ddgs on wether biochem,parameters pp 959 969

Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium

Modern Trends in Livestock Production, October 2-4, 2013

EFFECT OF DRY DISTILLER� GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES FROM CORN (DDGSc) ON SOME WETHER` BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS M. R. Yossifov, L. K. Kozelov, M. A. Petkova

1Institute of Animal Science Kostinbrod 2232, Bulgaria Corresponding author: [email protected] Original scientific paper

Abstract: Recently, the new technologies for ethanol production lead to an enhanced role of this industry and the production of feed by-products (dried distiller� grains (DDG), gluten meal, etc.). The shortage and continuous price enhancement of traditional feedstuffs for animals throw out a challenge for searching their alternatives. Investigations in this area are insufficiently in Bulgaria. It�s interesting to study our own Bulgarian dry distiller� grains with soluble from corn (DDGSc) as a component of diets for small ruminants. The objective of our study was to determine the effects of DDGSc on wethers� blood biochemical changes. Two rations (Control Ration, CR and Experimental Ration, ER) were made. They contained 63 % compound feeds and 37 % roughage. The main components of both compound feeds were corn and tritikale. The experimental ration contained DDGSc as substitute of sunflower meal from Control ration. Both diets were equivalent on protein contents. The chemical composition of rations was determined by the conventional Weende analysis. The following blood biochemical parameters (before feeding and 2.5 h after feeding) have been studied: total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, and both AsAT and AlAT enzymes` activities. All biochemical parameters were estimated by Pentra 400 automatic biochemical analyzer. The obtained results showed that there were no any incidences of digestive disorders in both investigated groups. It�s concluded that our choice of DDGSc as alternative nutritive component of ration for small ruminants and as a substitute of sunflower meal had been suitable. On the base of these results we could go on to evaluate DDGSc effect on rumen degradability, digestion in the whole tract, utilization of nutrients, animal production (meat and milk) for both quality and quantity.

Key words: feedstuffs, distillers dried grains with soluble from corn (DDGS ), composition, nutritive value, wethers, blood biochemical parameters



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Introduction

Rapidly increasement in the number of distilleries for bioethanol production result in enormous quantities of available by-products suited for animal diets. So, this group of bioethanol subproducts very often are used in ruminant diets as protein supplement (especally in finishing feedlot diets). However, the sheep-breeding sector accepted furtively these untraditional and nonconventional feedstuffs as a source of protein and energy at total rations (TR). One of the main reasons is relatively poor researching data and information with practical usage about dried distiller�s corn grains with soluble (DDGSc) in small ruminant�s diets. Amassing knowledge for DDGS� processing, chemical composition, animal performance, etc. must be lined by evaluation of series of biochemical parameters, such determining animal performance.

Recommended DDGS levels included in sheep diets varied up to 10 � 15 % (www.wcfin.ca.pdf), in spite of lacking information about optimal including levels. DDGSc contain both rumen degradable protein (RDP) (up to 60 % of the CP) and fat (12 %). Low content of starch (approximately 70 % of the weight of grain) and availability of physilogical active fibers (primarily nonstructural carbohydrates) changed slowly rumen pH, resp. reduced the possibility of rumen acidosis (moderate rumen pH fluctuations) (Fluharty et al., 1994).

The objectives of our trial was to evaluate the effects of DDGSc (high fat and low fibres) as a substitute of sunflower meal (SFM) (low fat and high fibres) on some blood biochemical parameters. Material and Methods

Animals and rations. In the experimental base of the Institute of Animal Science (IAS) Kostinbrod, BG was conducted an experiment with four wethers aligned by age (4 years), breed (Cygay) and body weight (mean 63 ± 2 kg). Animals were kept in metabolic cages with free access to water. The experimental period was performed using the preliminary (7-d) and experimental (4-d) period. The experimental design is shown in table 1. Total rations (TR) were composed of roughage (meadow hay - MH) and concentrate mix. The cereal-based concentrate mix entered corn grain and triticale. The third component, protein source, in the control diet (CD) was sunflower meal (SFM), and in the experimental diet (ED) - dried distiller� corn grains with soluble (DDGSc). Rations were formulated to be



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Table 1. Experimental diets (g) and (%)

