chance of procrastinating.

Instead, here’s what I propose. Pick three actions from your list:

one that you can take action on within the next 24 hours (ideally immediately)

one that you can take action on within the next 48 hours one that you can take action on within the next week

And set a deadline, a week from now, right down to the minute, by which you will have accomplished all of them.

Once you have more experience with goalsetting, and getting things done (or right now, if you already do), you will be able to tweak this model. Sometimes you might choose more than three actions to accomplish in the next week, because you will know how much of what type of action will not leave you overwhelmed. Sometimes you might pick a longer deadline than a week.

But unless you have loads of experience with goalsetting, I suggest you just pick three actions, and make the deadline a week from now.

Because having three actions that you will definitely accomplish is much better than having six that you will maybe accomplish.

697

Go ahead, pick your three actions from your list now!

4.2 How to massively increase your chances of getting it done

Okay, what I will share with you now is probably the second most important thing you can do with regards to making a personal development plan. (Right after deciding to grab a pen and paper at the beginning, and writing down your goals and ideas.)

Because no matter how much you plan and daydream, your life will stay exactly the same until you take action to change it!

What follows is a list of time-proven ways to massively increase your chances of actually taking those actions you picked!

Apply the Pain and Pleasure Principle

This involves racking up the perceived pleasure of taking action and the perceived pain of not taking action.

Just take some time to imagine how awesome your life will be in the future, after you have consistently taken action to improve the chosen area of your life. Then imagine how you would feel if you didn’t take any action – the same old situation, the same old pain, dragging on for years…

Your emotional mind will never respond to logical reasons, but it responds very readily to vivid imagination. And since motivation comes from your emotions, the Pain and Pleasure Principle is hands down the most direct way to kick up your motivation!

Make your goals public

Share your goal and the actions you want to take on twitter. On your blog, if you have one. On facebook. Tell your friends.

This way, you will have the public pressure on you if you fail… but also the celebration and joy of your friends and acquaintances when you succeed!

(Warning: Some people claim that making your goals public is actually counter-productive, because talking about your goals gives you the

698

illusion of doing something and reduces your drive to actually do something. So… it works for me, but your mileage may vary.)

Get a “personal development buddy”

One of the many things I provide my life coaching clients is accountability. Knowing that once they’ve agreed to take action, I will be there, making sure they take it. Holding their hand when it needs holding and kicking their ass when it needs kicking.

So here’s my suggestion. Get a friend, share your plan, and if they’re interested, let them set their own goals, and then you can keep each other accountable!

This is hands down one of the most effective ways to get motivated and stay motivated, so if you’re going to apply one single idea from this list, make it the buddy system!

Write down your goals and keep them in a prominent place

If you see your goals several times each day, they will get drilled deeper into your subconscious, and you will have a better chance of taking action on them.

Take the first action immediately

And finally, a simple but surprisingly effective advice. Taking action is a habit… and often the most important step is breaking through the activation energy and taking the first step. After that, keeping your momentum going is comparatively trivial. So if you have any action on your list from the Options phase that you could take immediately, do it!

What to do next

Okay, this brings us to a close. You now have a thorough, effective method for making a personal development plan.

Now that you’ve finished reading through this, it’s time to go through all the steps with other areas of your life in mind. Just make sure you don’t overwhelm yourself by setting too many goals for the same week. You’ll be far better off getting three important actions done every week

699

for a year (giving you over 150 life-changing actions), rather than setting too many at once, failing to achieve them and losing motivation after three weeks.

Source: Vlad Dolezal http://vladdolezal.com/blog/2011/personal-development-plan/

700

3.39 TRACKINGAn important part of the life coaching process is tracking results. To maximize progress, the coach will continually monitor, assess and adjust the life coaching program.,so that coachees are getting what you need to achieve your goals.

Tracking coachees’ progress will help the coach notice what the coachee (and the coach) is doing right and what could be done better. A good tracking system will not only help the coach to track progress on individual goals, but also on other related measurements like initiatives taken, or exercise time, etc.

Coaching strategies can help clients maintain new behaviors and make future changes.

After lining up the perfect coaching plan with your target clientele, creating a sound lesson plan, organizing your packages and procedures and devising great materials and tools, what do you do next? The last step in carving out your coaching niche is often the hardest—supporting clients in maintaining the changes they have made and helping them continue to progress. What should your ongoing expectations be, and how do you encourage them to maintain behavioral change? When you graduate clients from weekly coaching, do you continue to coach them on an infrequent basis? To “ACE” your role as a coach, learn to support your clients’ forward progress through Accountability, Contact and Encouragement.

Accountability

The accountability of one person to another is often the largest factor in successful behavior change. Knowing that you have someone to answer to who cares about your progress is a huge motivator in making change. Most people find change in life scary and uncomfortable. To get past the status quo, to let go of less than optimal habits and to maintain forward momentum, your clients need a coach who holds them accountable to their goals on both a weekly and monthly basis.

701

Weekly Accountability

Whether you are still coaching your clients on a weekly basis or have graduated them to once-a-month coaching, you can still use the following tools to keep them on track:

Progress Reports. On a weekly basis, I ask clients to send a progress report via e-mail. The report includes

what they accomplished what they did not get done but intend to in the following week how I can best help them as their coach any insights or wisdom gained that week.

The report gives me insight into how to best support my coaching clients, and it keeps them focused on the changes they want to make. It acts as a great summary for clients to evaluate their week. This one simple tool has proven extremely effective in helping my clients reach their goals.

Assignments. Allow your coaching clients to choose their homework from week to week. What do they most want to accomplish before their next coaching session? What attitudes and habits do they need to adjust? What changes would best serve their current needs? Ask them to stretch themselves a bit and evaluate their lives, looking from the outside in. Make sure they are sufficiently challenged but not overburdened and stressed.

Monthly Accountability

All of my coaching clients eventually graduate to monthly coaching. Some graduate in 3 months, some in 3 years. But ultimately each person accomplishes significant and lasting behavior change and is ready for more freedom and independence. Monthly coaching answers that need perfectly—a 45-minute session once per month keeps clients on track with their goals but gives them freedom to put into practice the changes they have made. And yes, some clients quit coaching altogether, knowing they can contact me if and when they need

702

coaching in the future. However, even though they have made significant change and are ready to shift to once-a-month coaching, clients still need their coach to hold them accountable. How do you do that? With the same tools you use for weekly accountability: progress reports and assignments. Clients can report once per month on their progress and choose due dates on their homework to keep them on target.

Contact

With all the wonders of technology, nothing will ever replace human contact—a voice, a touch, a smile. People need each other. The simple efforts you make to stay in contact with your coaching clients on a regular basis make a lasting difference in what they are willing and able to accomplish. Use both in-person and virtual contact to support your clients in maintaining change.

In-Person. Most of my coaching clients live outside of my immediate geographical area, so our in-person contact is by voice during our coaching calls. Although I have conducted a few coaching sessions via e-mail, direct contact by phone is by far the most motivating form of communication. If clients are struggling with big changes and would be encouraged to hear your voice between sessions, make a quick call during the week to give them an extra energy boost.

Virtual. Most of my coaching clients report on their homework via e-mail before their next coaching session. I always provide feedback within 24–48 hours, acknowledging their message and making comments or answering any questions they may have. I also like to send an e-mail to my monthly clients every couple of weeks to say hello and ask how they are doing on their goals. Use e-mail as a tool to stay in touch with your clients and to provide feedback and encouragement between sessions.

And of course, “snail mail” is still a favorite way I like to stay in touch with clients. It seems so rare these days to receive a kind note in the mail; making that extra effort to congratulate clients on progress really

703

does add a bright spot to their day. My personal goal is to send two handwritten notes per week, or eight total for the month.

The most important thing to remember about contact is to practice it on a regular and frequent basis. Not only will it make a difference in the motivation and dedication levels of your clients, but it will keep your coaching business fresh in their minds. Relationships die from neglect and flourish with attention. Provide the exact attention your clients need and you will not be easily forgotten.

Encouragement

How many people do you know who trudge through life each day with very little encouragement from anyone? Do you receive the encouragement you need? I think we all take for granted that the person right next to us doesn’t really need anything. Yet I have discovered that my clients and friends lap up encouragement like thirsty puppies. We all need to hear that we are special, talented, fun, kind and valuable. My most important role as a coach is to encourage my clients, showing them that they possess the skills and abilities to make the changes they desire. Encouragement causes people to blossom and to truly begin to believe in themselves. To become an encourager, practice the following:

During each coaching call, tell your client 2–3 positive aspects you see in his or her character (funny, kind, generous, organized, adventurous).

Congratulate the client for each win experienced (changes made, homework completed).

Send an encouraging e-mail 1 or 2 times a month. Send each client a handwritten note 4 times per year. Assume that all your clients receive zero encouragement or praise

and that they need it. Then praise them. Don’t get too sappy. Be genuine. Tell clients every year how much you appreciate their business.

704

Maintain Forward Progress

Practicing Accountability, Contact and Encouragement will leave a lasting impression on your clientele and build your reputation as a genuine, caring, life-altering coach.

Source:

Kay L. Cross, MEd, ACC, CSCS, president of Cross Coaching & Wellness in Fort Worth, Texas

http://www.ideafit.com/fitness-library/guiding-client-progress© 2008 by IDEA Health & Fitness Inc. All rights reserved.

Progress Tracking Forms

Progress Tracking Forms should be adapted to the Personal Development Plan or Action Plan set out at the start of the coaching process.

Example Basic Tracking Form:

Instructions: Complete this form every time you'd like to think about, document and/or share your progress, even if you don't have a session coming up. We'll both get a copy to our emails. This will help you stay on track with your intentions, goals and objectives!

Name: Date:

I would rate my effectiveness since my last entry or session as (1: least effective, 5:most effective): 1 2 3 4 5

I would rate my happiness/fulfillment level since my last entry or session as (1:least happy, 5:most happy): 1 2 3 4 5

I would rate my level of worry/anxiety/fear since my last entry or session as (1: few worries, 5: many worries): 1 2 3 4 5

705

Things I accomplished since my last entry or session:

Things I had hoped to accomplish but did not:

Other events:

What I feel is important for me right now in order to have success:

Things I intend to do before my next entry or coaching session:

Source: http://www.mylifecoach.com/progress_tracking_form.htm

Three Simple Ways to Utilize Forms in Google Docs

There are three primary ways that I am using FORMS in Google Docs to enhance my coaching relationships.

1. Starting the Relationship

706

At the start of a coaching relationship, it is always helpful to get to know the background, needs, goals, and dreams of a new client. I have found that a simple questionnaire can provide valuable information that allows me to see deeper into who they really are and who they want to become.

Besides, name, address, phone, email, etc., ask questions that explore the client's Background and Goals.

Sample Background Questions:

What should I know about your personal and professional background or history that you believe will help me understand you and allow me to better support you?

What have been your three most fulfilling accomplishments in your life, thus far?

What do you want to make sure you do or accomplish in your lifetime?

707

What habits, activities, or thought processes do you believe need to be dropped, simplified or let go of, in order to truly move forward, quickly?

What motivates you? What do you get energy from? Is there anything else I should know? (e.g. are you currently in

therapy, on medication, in a Twelve Step program, etc.?)

Sample Goal Questions:

What are the 1-3 most important things you’d like to accomplish as we work together over the next 90 days? Please be very specific.

What, if anything, is likely to get in the way or prevent you from accomplishing any of these things?

What’s the most important thing you need from me as we work on these objectives?

How will you know your investment in coaching has been worthwhile?

708

2. Preparing for Coaching Conversations

Before each coaching conversation, it is helpful for the client to begin to prepare to be coached by reflecting on their action steps and the progress they've made.

Sample Reflection Questions:

What action steps have I accomplished since our last session? What didn't I accomplish, but intended to? What insights have I had since our last session? What challenges and/or problems am I facing now? What opportunities are available to me right now?

Always include a question that helps your client to focus on the upcoming coaching session:

For what do I want to use my coaching session?

709

3. Completing a Coaching Series

At the end of an agreed upon series of coaching sessions, another form can be helpful to guide the client to review the value of the coaching series. The form is not enough by itself though; the follow-up conversation is necessary to help the client process and capture insights.

I always ask the client to consider the next step for them in regard to coaching. I don't assume they will want to continue, but I always offer them the option to do so. I also request a reference letter that I can share with others. This is a great way to allow them to share how they've benefited from coaching.

710

These are three simple ways that using forms with Google Docs has enhanced my coaching relationships. I'm sure you can discover ways that this approach will benefit you too. Just remember, the form is a tool. It's not a substitute for your personal interaction and communication with your client.

Source:

http://www.missionalchallenge.com/2012/02/how-forms-in-google-docs-enhance-my.html

711

3.40 JOINING THE COACHEE THROUGH MAINTENANCE, TRACKING AND MIMESISAccording to Minuchin before a counsellor can hope to intervene and restructure a family to a more healthy way of functioning, she must first “join” the family system. He also refers to this process as “accommodation”.

He says: “The therapist’s methods of creating a therapeutic system and positioning himself as its leader are known as joining operations. (Minuchin (1974). Page 123)

Minuchin lays out three joining operations or methods that can be employed in order to facilitate further work with the family in treatment. These three operations are maintenance, tracking and mimesis. We turn now to look at each of these.

Maintenance

According to Minuchin, maintenance “refers to the accommodation technique of providing planned support for family structure, as the therapist perceives and analyses it.” (Minuchin (1974) Basically, when the therapist encounters the family he has needs to respect where they find themselves at the moment. Their system and transactional patterns may be far from perfect, but it is what works for them at present, it supports each of the members identities and tasks in some ways at least. Maintenance demands some modesty and patience on the part of the therapist, especially while she is trying to really perceive and understand how the family is organised and works, and how each sub-system functions within it. The word “validate” comes to mind: the therapist validates and accepts and even supports the family as it is now so as to better help it move towards change when the time is right.

There is also a suspension of judgment in the maintenance operation and a reluctance to rush into interpretations or diagnoses. Interestingly, maintenance reminds me of Roger’s idea of unconditional positive regard.

712

Tracking

According to Minuchin, tracking is where the therapist, “follows the content of the family’s communications and behaviour and encourages them to continue… In its simplist form it means to ask clarifying questions, to make approving comments, or to elicit amplification of a point.” (Minuchin (1974). With maintenance the therapist’s message seems to be, “I see you, I support you in this, I validate you and don’t judge”, in tracking the therapist’s message seems to be, “let me see if I am understanding correctly…can you help me by clarifying that last thing you said”. Tracking lets the therpist check with the family that she is understanding correctly, and at the same time she is allowing the family members to make clearer and more explicit the implicit feelings and thoughts of the members.

Mimesis

According to Minuchin, “A therapist uses mimesis to accommodate to a family’s style and affective [feeling range]. He adopts the family’s tempo of communication slowing his pace, for example, in a family that is accustomed to long pauses and slow responses. In a jovial family he becomes jovial and expansive. In a family with a restrictive style, his communication becomes sparse.” (Minuchin (1974)) The task with mimesis is to join the family, to be engage in mutual acceptance with them. To be taking into the confidences of a family in difficulty (or any family for that matter) and be of help requires a lot of trust. Minuchin mentions that mimesis can happen without the awareness of the therapist as she endeavours to “tune into” her client family. When I read about mimesis I thought of the concept of building rapport as outlined in NLP.

Although a coach is not a therapist, the concept of joining coachees in their world is very valuable when we want to fully understand how they function and to accompany them through a process of change.

The therapist needs to discover what is going wrong and then plan how to put it right. Only after the therapist has joined the family will she

713

move to the second phase of the therapy, which is: Restructuring the family.

As Minuchin puts it: “Change is seen as occurring through the process of the therapist’s affiliation with the family and his restructuring of the family in a carefully planned way, so as to transform dysfunctional transactional patterns.” (Minuchin (1974). Page 91

The therapist achieves two objectives by completing the joining process successfully: she has won their trust in her and she has learned where their transactional patterns are dysfunctional and may need to be changed. From this position, having gotten to know the family, she can decide how to bring about positive change. According to Minuchin,

“Patients move for three reasons. First, they are challenged in their perception of reality. Second, they are given alternative possibilities that make sense to them, and third, once they have tried out the alternative transactional patterns, new relationships appear that are self-reinforcing.” (Minuchin (1974), p 119

714

In order to bring about change the therapist has got a range of options at her disposal. Minuchin lays out seven categories of restructuring operations. They are:

· Actualising family transactional patterns· Marking Boundaries· Escalating Stress· Assigning Tasks· Utilising Symptoms· Manipulating Mood· Supporting, Educating and Guiding

Source:

http://cubicle-notes.tripod.com/essays/id9.htmlContact Vincent at : kylegariff@yahoo.com

715

3.41 PARADOXICAL INTERVENTIONS“Don’t think at a pink elephant” - is a classic example of how thought suppression works: counterproductively. You will think of a pink elephant.

You know, this chapter isn't very interesting. I wouldn’t waste my time reading about the fascinating and controversial world of paradoxical. So, please skip this and kindly move along to the next blog. Okay, read if you must, but definitely don’t ever put this technique into practice.

Paradoxical interventions involve prescribing the very symptom the client wants to resolve. It's a complex concept often equated with reverse psychology. For example: the client fears failure, so the therapist asks the client to fail at something. A man has problems with procrastination, so the therapist asks him to schedule one hour a day to procrastinate. Your four year-old resists brushing her teeth so she's told she isn't allowed, and may end up doing it out of spite. Or a woman who can't initiate sex with her husband is advised not to initiate for a month. Don't think about a pink elephant. It's asking for something in order to achieve the opposite result.

The underlying principle is that we engage in behaviors for a reason, which is typically to meet a need (rebellion, attention, a cry for help, etc). In prescribing the symptom the therapist helps the client understand this need and determine how much control (if any) they have over the symptom. By choosing to manifest the symptom, they may recognize they can create it, and therefore have the power to stop or change it.

When to use a paradoxical intervention?

When there is a clear symptom or presenting problem that the client believes is an involuntary behavior, such as depression, fears, pain, even seizures.

716

What does it look like?

The client is asked to deliberately have the symptom at the coach’s office and/or outside the office. Family members may be asked to encourage, advise or reward the behavior. The idea is that, if a symptom is involuntary, having it voluntarily means the behavior can be controlled and is no longer a symptom. If the person can have it voluntarily, this means he/she can also not have it voluntarily.

A variation is to ask the client to pretend to have the symptom. When a person is pretending to have a symptom, they are not having the real symptom. Secondary gain or positive reinforcement can be arranged for the pretend behavior, so that it replaces the involuntary behavior. The involuntary behavior is no longer needed in order to obtain the secondary gain.

How does it help the client?

It helps the client to be in control of his/her behavior and experiences. It's based on humor because the intent is for the patient to laugh at the idea of bringing on an unpleasant symptom voluntarily and humor is always therapeutic.

Source:

Published on January 23, 2010 by Ryan Howes, PhD, ABPP in In Therapy - http://www.psychologytoday.com/

717

3.42 EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUEThis is a technique widely recognized among gestalt therapists. The term Gestalt refers to a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. Gestalt therapy, formulated by Fritz Perls (1893-1970) is based on the idea of a whole being as connected with their environment, loved ones and memories. Therapy works toward creating full awareness of the here and now, both within the client and between client and therapist. The empty chair is one of many interactive techniques used to help engage the client's feelings, thoughts and behaviors.

The empty chair has had quite a tongue-lashing over the years. Clients have given a piece of their mind to innumerable spouses, bosses, best friends and dead relatives thanks to this simple tool. But the chair is none the worse for wear, and millions of people have a greater understanding of feelings and communication as a result.

When to use the empty chair technique?

It is often effective at facilitating clients' integration of different aspects or "disowned parts" of their personality in order to further psychotherapeutic insight. It is one of a variety of interventions that help people move from talking about something towards the fullness of immediate, present experience - sensation, affect, cognition, movement. The less people are "in touch," or "verbalizing," or abstractly thinking, the more likely therapists are to use this as an expressive technique. It is not used for clients whose emotionality is already dramatic and who may be already subject to emotional "flooding."

What does it look like?

As First an empty chair faced the client. The client imagined someone (or himself, herself, or parts of him or herself) in it, and spoke, gestured, or otherwise communicated to the "empty chair," which was now not so empty. The client then sat in the chair, continuing the conversation, this time reversing roles.

718

Variations of the "empty chair" developed over the years. The client might participate in this technique without the "prop" of an actual empty chair. Importantly, the technique today always includes attention to the relational dynamic between the client and the psychotherapist.

How does it help the client?

This technique often brings clients into present or immediate experiences. Abstractions or verbalizations become enlivened moments. Clients may be able to experience different aspects of their own conflicts in a new manner through empty-chair dialogue. Gestalt therapy is more than a collection of techniques, despite the notoriety of the empty chair. This technique is one of the many interventions within gestalt therapy, all with the common purpose of facilitating discovery and psychotherapeutic insight. Its emphasis on personal responsibility, interpersonal contact and increased clarity of awareness of what is, could be of great value in meeting the problems of the present.

Source:

Published on January 20, 2010 by Ryan Howes, PhD, ABPP in In py - http://www.psychologytoday.com/

719

3.43 THE HUNGER ILLUSIONNo, this intervention isn't (necessarily) about food. Dr George Weinberg found a way to help us figure out why we do what we do. Behaviors like binge drinking or seeking unavailable partners feel automatic and are thought to have a mysterious origin, so we want to know why.

Freud would say they have unconscious motivations that are blocked from awareness. Such motivations may leak out in dreams, slips of the tongue, hypnosis or free association. These standard tools of psychoanalysis are fine, but they take time: you may have to wait for an insightful dream or slip, and it can take a while for clients to get comfortable with hypnosis or free association.

Enter the Hunger Illusion. According to the text: The person stopping any habitual behavior becomes subject to an illusion, which becomes pronounced as the impulse mounts to resume the habit. I call it the Hunger Illusion.

The process is simple:

1) identify the moment you tend to act automatically, 2) don't,3) see what thoughts and feelings come up.

He gives an example in his book of a big, tall man who tends to wave his hands around frantically when he is trying to make a point. When he resists the urge for a moment and talks about the thoughts and feelings that arise, he describes feeling small and afraid he won't be heard. He's huge and Dr. Weinberg is listening intently, so this is clearly irrational. This leads back to a memory of him as a small child with older siblings who wouldn't listen unless he made a fuss physically. He is unconsciously playing out a behavior that was necessary in childhood, but is no longer needed. Making the link to his early belief helps him understand and control the behavior.

720

The applications are innumerable. Feel the urge to walk away, crack a joke, grab the donut, have a drink, sigh deeply, view porn, spend irresponsibly or approach the wrong mate?

Stop the automatic response and see what thoughts and feelings arise.

Tie it back to an earlier memory. You may discover the hidden meaning for the behavior, which gives you power to control it.

When to use the Hunger Illusion?

Usually they bring up the subject of something they either can't do or can't not do: what happens to you if you don't drink? If you have an alcohol problem and you go back to your buddies and tell them, "I'm not gonna go into the tavern," you might think, "well, they'll think I'm not a man, I'm not tough." So maybe you drink partly to feel virile, like one of the guys. You may not have known that until you literally don't go and say, "no, I don't drink anymore." It helps you learn about yourself.

How does it help the client?

Well, they learn what they're really afraid of and then they can look for other places where they have the same fear, and if you can attack a thing from many sides, pick up a blanket from many sides, you can really deal with a problem better than if you pick it up from one. If you're afraid of asking for things from men then maybe the first thing you have to do is return a broken iPod to a clerk and then ultimately you'll be asking to run the company, you know, down the line.

What makes the Hunger Illusion a cool intervention?

What makes it cool is that it's easy to do, it's available, it doesn't require deep analytic theory, you don't have to be a Freudian or subscribe to Mahler's Rapprochement theory. It's cool because it's waiting for us. It gives unique information, it doesn't fall into any theoretical stereotype and I think that makes things cool when they don't follow the lines of some one true light, someone's one religion. It's available to all of us. Yourself, as a therapist too, which makes it cool. You don't have to pay

721

top dollar to use it, you can try it in your own life. Anyone can verify that it teaches us things.

Source:

Published on January 20, 2010 by Ryan Howes, PhD, ABPP in In py - http://www.psychologytoday.com/

722

3.44 VALIDATE, INTENSIFY, EMPHASIZE, CONFIRMOftentimes clients begin the change process once they have picked up the phone, and made a call, so I will begin a session by asking what has changed since making the appointment.

Most clients can report a change of some kind, and I like to ask next how they did that? Mostly, they cannot respond with specifics, so we will explore some thinking, feeling, or behaving changes looking for small and repeatable (repeatable is very important)things they did.

This is where I get to do something I really like to do, which is cheer lead, encourage, and inspire with words and phrases like, "Wait a minute, you did what? Tell me about your success again? I want to make sure I heard that right." (Say it loudly).

I want to see a grin from the client which indicates to me that the client has gotten some surprising feedback (to them) about their own skills.

So we are teasing out the discreet thinking, feeling, and behavioral tools clients already have but didn't really think about and which they are then using in the 1/18th second in which decisions are made about perceptions and then actions which lead to successful change for them.

Once clients get it that they have these tools, then they can utilize them whenever they choose to generate those desired results, whether that means a change in feelings, a change in thinking, or a change in behavior.

Another useful question from the Solution Oriented Brief Therapy camp is the Scaling question: "On a scale of 1-10, how intense was the feeling?" for example.

723

3.44.1 VALIDATION COACHING

Validation coaching is loosely based on the work of Rogers (1951). The principles of validation coaching are best expressed by Cantor (1946):

• The teacher will be concerned primarily with understanding and not judging the individual.• The teacher will keep at the center of the teaching process the importance of the student's problems and feelings, not his/her own.• Most important of all, the teacher will realize that constructive effort must come from the positive or active forces within the students. (pp. 83-84)

Validation coaching consists of three steps.

The first is validation.

At this stage, the important goal is to legitimize whatever it is that the client is feeling or doing. The critical aspect is non-judgmental acceptance of the client.

The second step is the consideration ofoptions.

At this point, facilitator and client discuss alternative patterns of behaviour or choices. The client is encouraged to consider his/her options through a process of consideration of alternatives. For example, these might include thinking about career choices: considering the preparation involved in each choice; the demands on one's time in the career itself; the client's personality and suitability to the demands of the position; and the financial and perhaps emotional rewards offered by each career. This thinking-out-loud process has been successfully used in counselling to enable clients to gain a clearer perspective on their choices (cf. Bruffee, 1984).

724

The third step is evaluation,

in which the client, clearly understanding the available options, is in a position to evaluate the choices and select those which are appropriate to his/her situation. It is through this process that people gain control over their lives, for they are the ones to decide on beneficial courses of action.

Soures:

Source: http://www.askmikethecounselor2.com/counseling-techniques.html

Thelma L. Borodkin http://journals.sfu.ca/tesl/index.php/tesl/article/viewFile/539/370

725

3.44.2 VALIDIATIONValidation is a powerful communication skill. Its usage can dismantle power struggles, resolve arguments, and build deeply trusting relationships. Technically, validation is an advanced skill, because it builds upon the more basic skill of "reflective listening". While reflective listening is frequently taught in communication workshops or classes, validation is less well understood, even by many professional marriage counselors.

Validation is called for when reflective listening fails to be enough to help a speaker feel truly understood. Before delving into more about validation, however, a review of reflective listening is in order.

Reflective Listening

The goals of reflective listening are several:

1. To facilitate the expression of someone else's feelings.2. To enhance a speaker's problem-solving ability by helping them move through "stuck" feelings; and3. To generate a feeling of warmth and understanding between listener and speaker.

The technique of reflective listening is deceptively simple to describe, and challenging to master. The listener must identify the primary feelings the speaker is having and then reflect back that understanding with an empathetic tone. For example:

Wife: If that neighbor parks in my space again I'm going to let all the air out of his tires!Husband: Sounds like you're angry that he keeps taking your spot.Wife: You bet I am. I've told him not to ten times! But I don't want to get him mad at us because I know what a jerk he can be. Husband: You're afraid of what else he might do.

Reflective listening avoids the many pitfalls listeners tend to fall into: judging, minimizing or discounting feelings, giving advice, or not responding at all. One of the most common pitfalls is trying to help

726

“solve the problem”. Speakers are often just looking for empathy, a chance to vent, and to clarify their own thinking. They may consider it an insult to their intelligence for the listener to offer solutions. And if the solutions posed seem simple, the speaker may feel like her feelings are being judged as being irrational.

Reflective listening is not simply repeating or paraphrasing what a speaker has said. Most speakers don't question your comprehension of their words, but they need to know that you know how they feel.

Reflective Listening Is Not Always Enough

While reflective listening is arguably the single most important communication skill taught, sometimes the technique falls short of its goals. When the feelings expressed are quite strong, or the speaker carries some doubt or shame about their feelings, a neutral reflection by the listener can miss the mark, even if the feeling reflected is accurate and the tone is empathetic. For example:

Worker: I can't believe the secretary hasn't finished my report yet. What the hell is the matter with her? Co-worker: You're angry that she's not done. Worker: Angry? Oh no. I'm sure she's got her hands full like all of us. But damn it, I've got to present that report in half an hour! Co-worker: You are afraid you won't have it in time.Worker: No. It doesn't matter. I can present the bulk of it without having it in writing. ...Damn!

The worker in this example is embarrassed by his own feelings as they are reflected back to him, and he denies them. He is not convinced by the reflective listening that his anger and fear are understandable. An empathetic tone of voice is not always enough to communicate that someone's feelings are okay. The empathy in the tone, however, can be put into words. This is where the skill of validation comes in.

727

Validation Defined

Simply put, validation is the message, "Your feelings make sense. Not only do I hear you, but I understand why you feel the way you do. You are not bad or wrong or crazy for feeling the way you do."

This is a message people often need to hear, especially when they are rocked by strong feelings. No one is going to sound authentic, however, parroting these exact words. The art of validation is in tailoring the essence of this message to the specific feeling and situation the speaker is experiencing.

The Need For Validation

To understand why people need to be validated requires us to look at how often our feelings get shamed. As a society we have very few places where feelings are welcomed. We learn that strength means not crying, bravery means not feeling fear, and maturity means never being angry.

Showing strong emotion tends to make the people around you very uncomfortable. Usually, they will attempt to get you to stop as quickly as possible. They may try to convince you that your feelings are inappropriate. Or they may try to reassure you. Even if their intent is to help you feel better, often the message is that it's not okay to feel bad.

Consequently, we have all accumulated many messages that our feelings are wrong. We yearn, therefore, for acceptance of our feelings, especially when our feelings are strong. Whatever else someone may be saying when they vent their feelings, they are probably also implicitly asking, "Are my feelings okay?" Validation answers this indirectly asked question, and provides satisfaction for a profound, though often unconscious, need.

The "Natural" Validation

Validation comes naturally whenever a listener feels the same way as the speaker. If Tom describes his anger at the invasiveness of telephone marketing and Corrine hates telephone marketing too, then all she has

728

to do is express her feelings and Tom will probably feel supported that his feelings are okay.

Often someone needing validation will tell their story over and over again to different people, unconsciously searching for someone who feels the same way they do. Natural validation works well and does not require any specific skills. It is limited, however, to situations where the speaker and the listener feel the same way.

The Skill of Validation

When you do not feel the same way as someone you are listening to does, you can still validate their feelings. Doing so requires that you identify in yourself "sub-feelings" or different parts of yourself. While you may have a primary or dominant feeling about something, you can often have sub-feelings that are quite different.

When a friend moves away, a person might say she feels sad. While sadness may be the largest single feeling she has, she may have sub-feelings as well. She might feel angry at the friend for leaving. She might feel relieved that the friend is finally going to do what he has been talking about for years. Or she might feel afraid that her friend may be making a mistake.

There is a common misconception that we only feel one thing at a time. This error can make it difficult for a person to articulate his feelings. As soon as a person identifies one feeling, he hears a nagging voice inside saying “Oh no you don’t, you feel just the opposite!” Trying to decide on a single feeling with which to represent oneself can result in a confusing inner conflict, causing a person to become tongue tied. By allowing for the existence of sub-feelings, even contradictory ones, we can identify and express a more thorough picture of how we feel.

Identifying sub-feelings can also help us validate someone whose predominant feeling is different than our own. Imagine someone describing to a friend how angry he is at the thief who just held up a store he was in:

"I was so angry I just wanted to follow the guy out and beat him up!"

729

Imagine that the listening friend, however, identifies how scared she would be in that situation. She can't imagine the desire to pursue the thief. The idea sounds quite stupid to her. She can still validate her friend's feeling, however, by identifying her own sub-feelings.

She might ask herself, "Have I ever felt angry enough to want to fight back against someone?". She may then remember wanting to slug a guy who harassed her with catcalls on the street the other day. Having contacted a similar anger within herself she can then validate her friend by saying something like:

"I can understand being angry enough to want to strike back".

This validation is likely to feel genuine to her friend because she was willing to feel a similar anger inside her-self before she said it. If she had just said, "You are angry about the hold-up," without identifying any sub-feelings of anger within herself, her response would likely seem mechanical and not very validating.

Some readers might fear that validating someone's anger will make them more likely to act it out. Quite the opposite is true. When someone's feelings are validated the urge to act them out actually lessens. The validation helps them let the feeling go and begin thinking more clearly about a wise course of action.

The art of validation, then, requires that you actually feel some aspect of the emotion the speaker is having. Your feeling does not have to be the main response you would have to the situation they describe. It can be a sub-feeling, or it can be a feeling you would have in another situation that has some similar elements. What makes a validation authentic is your willingness to call up and experience a part of yourself that can connect with the emotion being described. When you speak from that willingness, your message that the emotion in question is understandable or okay will be truly validating.

Can All Feelings Be Validated?

There is a logic to every feeling we have. The source of each feeling, however, is partly due to present circumstances and partly due to our

730

past. To varying degrees, all feelings are influenced by both. Events in the present can trigger old feelings that a person may be unconscious of. When someone is not aware that his past feelings have been aroused, he may be especially confused by the intensity of his emotional response. This confusion will lead him to seek validation.

For example, Bob, a young man, may be terrified of asking an acquaintance, Courtney, on a date. This fear may seem unreason-able to Joan, a mutual friend who has often seen Courtney con-spicuously flirting with Bob. Bob may agree that he is stupid to feel so shy. Only when Bob and Joan take into account the painful rejections Bob has experienced in the past does Bob’s present level of fear make sense.

It is hard to figure out, for any given feeling, what percentage of that feeling is due to the present, and what percentage is fueled by the past. Usually the present holds an understandable trigger, and past experiences account for the intensity of a given feeling.

It is usually not helpful for listeners, however, to offer their assessment of the relative influences of past and present. This is too often perceived as a way of implying that the speaker’s level of feeling is inappropriate.

“I think you must feel that way because of something your mother did to you.”

This is likely to generate defensiveness in the speaker. Listeners who try to gauge the influence of the speaker’s past may be accused of acting like an uninvited therapist. Only when the speaker is genuinely interested in facilitated self-exploration of this type can a listener play this role effectively.

Validation, however, is a safe, effective, and less intrusive method of helping the speaker reflect on the source of their feelings. When a listener simply validates that the essence of a feeling could conceivably come from aspects of the present situation, the speaker usually relaxes. He begins to feel that he is not “wrong” to feel the way he does. He may then spontaneously begin to explore how the intensity of his feelings may also be due to past events.

731

When the listener restricts her comments to validation of the present trigger, she helps create the safe and accepting atmosphere the speaker may need to engage in such spontaneous self-exploration. Usually, this is all that a speaker is asking for.

Beyond Validation

If validation is insufficient in helping a speaker come to acceptance of his feelings, then further counseling techniques may be needed. If the speaker and listener are both willing, then the listener can probe respectfully about the possibility that past events may be adding intensity to present feelings. Examples of this may be:

“Have you had to deal with this kind of thing before?”“Have you felt like this in other situations?”“Are there any experiences or needs you have had that make you particularly vulnerable to this feeling?”

Choosing Feelings?

Another roadblock to good validation is the fallacy that we "choose our feelings". Listeners can shame speakers with this misconception.

“So you are choosing to be upset with your husband. I guess that’s your right. How is it working for you?”

This approach may be well-meaning, but it is likely to be poorly received. The power of examining our choices is a valuable tool, but we must be clear about what we have choice over and what we do not.

Our feelings are bodily experiences that we perceive, rather than choose. The only direct choice we have over our feelings is whether to be aware of them or to repress them. Either choice may be appropriate, given the situation. Sometimes it is best to put your feelings aside and focus on a particular task. At other times, knowing how you feel is important so you can make good decisions, or so you can connect meaningfully with others.

There are choices we make, however, that affect our feelings indirectly. Our feelings spring from our needs, our experiences, and our

732

interpretations of them. How we interpret events affects how we may feel about them. Our interpretations, and the beliefs upon which we base them, are subject to our choice. By changing the way we look at a situation we can change how we feel about it.

Unfortunately, many of the beliefs that underlie our interpretations of events are either not conscious, or resistant to change. The pessimist, for example, is unlikely to simply decide to suddenly believe that “things will all turn out okay”. Many past experiences have formed the basis for his pessimism. Perhaps, for instance, a pessimistic attitude was once an effective way to cope with a series of disappointments.

Changing one’s belief systems, therefore, can be a difficult process. First the underlying belief must be identified. Then, a more functional belief must be proposed, and finally, experiential evidence supporting the new belief must be accumulated. Only then do feelings begin to change.

Hence, it is unrealistic to expect someone to change their beliefs whenever challenged. Listeners who do this may appear callous and uncaring.

Feelings and Needs

Feelings are also a factor of whether a person’s needs are being met or not. Marshall Rosenberg, founder of Non-violent Communication, explains that good feelings are the response we experience when our needs are being met and uncomfortable feelings are the result of our needs going unmet.

Feelings that spring from unmet needs are often difficult to accept, particularly if one does not believe that the needs they have are legitimate. Whether they believe it or not, all people have needs for connection, autonomy, mastery, physical comfort, and meaning. An under-standing of these universal human needs can help people give themselves more permission to have their needs and the feelings generated when those needs go unmet. Such self-acceptance can help a person soothe themselves when they cannot find validation for their feelings from someone else.

733

Validating Feelings about You

One of the greatest challenges of good communication is validating the feelings someone has about you. When someone has a negative feeling toward us our first impulse is usually defensiveness. It makes sense that we would feel defensive because rarely do we do something with the intention of hurting someone else.

In order to respond to such feedback it is useful to make the distinction between the intention you had and the impact of your actions on someone else. Intent does not always equal impact. Only you know what your intention really was. Only others know what your impact on them really was.

Good communication can be defined as creating the impact that you intend. In order to communicate well, you have to be willing to listen to ways that your impact may have varied from your intent. Such feedback can help you make the proper correct-ions. Often, however, your first impulse may be to defend your-self. Consider the following example:

Customer: Where's my car! I've got to go! It's supposed to be ready by now! It's been an hour! Tire Salesperson: You have to give us some leeway on our estimated time for a job!

The customer here may feel that the salesperson is invalidating her feelings. If so, she may insist that her anger is justified and an argument may ensue.

Validating someone's feelings about you requires that you temporarily quell your impulse to explain yourself. Internally you may respect your intent and hold yourself blameless. Meanwhile, you focus your attention on what the other person felt and try to find something in your actions that could plausibly set off the feel-ings they describe. For example, our tire salesperson could say: Our estimate was off. I can see how that would be upsetting if you're in a hurry.

It is helpful to acknowledge what you did or said that sparked someone's feelings toward you. You do not, however, have to hold

734

yourself accountable for the full intensity of their response. Your actions may have simply triggered strong feelings from their past. Pointing this out to someone, however, is likely to make them defensive unless you cop to your own involvement first. If you validate your contribution to their feelings they are often freed to look more closely at their own contribution.

After you have validated someone's feelings about you and allowed some time for those feelings to release, you can explain what your intention was without appearing defensive. Here are a few examples of the difference between defensiveness, reflective listening, and validation:

Example A:Sister #1: Jackie! You pig! The pie is almost all gone!Sister #2 (defensive): I didn't eat it all! Sister #2 (reflective): You're angry about how much pie I ate.Sister #2 (validating): Oh. I wasn't keeping track of how much I was eating. But if I had more than my share it makes sense that you'd be pissed.Example B:Child: This is a drag. You never take us anywhere fun. Dad (defensive): What do you mean! What about last weekend!Dad (reflective): You are bored with what we are doing.Dad (validating): I can see how it might get pretty boring just hanging around here all day.

In both cases the validating response goes beyond the reflective response to include the message that the feelings expressed are understandable. The validating response thus addresses the unconscious question, "Are my feelings okay?" Because the need to be validated is so universal among people, those who gain proficiency at this skill can become very popular indeed.

Source:

http://www.santacruztherapist.net/Articles/Validating%20Feelings.htmlCopyright: Tim Hartnett, 1997 - Revised 2007

735

3.45 CHALLENGE EXISTING PATTERNSTo Create the Future, See Hidden Patterns (and Challenge Them)

C_n y__ r_ad th__ se_t_nc_ ?

Probably.

And do you know why you can? Because you've been given just enough information to deduce a meaning.

Your brain, drawing on past experiences of letters, words and sentences, recognizes a pattern -- or at least thinks it does.

Human beings are masters at "filling in the blanks." We see something, compare it to our storehouse of past memories, reach a conclusion and then act on it.

This pattern-recognizing ability of ours is very useful tool. It saves us time, lets us to make decisions on the fly, and helps us interpret our world.

For example, when driving up a hill, your pattern recognition ability allows you to keep on driving rather than stop your car to make sure the road continues on the other side.

Past experience has taught you that roads continue, even when you can't see where they're going.

"A genius is only that one who discerns the pattern of things within the confusion of details a little sooner than the average person," explained Ben Shahn.

True. But not always.

After an earthquake, for example, some roads do not continue. In that case, it would not serve you to keep on driving. A routine habit that saved you time in the past might now lead to your quick demise. (Bye bye car payments. Bye bye world).

736

Indeed, more than a few patterns that we live our lives by turn out to seriously mislead us.

Stereotyping is the most obvious manifestation of this phenomenon, causing us to jump to conclusions. But our conclusions are not always true. In our hurry to make sense of the world, we prematurely "fill in the blanks," trading in reality for reactivity.

The past, instead of serving us, becomes our ruler.

Patterns are neither good nor bad. They're simply the raw material from which we interpret our world.

Weathermen make their living interpreting patterns. So do stock

market analysts, futurists, and astrologers. All of them infer a future based on past trends.

Sometimes, however, they misinterpret the clues. Or even more insidiously, cannot detect new patterns inconsistent with their present worldview.

If you want to be more creative, start making a commitment to look for, learn from, and challenge existing patterns. It will help you see the world (and all your problems) in wonderful, new ways -- the fertile ground from which all innovation springs.

AN EXERCISE FOR YOU:

1. What patterns or trends intrigue you?2. What can you learn from these patterns or trends?3. What new ideas for a product or service come to mind when you reflect on these patterns or trends?

737

To be able to let go of ingrained patterns, a coachee not only has to pluck up the necessary courage but also put up a lot of energy, while he doesn't know in advance if it's all going to be worth it in the long run. So he can do with some extra motivational challenge in order to change. Look for clues in the coachee's story that can be turned into 'rewards'. Stimulate the coachee to think in terms of daring to choose a goal and then really go for it. A good challenge will help the coachee to go on when he is encountering difficulties on the road to change and will help him not to give up at the first hurdle. Make sure the coachee regards the challenge as his own and encourage the coachee to challenge himself. Take into consideration not every coachee likes challenges or responds equally well to it.