Control diet (CD) Experimental diet (ED) Diet

Feedstuffs (g) (%) (g) (%)

Corn 321.54 17.65 128.61 6.91 Tritikale 321.54 17.65 321.54 17.28 Protein source* 493.02 27.05 724.54 38.94

Concentrate mix

Total 1136.10 62.35 1174.69 63.13 Roughage Meadow hay 685.95 37.65 685.95 36.87 Total ration Total 1822.05 100 1860.64 100 * Sunflower meal (SFM) for CD and dried distiller�s corn grains with soluble (DDGS) for ED

iso-caloric (1.1 FUG), iso-nitrogenous (16 %) and equal in Ca:P ratio (2.0), meeting or exceed actual requirements (NRC, 2007). The feeding was individual, twice a day with equal quantities. Diets were limit fed and consisted of similar amounts MH (37 %), cereal component (35 % in CD and 24 % in ED) and either SFM (27 %) or DDGSc (39 %).

Experimental procedures. Experiments were 14 days � 10-d preparatory + 4-d experimental period. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture into 4 mL Vacutainer tubes with Clot- activator from each individual animal before morning diet at 8.00 h and 2.5 h post feeding. Blood samples were taken twice, on 1-d (11) and 3-d (13). Tubes were centrifuged at 1,500 g at room temperature for 10 min. The following biochemical parameters were studied: total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, and enzyme activity of AsAT and AlAT aminotransferases.

Chemical analyzes, calculations and statistical methods. Chemical composition of feedstuffs and diets were determined by conventional Weende analysis (AOAC, 2002). Automatic biochemical analyzer was used for blood test. The results have been statistically analyzed and interpreted by computer software for statistical analysis - Microsoft Excel 2007, a single factor analysis using ANOVA program. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Tables, figures and graphics were made of the same software. Results and Discussion Diet composition and consumption. Chemical composition of feedstuffs is shown in table 2.



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Table 2. Chemical composition of diets components

Feedstuffs DM % P* EE* F* Ash* Corn 81.66 6.03 2.21 2.55 0.85 Tritikale 83.57 11.60 1.20 3.11 1.55 SFM 86.32 32.15 0.72 18.00 6.47 DDGSc 87.42 23.08 10.02 6.72 3.84 Meadow hay 84.74 7.18 0.92 30.31 4.91 * as fed basis DM-dry matter; CP-crude protein; EE-ether extract; CF-crude fibres; Sunflower meal-SFM; Dried distiller�s corn grains with soluble-DDGS

Including 38 % DDGSc in sheep� TR as a substitute of 27 % SFM + 11 % cereal component did not affected significantly animal comsumption (table 3). Received actual values for dry matter intake (DMI) (1538 vs. 1588 g), crude protein (264.45 vs. 261.53 g) and ash (73.29 vs. 67.57 g) are similar in both groups (+ 3.1, - 1.1 and - 7.8 %). CF consumption (234.98 vs. 269.88 g) varied 15 % and EE (20.83 vs. 85.61 g) exceeded tripple CD, meeting the objectives of our study.

Biochemical parameters. Serum metabolites are frequently used to monitor the metabolitic health status of productive animals (Ametaj et al., 2009). Therefore, it should be noted that all values are obtained within the reference for this species. This applies to both - groups and dynamics. The influence of the ED on blood biochemical changes is presented in table 4. Table 3. Consumption of forage, DM and nutrients from concentrate mixture, roughage and

total ration, among the groups (g) Diet CD ED

Concentrate mix 1136.10 1174.69 Roughage 685.95 685.95

As fed basis

(g) Total ration 1822.05 1860.64 Concentrate mix 956.95 1007.12 Roughage 581.27 581.27

DMI (g)

Total ration 1538.22 1588.39 Concentrate mix 215.20 212.28 Roughage 49.25 49.25

CP (g)


EE (g)


F (g)


Ash (g)

Total ration 73.29 67.57 DM

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DDGSc inclusion showed no significantly affect on total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glob), urea (BUN), cholesterol (Chol), triglycerides (Trigly), aspartate (AsAT) and alanine (AlAT) aminotransferases concentration (p>0.05). Table 4. Effect of DDGS supplementation on some blood biochemical parameters (n=8; x±SD)