I really have to give up a lot: going out with my friends, drinking, having fun... What do I get in return? Having to go to bed early, being on a strict diet and training till I virtually drop. And for what?

Oh, I don't know, you're already the champ of British Columbia, so if you beat a few more opponents from a few other states you're the national champion. You're still young so becoming the champion of North America could also be on the cards. There are more guys who did it, so why not you?

I'm afraid to go to Gamblers Anonymous.Well, it is a bit of a gamble what it will be like, but it might be the best gamble you ever took in your life!

I don't know what to wear when she comes. I haven't had a girlfriend for ages. I am going to call it off.

Cancelling is an option, but think of all the nice things that can happen if you're having a candlelight diner with romantic music and enjoying each other's company.

For coachees to challenge themselves, you need to ask the questions in such a way that the coachee will start challenging himself. You let him state what would motivate and stimulate him to reach his goal or to achieve his aim.

738

I wonder if it's all worth it?What would help you to carry on?

It's not an easy task, you know.Changing is never easy. What would stimulate you to change?

To swing into action I need a challenge.What challenge were you thinking of?

Other people make it seem so easy.How could you make it easy for yourself?

It's quite a task, you know.Do you remember what reward you have set yourself when you reach your goal?

I can't think of anything, even though when I was young I had so many ideas - but nowadays...

Suppose we could go back in time to your young self, what would you want then?

This year I won't become the champ.Hm, this sounds to me like negative thinking. How could you make sure you do succeed?

With the children, a part time job and my husband spending most of his spare time on his study, I don't have any time to myself.

What can you think of that would give you some time to yourself? If you like, we can brainstorm about it.

Sources :http://www.ideachampions.com/weblogs/archives/2010/08/c_n_y___r_ad_th.shtmlThe Art of Counselling / De Kunst van het Counselen© Copyright Owner: Academy for Counselling and Coaching The

Netherlands - Paul van Schaik

739

3.46 SOLUTIONS AND SUCCESSES TO DATE

“Self-confidence is the memory of success”

For some people, coaching can be uncomfortable. All too often, the person being coached becomes defensive. But coaching should not be a battle. In fact, coaching is something you can do well, if you keep coaching positive and follow four basic tips.

1. State the Success Point.

A success point, based on the performance or action that you are coaching, should be both measurable and clearly definite. Before you start coaching you must first define what your determined point of success will be and then state it out loud. Next, show the person you are coaching how this ‘point’ will positively impact them and how their performance will impact the organization.

2. Acknowledge every success.

Once you determine your success point, you must acknowledge every success. It is much easier to coach based on success and then build one success on another. So start your coaching by acknowledging an aspect of the person’s performance that is positive and then build on it. Be specific as you acknowledge. This is not cheerleading. This is coaching. You are pointing out a skill, quality or action that you clearly want someone to repeat.

3. For improvement, point out the solution instead of critiquing the error.

The next tip to improving performance is to point out a solution. Actually, to point out a solution means pointing toward a solution. You may, in fact, not know exact solutions in advance. You may need to do some experimenting. So, point toward experiments which seem to offer likely solutions, and remember to point only one solution out at a time.

740

Another key aspect to note is that solutions focused on the positive make performance even better. Focusing on what is wrong creates frustration and may actually cause someone to repeat the mistake.

For instance, telling a golfer, “Don’t slice it,” would probably cause him to do just that. You also wouldn’t tell a baseball player on the way to the plate, “Don’t strike out.” If you focus on what not to do, you will more than likely actually do what you brain is focused on, what not to do. How many times have you sworn not to get something on your tie, suit or dress only to have it happen in a matter of minutes, if not seconds?

As an example, try this quick exercise. When you read the word “fruit,” don’t picture bananas. That is the only rule. Don’t picture bananas. Did you picture bananas? Most people do. A better coaching technique would be to say, “When you read the word “fruit,” picture strawberries. Full 100% attention is then on what makes it better.

4. Experiment until your partner succeeds.

The final tip is to experiment until the person you are coaching, your partner, achieves some measurable success because you never want to end with failure. Your partner will remember that and will not be back any time soon. So ensure that every practice sequence ends with a “win” (a success or improvement.) Also, save all talk, analyses and conclusions until your practice period is over. Your focus, as you coach, must be on achieving measurable success.

Source:

http://www.thepargroup.com/article_CoachingTips.html

THE POWER OF PAST EVENTS

Build Confidence with Affirmations and Self-Talk

Bruce Jenner used to interpret increased heartbeat, muscle tremor, rapid breathing, increased sweating, and a need to urinate just before the decathlon as a sign that he was nervous, excessively aroused, and wasn't going to do well. These thoughts inevitably led to a self-fulfilling

741

prophecy. Over time, he reframed those feelings and thoughts and told himself that he was ready, prepared both physically and psychologically, and that those symptoms were a sign of readiness and positive signals to compete. The result? An Olympic gold in the decathlon in 1976. I saw him compete in the Olympic trials a few months before, and he definitely shifted his focus between the trials and his tremendous performance in Montreal.

My friend and colleague, the late Dorothy Harris, PhD, who was a professor of sport psychology at Pennsylvania State University in University Park, used to say, "The only difference between the best performance and the worst performance is the variation in our self-talk and the self-thoughts and attitudes we carry around with us."

The Power of Past Events

Dr. Harris and others have written extensively about the fact that our awareness in sporting events goes way beyond what is happening at the moment when we compete. Our awareness level during a tennis match, for example, is triggered by earlier events and memories of previous matches. We often find ourselves searching the unconscious for memories of the past, when we were in similar situations. Most of us go back to those situations in our minds and reflect on how that previous match affected us and our performance.

We then take an inventory of that previous competitive situation and decide how we are going to play this match based on the pleasant or unpleasant thoughts that surrounded that previous event.

If we had unpleasant experiences in the past, negative thoughts might seep into our minds, affecting our muscle control and overall self-image of how we might play the game today.

If we had prior pleasant athletic experiences, the feelings of competence, usefulness, and high self-esteem might reemerge at the appropriate moments. These emotions and experiences have a way of becoming self-fulfilling prophecies that either work to our advantage or disadvantage.

742

“I've done this before. That's why I know I can do this again.”

When we talk about building confidence with affirmations and self-talk, it is important to look at the link between self-confidence and success. Certain athletes have been able to build on their confidence through years of positive thinking and reminding themselves of positive outcomes brought about by positive affirmations. These are athletes who do not give up, even though they may be four games behind in a tennis match or a quarter-mile behind in a marathon.

Tennis great Pete Sampras, who retired in August 2003 after a stunning career, is one who uses positive affirmations and self-talk to remind himself that he can conquer an opponent even if he is behind and not playing well. He will often remind himself that he has been on this court before, played the same opponent, and now needs to shift gears with some positive self-talk reminders that "everything is okay."

Kenny Moore, two-time Olympic marathoner, never gave up in the grueling 26.2-mile race, even though he often experienced pain and fatigue in the last 4 to 5 miles. He told me over lunch recently, "I often reminded myself of growing up in Oregon and training on those cold, wet nights. It was tough, and I know I can work through this experience as well."

Boosting Belief in your Ability

Most of us don't even realize that we spend a good deal of time talking to ourselves. We are unaware of this internal dialogue; we just know that we are feeling some discomfort. Nevertheless, thoughts directly affect feelings and, ultimately, athletic movement and activity. Negative thoughts lead to negative feelings, low self-esteem, and poor performance. How can we turn these thoughts around to create positive emotions, peak performance, and a belief that we are consistent winners?

Confident athletes such as Moore and Sampras think positively, use self-talk to build on their confidence, and believe in affirmations. They focus on mastering their sports and not on worrying about poor

743

performance or negative consequences of failure. Building on previous success and not dwelling on failure or poor performance fosters a positive self-image, confidence, and personal belief for the "can-do" athlete. In talking to a gaggle of top Olympic coaches (for instance, Russ Hellickson, head wrestling coach at Ohio State University in Columbus and two-time Olympic silver medalist), I learned that effective coaching begins by building an individual inventory of positive outcomes.

So when a coach works with a top-ranked tennis player like Sampras, the coach needs to take stock of the physical and emotional strengths of a given performance, then remind the player that he has the skills to do better after a particular match. The coach is in a unique position to observe court presence, shot selection, and footwork and reiterate performance objectives and goals so that the player can enhance his sense of worth and self-confidence. This initiates and reinforces the player's feeling of power and internal control, which builds the athlete's confidence in his tennis performance.

To be able to build confidence with affirmations, athletes have to genuinely believe in themselves. My colleague, sport psychologist Jim Loehr, PhD, founding director of sport sciences for the United States Tennis Association and co-founder of LGE Sport Science Training Center in Orlando, Florida, has worked with some of the top tennis players in the world. These players have wonderful physiological gifts. They hit hard with great precision and their reflexes are swift, but many lack basic confidence and have very low self-images. The key, says Dr. Loehr, is to identify when and where their self-concept breaks down and try to intervene with positive selftalk and affirmations that foster strength, grace, and consistency in their tennis strokes. Positive intentions can result in positive outcomes.

Dr. Loehr suggests that we have to get to "basic confidence and early images of success," and other sport psychologists express the same sentiments. For some athletes, this might mean going back and exploring childhood concerns, fear of failure, embarrassment, humiliation among friends and family, and childhood trauma. This base

744

of understanding builds consistently, right up to and during competition.

Mel Rosen, 1992 Olympic track and field coach and former track and field coach at Auburn University in Alabama, used to approach one of his student athletes, a three-time Olympic sprint champion, with a keen and sensitive eye to building last-minute confidence and self-image. "I would see Harvey Glance with his head down before the Olympic Trials and know that he wasn't emotionally prepared to race. I would remind him of his other big races, remind him of his need for positive self-talk and positive images when he set up in the blocks. Most of all, I would tell Harvey to keep his head up and remind him that he was the best in the business and that he could get the job done."

Glance, now head coach at the University of Alabama, uses a similar but more elaborate formula to build confidence levels. He writes notes to his athletes congratulating them on their workouts and reminding them to stay positive and refreshed when they train. He reminds them to keep a healthy and positive attitude in their daily workouts so that they can bring these images and affirmations to each race.

Personal Pep Talks

What does self-talk mean, and how does it affect athletic performance? The frequency and content of thoughts vary from individual to individual and situation to situation. Anytime you think about something, you are "talking to yourself," which is a type of self-talk.

Affirmations, on the other hand, are a very specific and individualized type of self-talk. For instance, if! say to myself before shooting white-water rapids, "Steven, stay focused," that's self-talk. Affirmations, however, would be more specific to me. I might say to myself, "I know I'm really good at doing this. I know my emotional state. I'm very positive."

Self-talk and self-affirmation become great emotional strengths when they enhance self-esteem and self-worth. It works to great advantage when this self-improvement leads to a terrific performance.

745

Here's how self-talk works. Pete Sampras, whom I mentioned earlier, tended to let anger trap him as a child, and he allowed it to lead to negative tension on the court. To combat this tendency, Sampras says positive things to himself, such as, "I need to get out of this mind-set," "I need to let go of that last point and stay focused on the present," and "I need to stay focused on the present and prepare for the next point." When Sampras does that, he stays fresher, he is less easily distracted, and his mind is more receptive to being able to focus on the game.

Such positive talk and affirmation may help an athlete stay in the present, completely focused on the task at hand. These mental skills may allow an athlete to perform at peak output, while blocking out images or thoughts from previous unsuccessful events. Ideally, the ultimate goal of affirmation and self-talk skill development may be to help the athlete's actions become automatic, yet intuitive. Allowing the athlete to feel and sense his way through a competition is the path to a peak performance. Most athletes at any level of sport rarely go through a competitive event without some degree of thought or feeling. Therefore, it's best to try and make those thoughts and feelings positive ones.

It is important for coaches to teach competitors how to recognize and control those thoughts. It's not the thinking itself that leads to poor performance, but rather, misguided or inappropriate thinking. These are concepts that noted sport psychologist Jean Williams, PhD, has written about and discussed extensively in her work with college and Olympic athletes. She recommends that athletes learn positive self-talk and affirmations so that they can correct bad habits, prepare for performance, focus attention, build confidence and competence, and create a positive constructive mood.

The ultimate goal of teaching self-talk and positive affirmations is to have the athlete achieve a sense of mastery-a proficiency that becomes automatic. This takes time, however, and you have to begin with the fundamentals. A coach or parent might want to suggest a cue word-a simple reminder that the athlete can incorporate into his motor skill.

746

Dr. Loehr suggests that a young player should have many short, concise cue words that accompany forehand, backhand, crosscourt, overhead, and down-the-line shots. These words might be as simple as saying out loud, "footwork, position, footwork." These reminders, over time, become internalized so that the athlete never thinks about the placement of feet in relation to timing of the racket swing. It becomes automatic and programmed into the neuromuscular response.

Different kinds of self-talk and affirmation are geared to the nature of the sport or physical activity. During a marathon race, for example, Olympian Moore would have used a different set of strategies than tennis star Sampras would during his match. A runner, for instance, may choose the word "steady" or the phrase "keep your pace" during races. Likewise, Olympic champion diver Greg Louganis would have used different self-talk reminders than two-time Olympic medalist figure skater Nancy Kerrigan. One athlete might have the luxury of pausing, reflecting, and conducting the self-talk and affirmation imagery, while another may have to use continuous talk and affirmation strategies. Concentration and control may not vary according to the sport, but timing and implementation do. (In Part Three of this book, you'll find examples of sport-specific self-talk and affirmation. )

Self-Confidence through Self-Talk

You can use self-talk and affirmations to correct improper form and bad habits in a number of sport-related movements. Consider tennis doubles great Gigi Fernandez, who struggled with staying focused, disciplined, and on top of her game during her professional career. She was notorious for inconsistent hitting, poor shot selection, and erratic serves and volleys. Julie Anthony, PhD, her former coach and a former tennis pro, designed specific self-talk exercises on a computer that helped Fernandez stay cool, relaxed, and in control of her game. Using verbal cues to remind Fernandez to stay loose in the knees and relaxed with her forehand shot and during follow-through on her overhead, Dr. Anthony set in motion a series of self-improvement exercises that

747

contributed to Fernandez's gaining greater self-confidence and control of her tennis game.

Probably the most important things to remember about self-talk and using affirmations for building confidence are to stay in the present, stay focused only on the goals at hand, and concentrate. Admittedly, this is easy to say and difficult to do. If we focus too much attention on ourselves and become preoccupied with our own needs, anxiety creeps in, and we worry about every detail. These details often lead to an over-consuming fear that we don't feel quite right or that the weather and temperature are not what we expected.

These thoughts lead to negative emotions that take us away from the present competition. When this happens, small errors in our performance escalate into big ones, and we tend to overreact, leading to more errors and mental mistakes. Thoughts and statements such as "I never compete well in Stuttgart," "I never do well against the Russians," "I don't like the feel of those parallel bars at that gym," or "I never did like the lighting in that rink" can all sabotage a perfect performance.

The trick is to recognize this self-defeating pattern and reprogram the internal dialogue to positive statements. If you don't have a coach, you'll have to listen to yourself carefully and deliberately change the message you're sending to yourself if it's a negative one. Once you are able to find and shift these statements and affirmations and their associated feelings, emotions, and sport behaviors, you'll find yourself reacting with a new confidence and self-esteem.

Leann Warren, a 1980 Olympian, had to leave track and field because of recurring injuries that led to debilitating knee surgery. Yet she readily made the transition into cycling, where she had early, tremendous success. She once noted that she transferred the memories, positive affirmations, and supreme confidence from her track days into cycling. "I had some unfinished business with my track career," Warren explained at the time. "It ended much too early without my fulfilling some important career goals. Consequently, I am taking that unfinished energy, imagery, self-talk, and wonderful confidence and carrying it

748

into my new sport. Even though I am struggling with the nuances of competitive cycling, my confidence is high, and I am able to recall positive thoughts and emotions from my other life."

As we get older and switch from one sport to another, most of us will call up images, self-talk, and levels of confidence that will assist us in our new endeavors. The process of self-talk leading to self-confidence is a lifelong event that we never lose. Instead, we can continually enhance the process.

Source:

Mental Training for Peak Performance by Steven Ungerleider, PhD

http://www.coachr.org/build_confidence_with_affirmations_and_self_talk.htm

Self-confidence is an attitude that can be learned through experiences. When you experience success, you will tend to expect to be successful. And that expectation will cause you to have a feeling of confidence.

Similarly, a young lady who is afraid of heights wants to learn to dive into a swimming pool from a high diving board. So she finds a diving coach who asks her to jump into the pool from the first step of the ladder up to the high board. The first step of the ladder isn’t very high, so the young lady feels no fear, and she jumps from that step, and lands in the water unharmed.

Next, the coach has her jump from the second step of the ladder, and so forth. I think that you are beginning to get the picture. With each additional step up the ladder, since the girl was successful on the previous step, and this next step is only slightly higher then the last, the fear factor is negligible, and the girl expects to be successful. When she jumps in and lands unharmed, the girl’s confidence grows, and her expectation of success on the next step up the ladder increases.

749

If a person who has a long history of success and feelings of self-confidence does fail, they still tend to expect success the next time out. Conversely, when a person who is weak in the self-confidence department fails, they tend to lose confidence, and begin to expect failure, which can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Having true self-confidence doesn’t mean that you will be able to do everything. People, who have true self-confidence, usually have expectations that are realistic. Even when some of their expectations are not met, they continue to be positive and to accept themselves.

People, who are not self-confident, tend to depend excessively on the approval of others in order to feel good about themselves. They tend to avoid taking risks because they fear failure. They often put themselves down and tend to discount or ignore compliments that they do receive.

But let me digress for a moment. Do you remember how hard it was for you to solve the puzzle of the Rubik’s Cube? It seemed to be impossible. And yet, there are competitions, and some kids can solve the puzzle in a few seconds.

However, now here is the amazing thing, kids can solve these puzzles, but adults find it almost impossible. Why do you think that is? It’s because kids don’t know that it’s impossible to solve the puzzle, so they can solve it. Maybe they don’t know it’s impossible because they haven’t had enough time in their short life to experience much failure. But by the time you are an adult, you have experienced failure at various complex puzzles many times, and so your EXPECTATIONS are very different from those of a child. And since you get what you EXPECT . . .

Source: Greg Swanson http://www.warriormindcoach.com/blog/2010/07/05/self-confidence-and-success/

750

3.47 SUGGESTIVE COMMUNICATION

Are you aware of the waking suggestions that you are giving to yourself or absorbing from the media and other people?

"If you keep on saying things are going to be bad, you have a good chance of becoming a prophet." - Isaac Bashevis Singer

A waking suggestion is similar to the suggestions that people are given under hypnosis, except that you aren’t hypnotized. We are subjected to waking suggestions whenever we hear advertisements on the radio or TV. If waking suggestions didn’t work, there would be no advertisers!

Placebos are another form of waking suggestion. Given the suggestion that a particular drug will work, such as a drug for depression, research has proven beyond any doubt that placebos work just as well as drugs.

We often give ourselves waking suggestions and, depending on the suggestion, they can create positive or negative outcomes. The Law of Attraction is based on waking suggestions.

The reason waking suggestions work is that, whatever the subconscious believes, that is often what manifests. That’s why Singer states that "If you keep on saying things are going to be bad, you have a good chance of becoming a prophet."

Given that this is true, it’s important to become aware of your own negative waking suggestions to yourself – the negative self-talk that comes from your wounded self.

What are some of the things you tell yourself that are keeping you limited?

751

I will never be able to do this. I will always be alone. I will never find the love of my life. I will always be stuck in a job I hate. I will always be a loser. I will never measure up. I will never be able to lose weight. I will never be able to heal. I’m permanently emotionally damaged. I have no value. I will always make a fool of myself. I will never be good enough. I will never be happy. I will never be physically healthy. Nothing I do will ever work for me. I’m unlucky. I will always be depressed. I will always be anxious. I will never be able to hear the voice of my Guidance. This is going to be an awful day. I’m trapped forever. I will never have financial freedom. I will always be poor. I can never give up my addictions. Life will always pass me by. I’m not one of the chosen ones. There is nothing I can do to feel better. I’m a misfit. I’m too weird to ever feel like I belong anywhere. ______________________(think up your own)

752

This is just a partial list of some of the things I frequently hear from my clients. When I hear them, I also hear that the person firmly believes these things. It is usually this firm belief that is creating their stuck-ness and misery.

Start listening to yourself. The moment you hear a negative waking suggestion, open to learning with your Guidance and ask if it is true, or if it is a programmed false belief from your wounded self.

I used to believe that I could never hear the voice of my Guidance – I just didn’t have the talent or ability to do this. Others could do it, but not me. Of course, as long as I believed this, I couldn’t. But then, as I wrote about in “Do I Have To Give Up Me To Be Loved By God?” Erika showed me how. I’ve been able to hear my Guidance, and other people’s Guidance, ever since! My wounded self didn’t know what she was talking about at all, but as long as I believed her, I was stuck.

What do you keep telling yourself that is limiting you? What do you believe, that others or the media tell you, that limits you or scares you? Start to notice and you will be amazed at the power of waking suggestion.

THE POWER OF SUBTLE SUGGESTIONS

Did someone describing what they had for dinner suddenly made you feel hungry? Has simply looking a picture of beautiful beach suddenly made you long for sun, sand and surf? That is the power of suggestion at work. How the power of suggestion works exactly is not really well understood in science but there is a lot of evidence that people are influenced by it.

Suggestion is the psychological process by which one person guides the thoughts, feelings, or behavior of another. Nineteenth century writers on psychology used the words “suggest” and “suggestion” in senses close to those they have in common speech—one idea was said to suggest another when it brought that other idea to mind. Without even delving into the murkier world of hypnosis (trance + suggestion), there

753

is power in waking suggestion… suggestions made when a person is awake and alert in order to produce a desired effect.

If human beings were unresponsive to suggestion, parents, peers and the media would have no effect. People are, however, immensely responsive to suggestion. Although the tendency varies greatly in strength from person to person, every one is suggestible to some extent.

The psychological basis of suggestibility is simply a tendency in human nature to believe statements repeated a great number of times. This tendency to believe has nothing to do with the ‘truth’ (or otherwise) of the statement. Generally, reasons for believing the statement to be true or false are not taken into account; the statement is believed solely because it is bold, confident and typically repeated many times.

Everyone is Suggestible.

Advertising is directly tied to the power of suggestion. That is why businesses spend billions on commercials and advertisements to promote products. However, today merely suggesting that people purchase a product or service may not be enough. Given the saturation of messaging in the marketplace, subtlety is a major factor in how impactful the suggestion will be. Being hit over the head with a blatant message is not as effective anymore. It is not just about the power of suggestion… but about the power of subtle suggestion. Therefore, sales ads don’t focus on the product, but on how their product allows people to do what they want to do or get what they want to get.

The Three Keys to Powerful Subtle Suggestions

For suggestions to be most effective, they should be:

simply expressed, confident in tone, and repeated often.

A single, halting statement is not very persuasive. A confident statement, often repeated, is immensely persuasive. Simplicity in

850

expression, therefore, gives a statement a far better chance of acceptance than complexity. That’s why most advertising is simple, taking the form of ‘slogans’. Slogans are given an air of confidence by being expressed in the imperative. Every day we are ordered to buy something. If ordered to buy every hour of the day, for days and weeks on end, we eventually buy.

In some instances, the suggestion does not even have to be repeated that often.

Sources:

http://mondaymornings.madisoncres.com/the-power-of-subtle-suggestions/© 2011, Written by Keren Peters-Atkinson, CMO, Madison Commercial Real Estate Services. All rights reserved.

Margaret Paul Ph.D

http://www.steadyhealth.com/articles/Waking_Suggestions_a2201.html

850

META COMMUNICATION

When you want to influence people’s thoughts and emotions with words, it may be a good idea to remember this :

the pledge: You need to get there attention and interest, give them a reason to listen to you, create trust, offer a wider perspective, promise fun, security, happiness, benefit or advantage.

the turn: Without interaction and emotional involvement, your pledge will lead to nothing and will soon be forgotten. You will not obtain the desired outcome, unless you work toward it in a planned, structured, strategic way. You need to obtain interaction and emotional involvement from your listener.

the prestige: But of course, unless you can close the deal, nothing is ever won. The turn, therefore is always function of the prestige. You cannot hit a target if you don’t know what you are aiming at. Good strategies are of little use if you do not have a fixed goal, determination and self confidence.

Some infallible ingredients of suggestive communication

1. Get to know your listener’s inner world

At the start, mostly, you don’t know your listener’s values. So you have to be careful: stick to what you see (appearance, clothes, …) and return the information they are giving you. When connecting this information to such abstract things as their feelings and opinions, be vague. Let their own imagination fill in the gaps.

The deeper the rapport, the more they will trust what you say. Instinctively, they will then complete the vague images that you are offering with content that is meaningful to them and which they will agree with. This will further deepen the established rapport and make them more receptive to what you are saying.

If you say, “On my way here, I saw this beautiful, green Jaguar”, they might think that a green Jaguar is not what they consider being a

850

beautiful car. This would weaken and possibly break the rapport. If, on the other hand, you just say: “On my way here, I saw this beautiful car”, that would probably help them to feel as if they were seeing a beautiful car.

So remember:

Provide a vivid, detailed description in terms of the senses, to engage the imagination;

Agree, Praise and Confirm : Be empathic and similar, to create rapport.

Compliment: clothes, interior, this is so great, so … Be vague when it comes to facts or feelings he is supposed to have

now, in order to lead your listener’s imagination and emotions in the direction that you have set out, allowing your vague descriptions to further intensify the established rapport.

How to be vague?

Adapt your use of language:

1. Pronouns it, he, … instead of concrete noun2. Nominalizations Independent verbs (“the going”)3. Metaphors (“the black gold” instead of “petrol”)4. Paradoxes (“the sound of silence”)5. Alliteration (successive words starting with same sound)6. Ellipses (leave out unnecessary words)7. Repetitions (With me, …)8. Personifications (“the rain is telling us …”)9. Stories, Fairy Tales and Myths

850

Meanwhile, discover their values and use them in all you say

Make them talk or think about themselves, his emotions, desires, …* What are you looking for in a car, boyfriend, …?* Why did you buy this …?* What do you like most about it?* How would you describe your ideal …?* Ask for advice: what would you do? how do you do this?

2. Combine Visualization and Discovering Values

The direct suggestion + feed back question

Using phrases like: “If you were to imagine feeling really sad right now, how would that feel like?” will take people’s imagination back to moments in which they felt that way, inducing a similar feeling right now.

Of course, saying something like that so blatantly requires that you have previously built up a good deal of trust and comfort. Unless people accept that you have some right to share the information asked for, and unless the context allows for believing that you have a genuine interest in the subject at the time of asking, you are prone to meet with strong opposition just because it is straight out suggestive.

A more indirect way to obtain the same result is: The manipulative question

You might say: "What do you need to feel in order to be really comfortable around someone?" , or: "What does it feel like when you feel incredibly happy / attracted to someone…?"

A somewhat weaker variation hereof is the indirect manipulative question

This would sound like: "Have you ever found yourself becoming so longing to buy a product, that the rest of the world just seems to fade away and all you can think of is how much you need to have

850

this thing? And have you ever felt this so strongly that you were ready to pay almost just about anything to get it?”

The disadvantage here is that you could get a simple “yes” or “no” without the other person ever having done a conscious effort to re-live the situation.

At that point, you simply ask: “why was that?” “Can you tell me some more about it?”

These questions have four important advantages:

1. The answers will provide you with useful information about the deeper structure of the listener’s mind and of his world-view

2. They will reveal you which kind of arguments are likely to influence this person. e.g. which qualities are needed by this person to feel comfortable with somebody [you]

3. At the same time they will make them actually go through the experience and relive the connected feelings, in order to being able to describe them to you.

4. Their subconscious mind will automatically associate the context with the speaker, the result being that the listener will instantly feel more attracted to you.

Present evidence for what you say Submit your proof for verification Be confident and relaxed Look into the eyes of the listener (but don’t overdo it) Use your listener’s Christian name

3. Create Rapport

We all know that “A man convinced against his will, remains of the same opinion still ..” That is why every sales- or hypnosis course and every article about dating will tell you that you need to start with creating as much rapport as possible.

850

Only after you have created sufficiently emotional connection and trust, will your listener feel comfortable enough to actually listen to you, and accept and emotionally respond to images that you are describing.

How to create rapport?

A/ Mirror your listener’s body language

That is: their posture, movements, breathing rhythm and physical state.Why? Copying their behavior causes them to feel similar to you, which in turn will lead to your listener starting to copy you in response

B/ Confirm and match your listener’s inner world.

That is: their values, perceptions, beliefs, emotions, ideas and assumptions.

Why? when you copy your listener’s way of seeing the world (visual, audio …), their way of expressing themselves (words and expressions he uses), repeat their values, accept them as they are and confirm them in their beliefs and opinions, they will listen to you, accept what you are saying and start to like you because they will see you as very similar to themselves and will appreciate the respect you show them. After all, you are confirming them in what and how they are and what you are telling, is the truth, such as they too perceive it.

Some useful techniques for creating rapport :

Agree, Praise and Confirm Overall empathic interaction Copy patterns of speech, words and images used Tell about similar experiences Ask for advice Insert pauses between phrases, talk slowly, whisper

Examples:o O.k., right, exactly my idea, o I have that same feeling all the timeo I was just about to say exactly the same thing

850

o You are great, smart, good, …o I couldn’t agree moreo How would you … ? What would you do if … ?

4. Practice mind reading and prediction of the future

Using gathered information for “mind reading” or making correct assumptions is very useful to build a sensation of rapport and will make the listener more receptive to your propositions.

Right now you may ask yourself You probably feel something By now you will see, understand, agree … I see that you start to understand, … I am so glad to hear that you feel the same way … You will soon start feeling, you will see, you will enjoy,

We will first … and then you will know, see, feel, … Once you have fully understood this, you will be able to

Be careful to use vague or ambiguous phrases :

By this time, you might start to become aware of this special sensation

That (what ??) can feel so good, can’t it?

A good and safe way is to tell things by implication :

I wonder if you already realize that the main advantage … I don’t know if you already noticed that … By now, you may feel how the desire keeps growing And then this sensation of … will increase more and more You can keep feeling more … You will feel completely satisfied Again, we … Once you have fully understood this, you will be able to … Everybody knows, We all feel that … You will feel so secure, so relaxed, so happy …

850

Telling the listener what they know, feel and think, is not enough however: you should link it to what you want them to do next

straight links : and, also, but, … Implicit links : while, during, after, before … you feel, are, will

see… Links which reveal necessity: since you have experienced for

yourself … you know; A causes B; this requires, Because X …follows Y; Since we agreed that A = B, therefore …

Avoid giving direct orders : use superpositions instead

NOT: “imagine”, or “try to imagine” - BUT: “While you imagine this, you will realize that …”

NOT: “look at this” - BUT: “we can see that …”

… Or build silent acceptation

(which will make it more difficult for the other to disagree later)

Yes? Right? You see? Got it?

5. Use Suggestive Predicates

A 'suggestive predicate' is a predicate that sets up the material that immediately follows it as a powerful suggestion.

After you come to.... After you've...And the more you (X)...the more you (Y)And as you...Are you curious about...Are you aware that...Are you still interested in...As you hear these words they...

As you... ...then...As you consider this...Be aware of what you can sense...Before you think...Can you imagine...Can I ask you to...Can you visualize...Can you...

850

Can you remember...Could you...Do you realize that you can become aware of…Do you think that...Do you remember when...Do you...Do you ever...Don't think of...Has it ever occurred to you that...Have you noticed that...Have you ever wondered...Have you...Have you ever...How would you feel if...How do you know that...How do you feel when...I don't want you to be...I want you to learn...I know you are curious...I saw someone do this in minutes once...I wonder if...I don't know how soon...I wonder could you...I would like to suggest that...I want you to bear in mind...I want you to become aware...I can remember...I'd like you to pretend that...I'm wondering...I'm curious to know...If you could...

In my experience...Is it that you are...Is it possible...Is it that you have...Is it that there is...It is useful that...It's just like...It's impossible...It's good to know that...It's useful that...It's good that...It's either (A) or (B); which is it...It's not important that...It's as if...People can loosen up easily...Perhaps you are...Perhaps you can...Perhaps you could...Perhaps you're wondering...This can be learned easily...What do you think would happen if...What would happen if...What's it like to...When you notice... ...then...Will you...Would you...You come to...You are learning to anticipate...You can become aware that...You know about these things...You will feel...

754

6. Tell Stories with embedded commands

We were …., and suddenly my friend says : “We are going to ……” I read an article / book / watched a movie / saw on TV … So, this guy said to her: “I want you to …” Meanwhile, they arrived at the cabin. Now, imagine, … It was like … (+ because + feeling) … Now, with me … you know …

Notice : the first part of the phrase is in the past tense, the embedded command is in the present tense!

Telling stories is like painting (mental) pictures with words. Stories are so great to stimulate someone’s imagination. Because you are talking about fictive experiences or about other people’s experiences, he will be less critical and feel more free in his interpretation of your words. Almost instinctively, the listener will connect to the situation and feel the emotions that the characters in the story feel, and apply them to the present moment.

You will make your listener think about anything you want, just by telling them stories about the subject of your choice. The more vivid, descriptive, detailed and emotional your stories, the more they will think about how these things would feel to them, and the more emotional they will react to your stories. After all, you are not telling them what to do or how to feel, but just telling about what somebody else did and felt.

It’s important therefore to mention the desired result or feeling over and over again.

Use chains of always stronger, connected feelingsA leads to B, B to C …

Link descriptions of actions and situations to feelingsDescription of action or situation + and this made them feel like … / gives you the feeling of …

755

Insert embedded commandsBy inserting embedded commands, you may talk about anything but simultaneously you will be programming the listener, “ordering” them to like you, desire your product, accept your argumentation, …

An imbedded command is reinforced considerably when you use the listener’s name to mark the begin of your command.

Use ambiguous words and expressionslight = not heavy, bright, told a lie, below me = blow meclose off = clothes offnew direction = nude erectioncome = cum

7. Stimulate Visualization

When you tell somebody not to think of an old gnome, not to imagine his red pointed cap, not to think of his long white beard, nor of his high boots and typical duds, … What happens ? They inevitably think of a gnome anyway. To understand what you are saying, the listener has no choice but to create in his mind some representation of an old gnome.

A handy way to make your listener think about or imagine something, is to tell them * not to think about it * that there’s no such thing as … * It is impossible to imagine …

Always remember: Whatever you describe, your listener will visualize. The more sensory details you include (colors, sounds, smells, feelings, tastes, …), the stronger their response will be.

Use vivid descriptions to allow your listener to feel as if they are directly experiencing what you describe, with all the emotions that follow from that experience : When you talk about a beach, don’t just refer to it as “a beach”, but tell how you walked up a hill and suddenly

756

spotted this pure strip of land, hidden between two dunes, where the light blue water glittered between the sun, with the softly murmuring wide ocean caressing the white sandy shore below you in an eternally repeated leisurely rising and falling flow of its white foamy waves.

8. Practice Anchoring

Emotions are associative; they get linked to particular stimuli, which can later revive that emotion, even if there’s no logical connection between the stimulus itself and the emotion.

Lots of people react very emotionally to certain old songs, because they automatically connect these songs to a special moment in their life. There are places, sounds, … that make us feel very good or sad, depending on which experiences we associate them with. If you had a truly positive experience with an Italian girl many years ago, you may suddenly realize that you have become a lover of all things Italian and maybe not even be able to remember or explain why.

In exactly the same way, you can “anchor” strong emotions, that is: mark them and in this way link them to a touch, to a specific motion, to a painting, to the starlit sky … in fact, to anything at all.

The stronger the emotion felt when the anchor is set, the stronger the response will be when the anchor is “fired” later.

The more special and specific the anchor, the longer it will retain its function.

Remember Jung’s Archetypes? People share a number of inner images. Some are universal, most however culturally determined. The trigger words that activate these images are nowadays called: powerwords.

When talking to women for instance, chances are you trigger a few emotions when using these power expressions and words :

it feels as if I loved you before I met you, as if I have always loved only you, as if I have been searching for you all my life

757

as if I love you since the dawn of mankind, I will love you as long as I live … and more just imagine feeling more intensely than ever before, feel this sense of

overwhelming, irresistible passion… and then realize you can feel completely one with yourself, with the universe … and even more.

angels, sacred,magic, fairy tales, princess,goddess,paranormal experiences,the inner voice, the inner self, the pure soul, biorhythm,the true nature,bigger wholewholeness, universal bond, signs,

destiny, fate, serendipity, be in touch with her path, true passion,be connectedconnection with self,finding the One the other half things that are meant to be, realization cycleharmony, peace, safety, open up toatmosphere

protection,sharing, trustcalm oceansafe harborfeelings that bridge time, more, deeper, surrender = give in to something overwhelming, all-enveloping emotion,emotional growth, grow, learnreaching deeper levels,enhance,beauty,adoration

758

9. USE PRESUPPOSITIONS

Presuppositions assume that the person you're persuading has already accepted your proposal or has reached an agreement with you, even they have not yet done so. See how the questions below "presuppose" your desired outcome.

"Are you still willing to join me in my quest?" (This question does not ask "if" you're willing, but it presupposes that you're already willing.)

"I will give you $100 when you finish this task. (Notice I didn't say "if" but "when.")

"When do you want to start doing your assignment?" (It assumes you already want to do it; the only question is "when" to start).

"How happy are you to be here in this memorable event?" (It assumes you're already happy; the only question is your level of happiness.)

"I'm glad you checked this out. How will you apply it to your business?" (It assumes you will apply it; the only question is "how" you will apply it.)

"Shall we start the program on Thursday or Friday?" (It assumes the program will push through; the only question is "when.")

When you ask these questions, people will also start thinking of answers and may therefore get distracted from thoroughly understanding your question. You can then easily persuade them at this point.

10. Use The Magic Conversational Hypnosis Questions

You can make people do what you want right now by asking a question that assumes he has already did your desired request.

759

Here's an example:

"If you made money with this program, would you continue your membership?"

If they say "yes", then you're in a much better position to persuade. That's because they will never know if they will make money with your program... unless they join.

Another way of asking is called: The false choice

Do you want to completely relax or do you prefer to just chill out?

Would you prefer to go to "the Kings", or do you prefer "the Shakespeare"?

whatever choice is made, leads to a convenient situation for you!

In fact, where it comes down to is : never ask questions, but make it seem like you are

Never, never EVER do I ask someone to do something. Tell them they can. Tell them they will. But let them THINK you are asking.

We have a household goal of $60 once for the year. We only come around once a year and $60 gives us $5 a month to budget with, fight the cause in your name and win. You can meet that goal tonight, right.

Notice there is no question mark at the end of that sentence. That's because there is no queston. The words may sound like a question, but your tone should sound like you are stating a cold hard fact. You can say no to a question, it's a lot harder to say no to a fact.

Confidence is key.

Be confident that your listener wants to do what you are suggesting. Be positive. Not selling your idea isn’t an option. Talk, confident that the other is interested in what you are

760

having to say. Confident that they want to get involved. Most of the time they will do what you want, because it never even occurs to them to do otherwise.

Back that confidence by using strong language:

not “I am trying, we will try, maybe we could, …” but : “I will”

not “you could help me if …” but, “you will help me by …”

11. Subliminal Magic Writing

Use the same techniques when writing .

1. Make the subject a winner :

Have others name them, and name them yourself over and over again as :

a. The one they trust, b. The (only) one that can satisfy their desire, need,

longingc. Healthy, handsome, smart, tender, protective, strong,

caring,

2. Make them repeat : I want, need, desire …

3. Include specific positive information :

a. Preferencesb. Things the subject is good atc. Successes

4. Refer to previous periods of wellbeing, happiness, success

Reference: chapter based on the works of Milton Erickson.

761

3.48 THE POWER OF “YES”For much of my adult life I’ve been shackled by fear. I’ve been afraid to try new things, afraid to meet new people, afraid of doing anything that might lead to failure. This fear confined me to a narrow comfort zone.

Recently, however, I made a single small change that has helped me to overcome my fear, and allowed me to get more out of life. I began to note the things that I blocked and accepted. To my surprise, I blocked things constantly — I made excuses not to do things because I was afraid of what might happen if I accepted.

I made a resolution. I decided that instead of saying “no” to things because I was afraid of them, I would “just say yes”. That became my working motto: “Just say yes”. Any time anyone asked me to do something, I agreed to do it (as long as it wasn’t illegal and didn’t violate my own personal code of conduct). In the past six months, I’ve put this philosophy into practice in scores of little ways.

Already the power of “yes” has made large changes to my life and has exposed me to things I never would have done before. Some of these, for me, were really big steps. These experiences were new, and I wouldn’t have had them if I hadn’t forced myself to just say yes.

Most of my experiences from my “just say yes” campaign have been positive, but not all of them. I’ve had some failures, too. Surprisingly, I’ve learned even more from the bad experiences than I have from the good.

So, every time you think or say the word “No,” substitute the word “Yes.” You will be amazed at the results. It immediately creates positive energy. It shifts attitudes. It inspires creativity. And it helps people feel safe, and maybe open up and tell you

762

how they really feel. “Yes” is embracing. “No” is a closing the door. The goal here, is to cultivate “Yes” in your environment. Say “Yes” and…(insert your creativity) to experience more meaningful and truthful conversations. This will help you get to where you want to be in life.

“YES” is contagious even to the negative people. Just don’t give up and let the negative people steal your energy. There is no quick journey to cultivating “YES!,” and if it doesn’t work for both parties maybe it’s time for a change. “YES!”

When you have this “Yes” culture, life becomes more fun, you are more productive and in both your personal and professional life, you will see and feel the benefits. Please let me know how the power of “Yes” works for you.

“Thoughts are energy. And you can make your world by your thinking.”

“The word “yes” may bring trouble; the “no” leads nowhere.” – Bantu Proverb

Sources:

J.D. Roth -

http://www.getrichslowly.org/blog/2007/06/13/the-power-of-yes-a-simple-way-to-get-more-out-of-life/

Susan L. Taylor - http://www.clarityleadership.com/?p=88

763

3.49 VISUALIZATION

3.49.1 Mental Imagery

What is a mental image? It is mental picture, scene or event that you see in your mind. You construct mental images in your mind all the time, albeit unconsciously. The mental images that you often visualize affect your life, whether you are aware of this or not. I am not talking mental images that you visualize once or twice, but about the mental images that you often repeat in your mind.

Mental images have the power to change your life. The subconscious mind accepts these images as reality, and gradually you start to believe what you imagine, act accordingly, and unconsciously work toward making them a reality in your life. This is the secret of the law of attraction creative visualization.

Mental images, if repeated often can make great changes in your life. If you visualize negative situations, difficulties and problem, and continue doing so, your moods will gradually become negative, you will alienate people, you will close your eyes to opportunities, and your self-esteem will go down. How can you achieve success if you are so negative?

On the other hand, successful people attract success, because they constantly imagine and expect success.

Mental images are like a movie or still pictures that you see in your mind. If you watch them again and again your subconscious mind will ultimately accept them as you reality. They will affect your thinking, behavior and world.

Using The Power of Mental Images

The power of mental images can change your life if you use it consciously, and if learn to choose your mental images and reject those that are not good for you. You can decide what mental

764

scenes you see in your mind. You can decide what to let seep into your subconscious mind.

Always be aware of your thoughts. When you catch yourself visualizing negative events, problems or difficulties, or when you tell yourself that you are helpless and weak, stop that and change the mental movie and the words you repeat in your mind. It is like ejecting a DVD from your DVD player and inserting a better and more interesting one.