Control diet Experimental diet Indicators 0.0 h 2.5 h post 0.0 h 2.5h post

TP g.dL-1 6.73 ± 0.02 7.06 ± 0.08 6.82 ± 0.18 7.19 ± 0.14 Alb g.dL-1 3.03 ± 0.06 3.14 ± 0.07 3.12 ± 0.13 3.15 ± 0.12 Glob g.dL-1 3.70 ± 0.06 3.92 ± 0.04 3.70 ± 0.18 4.05 ± 0.16 BUN mg.dL-1 16.29 ± 0.03 18.85 ± 0.09 16.65 ± 0.37 19.04 ± 0.36 Chol mg.dL-1 53.81 ± 0.02 53.87 ± 0.05 53.63 ± 0.18 53.59 ± 0.20 Trigly mg.dL-1 26.46 ± 0.12 37.46 ± 1.53 27.74 ± 0.61 39.30 ± 0.12 AlAL u.L-1 28.72 ± 0.01 29.12 ± 0.19 27.98 ± 0.18 27.89 ± 0.52 AsAT u.L-1 72.97 ± 0.10 73.10 ± 0.18 73.22 ± 0.60 72.75 ± 0.58 TP-total protein;Alb-albumin;Glob-globulin;BUN-urea;Chol-cholesterol;Trigly-triglycerides;AsAT-Aspartate aminotransferase;AlAT-Alanine aminotransferase

Obtained average values of the blood total protein (TP) ranged 6.73 to 7.19 g.dL-1 (6.8 %). Albumin varying 3.03 to 3.15 g.dL-1 (4.0 %), and globulin � 3.70 to 4.05 g.dL-1 (9.4 %). The ratio albumin / globulin fractions of blood, known as "protein factor" (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) did not show significant differences (p>0.05) between groups and diets.

45.02 %54.98 %

Albumins (Alb)

Globulins (Glob)

before feeding

44.48 %55.52 %

Albumins (Alb)

Globulins (Glob)

2.5 h post feeding

Figure 1. Protein ratio (%) for control group, fed SFM as protein source



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45.75 %54.25 %

Albumins (Alb)

Globulins (Glob)

before feeding

43.81 %56.19 %

Albumins (Alb)

Globulins (Glob)

2.5 h post feeding

Figure 2. Protein ratio (%) for experimental group, fed DDGSc as protein source

No differences were observed among both diets in the BUN concentrations (table 4). The BUN values, although weren�t statistically different among both diets, some authors reported that this metabolite were numerically higher for diets with higher DDGS inclusion rates compared to this with lower treatment. Although, the current values were within normal range for sheep and gives no indication of problems with using DDGS in the feeding program in regard of nitrogen utilization. The initial BUN concentrations (fig. 3) among the treatments (0.0 h) were very similar (16.29 vs. 16.65 mg.dL-1) with 2.5 h after (18.85 vs. 19.04 mg.dL-1) feeding (2.0 and 1.0 %). If compare the levels of BUN for experimental and control groups and the results be imposed on one axis, you can see how closely were the established factual values. This is in agreement with results from Horn and Beeson (1969), who observed no difference in BUN concentration in steers when supplemented basal diet with 5 % DDGS substituting cracked corn and urea. Swenson (1977) also did not detect any difference in BUN concentrations in goats diets supplemented with DDGS. Corresponding results was reported by Gurung et al. (2009) in goats (19.0-25.0 mg.dL-1) for diets containing different levels DDGS. In contrast, heifers fed the 20 % DDG diets had higher BUN values than heifers receiving the diets with 10 % DDG (Vander Pol et al., 2005). In addition, they reported that heifers on all treatments had increased BUN values with time, as observed in the current trial. The BUN concentrations may be useful as an indicator of protein status within a group of animals and could help to find diets or identify problems with a feeding program (Kohn et al., 2005). Also, the BUN concentration has been shown to be related to energy intake and balance of protein and energy in diets (Hagemeister et al., 1981).