Visualize what you really and truly desire, and what will make you happy and satisfied. Your mind will probably interfere with fears, worries and disbelief. Your job is to educate your mind and change its habits, and you can do so if you realize the power of mental images and use it correctly.

Being aware of your thoughts, replacing negative thoughts with positive thoughts, and visualizing positive mental images again and again, will eventually change the habits of your mind and your thinking. This will lead to understanding and realizing the power of mental images.

Visualization

A Key To Achieving Your Goals

Visualization is an important personal development tool. Just as affirmations can help you motivate yourself and focus better to achieve your goals so can using visualization or mental imagery.

Whenever we have an idea or notion to do something we visualize it first. For instance, if we're hungry and want to eat we picture different food possibilities; whether we want to cook a meal or go out to eat, and whether or not we want company at our meal. When we have a function to attend we picture what type of outfit to wear and where we might shop for it.

765

What is Visualization?

It is the use of the imagination through pictures or mental imagery to create visions of what we want in our lives and how to make them happen. Along with focus and emotion it becomes a powerful, creative tool that helps us achieve what we want in life.

Used correctly it can bring about self-improvement, maintain good health, help you perform well in sports, and accomplish your goals in life.

In sports, mental imagery is often used by athletes to improve their skills by picturing the achievement of a specific feat, such as hitting or shooting a ball, skiing a hill, swimming or running a race, among other things.

Using it as a technique invariably results in a much better performance and outcome. This also holds true in business or in life such as in delivering a speech, asking for a raise or any other situation that requires preparedness and forethought.

How does it work?

Visualization or mental imagery works because when you imagine yourself performing perfectly and doing exactly what you want, you physiologically create neural patterns in your brain, just as if you had physically performed the action. The thought can stimulate the nervous system in the same way as the actual event does.

Performing or rehearsing an event in the mind trains it and creates the neural patterns to teach our muscles to do exactly what we want them to do.

766

In the case of competitive sports, not only are exceptional physical skills required, but so is a strong mental game. Most coaches preach that sports are 90% mental and only 10% physical. That's why so many athletes train in visualization or mental imagery along with their physical routines.

To be effective, like any skill, mental imagery needs to be practiced regularly. The four elements to mental imagery are relaxation, realism, regularity and reinforcement.

Creative visualization is a very useful way to contribute to successful goal achievement. In this procedure you use your imagination to create a clear picture in your mind of whatever you want to take place in your life

Steps for Visualization:1. Go to a place where you will be undisturbed.2. Sit in a comfortable chair.3. Close your eyes and relax. Breathe in and out slowly for 10 times to attain maximum relaxation.4. Start to see in your mind's eye, the thing you want, in as much detail as possible (as you practice and get better at visualizations, see if you can make the picture brightly colored, sharply focused, framed, containing sound, action and feeling).5. Step into the picture and energize it with 5 big breaths.6. Make an affirmation sub-vocally, to put the event in present tense and make it real. Gain the feeling of actually achieving what you want. Say to yourself, “This is mine, right now!”.

You might want to put some music on to stimulate your right brain (the creative and feeling part of you which can help you draw on the power of your unconscious to move invisible energy towards your desired goal).

You might like to vary your visual pictures, depending on your mood. Some people love the visual picture of being on a beach;

767

others prefer the mountains in a snowstorm! Use your imagination and treat yourself to visualizations that bring you maximum relaxation and positive feeling.

You might like to explore the use of aromatherapy oils. They can be worn or burned in a special burner to gently fill the air and stimulate the senses to create positive and soothing feelings, which can greatly enhance the power of visualizations.

It's important to visualize with as much detail and using as many senses as possible. For example, if you want a new car, specify the kind in detail, see yourself driving the car, feel the steering wheel and be aware of the instrument panel, the texture of the seats and everything else about it that you want.

Visualization should be done regularly and may be consistently reinforced if done either first thing in the morning or last thing at night. You may wish to make your own audiotape. If you don't like your own voice, ask someone else to make a tape for you.

Visualization is a powerful process and can overcome past negative programming.

It's time to relax and enjoy the mental creation of your goals. In taking that short time to relax and trust that your right brain is doing the hard work, you will find that the benefits are that when you return to this manual, your mind will be more alert, clear, and the flow of good ideas should come more easily.

Source: Achieve Your GOALS - The Complete Goal Management System - INFORMATION AND EDUCATION SERVICESwww.thepdi.com - www.thepdi.com/donaldcarty© Copyright 2005 Personal Development Institute Atlanta, Georgia 30518, USA

768

Ways In Which to Use Visualization

Success. See yourself performing skills at a high level, achieving your goals, being who you want to be and living the life you want.

To motivate. Envision yourself achieving your goals vividly to remind yourself of your objective and what you need to do to reach it. Many athletes, actors, and singers "see" and "feel" themselves performing a routine, program, or play perfectly before they actually do it.

To familiarize or set the stage for a performance/event. Mental imagery can be used effectively to familiarize yourself with the surroundings before an event, such as a competition site, a racetrack, a stage or a difficult play or routine prior to a competition.

To do a run-through. Athletes and performers often do a complete mental run through of the key elements of their routines. This helps them focus, eliminate some pre-performance jitters and be more comfortable. It also serves as a warm-up or mini rehearsal.

You can use visualization for anything and everything that you want to prepare for in advance. It helps you be more comfortable and perform at a higher level no matter what. It's a great way to rehearse and prepare for any kind of event or situation.

How to Visualize What you want:

1. Go somewhere quiet and private where you won't be disturbed. Close your eyes and think of the goal, mood, new behavior or skill, you want to acquire.

2. Take several deep breaths and relax.

769

3. Visualize the object or situation you desire in your mind as clearly and with as much detail as you can.

4. Add emotion, feeling, and your senses to your vision.

5. Practice it at least twice a day for about 10 minutes each time.

6. Persevere until you succeed.

7. Maintain positive thoughts and a good attitude throughout.

The Benefits of Visualization

Helps you focus better in order to achieve your goals

Inspires and motivates you.

Helps you improve in a sport or skill.

Can be used to rehearse and then acquire new, positive behaviors.

Can boost your mood by using positive, pleasant imagery to alter negative emotions.

Helps build self-confidence.

5 ways to visualize confidence

All of us would like more confidence. Whether you need more body confidence, confidence in interviews, confidence in relationships, or career confidence, I’m sure there’s an area of your life that could do with a confidence boost.

But what if you could use the power of visualisation and mental imagery to enable your brain to allow you to be confident in that situation?

770

Studies in mental imagery have shown that the brain cannot distinguish from a real or an imaginary picture. The same chemicals release and the same electrical activity displays in the brain whether we are visualising something or actually doing it.

A repeated thought, or feeling, can actually become a belief over time. Have you ever been constantly thinking about a particular outcome in a positive sense that you actually felt good about it?

What I mean is that you can actually train your mind to be confident.

It’s similar to the well known conditioning experiment, Pavlov’s dogs, whereby every time they fed the dogs, the researchers rang a bell at the same time. After repeated times of doing this, just ringing the bell would make the dogs salivate. It was an unconscious response to something that had been neurologically linked in their mindset- the association between food and the bell.

771

Imagine if you could make similar connections between confidence and getting that job for example, or every time you looked at your body you automatically feel good.

Of course, like in the experiment this takes a bit of time, but the great thing is you will feel in control of your confidence, rather than the other way around.

Here’s 5 ways to visualise yourself confident:

1. Think of a time you were really, really confident. Imagine every detail, as if you were looking through your own eyes. See,

772

hear and feel those great feelings. Squeeze your index finger and thumb together whilst doing this (you may have heard of this technique, which is called anchoring). After several times of doing this just squeezing your index finger and thumb alone should produce some positive and confident feelings. Use this ‘anchor’ when you are thinking about or in the situation you’d like to have more confidence in.

2. Visual Mental Rehearsal: Think of a specific situation in relation to your confidence. For example, if you’d like more confidence in a social situation, imagine yourself there. See it as if it was a movie, seeing yourself laughing and talking easily and effortlessly with others. Visualise this as often as you can, and you can even listen to some upbeat music so you feel good when you’re imagining.

3. Get into the physiology of confidence: Think of someone you know who is really confident. Vividly imagine how their posture looks, how they carry themselves, how they walk and talk, how loud they speak, how they sit, how they greet people. Now, get yourself into consciously training your body to act in the same way. Keep a mental check on yourself and change your posture, your tone of voice, your body language. Just simple changes can give you an instant confidence boost anywhere.

4. Eliminate self doubt through autosuggestion. You know how powerful adverts are? Thats because they deliver a repeated message which sinks into our unconscious mind. You can create messages to yourself and continually reaffirm them when visualising. It can be something as simple as ‘ I conduct my presentation with ease and confidence’. You can say the phrase out loud or imagine that you saying it to themselves and see yourself feeling good.

5. Increase self esteem by focusing on appreciation. People who have higher self esteem and self-worth usually have higher levels of confidence, so when you visualise yourself in that

773

situation, focus on that you as a friend, someone you would like to help and encourage. Allow that you to begin to appreciate all of the amazing qualities of you. For example, if you would like more dating confidence, imagine seeing yourself through the eyes of someone who loves you and admires you. Focus on all of your strengths and imagine what your future partner may appreciate and love about you.

3.49.2 Developing Imagery skills

The aim of this page is to help you develop your imagery (visualisation) skills. We will look at the elements of imagery development and the creation of scripts to help in developing your imagery skills.

Imagery Categories

The five main categories of imagery have been identified as follows:

1. Motivational-specific (MS) - This involves seeing yourself winning an event, receiving a trophy or medal and being congratulated by other athletes. MS imagery may boost motivation and effort during training and facilitate goal-setting, but is unlikely on its own to lead directly to performance benefits

2. Motivational general-mastery (MG-M) - This is based on seeing yourself coping in difficult circumstances and mastering challenging situations. It might include maintaining a positive focus while behind, and then coming back to win. MG-M imagery appears to be important in developing expectations of success and self-confidence

3. Motivational general-arousal (MG-A) - This is imagery that reflects feelings of relaxation, stress, anxiety or arousal in relation to sports competitions. There is good evidence to suggest that MG-A imagery can influence heart rate - one

774

index of arousal - and can be employed as a 'psych-up' strategy

4. Cognitive specific (CS) - This involves seeing yourself perform specific skills, such as a tennis serve, golf putt or triple-toe-loop in figure skating. If learning and performance are the desired outcomes, evidence suggests that CS imagery will be the most effective choice

5. Cognitive general (CG) - This involves images of strategy and game plans related to a competitive event. Examples could include employing a serve-and-volley strategy in tennis or a quick-break play in basketball.

Where do I start?

To be effective, like any skill, imagery needs to be developed and practiced regularly. There are four elements to mental imagery: Relaxation, Realism, Regularity and Reinforcement (the 4Rs)

Relaxation

Having a relaxed mind and body so you can become involved in the imagery exercises, feel your body moving and experience any emotions generated. It may help to use a relaxation technique prior to imagery training.

Realism

Create imagery so realistic you believe you are actually executing the skill. In order to obtain the most realistic imagery possible, you must incorporate clarity, vividness, emotion, control and a positive outcome into your imagery:

Clarity - Make the images as vivid as possible, include colour Vividness - Incorporate as many of your senses as possible into

your imagery so the scene is as clear and realistic as real life itself

775

Emotion - Try to include emotional feelings in your images. Refresh your memory constantly by emphasising specific sensory awareness (e.g. smells, the wind) during training

Control - Break down the image into small components and visualise those components. (Sprinting - consider the action of the arms, legs, trunk, head, feet, hands, breathing etc.)

Positive outcome - This is essential, "you only achieve what you believe"

Regularity

Spending between 3 and 5 minutes on imagery seems to be most effective. It should be included in training and time outside of training should be spent on imagery. (10-15 minutes a day)

Reinforcement

The writing of imagery scripts will help you plan the content and timing of your imagery training.

Creating a Script

Basic picture

Outline the basic content of the act or situation to be imagined - write it in the first person (I). To describe a skill execution, make sure you include all components of the skill to be imagined or behaviours to be emphasised, especially if it is a complex skill. If you are describing the events in a sport situation, include all actions that occur in the event and the correct sequencing of all the actions.

Adding details

Add the sensory stimuli - the descriptors (adjectives) that add colour, detail (e.g. context, weather) and movement qualities (e.g. speed of movement) to the original script components or events.

776

Add the movement or kinesthetic feelings, physiological or body responses, and the emotional responses. The words that are added are action words such as verbs and adverbs that clearly describe the quality of actions or emotions.

Refine the script

Read it to yourself and try to imagine the event in all its sensory, action and emotional detail. Do you feel as if you are actually executing the skill or experiencing the event? If not, re-examine the descriptors and action words to see if they accurately reflect the sensations associated with this action.

Tape it

When you have a suitable script then record it on to audiotape and you can then use it as a prompt for your imagery training.

Example - Tennis Serve

Basic Story - Components: Preparation, Ball toss, Impact, Recovery, Ball flight and landing in service box

Adding detail - Seeing the racket in the hand, the bright yellow ball rebounding against the green court as you bounce it in preparation, seeing the position of the opponent, looking at the point on the court where you will direct the serve.

feeling the relaxed shoulders and hands feeling the racket grip in the hand seeing the bright yellow ball nestled on the fingers in the

hand feeling the smooth release of the ball at the arm's full

stretch feeling the body weight shift, the knees bend feeling the body rising upward as the knees extend feeling the power in the body feeling the racket head accelerate

777

feeling the wrist snap and the sound of the racket making contact with the hall

watching the ball swerve and land in the centre corner of the green service box and kick away for a clean ace

feeling the exhilaration and pleasure

Refine the script - Rewrite the script until when you read it, you feel as if you are executing the serve.

FITT

In designing your imagery program, apply the FITT principals, as we do with physical training

F is for Frequency - Aim to incorporate imagery into every day of your training schedule. For busy people, just before you sleep could be a good time, and it helps if you are in a relaxed and tranquil state

I is for Intensity - Try to create an all-sensory experience that is as vivid and clear as possible. Initially, practising in a quiet environment can help to minimise distractions and facilitate clear images

T is for Time - Imagery should make big demands on your attention, so short (5-10 minutes) frequent quality sessions are preferable to long ones

T is for Type - Remember to decide on your desired outcome and select the type of imagery to match it.

778

MENTAL IMAGERY

INTRODUCTION

Welcome on board! We are starting here. There are three things that you need for starting a biz. You need a vision, you need a powerful lever to go ahead and finally you need an innovative idea.

In this first course, we shall show you how to use mental imagery for training your subconscious in order to be successful in your business life. Mental imagery is the first step in the visioning process.

Of course, it's quite difficult to explain how mental imagery works. There are not any scientific explanations of these techniques of training. It does not mean that you must not use them.

For example, you think every day. However, there is not yet any scientific explanation about the consistency of the thought. Consequently, you have just to apply a lot of recipes: Experience shows that they usually succeed.

1-IMAGE RESOURCE AND RELAXATION

We shall show you how to create your image resource and how to use it for relaxing but before going any further, you have to find out your preferred sensory method.

11-Discover your best sensory method

Anyone has a preferred method of perception: people are indeed above all sensitive:

779

either to what they see (visual)

or to what they hear (auditory)

or what they feel or touch.

To determine your preferred method of perception, you will make the following exercise.

Firstly, here is a list of words. Ask someone to read them to you while you are doing the exercise.

A danceA streetAn appleAn ink potWineFreedomAn office

A kitchenA valleyA lakeA forestA T-shirtA riverMoney

TulipsCourageThunderA castleJazzA meetingA leather chair

As soon as you hear the word, tick straight away the column that seems to best correspond to what comes immediately into your mind:

If an image appears, if you see something in your mind, tick the column V. If you hear a sound or if you repeat the word in your mind, tick A. If you feel a physical sensation or find a taste or smell, tick G.

V A G

780

* * *

* *

* *

*

Look at the column that is ticked the most. This is your preferred sensory method. Also observe the one that you have only ticked rarely. This is without doubt the sensory method that you use the least. Obviously in the above example, the man who has ticked is a "visual" and secondary an "auditory".

This knowledge of your best sensory method will help you for building your image resource.

12-Choose your image resource

-Definition: The image resource is a mental image that is to say an image that you see in your mind when your eyes are closed.

This image resource is the memory of a pleasant situation that you have really experienced in the past.

781

With this banal memory, you have a work to do for transforming it in a strong mental image which is able to make you relive the feelings that you had experienced in the past.

For example, when you have had a painful experience and when you remember it, you feel again, in a weaker way, the feelings that you had already experienced :you shudder again retrospectively, you go pale.

On the contrary, thanks to your image resource, you should remember your past pleasant feelings and try to live them again as intensely as possible. I mean that your first task is to choose among the flow of your memories, one very pleasant which can fill up some characteristics:

-Your image resource must be a very pleasant image.

-Your image resource must be a very quiet image. Consequently, avoid very moving images such as a dance party or a meeting. A situation where you are alone and at rest must be favoured.

Down earth advice

Many persons choose the memory of a river as image resource. It could be a good choice because it gives a feeling of quietness. Mountains and green meadows could be also very effective.

You must have a strong feeling of identity with your image resource. For this reason, it's always better to choose it in an environment where you have lived for a long time.

Once your image has been chosen, try to adapt it to your best sensory method. If you are:

o more visual: increase the number of colors

o more auditory: plan for sounds, voices and pleasant melodies

782

that you imagine hearing when looking at the mind-image

o more G: see yourself in your mental image touching things, shaking hands and so on. Imagine smell and perfume and try to live it.

You will use your image resource in many situations and first for relaxing.

13-Relaxation techniques

You need to learn how to relax because relaxation is the first step of many process in mental imagery and visioning. We shall give you here our personal method that we experience everyday. Its main advantage is to be easy to use with fast results.

Your image resource is the first thing that you need when you are going to relax. Then you have to choose a quiet place for example your bedroom. Make sure there is no noise to interrupt your relaxation. Remain in half-darkness. Lie down if you are in your bedroom or sit in a position that makes it easy to relax if you are in an office.

When you are in this situation begin to relax:

-FIRST SEQUENCE

Close your eyes. Breathe as slowly and as regularly as possible. Say the formula: I am perfectly calm

Imagine your image resource as we have defined it before: For example, a river that flows in the countryside. Mentally develop this image: Look at this image from all sides and try to relive your feelings. It must occupy your whole mind so as not to leave any room for other sensations or ideas.

-SECOND SEQUENCE.

783

Say the following phrases with your inner voice: My left arm is heavy, my two arms are heavy, my legs are heavy, my entire body is heavy.

You should have a vision of your body sinking, disappearing. The aim of this exercise is to make all bodily sensations fade away as much as possible.

-THIRD SEQUENCE

Now let's your image resource disappearing. You should be in a pre-sleep condition. Bodily feeling is reduced to its simplest expression. You think of nothing. Your mind is empty.

THE DRAWING 2 ILLUSTRATES THE RELAXATION PROCESS:

As you can see, it's look quite easy. In fact you will need to train: Practice this exercise, several times a day. When you have mastered it, you will be able to reach this relaxed state almost instantaneously: Count in your head from 10 to 1.

10 — 9 — 8 — 7 : carrying out the 1st sequence6 — 5 — 4 — 3 : carrying out the second sequence2 - 1 : carrying out the 3rd sequence.

By slowly pronouncing 10 — 9 — 8 — 7 up to 1, you will attain the required state of relaxation. Count one month of exercise to reach this automatic mastery.

784

2-CLEANING THE SUBCONSCIOUS

Right now, you have to use your image resource and the relaxation techniques for cleaning your subconscious from all the negative beliefs which are coming from your past.

21-Analysing reality: Autobiography.

What do you do when you start a new day? You shower and you wash your body. Now, you are starting a new life: You have to clean your reality. Reality is made up of two things: Your past and your present condition

Your present condition is influenced by your past. As the past no longer exists, it is above all your memories that explain your current state. You are going therefore to examine your past or more precisely the memories and beliefs that you have of it.

Take a pen and paper and write down your life from the beginning. Write down your life chronologically, breaking it down into distinct periods: Childhood, learning period, studies, first job etc. Analyze each period and look for:

• What you wanted at the time• What was your most outstanding feeling

For example, look at the following imaginary autobiography of a young man that we shall call John:

1970-1975: I don’t remember much of my early childhood. I had 2 brothers and 3 sisters. My mother was very busy. My father came home late and beat us. My little brother was very funny. We had good times together. My sister brought me up and dealt with us, but she complained all the time. I don’t have good memories of this period because of my father.

1975-1987: I started primary school. I learned to read, write and count quickly. My teacher was very nice. Later, I wanted to be a building engineer. Overall, I have good memories of school.

785

1987-1993: I went to high school. I had great difficulty with literature. In 1990, I went to a vocational to become an accountant. I had no friends and the other students who were often older than me mocked me. I have very bad memories of this period.

1993-2000: I did my military service in the Navy. I liked the open-air life and the sports a lot. After military service, I found a job as a clerk in an insurance company. I don’t earn much money and I experience a mediocre life. I don’t go out much, I have few friends and I don’t have much fun.

Make a table to use this analysis:

Periods Would you like to relive this period Why?

70 — 75 NO

75 — 87 YES

87 — 93 NO

93-2000 YES IN NAVY AND NO AFTER

Analyze carefully the answers to these questions and look for the true reason. In the periods that you do not like, carefully isolate the past experiences and feelings which were particularly unpleasant. Above all, don’t hide anything. As with a psy, recall the shameful events. Tell the truth and the truth will free you. Make a list of these events and prepare you to neutralize them.

22-Use image resource: Association-Dissociation

It's a well known fact that our present behavior is often linked to negative experiences in your past. You have written your autobiography and carefully isolated the unpleasant events. Now, you will neutralize these negative experiences.

Just as you wipe data from your computer’s hard disk, removing unnecessary programs, you should wipe your subconscious, removing all the memories of negative experiences.

786

The first step is to relax. Consequently, do the three sequence of the former exercise. When you are fully relaxed, you imagine a mental screen just like a television screen.

Imagine that you Turn on your screen just like a television and relive the negative experience. Vision the image of the experience and relive your painful feelings (humiliation, shame, rage). In this state, you are fully associated to this negative past experience.

Now, disassociate yourself: Put yourself in the position of an independent observer of the previous image. Watch yourself act as if you were someone else. It is no longer you on the screen, it is your double! You are just a spectator of what you were doing. Let this dissociated image takes over your mental screen.

The black square shows the negative experience when you are reliving it. It's quite painful. The gray square shows the same experience when you have dissociated from it.

On this mental screen, imagine a small square where you look at and relive your image resource (the flowing river for example). Relive it to the maximum leaving the rest of the screen occupied by the negative experience from which your were dissociated.

Enlarge the square of your image resource on the mental screen so that the image of the unpleasant experience disappears completely. It will disappear quickly because you are now fully associated with your image resource.

787

On the drawing, the little blue square represents your image resource which is then enlarged to occupy your entire screen.

Proceed like that for all the unpleasant events you have listed. By the end, you will completely clean up your past and your subconscious.

Be very careful with the people that were witnesses to your negative experiences. Each time you meet them, you can expect they will remind you of those negative periods: "Do you remember when you made us laugh with your exam? and so on"

The cleaning work will be called into question each time you meet them. With a simple look, they will reinstall all your negative beliefs. Only one solution : Don’t see them any more, avoid them, eliminate all witnesses to your past lack of success.

23-Surf on troubles

Whatever you do, you will come across difficult experiences in your current situation. For example, you know that an event will go badly. For avoiding to built up a new negative experience, you will cross the event as if you were outside it, as if you were not concerned.

For this purpose, you will use the anchoring method that relies on using a stimulation (image or gesture) that automatically provokes an internal representation. For example: Seeing a blackboard (visual anchor) inspires classroom memories.

788

Listening to a song inspires memories of a party (auditory anchoring) .

The stimulation may be visual : remove your glasses, auditory : listen to a song, kinesthetic: Tighten your fists. Its aim is to produce when needed the desired emotional state to deal with a given situation.

For implementing an anchoring, use the following technique:

As soon as you have reached the relaxation stage, keep it and associate a simple movement with your image resource, like for example, clenching the fist. Restart the operation as often as possible to create a conditioned reflex.

Subsequently, each time that you need your image resource, clench your fist. This gesture will help you to find it, without having to put yourself in a relaxed state.

When you are confronting a painful event, clench your fist, call your image resource. Focus on your image resource and cross the event as though it did not concern you. When the event is finished, all that will remain is a dissociated image and not an associated one that would harm your subconscious.

You have not to be involved in unpleasant events. With your image resource, you surf on the events that you do not like!

24-Now rewrite your life!

When you have cleaned your past, you can re-write your personal history eliminating all the negative periods and experiences. This is the history with which you will confront immediate reality. Rather than pulling yourself back, this history will push you forward.

Clean the past and the John 's history becomes:

1970-2000: I had some good times with my younger brother. I learned quickly and easily at primary school. The Navy gave

789

me a lot of self-confidence. I am very good at sports and open-air life. I am working for a short period in a financial office. I am making the most of this job to learn some tips useful for starting a biz: I want in the next future to create my own sports business. I am confident: I will enjoy a success story!

Obviously, John must eliminate his bad witnesses: He must not see any more his father, his elder sister who complained all the time or his colleagues at the vocational school. On the contrary, he must get in touch with his brother, his teacher and colleagues of Navy.

Positive beliefs make you see reality as a spring to success. Right now, you are free to choose your vision and that vision will transport you in a successful world.

External readings

Go to http://mentalhelp.net . Click on "psychological self help". There is a complementary reading about what you have just learnt. You can also click on "tests" to realize some psychological tests.

Lesson summary

The knowledge of your best sensory method will help you for building your image resource: Your image resource is a mental image that is to say an image that you see in your mind when your eyes are closed.

This image resource is the memory of a pleasant situation that you have really experienced in the past.

You will use your image resource in many situations and first for relaxing and for cleaning your subconscious from all the negative beliefs which are coming from your past.

Once, you have cleaned your past, you can re-write your personal history eliminating all the negative periods and

790

experiences. Rather than pulling yourself back, this history will push you forward.

DO IT YOURSELF:

You have a lot of things to do:

1-First, you must write your autobiography. We recommend you to reread your bio the day after a good night. Do the job in one shot during a week-end when you are not disturbed. Look at your old photos. They could ease the remembrance process. Count about 5 hours of full work for this task

2-Make the exercise about the sensory preference and then, choose your image resource. In writing your bio, you have certainly isolated an event that you would like to relive. Describe completely your image resource. If possible, paint it. Count at least 5 hours for the choice of your image resource.

3-Then, begin the relaxation exercises as described above: Each day, practice 4 exercises during 15 days. As each exercise could last 15 minutes, it means that you have to plan 15 hours of training within these two weeks. Do not go to the visioning module as long as you are not able to relax in the way we have explained

4-Mastering your image resource, you have to eliminate the negative experiences. You should need about five days for eliminating them but the duration depends on your life. In the same way, use the anchoring process and also begin to avoid people bearing negative influence. Count about 8 hours to perform the Tasks.

5-Finally, rewrite your life ( Count only 2 hours as you mainly write an abstract)

It means that all these tasks need about 35 hours within a month.

791

When all these tasks have be done, you can enter in the visioning course.

VISIONING

INTRODUCTION

Most of the previous techniques are well known and mental imagery is used by therapists. With visioning, we are entering in an unexplored territory. However, visioning is the masterpiece of all the personal development courses.

Real life example:

Visioning is quite unknown outside the US and the United kingdom. When I delivered this course to executive trainees coming from Africa, my French colleagues were anxious. They feared that the students would think that I was going mad!

Of course, the students were quite astonished because they have never heard before about these topics but as a result they were enthusiastic and asked me to develop the course again and again.

Objectives:

Our objectives are :

-To show you how to define your vision and its "success image".-To teach you the visioning techniques-To give you some tips about managing your vision

By the end, you will know how to implement your vision in your subconscious. As a result, you will find yourself transported in a success story.

Real life example:

Universities and business schools ignore visioning. They do not teach how to implement success in your mind.

792

On the contrary, these techniques are intensively taught to sportsmen going to top competitions. Our educational public system trains better the sportsmen than the biz men!

1-DEFINITION OF VISION

The first and most important step for starting a business is to create your own vision.

-Definition: Your Vision is what you want to become. Vision commits your personality. It answers the question: "what do you want to do with your life ? What is your mission ?"

11-How to discover your vision.

You have a vision. But you do not know it. You have to discover it in using a self analysis. Look at the following table. It shows that all our lives comprise activities that aim to satisfy requirements as in the table below:

Field Activity Requirements or aims

Physical Exercise

Be healthy

Mental Learn Be educated

Social Found a familyMake friends

Love and be loved

Spiritual Do good Fulfil a spiritual mission

Using this model, try to complete the table. For example, it can be presumed that you are going to put in the mental field: learn management and be educated in business.

You will find yourself faced with a table that is yet too general. You have to go to the specifics. To do this, answer the following question: If I had unlimited money and time, what would I really

793

like to become? (requirements or aims column). You will show in your table below your preference and just that.

To help you, we will imagine the John ’s answers

This table, after a long self analysis shows the real aims of John. From these aims it is easy to deduce a vision. John is now able to describe his vision in one single sentence: I want to run a leisure biz to work in open air, have fun and make my friends happy.

That is a true vision. You will notice that we have not spoken about accumulating money. Money is not an activity in itself. It is a resource. We have not spoken about the investment needed to start a business. You need, for example, four off-road vehicles, a motor launch, diving equipment, etc. They are also resources. Resources here are not important.

Now, you have to do the exercise for yourself. You must obtain one single sentence for defining your vision!

12- How to Create your success image

Using your vision, you should now create your success image. The goal of the success image is to provide with a tool that you will constantly use for implementing your vision in your subconscious.

-Definition: The success image is once again a mental image, like the image resource. Instead of describing a past event that you

794

had experienced, the success image describes a future event that you would like to experience.

Look at the drawing 1 which illustrates this definition.

Important warning:

Don't confuse image resource, success image and remote viewing.

An image resource describes a past event that you had really experienced. For example, I had really experienced a pleasant promenade on the Thames river some decades ago!

A success image is a product of your imagination. It describes an event that you would be happy to experience in the future. For example, suppose that you are a little clerk. Your success image shows you acting as CEO of a big corporate. Of course, that is neither your past situation nor unfortunately your present. It's a fictitious image linked to your vision and your future.

Remote viewing is the ability to describe present event which are impossible to perceive with our sensory system. For example, remote viewing had been used by the CIA: People were trained to get a mental image of some secret bases in Siberia. It was the "Star gate program". It is supposed to have been cancelled by 1995 because of its poor results.

795

According to our John 's example of a vision, here is an example of a possible success image for John:

I am contemplating a magnificent landscape. I have led a team of customers and friends to the top of Mount Whitney. Glaciers are glittering. The snow is wonderful. I am exhausted but happy. I hear my team applaud me. I surf on an ocean of happiness and success.

As you see, the film should be neither too long nor too complex since you will have to repeatedly watch it.

You should now create your own success image: identify it and draw it. Once you have built your image, keep it in the smallest detail and don’t change it any more. Our targeted ads could help you because they provide with images of happiness.

2-VISIONING TECHNIQUES

You have now to implement in your subconscious this success image. That is the core job and once again it needs a bit of training.

21-The main process

For implementing your success image in the subconscious, you have to follow a precise process. First you have to relax as we have shown above. When you have gotten a full relaxation, you have to follow three sequences

-FIRST SEQUENCE

The eyes are still closed. See your interior mental space as a black screen. Concentrate on this black screen taking at least five regular and slow breaths. Specify the outline of this area so that it resembles a blank television screen.

- SECOND SEQUENCE

Imagine your screen turned on. To make this passage easier, make a habit of pressing together you thumb and index finger (

796

anchoring), as though you were pressing your TV’s remote control. This reflex association should make changing from one screen to the other easier.

-THIRD SEQUENCE

Imagine the mental image of your success. For example, imagine the board of directors. You see your staff entering and leaving. Then imagine yourself coming in and sitting down in your President’s chair. Everyone is looking at you and is waiting for your message.

The following drawing 2 visualizes all this process:

It is important to properly visualize each detail: the boardroom’s lighting, its shape, the color of the furniture, the important people who are waiting for you and so on. This image must be mobile as on a television screen. Also imagine what you feel.

You will not manage such precision the first time or the second. The important thing is to keep the scenario chosen and carry out the exercise as often as possible.

In concrete terms, we recommend that you carry out this exercise every evening before going to bed. The more precision

797

you gain at each exercise, the more this image will seem alive and the more it will happen in reality!

22-Supplementary techniques

The techniques described here will help you to deal with the difficulties of daily life. Just like with visioning, it is important to rigorously follow the procedure and practice as much as possible.

-The specific vision:

You can use the same technique for special events: For example, you have a presentation to make tomorrow before a dozen people. Proceed in the same way as in the two previous stages.

For the third stage, imagine the meeting room and those present. You see yourself entering the room and starting to speak. The people listen to you with interest. Your presentation is a great success.

Using this training, you will manage easily to vision specific events and you will notice that, in most cases, events will happen just like you imagined them. This observation should encourage you to persevere in your general vision since it shows you the effectiveness of the method in your daily life.

The specific vision must always be coherent with the global vision. For example, if your vision includes a boardroom in a luxurious building, a specific vision of a sports race would have no coherence and would be completely ineffective. For global and specific visions to mutually strengthen each other, they must be part of the same world or scenario.

-Take vitamins:

You take vitamins in the morning for your body, but you have to take vitamins also for your subconscious. For example, read the five quotes and create mental images associated with these five quotes and in coherence with your overall vision:

798

Closing your eyes, say them in watching the images associated with them each morning on getting up.

I feel sure of myself

Everything I do is easy

I am going to progress further today towards the aim that I have fixed myself

I had complete control over my future

Everyone helps me and likes me

There are your daily vitamins!

3-MANAGING THE VISIONING

31-Keep a log

Some of you certainly kept a diary when you were young. You should renew with this habit by keeping a log for your vision.

Obviously, don’t include any negative experiences! Writing them down would just implement them in your subconscious in contradiction with your objective. On the other hand, describe in detail all your activities and thoughts from day to day concerning your vision.

Carefully note all the facts that seem strange, even if they are insignificant. For example, you meet a childhood friend you haven’t seen for ten years by chance. Note this fact and think about it. It is surely a signal that is part of the realization of your vision.

Also note the sentences that you have heard during conversations that have attracted your attention without you knowing why. Your conscious doesn't know why but don’t forget that your subconscious is working and that it knows. Analyze

799

these sentences as though they were enigmas. You can find a hidden message for your vision.

Carefully note the dreams that you remember on waking up. Keep your log on your bedside table with a pen to be able to write them down straight away. Indeed, a few minutes after waking up, you will have completely forgotten them.

Regularly re-read your log at least once per week. You will be surprised to notice that strange fact get a meaning and that your action is developing quickly like a force that nothing will stop. Thanks to your training, your subconscious like an army of invisible hands is working for your own success, day after day!

32-Keep your way

You must absolutely maintain your genuine vision and its goals. Never downgrade it!

Along your course, the original reality is a magnet that holds you back. The vision is a magnet that pulls you forward and You are between them.

DRAWING 3

Let us suppose that, as in the diagram above, you are at an equal distance between the two. When you come across a difficulty, you will be tempted to lower your ambitions and downgrade your vision. Acting like this makes you think you are getting closer to the modified vision. You had 10 meters to run, you

800

think that by limiting your ambitions there will only be 7 meters left.

This reasoning is false. Rather than getting closer to a vision that is easier to attain, you will on the contrary move away from it, as shown by the diagram below:

DRAWING 4

Continue with this way and your present reality will be again identified with the original one.

You must maintain your course at all costs. When a difficulty crops up, deal with it in a positive way.

To illustrate this fact that may seem obscure, we will take the example of a sailor. A weak breeze slowly pushes his boat towards his destination harbor: Athens. Suddenly, an adverse wind blows up. An unskilled sailor can choose to go towards the closest harbor.

In fact, an experienced sailor knows that he can use this wind as a lever. He adapts his sail. He beats windward and he knows he will reach Athens quicker than if he were pushed by a weak breeze.

Lesson summary

The first and most important step for starting a business is to create your own vision.

801

Your vision is what you want to become. Vision commits your personality. It answers the question: "what do you want to do with your life ? What is your mission ?"

Using your vision, you should create your success image. The success image is once again a mental image, like the image resource. Instead of describing a past event that you had experienced, the success image describes a future event that you would like to experience.

The goal of the success image is to provide with a tool that you will constantly use for implementing your vision in your subconscious. You have now to implement in your subconscious this success image. That is the core job and once again it needs a bit of training.

You must absolutely maintain your genuine vision and its goals. When a difficulty crops up, deal with it in a positive way. Never downgrade your vision!

Positive beliefs push reality towards the vision. The vision also pulls along reality. In the end, the reality must identify with the vision.

DO IT YOURSELF

1-You have to discover your vision and to write it in one single sentence. 2-Then you have to create your success image. Count about 15 hours for these two crucial tasks.3-Once you have created your success image, you can begin the exercises for implementing it in your subconscious. During seven days, make the exercise 6 times a day. The next week, make it four times a day. Then, during the two following weeks, make it at least 2 times a day. It means that you have to perform 25 hours of intensive visioning within a month. Don't cheat! Remember that visioning is your key to success.

802

For the future, try to make one exercise every night before sleeping. When you are in trouble, make several exercises every days! Vision, vision, always vision!4-Open a log and write down your observations.

Globally, these tasks represent 40 hours.

BUSINESS CREATIVITY

INTRODUCTION

Right now, you have your vision and your success image implemented in your subconscious. You need an innovative idea and be sure that it will not be easy to find it! You must develop your creativity.

Business creativity is a core asset. No creativity, no new business! Fortunately, creativity can be improved through hard training.

Objectives

Our objectives are to teach you the main techniques for improving your creativity:

-we shall describe the different techniques.

-We shall underline those which are fitted for specific business goals.

Thanks for creativity and knowledge, you should get your business idea.

1-GENERAL CONCEPTS

11-Definition:

Creativity is the process of bringing something new into being. This definition must be completed by a quote of the famous French scientist Poincare: Inventions consist in not making

803

useless combinations but in making those which are useful and what are only a small minority. It means that it's not enough to produce new ideas. You must produce operational ideas and not dreams.

In our case, the true creativity is the power to invent and design products and services that will ensure the success of your company. What is more, creativity consists in inventing what business you want and you are able to start!

Important warning

Do not confuse your vision, your success image and your business idea!

Your vision is a global aim of your life: It enables you to know if you really want to create a business and in what domain this biz could take place: For example tourism is a domain.

According to this vision, the success image is just a psychic tool for implementing your vision in your subconscious.

Then, according to your vision of working in tourism, you can have the idea to sell private islands. That is a real business idea!

What is more, business is constantly a creative activity and it's the only field where creative people can succeed. It is well known that very creative people are often persistent stubborn, and uncompromising! These traits are negative for a career as executive in a big corporate. On the contrary, a person who has absolutely none creativity could have very good chance to get high ranks in any big corporate or administration!

Real life example

Most administrations, many big corporate's and a lot of high business schools should post yellow warning signals at every entrance, marked NO THINKING ZONE.

804

12-The creative process

Some people believe that creative individuals have inherited a lot of gifts and that they are talented or even genius. It's a wrong idea. Creativity is not a matter of innate potential. As many things in life, creativity is the result of hard work and most of all serious training.

The creative process follows four different steps:

-Preparation: To train your mind.-Incubation: To set back from the problem.-Illumination: The idea arises in the mind like a sudden flash.-Validation: You have to check the validity of the idea.

We can sum up this process with the following drawing 1 :

There are some other process but we shall adopt this one. The next reading will give you a history of the various views of the creative process, starting with the ancient greeks!

We shall now examine for each steps, what are the best appropriate techniques

805

2-PREPARATION

We shall distinguish long term preparation and short term.

21-Long term preparation

Just like for mental imagery and visioning we do not know the real cause of creativity but there are some basic preparations. We give you six advices:

-Health: A creative thought depends on a well nourished brain. Since the beginning of history, some drugs are supposed to enhance the brain power. In the old times, it was mainly tobacco. Today, someone recommend to use serotonin and so on. Beware about these drugs. They can produce secondary effects and diseases (such as tobacco !).

-Attention: Concentration and attention play a great role in long preparation: it means that you have to constantly think about your vision. You must think at it when you wake up. You must think at it in having lunch. You must think at it in playing tennis or golf. You must think at it before sleeping. To think constantly about the same thing is a good method for having innovative ideas about it.

-Readings: In this course, we give you a method to improve your creativity but it must apply on a content. Readings of basic knowledge's provide with this content. Therefore, you will have to read carefully the lessons about economy.

Read everything and as much as you can. Reading constantly improves creativity because when you are reading a book, you always form a mental image of what is happening. As we shall see, mental imagery plays once again a great role in the creativity process.

On the contrary, Television does not train creativity and impoverish it because it shows the images and consequently there is nothing left to the imagination.

806

Real life example:

There is everywhere, even in developed countries, a lack of creativity. Of course, it's due to an ineffective education but it's also certainly due to television.

You cannot expect a great creativity of people who spend a big part of their time in looking at soccer games! Of course it's good for any political Power: Remember the Roman formula " bread and circus"!

To say the truth, the problem is not only due to the insipid content of television programs. It mainly results of the fact that television does not stimulate the imagination and therefore impoverish the creativity tank in the entire population.

External readings:

For your preparation, we suggest to make some creative readings in order to stimulate your mind. I don't ask you to become a worm book: You have just to visit "Global leader" on this site. You will find here several surveys which deal with new concepts.

Secondly, visit the "Spiritual odyssey". That is just pure creativity. We don't ask you to agree or not with the content but just to see how creativity is used. It's a very good exercise to stimulate your mind.

-Meet people: Talk with friends and relatives and look at all sources of good ideas. You can get sometimes a word or an idea that could help you in starting the creative process.

-Keep a log: Report immediately any idea you have in walking or in talking with everybody. Very often, a good observation of the streets during a walk will give you ideas.

-Practice some exercises: To develop your creativity, we recommend the following techniques:

807

Relax. Close your eyes and imagine a familiar object: your dictionary for example. Turn the dictionary around. Examine it from above and from below. Change it’s color. Move it away as though it were 10 meters away from you. Bring it back closer. Give it immense dimensions then reduce it down to infinite proportions. Change its shape, turn it into a violin. Make it disappear and reappear.

This repetitive mental exercise should prepare you for the following exercises.

22-Short term preparation

Short term preparation means that you are going to have a creative session within a very short period. Consequently, you have to make some precise preparations. We give you three advices:

-Choose a motivating environment:The first thing is to choose an environment connected to your vision. For this purpose you have just to imagine it:

You have an office that is perhaps old and shabby. Imagine in the smallest detail the office in which you would like to work (lounge, leather chair, vast and functional desk etc.)

Each time you enter your real office, see your mental office. You will think more effectively.

Then Imagine your advisors: There are certainly people you admire: film stars, politicians etc. Choose two or three and put them in your mental office: They are now your advisors! Then imagine that you are talking to them. Imagine, their arguments.

Each time you have to carry out a creative session, go into your mental office and discuss the problems with your advisors!

-Increase your intellectual capacities: Top class swimmers imagine that their hands are twice as big as they actually are and

808

that their feet are webbed. This vision helps swimmers go really faster.

Just before sleeping, make a relaxation phase and then imagine that your brain is bursting out of your skull and is forming a halo.

See yourself like this and you will gain in confidence in your intellectual capacities. Thanks to this new confidence, your capacities will really increase!

-Control your breath: we have seen in relaxation and visioning the role of the breath. Right now, we propose a more radical but very effective method.

One hour before the creative session, relax and hold the breath for as long as you can. Repeat this exercise and you will feel both a great excitation in your mind and a greater clarity.

3-INCUBATION

Incubation is a contingency phase: It means that you have not solved your problem during the creative session. Consequently instead to go on with the problem, it's better to set back from it. It's said that incubation can last minutes, weeks or years! we shall focus on incubation lasting hours and minutes!

31-Incubation lasting hours

An universal technique is simply to go to bed! Let 'suppose that you have a creative session and that you do not find any results. Stop and begin again to morrow. Very often the solution you were looking for is easily found after a good sleep.

32-Incubation lasting minutes

This incubation process takes place within the creative session. When you feel difficult to go further, just stop, go into a pause and make the following exercise:

-Call your image resource (A quiet river for example). Vision it and enjoy.

809

-Then, imagine again your mental office and your advisors

-You are now ready for beginning a second round of your creative session.

External readings

About preparation and incubation go to: www.enchantedmind.com . Visit the entire site. You will find some complementary explanations and a lot of interesting tests.

4-ILLUMINATION

We are now entering in the creative work and we expect to get an illumination. I like this word "illumination" because most often an innovative idea appears like a flash into your mind. It causes a great excitement and a feeling of happiness and pleasure.

We shall now review the different methods which are expected to provide you with this illumination.

41-Brainstorming

Brainstorming implies a group of person. In your case, as you are using creativity to get a new idea for starting your business, the group could include some friends and relatives.

The principle of any brainstorming session is that participants have to stimulate and inspire each other to create ideas. The purpose is to tap the subconscious mind of the members: One idea will suggest another idea trough the mechanism of association.

Participants should feel unrestricted but the ideas should be built on the ideas of others in order to facilitate the association and to use the subconscious rather than a conscious discourse. The more ideas, the better. None of the participants can criticize to any of the ideas that are proposed.

810

Creativity is expected to explode and to bring on the table a lot of exciting new ideas. In the final phase the ideas are selected, improved, combined and the group agree on a final working solution.

Real life example:

Brainstorming is the only mind method taught in schools and used on a large scale in continental Europe and overseas.

In the scholar environment influenced by marxism, a "collective" process is always supposed to be more effective than an individual one!

Along my career, I have participated to many brainstorming sessions. I have never seen only one creative idea coming out from all these meetings!

In fact, the association of words does not work because the participants keep the control of their subconscious and fear to be ridiculous or simply to show their true nature. Consequently, the collective subconscious which should be the real motor of the exercise remains mute. People just bring a shopping list of conscious and reasonable ideas.

As we have explained in the history module (See global leader on this site and click on history module), creativity is a solitary work. New ideas are often difficult to communicate and other people generally react by discouraging it: "it would not work, it's a waste of time" and so on. When a group of people is involved, the final product is mostly a consensus that uses old and proven ideas. A consensus is quite the exact contrary of a creative idea.

Most discoveries are the work of one person. Of course large project require teams. In fact these projects are broken down into many small tasks and the best way to get creativity is to entrust only one person for each task.

811

Down earth advice:

Thanks to Freud, Jung and so on, many psy underline the subconscious. We recognize this role and we have emphasized its power in the visioning process ( See above) but it's not a reason to expand infinitely its virtues.

I think that a clear reason plays a major role in the creative process.

42-Mind mapping

Mind mapping has been invented by Tony Busan. In some way, it's like a brainstorming but with only one person: Yourself.

You take a paper and you write the subject of your research in the center. Then, you start to think in at random in an inhibited style and you write all the ideas that come around the main subject. Then, for each specific idea you do the same and you write around all the ideas connected with. You rely all the ideas with arrows of different colors and you get the following result:

812

This map shows a research for discovering a business idea in the tourism field.

At first glance, the map only replaces the linear note with a more colorful and pleasant scheme. In fact, the principle is more subtle: The map is expected to reflect the real mechanism of the brain. It means that when you add an idea, you expand in the brain the connections between the cells and open new spaces of creativity. As you can see, the map looks like a network of neurons with their dendrites!

Real life example:

I use mind mapping for preparing a dissertation or for solving a problem. I don't use too much it for finding a new idea.

Mind mapping relies, like brainstorming, on the mechanism of association of ideas. On the contrary, I think that the real creativity must break off these associations which exist in our mind.

Nevertheless, we recommend you to use this tool.

External readings

Go to : www.mind-map.com . You will learn in this site how to use mind mapping. Read it carefully.

43-Mind revolution

For creative purpose, I use mainly that I call "mind revolution". You will understand the meaning of the word "revolution". It relies on three movements of the conscious thought:

-Going to the extremes: Facing a challenge, you have always to deal with six questions: Who, Why, What, Where, When and how. Dealing with these questions, try to see what would happen if things where going to the extremes. For example, what would happen if life time was infinite and on the contrary, what would happen if life time was only one day?

813

For example, Einstein developed the relativity by thinking what happened when matter traveled near the speed light. The laws of quantum theory rely on what would happen at the limits of small size particles. About business, you can ask what would happen if there is zero staff, or zero capital and so on.

-Establish relations between things that don’t have any: Look for really absurd connections that no one would have thought of: Don’t connect the image of your dictionary with a library. This is a normal relationship that shows no creativity. On the contrary connect this image with the hair of a person. The inventions of Archimedes, Leonardo de Vinci or Einstein were often based on connections that no one else would have thought of.

Deconstruct the thought: Most of our ideas or concepts are inserted in a group of ideas which are their companions and which prevent any creative thinking. Consequently, you must dislocate these current associations in order to find new ideas or concepts.

In the following drawing, I have two very usual connections. The blue squares show ideas connected to tourism and vacations. As long as I don't deconstruct the way of thinking, any idea of sun will bring an idea of sea or of sand and in fact I don't get any new idea.

Let suppose that I put a a second series of ideas without any links with the former. In this example, the second series of gray squares illustrates ideas about justice, offence, trial, jail, convict, death penalty!

Now comparing these two series, I relate sea and jail and suddenly I get an illumination: I will sell private islands to rich people! You can see that in this tourism example, I get an immediate result! The idea may be stupid or useless. Anyway it's a new idea and I have gotten it in five minutes. ( in fact this idea exists already!)

814

You can take notice that the process does not imply subconscious. On the contrary, it relies on a reasoning and on the will to dislocate current associations. In fact, I remove ideas from their normal statute and you understand why I call this process: "Mind revolution"! It's very easy to use with fast results.

External readings:

Go to www.mindtools.com . Click on "Creativity tools" and then on "Reversal", "SCAMPER", "Attribute listing", "Random input" and "Provocation". Each tool has its own advantages. You could observe some likeness between "Random input", "Provocation", and "Mind revolution". Nevertheless, each tool is different from the others.

5-VALIDATION

All these exercises aim to produce new ideas. It does not mean that these ideas are worth or useful. So after the creative session, you must organize a validation session. In this case, it could be

815

fruitful to call for a team because right now it's worth and useful to be criticized.

Down earth advice:

Be very careful with the ideas you get very late in the night. When you find it, you are excited and they look very smart. Most of the time, too much coffee and tiredness explain these feelings.

On the next morning, when you read your notes, you often realize that you have just reinvented the wheel!

Discuss your idea with friends and potential customers: If you get interest and support, it means that your idea is innovative and that you can start the process of studying the project.

If your idea is a real technical invention, be very careful about its validation. Do not talk about it all around. In this case, be a discrete person and get a patent to protect your invention.

Lesson summary

Creativity is the power to invent and design products and services that will ensure the success of your company. In your case, creativity consists in inventing what business you want and you are able to start!

To think constantly about the same thing is a good method for having innovative ideas about it. In the creative process, focus on mind mapping and mind revolution.

In this course, we have given you a method to improve your creativity but it must apply on a content. Readings of basic knowledge's provides with this content. Therefore, you will have to read carefully the following lessons about Economy. Moreover, read as much as you can.

816

DO IT YOURSELF:

We do not expect that you are right now ready for finding your business idea. You have to train your creativity but you must also apply it on a content because ideas need both creativity and knowledge. Maybe, you can have a first idea. Then, the learning of basic knowledge's should enable you to improve this first idea.

When you feel that you are ready and in a good mood, organize a creative session. It will need a half day. Use the tools that you have just learnt and try to get a first idea. It can just be a broad idea.

Count about 20 hours for four creative sessions. In fact, it's quite difficult to fix a duration. A good idea can mature a lot of time. On the contrary, It can be a sudden spark but it's impossible to say when it will happen.

Source:

http://www.freeworldacademy.com/index.htm

817

3.50 BORROWED GENIUSPERISCOPIC LEARNING AKA BORROWED GENIUS

Win Wenger's Borrowed Genius technique is a creative thinking procedure that enables you to tap into the experience and knowledge of a self chosen expert in the field where you are looking for solutions or developments. To do so, move into the genius” body (mind) and experience things the way the genius would experience them.

The key to this technique is that you describe what you see and experience OUT LOUD. The more you describe, the more details you will see.

If you are working with a partner, have him or her guide you through the different steps. If you are working alone, you might like to use a flow-chart or pre-record the steps for yourself, leaving plenty of time in which to explore.

Now choose the genius you would like to meet, the person who is a master in the skill or subject you would like to develop. The master may be someone you know or someone you don't know; may come from the past, present or future; or may be imaginary. You could also just let yourself be surprised by who or what your larger mind chooses to play the role of genius.

Borrowed Genius Step One

Close your eyes and breathe deeply for a few minutes. Now imagine that you are standing in the middle of an exquisitely beautiful garden. Make this garden more beautiful than any you've ever seen. What colors and shapes do you see? What do you smell? Hear? Feel?

818

Borrowed Genius Step Two

Now invite your genius to join you in the garden. Whoever or whatever this genius is, begin describing them in the same rich detail you previously used to describe the garden. Make this genius completely real through the richness of your description, especially the feeling of their warm, welcoming presence.

Borrowed Genius Step Three

Imagine yourself moving forward and greeting your genius. Notice that your genius smiles at you and then turns so that their back is facing you. This is an invitation for you to step forward and move INTO the body of your genius.

Now start looking through their eyes, hearing with their ears, feeling with their feelings, and perceiving with their perceptions.

Observe the garden around you once again. How do "you" (as the genius) see it? Is anything different from how you saw it before? Whatever the differences are, make them utterly real as you describe them in all their richness.

Borrowed Genius Step Four

Now start doing whatever it is that your master is a genius AT. This may take you to another space where this skill is actually practiced, such as a concert hall where you are singing on stage or a laboratory where you are developing a scientific breakthrough. It might also take you back in time or into the future.

How do you feel when you're practicing your skill? What do you perceive? How does your body feel? What are your characteristic postures, gestures, patterns of movement?

Describe every sensory detail you can about HOW you (as your chosen genius) experience your abilities.

819

Borrowed Genius Step Five

Now begin to move freely through "your" memories. Go to the moment of greatest understanding or illumination, to your highest point or greatest aha! experience. This is the time when, more than any other, everything came together and suddenly made wonderful sense to you.

Describe out loud as much as you can of that moment and experience, particularly the perceptions and understandings you received.

Borrowed Genius Step Six

Now notice that you, the genius, are standing in front of a big, full-length mirror. Clap your hands once. The mirror has suddenly disappeared, and you and your genius have separated and are standing there facing each other.

Project a warm feeling of thanks to them and realize they, in turn, are thanking you for the opportunity to share with you some of the experiences that mean so much to them. Listen closely while your genius points out a key point in this experience or tells you something important about it that you've yet to realize.

Report your impressions regardless of whether they seem to make sense to you or not.

Borrowed Genius Step Seven

Finally, observe that your genius is handing you a cell phone, as you are handing one to them. With this exchange of gifts, you understand that you can access your genius' special knowledge, skills and abilities at any time, as he or she can access yours.

Now return with full awareness to the present, feeling refreshed, relaxed and confident. Spend some time writing down your experiences in your journal.

820

About Win Wenger

This exercise comes from Win Wenger, who is a bonafide genius himself and one of the leaders in the Creativity and Accelerated Learning movements. For more information about Win and his work—or to sign up for his free newsletter—go to: Project Renaissance AT http://www.winwenger.com/borrow1.htm

821

3.51 IMMEDIACY

Coachees can ramble on or get lost in details, since you are a person who is showing genuine interest in them and who is prepared to listen. The coachee can also be glad to finally get it of his chest. Now it's not about how much the coachee tells you but what he tells you, so that you can help him gain insight in the causes of his problem and why things have not been resolved so far.

With immediacy, you help coachees distance themselves from whatever happened in the past and to concentrate on the present, on what is going on right now. It also serves to address information from the story in order to help coachees become aware of certain patterns, that show in the discussion with you as well. The purpose is to clear away hurdles that have formed because the coachee is not sufficiently aware of his current situation or avoids certain truths, that by using this technique can be boldly exposed, as it were.

Those IT guys really are in control. Boys barely twenty years old are leading the company. Did I work thirty years to be treated like this? I sacrificed everything for the good of the company and what do I get...? On top of everything I have to learn how to send an email. We used to have typists to do all the administrative work and now I have to do it myself, me being the manager. No way!

It must be hard to discover that some people can do certain things better than you. What is keeping you from hiring a girl who is good with computers and who can write your emails and with any luck, might teach you how to use the internet. You told me the other time you like Japanese cooking. I have looked on the internet yesterday and found hundreds of sites with really good recipes, dozens of sushi secrets, not to mention the virtual Geisha's.

822

Mmm. Sounds good.

It's not the kind of weather for outdoor sports. It's always raining.

What was the weather like last week?Okay, but I don't have any running shoes yet.

Then you're lucky - there’s a sale on tomorrow. 30% percent discount at the local sportshop.

It's no good; I've hit a brick wall dozens of times.I understand you've had some bad experiences in the past, but what has it been like lately?

I might as well quit coming here and all... They have fired me.You were made redundant and that means you will stop working, at least there. What do you think you could do to make the best of the situation?

I'll kill him, what he has done to me is unforgivable. I shall have my revenge.

Yes, topping him would be an option and there might be some justice in that, but how would that help you reach your goal?

Huh?Your goal was to become businessman of the year. I don't think you that's on the cards if you are sent to jail.

Source:

The Art of Counselling / De Kunst van het Counselen© Copyright Owner: Academy for Counselling and Coaching - The Netherlands - Paul van Schaik

823

3.52 CHALLENGING THE COACHEEChallenging skills are part and parcel of the skills toolbox for an effective coach.

So what do we mean by challenging in the coaching context? Challenge in effect is about not accepting at face value what is being said by your coachee. In challenging as a coach you are offering your coachee your own observations and presenting them with the opportunity for them to think more deeply and adopt an alternative viewpoint. Your challenging skills can help in a number ways.

Firstly it is about stretching your client, taking them beyond their usual self-imposed limits. For example they may say they will complete an action by the end of the month and you may respond with ‘I challenge you to complete that by the end of the day.’ They may reply that that is impossible but take up a challenge of completing the task say by the end of the week.

Challenge is also about confronting with your client what you have heard and picked up in the coaching sessions for example, inconsistencies, goals consistently not achieved or challenging current beliefs, thinking and values. Here as a coach this is about not being afraid to point out to your client what you have noticed in order to raise their own awareness of the situations.

In a counselling interview, challenging is the stage that follows exploration and precedes solutions. When you have exhausted your discussion on what the current situation is, you should have an idea of what the problem boils down to. It ought to be something that can be expressed in one sentence. In the work context, it will be the difference between how the organisation needs things to be and how things are. Challenging means putting this gap between what is and what should be to the employee and then asking explicitly or implicitly: "So what are you going to do about it?"

824

Challenging is not meant to be a confrontational stage of counselling, rather a holding up of the mirror to the employee who has the problem. Sometimes, employees will reach the same conclusion as you do and your challenging will not need to be too forceful. In these cases, the challenging stage will be short and you can both move on to solutions.

However, sometimes, your employee will not fully grasp the position and you will need to be explicit in your challenging.

For example here are a couple of challenging questions:

‘Each week you have seemed determined to carry out these actions but each time you have found some difficulties. What are you learning about yourself from this?’

‘Just now you mentioned that you wanted to start running again…although in your last session you said that you didn’t really enjoy running…tell me what the truth is here?’

‘You have said that in order to be a good parent you cannot leave them for any time with a babysitter. Where has this belief come from?’

The following 5 techniques can help you.

1. Bring Things Out In the Open

Sometimes the only way to make people aware of the nature of the problem is to spell it out, along with the implications of doing nothing. For example, "You realise that if you don't sort out this personality clash between you, one of you will eventually have to decide whether you are to stay in the team or not". Psycho-analyst Alfred Adler called this "spits in the soup" because spelling things out disturbs the employee's unawareness and, like spits in the soup, no longer makes it taste so nice.

825

2. Point Out the Discrepancies

We cannot be whole and healthy in ourselves and our obligations towards others if things do not fit. High absenteeism doesn't sit with a need to work to contract. Good teamwork won't happen where there are unsatisfactory relationships between team members. Your role as coach is to point out these discrepancies and help those concerned take responsibility for getting things to fit again.

3. Link the Contradictions

One other way of looking at people problems is to identify the contradictions that cause the problem. "You say you want to work here and make a valuable contribution. But you've already had 9 days off this year." Or, "You know that the organisation needs this team to work harmoniously together. But you two aren't talking...". Putting the contradictions side by side is a powerful way of challenging because it presents the problem in stark detail.

4. Challenge Faulty Thinking

One of the reasons people don't reach the same conclusions as you about their problems is because they may be stuck in faulty thinking. They make assumptions that seem like absolute truths to them, even if they're not. Challenge their faulty thinking to make them think again. "Why exactly does your mother's health mean you can't leave home?" "Are you really sure he'll react in the way you think?" "Why must you work every day for 10 hours?"

826

5. Gentle Suggestion

If you are stuck with coachees who don't respond to your challenging, you can combine your challenge with the next stage of the process, solutions. This works where people may be stuck at the challenging stage because they don't know what to do next. By suggesting things they can do in a non-forceful and gentle way, they may come to realise that things aren't as difficult as they thought. The solution isn't such a big step after all. "You know, you could always give things a try for a week or two and see how it works out." "Have you thought of speaking to Ron? He had the same problem and now he's fine."

In any kind of people problem, you have to get past the stage of Challenging if you and your employee are to move on. Sometimes, you will have to be brutal and throw cold water on people. At other times, you may only need to state the problem for a solution to be found. But deal with it you must.

For coachees to challenge themselves, you need to ask the questions in such a way that the coachee will start challenging himself. You let him state what would motivate and stimulate him to reach his goal or to achieve his aim.

Examples:

I wonder if it's all worth it?What would help you to carry on?

It's not an easy task, you know.Changing is never easy. What would stimulate you to change?

To swing into action I need a challenge.What challenge were you thinking of?

Other people make it seem so easy.How could you make it easy for yourself?

827

It's quite a task, you know.Do you remember what reward you have set yourself when you reach your goal?

I can't think of anything, even though when I was young I had so many ideas - but nowadays...

Suppose we could go back in time to your young self, what would you want then?

This year I won't become the champ.Hm, this sounds to me like negative thinking. How could you make sure you do succeed?

With the children, a part time job and my husband spending most of his spare time on his study, I don't have any time to myself.

What can you think of that would give you some time to yourself? If you like, we can brainstorm about it.

Last session you said x and now you are saying y…which is the truth/reality/more important?

If I were to challenge you to complete this by next week what would be your reaction?

Sources:

http://www.personal-coaching-information.com/challenging-skills.html

Source: The Art of Counselling / De Kunst van het Counselen© Copyright Owner: Academy for Counselling and Coaching - The Netherlands - Paul van Schaik

828

3.53 MODELING – COACHING - SCAFFOLDINGModeling, coaching and scaffolding are all types of support. In the figure below an overview is given of their relation to each other.

Modeling can be a part of a scaffolding process. Modeling provides an example of the required performance, whereby the most important steps and decisions are stressed. The goal is imitation of the performance of an expert by the learner. When the model is faded, which means that students should follow their own thoughts instead of following an example, modeling is part of a scaffolding process.

Coaching can also be part of a scaffolding process. In coaching learners perform the required performance by themselves. A coach can give hints, prompts, and provides feedback to a learner. A good coach will be a scaffolder of students learning.

829

This means that the coach will be receptive to the current level of performance of students, and will realize that students should become self-reliant in performance of the task. Therefore this coach will fade the support that is given. So, in the case where coaching is faded, coaching is a part of the scaffolding process. But fading is not an explicitly mentioned part of the coaching process.

Scaffolding can use modeling or coaching as a way of providing support, but other types of support can also be given, such as contextual support, support by asking 'leading questions' or support by giving away parts of the solution (Winnips, 1998, p. 35). But always this support is faded, so that the learner will become self-reliant.

In the table below, the three concepts are compared to each other.

Modeling Coaching Scaffolding

Definition

To present a desired behaviour or process so that it can be imitated by the learner.

Support to help the performance of a task. It is aimed at improving the performance of the learner.

Giving support in order to help the performance of a task, whereby this support is faded.

Example

An expert designer thinking aloud during the design of a product, thereby pointing out

Students design a product, an expert designer monitors their progress, solves

Students design a product, an expert designer monitors their progress, solves problems together with the students, motivates students, and

830

critical aspects and important decisions during design. Afterwards students try to imitate this behaviour.

problems together with the students, motivates students, and points them towards different directions.

points them towards different directions, during the process of designing students take over the responsibility, and are left to themselves by the expert.

Counter-example - -

A sequence in a studybook describing concepts at an increasingly higher level of understanding, aimed at keeping the level of difficulty equal during learning (such as a simple-to-complex sequence). Scaffolding is interactive. This means that fading reacts to the level of an individual student or group of students, and that it is tailored to their current level

831

of understanding. So, the sequence of events in scaffolding can not be described beforehand.

Modeling focusses on imitation of the performance of an expert, coaching focusses on the performance of the learner (Jonassen, 1998). Scaffolding can use these two and adds the aspect of fading. The support that is given by modeling performance, the support that is given by coaching, or other types of support given are faded so that the learner becomes self-reliant.

Modeling

NLP Modeling is the process of recreating excellence. We can model any human behavior by mastering the beliefs, the physiology and the specific thought processes (that is the strategies) that underlie the skill or behavior.

It is about achieving an outcome by studying how someone else goes about it.

When Richard Bandler and John Grinder modeled the strategies of Virginia Satir, they were trying to achieve what many others before them had attempted. They wanted to duplicate her extraordinary results in family therapy.

What Bandler and Grinder did differently was to find the thinking strategies she was using, rather than merely copy behaviors. The biggest problem interviewing experts is that skills are usually unconscious. We can not explain how we walk, talk or write for instance. What makes you a successful parent or golfer? The expert's own theories explain their success. These theories can include irrelevant habits and superstitions such as sportsmen and their lucky socks.

832

NLP Modeling involves transferring what an expert thinks they know and what they unconsciously know. It involves being able to produce the outcome and transferring the behavior to others.

The use of modeling in NLP does not just involve extraordinary skills. For example, you could model how someone keeps her desk clean. We can use the same key questions to find out how someone keeps himself depressed, or becomes frustrated.

There are three phases to modeling

1. Observing the model

This involves fully imagining yourself in someone else's reality by using what NLP calls a second position shift.

The focus is on "what" the person does (behavior and physiology), "how" they do it (internal thinking strategies) and "why" they do it (supporting beliefs and assumptions).

We obtain the "what" from direct observation. The "how" and "why" is gained by asking quality questions. Deep trance identification is a powerful tool to accomplish this part of the process. It involves using unconscious clues to generate more information than can be obtained logically.

NLP modeling components

The NLP Techniques skills and Presuppositions enable success in modeling. These involve observing the model's:

o Representational Systems (audio, visual, kine)o Strategieso Physiological components (like states and body postures)o Meta Programs, beliefs and valueso Reference structures - the necessary background knowledge2. Find the difference that makes the difference

Traditional learning adds pieces of a skill one bit at a time until we have them all. The drawback to this method is we don't know

833

which bits are essential. By contrast modeling which is the basis of accelerated learning, gets all the elements and then subtracts to find what is necessary.

By systematically taking out elements of the model's behavior, we can find what pieces are essential. If the process still works without that element, it is not relevant.

The important questions are:

o What are the behavioral patterns of the successful person?o How does she achieve her results?o What did she do that is different from a person who is not

successful?o What is the difference that makes the difference?

When you have all the pieces, you can refine and sequence the model.

3. Design a method to teach the skill

Until you have all the relevant pieces of a skill and the necessary sequence, you cannot teach it effectively. We currently teach many skills with extra background information and pieces muddying the waters.

Rehearsal of the natural sequence of the skill is important. If you tried to make a cake by putting it in the oven before mixing the ingredients together, it would be yucky. Yet we think we can teach separate elements of skills out of sequence and out of context and succeed.

NLP Modeling is a powerful process that can accelerate learning of skills. Strong modeling practices are the basis of good NLP training.

Personally I would replace the word modeling with copying. You have to copy what others have done before."The movers and shakers of the world are often professional modelers (copiers) - people who have mastered the art of

834

learning everything they can by following other people's experience rather than their own".

In other words if you can think, act and so on like someone else you can duplicate their success.

So you are ready to programme your brain, use the right body posture, copy someone else but what do you have to do first?

You've got to decide what it is you actually want from life, that's what. This is quite difficult, but you've got to be brave,and get it all down on paper.and think along the lines of, "If you knew you wouldn't fail what would you do?"

This is to free our mind of limitations. Many of us think we can't do something because of lots of negative thoughts we have accepted over the years

How do we get rid of all of these limiting thoughts? By replacing the pictures in our brain/mind/head with positive pictures.

The pictures of how we think things are can be manipuated. We can look at them and make them darker or smaller until they fade away and replace them with new brighter, bigger positive pictures. This book will tell you how.

Source:

http://www.squidoo.com/unlimited-power

835

3.54 PROBLEM ANALYSISIdentify problems; recognize significant information; gather and coordinate relevant data; diagnose possible causes.

Behavioral statements:

Take well planned steps to gather and organize data for diagnostic purposes.

Distinguish the grade of problems and to indicate major issues.

Foresee problems and to judge their relevance. Ask for questions and ensure they are answered.

836

Basic Problem Definition

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Get a written list containing 5 - 9 answers to the question:

"What is the problem?"

from each involved party.

Define who wants to solve each problem, who cares how it is solved and who might resist the solution.

Identify the players by role or job title, not name.

Separate the "real" problems from the symptoms and proposed solutions.A "real" problem has multiple potential solutions. A good solution will cause all related symptoms to disappear.

If necessary, apply problem/symptom reduction.

Problem/Symptom Reduction

STEP 1: Ask each involved party,

"What is wrong with how things work today?"

Capture the answers as a numbered list of potential problem statements expressed as complete sentences.

STEP 2: For each problem statement on your list, ask,

837

"Can anyone involved with the project do anything about it?"

If not, move it to an "out of scope" list to be reported back to management.

STEP 3: For each problem statement on your reduced list, ask,

"Can anyone on the project identify multiple (different) solutions?" If there is only one solution, the statement is an implied requirement. Rephrase the statement and move it to the requirement list.

STEP 4: For each problem statement on the remaining list, ask,

"If this problem were solved, would any other problem go away?"

A "problem" that disappears when you solve a different problem is a symptom. Associate the symptom with the related problem.

Any problem statement that is still on the list is considered a "real" problem. These are the problems that any solution needs to address while making sure that all of the identified symptoms disappears

Good questions for analysing and solving of problems

Questions are used to open possibilities, to clarify meaning, and to structure the progression through the four stages of problem solving. Particular types of questions are most beneficial at each stage of the problem solving process.

838

o Problem articulation and framing: What questions are best at this stage; they allow the group to gather details and descriptions of the situation and help members understand the real problem and thus reframe it in a way that everyone can agree upon. For example, what is the most important thing…?

o Problem analysis stage: At this stage why questions are most helpful; questions such as why is that important? Why do you think it happened? Why were you feeling that way?

o Hypothesis generation or diagnosis stage: how questions allow the group or individual to begin to formulate a tentative theory to explain or address the problem: how is this situation similar to or different from other problems? How could you do things differently? How could we intervene?

o Action stage: At this stage, the group may be seeking to describe behavior (test for different behaviors) or to share inferences (test for different views); what questions become important again. What are the implications of all this for future action? What should you do now?

At any stage of the problem solving process, a team can get stuck, not seeing a way forward. To help shake things up so that the team can see things from a new perspective and move forward, it’s useful to ask the following types of questions:

o Open-ended questions: Unlike closed questions, which seek a short, specific response like yes or no, open ended questions encourage people to expand ideas and allow exploration of what’s important to them or what is comfortable for them to reveal. Asking open ended questions also encourages them to do the work of self reflection and problem solving rather than justifying or defending a position. For example: what do you think…? Could you say more about…? What possibilities come to mind? What might happen if you…?

839

o Clarification questions: When someone is not clear or you do not experience the full understanding of the situation, you might ask the person to define or explain the statement. For example: Let me see if I am clear. Are you talking about…? Are you saying…? Could you say that in different words?

o Questions for details: When someone is not clear, you might ask for further bits of information. For example: More specifically, what are some of the things that you have tried? Have you asked so and so what his major concerns are? Does thus and such agree that there are performance problems?

o Stimulating questions: Introduce ideas and options by asking questions rather than suggesting a course of action. Emphasis is on asking, rather than telling, inviting a thoughtful response and maintaining a spirit of collaboration. For example: Let me see if I’m clear. Are you talking about setting goals based upon your feedback? This implies that person should use feedback as a guide to setting goals. Similarly, have you asked so and so what his concerns are? Can be used to offer someone the option of inviting so and so to speak about his priorities.

o Probing questions: go below the level of events and behaviors to search for internal drivers that trigger a person’s behavior. For example: Why did this happen? Why did you believe this would be the result?

o Summarizing questions: Invite others to complete or end the discussion with questions that capture the key issues of action. For example: What is the major point that has been made here?

840

Source:

Leading With Questions How Leaders Find the Right Solutions by Knowing What to Ask Notes by Frumi Rachel Barr, MBA, Ph.D. Author: Michael Marquardt - Publisher: Jossey-Bass Copyright year: 2005 - ISBN: 10:0-7879-7746-2ceoconfidante@frumi.com www.100mustreads.com 17 ceoconfidante@frumi.com www.100mustreads.com 18

841

3.55 POSITIVITYOur positive spirit is the Adventurer in us. It is the part of us that glimpses what we are capable of. Through learning how to think positively about our goals, and to act positively in our daily habits, we attract to ourselves all the means which make our goals achievable. Here are 7 ways to become more positive.

1. Create A Positive Self-Image

Your self-image is the person you think you are. You are your own creation. When your self-image is low, you attract into your life all the experiences and conditions that tell you how poor you are. Conversely, when your self-image is high, you attract experiences telling you how great you are. The easiest way to create the self-image you want is through your self-talk. Simply control the chatter in your head. Boost your morale regularly, morning, noon, and night with what you tell yourself.

2. Talk In Terms Of Positive Goals

Our brains need images of positive goals to work towards. They become confused if we feed them negative goals. So, if it is your aim to give up smoking, don’t say: “I want to stop smoking”. Instead, say “I want to enjoy a pleasant evening out with a couple of refreshing drinks, breathing in fresh, revitalizing, clean, pure, uncontaminated, healthy air.”

3. Have Positive Expectations

Numerous experiments confirm the truth that when you expect the best, you usually get the best, and when you expect the worst, you usually get that too. This is known as the self-prophesying principle. So, at the start of any new enterprise or at the start of each new day, look forward with expectations of the very best.

842

4. Always Review Positively

If we are positive at the start of an enterprise, we should be equally positive at the end when we review. Many people become discouraged when things don’t go to plan and they beat themselves up for missing out on the one thing that didn’t work. But there are always gems of real worth in every situation, even apparent disasters, if we only look hard enough. One way to review positively is to use igniter phrases rather than chloroform phrases. So, an obstacle is not a “barrier” but a “challenge”; a setback is not a “disaster” but a “chance to learn”; and a tough problem is not a “failure”, but “a nut we’re going to crack”.

5. Mix With Positive People

One of the biggest drains on our enthusiasms is to be surrounded by people who are negative. They may be well-meaning with their warnings but they are misguided. You have two choices if you want to survive as a positive person: avoid them or train them. One clever way to train negative people is to simply ignore them when they use discouraging conversation. Simply blank them. Then when they return to positive expressions, re-connect. Very soon, they will learn that you are a person who has a sunny disposition and they will simply drop their previously gloomy attitude with you.

6. Use Positivity For Good Health

Emile Coue, the founder of auto-suggestion, carried out a number of studies that proved that positive thinking can cure both mental and physical pain. George Gallup in his study of old age also found that a positive attitude was one of the key ingredients of long living. More recent studies have shown that brain cells actually shrivel up and die under the effect of negative thinking while positive thinking actually changes the

843

composition of body cells for the better. Which all goes to show that positivity is better than any medicine you could buy from the chemist store.

7. Get The Positivity Habit

Good habits are as easy to make as bad ones. It’s simply a matter of choice and repetition. So, if you want the positivity habit in your life, do these things every day:• dress the best you can• smile more• try to genuinely like others• give people positive strokes of recognition• give people the most precious gift you have: more of your time• be thankful for everything you get.

Positivity is not a Pollyanna-ish rose-tinted view of things which ignores reality, but a choice we make about thinking, acting, and speaking which creates reality. As such, it has the power of magic.

844

3.56 HEAD ON COLLISIONA client has pent-up emotion buried under denial, rationalization and minimizing. "Hey, no one had a perfect childhood, it's no big deal," he says, "it is what it is." What happens next? If his therapist was trained in ISTDP, the client better make sure his seatbelt is fastened.

Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP) was developed in the 1960's by Dr. Habib Davanloo, a psychiatrist who agreed with the basic tenets of psychoanalysis but became frustrated with the length of time it required. He developed a modality where the therapist becomes a much more active agent of change and where resistance is handled directly and firmly. He believed that when people push through the resistance and experience true, intense emotion about the past and present, psychological symptoms diminish and interpersonal relationships improve.

The therapist, who knows how to spot a defense when she sees one, jumps in and confronts the client with his resistance, points out consequences of remaining defended (which may include lost time, money and relationships) and presents him with a choice.

Here's an example of a Head-On Collision, one that could be applied to the client at the beginning of the article:

Let's take a look at what's happening here. You have come on your own free will, because you are experiencing a problem which causes you pain. We have set out to get to the root of your difficulties, but every time we attempt to move toward it, you put up this massive wall. The wall keeps me out, and it keeps you from knowing your own true feelings. If you keep me out, you keep me useless. Is that what you want? Because, as you see, you are certainly capable of keeping me useless to you. My first question is, why would you want me to be

845

useless? You see, the consequences of this would be that I would be unable to help you. I'd like to, but the nature of this work is that I can't help everyone. Sometimes I fail. However, can you afford to fail? How much longer do you want to carry this burden?

When to use the Head-On Collision?

This intervention is used with highly resistant clients when the patient is face to face with his or her most self defeating defence mechanisms as they are operating in the therapeutic relationship at that moment.

What does it look like?

The therapist at that moment highlights the nature of the defences, the destructive effects of the defences, how the defences have killed prior efforts to be close, the potential they could overcome the defences, the good outcome that would follow. The therapist also highlights the decision is up to the client, that victory over the defences is the client's and couples this with encouragement for the client to do the best thing for his or herself, family and future.

How does it help the client?

This renders the defences "dystonic" or optimally hated by the client. He or she sees that the defences have caused much pain, loss and suffering for the client. He or she becomes mobilized against these behavioral systems. It inevitably brings some breakthrough of grief over this self defeating adaptation and, depending on certain variable such a timing, can bring to consciousness stronger early emotions about attachment trauma.

What makes the Head-On Collision a cool intervention?The coolest part of it is when you watch the teaching tapes to illustrate this and other emotion-focused maneuvers, it usually brings empathy for the client who had previously been walled off

846

and defeating therapy: Now the viewer and therapist feel admiration for the client who has broken through a longstanding relationship defeating pattern. It also often brings grief in the viewer as he or she recognizes their own or family members' own patterns and the losses and pain the patterns have caused.

Source:

Published on February 1, 2010 by Ryan Howes, PhD, ABPP in In Therapy

847

3.57 TRANSFERENCE INTERPRETATIONYou know transference. It's that psychoanalytic concept where feelings for one person are applied or transferred to another. It's having irrational sympathy for a coworker who reminds you of your sickly brother, or cowering around a boss who feels like your domineering mother. If a current relationship is distorted because of unfinished business from a prior relationship, it's probably due to transference.

Don't worry, it happens all the time, even in therapy. In fact, psychodynamic therapists look for transference because it helps identify the skewed expectations or unmet needs in the client's unconscious. Once the therapist identifies the transference, he shares it with the patient in a statement called an interpretation.

According to Gabbard a transference interpretation is often thought to be one of the most mutative interventions in psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The idea is that something from the patient's world of internal object relations is being repeated in the here-and-now interaction with the therapist, but the patient is unaware of it. The interpretation of the transference situation is designed to make something conscious that has been unconscious.

So why is this the #1 intervention?

Through the years, transference interpretation has set off more lightbulbs than the Vegas Strip as the original "ah ha!" moment in therapy. This co-created epiphany helps thoughts, feelings and behaviors suddenly make sense and seem manageable.

It's not only the results, but the meticulous craftsmanship. Somewhere in your neighborhood tonight an argument will cause someone to utter the words, "I'm not your mother" or "stop treating me like a child,". Affordable, mundane, not terribly transformative. In an analyst's office downtown you'll find a

848

complex, elegant, aged-to-perfection transference interpretation delivered at exactly the right time with exactly the right words, and the patient's world will never be the same.

When would a clinician use transference interpretation?

Several factors must be considered in the timing of a transference interpretation:

a. If things are going well, you may wish to postpone the interpretation. We generally wait to interpret the transference when it has become a resistance--e.g., the patient cannot open up because he imagines the therapist will be critical.

b. Transference interpretation is a high-risk, high-gain intervention so the therapist must first pave the way for it by empathizing with and validating the patient's perspective so there is a strong therapeutic alliance before the interpretation.

c. The therapist must assess that the patient is in a reflective state of mind where a transference interpretation could be heard and reflected upon.

What does it look like?

A transference interpretation links three sides of a triangle. One side is the patient's transference to the therapist; a second side is the patient's experiences with current relationships outside of therapy; the third side is the patient's past relationships with parents and others. So it might sound something like this:

"When you express your fear that I will criticize you if you speak openly here, it sounds so much like your fear of speaking forthrightly to your husband that you brought up last week and your anticipation of criticism from your Dad that you brought up a few minutes ago. I'm wondering if you have retreated from your intimate relationships with men for fear that we will all put you down for having your own views on things."

849

3. How does it help the client?

Transference interpretation helps our clients by enabling them to see broad patterns of fantasies, interactions and object relations that they had never put together before. When the same fantasy or pattern emerges in the relationship with the therapist, it is much more difficult to disown it or deny it. 4. In your opinion, what makes transference interpretation a cool intervention?

What makes this intervention "cool" is that it links information in the here-and-now unfolding before your eyes with the ancient past in a way that helps the patient see that the ghosts of childhood continue to haunt him/her in the present moment.

Source:

Published on February 12, 2010 by Ryan Howes, PhD, ABPP in In Therapy - http://www.psychologytoday.com/

850

3.58 PRIMAL THERAPYCool comes in many forms. In the case of Primal Therapy, cool means unorthodox, controversial, and powerful enough to ruffle feathers after 40 years.

First off, Primal Therapy is the name of the modality, Primal Scream was the name of the 1970 book where Janov claimed mental illness can be eliminated by therapy that involves experiencing and expressing repressed pain from childhood. Sometimes this results in screaming, sometimes sobbing, whatever it takes to express the hurt. The decibels don't matter as long as clients access and express these raw, early emotions. Why is this so important? Take a look at this:

"The number one killer in the world today is not cancer or heart disease, it is repression." - from Why You Get Sick and How You Get Well

According to Janov, unexpressed pain and painful memories place undue stress on our psyche and physical bodies, and may cause illness. Everything from hypertension, allergies, asthma, panic attacks, heart palpitations, ulcers, phobias, depression - each can be potentially traced to repressed emotion. Address the cause (early pain), and the symptom will subside.

Most everyone associated with psychotherapy has heard of Primal Therapy. Whether they love it or hate it, Janov's work has forced the field to wrestle with the significance of repression and raw emotion in their theoretical formulation. If this area were completely unimportant, Primal Therapy wouldn't cause such a ruckus.

When would a clinician use Primal Therapy?

Primal Therapy is used to treat a wide variety of neuroses, including the treatment of anxiety and depression. The aim is to return to the origins of the pain (which always goes back to a

851

lack of love in childhood, or a trauma at birth), relive the pain, and thus heal it.

What does it look like?

Patients return to the exact neuro-physiologic state as occurred originally at the time of the trauma. The treatment is an open-ended therapy in which the therapist remains accessible to the patient for as long as necessary. The aim of Primal Therapy is to restore the patients access to their repressed feelings and therefore free them from the consequences of repression. It is a process that the patients can go on doing by themselves once they have "access" to the buried feelings.

Each time they let themselves "feel" they reconnect themselves to the origin of the repression and have numerous insights. They also feel better that they knew was possible because they take the misery out of their systems.

How does it help the client?

Primal Therapy helps by returning to the origins of the problem, lifting it out of the unconscious, making a conscious connection and thus integrating and resolving the pain.

4. In your opinion, what makes Primal Therapy a cool intervention?

It is one of the most heavily researched private psychotherapies extant in the world; and the "cool" thing about it is it is also one of the most effective modalities extant.

Source:

Published on February 5, 2010 by Ryan Howes, PhD, ABPP in In Therapy - http://www.psychologytoday.com/

852

3.59 FOCUSING

When a coachee decides to see a coach, they may have a clear idea about which problem area they want to solve. However, more often than not, the global situation will be composed of multiple, often competing problem areas:

- There may be problems at home, - As well as at work- The built up tensions may also result in physical

problems and feelings of depression

Coahing is as much about priorities and focusing on specific problem areas in the coachee’s life as about finding solutions for the coachee.

If the coachee does not know which problem to tackle first, the coach will have to use purposeful questioning in order to come to an inventory of problem areas.

Afer summarizing, the coach may then ask the coachee to scale the various areas in order to determine which are the most important problems, that require a priority treatment.

Next, they will focus on the problem that the coachee experiences as the most important, and explore it more in depth.

Sometimes, choosing the right goals to begin with is very difficult.

Basically, you can choose to work any problem that you feel is necessary to realize your goals. But when you do not know what you want to achieve, or in which order you want to work, then things might get complicated.

A good idea might be to first decide what you want to do with your life and what large scale goals you want to achieve.

853

Next, you break these down into the smaller aims that you must hit so that you reach your overall lifetime goals.

Finally, once you have your plan, you start working towards achieving it.

By starting with small, smart goals, you will raise your self confidence,. As you recognize your ability to meet the goals that you have set., the very process of achieving goals and seeing this achievement will give you confidence that you will be able to achieve higher and more difficult goals later on.

Source:

http://www.solveyourproblem.com/setting-goals/setting_goals_choose_wisely.shtml

854

855

There are more excellent manuals like this

at

www.lulu.com/spotlight/jaimelave

You can order your printed copy or opt for

an immediate download

Some are completely free to download

856

857