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02468

101214161820

0.00h 2.30h

+ 2.0 %+ 1.0 %

DDGSc- based dietSFM- based diet

Figure 3. Dynamics of BUN concentration in the control and experimental group before

and 2.50 h after feeding The serum cholesterol concentration at the trial was no difference among both diets. Estimated values (53.81 vs. 53.63 mg.dL-1 before feeding and 53.87 vs. 53.59 mg.dL-1 2.5 h post feeding) were within normal ranges for sheep (53-200 mg.dL-1) (Swenson, 1977). Feeding fat to dairy cows almost always increases plasma cholesterol and the increase is independent of the degree of fatty acid saturation (Grummer and Carroll, 1991). The increased serum cholesterol levels in high DDGS-containing diets can be attributed to higher levels of fat in the diets due to DDGS inclusion. Gurung et al. (2010) in their study with goats demonstrated that serum cholesterol values increased linearly (p<0.001) as dietary amounts of DDGS increased in the diet, but stays within normal ranges.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Cholesterol Triglycerides

0.00 h 2.50 h

00.00 h 2.50 h

SFM- based dietDDGSc- based diet

Figure 4. Dynamics of the concentrations of the lipid fractions in blood plasma in the

control and experimental group An absence of effect from DDGS inclusion on the other lipid fraction � triglyceride were indicative values before (26.46 vs. 27.74 mg.dL-1) and 2.5 h after feeding (37.46 vs. 39.30 mg.dL-1). In comparative terms, the values of triglycerides showed



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(Fig. 4) that this indicator has significantly higher levels in the hours post feeding, as in the control group (37.46 vs. 26.46 mg.dL-1) as in the experimental group (39.30 vs. 27.74 mg.dL-1). The difference was near 29.4 %. AlAT and AsAT are two of the most reliable markers of hepatocellular injury or necrosis. AlAT primarily exists in liver, but AsAT exists in various tissues like heart, liver, kidney and so on. So, liver�s enzymes werealso not influenced significantly (p>0.05) and were at the normal levels in both treatments. During the trial, adding DDGSc tended to decrease AlAT, while did not affect AsAT significantly, which indicated that protein forage could protect the animal liver

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

AlAT

AsAT

SFM- based dietDDGSc- based diet

0.00 h

2.50 h

0.00 h2.50 h

Figure 5. Dynamics of the enzymatic activity of aminotransferases AlAT and AsAT under injury factors. The results obtained tends of reduction in both diets for the enzyme activities of AlAT (before feeding - 2.6 % and post feeding - 4.2%). The activity of other enzyme � AsAT, you can say that its varies within close range (73 u.L-1) for both diets. Under the conditions of this experiment, the ratio between the activities of both enzymes (Fig. 5) values were in very close ranges (2.5 - 2.6) with no affect by the type of the protein source and diet. The analyses of current trial shows that all controlled serum biochemical parameters allows to say that DDGSc does not cause significant negative changes and effects in the levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, urea concentration, cholesterol, triglycerides, as well as the activity of aminotransferases AlAT and AsAT. The obtained values of changes in the analyzed parameters can be applied to explain metabolism of fat in the body, liver function and the health status of animals in general, as well as utilization of diets and their nutrients, resp. animal performnce.



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Conclusion

The obtained results showed that there were no any incidences of digestive disorders in both investigated groups. It�s concluded that our choice of 38 % dried distiller�s corn grains with solubles (DDGSc) as alternative nutritive component for small ruminants� rations and as a substitute of sunflower meal (SFM) had been suitable. On the base of these results we could go on to evaluate DDGSc effect on rumen degradability, digestion in the whole gastrointestinal tract, utilization of nutrients and animal production (meat, milk) in both quality and quantity. Acknowledgments

Research was financed by the Agricultural Academy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Republic of Bulgaria, project 67.

The author would like to thank to barn (Ganka Boycheva) and laboratory (Galabena Borisova and Maria Kolchova) stuff in the research (Depart. Animal nutrition & Feed technologies, Institute of Animal Science Kostinbrod, BG), for the assistance during the experiment.

Uticaj kori� enja suve kukuruzne d�ibre (DDGSC) na neke biohemijske parametre kastriranih ovnova M. R. Yossifov, L. K. Kozelov, M. A. Petkova Rezime

U zadnje vreme, nove tehnologije za proizvodnju etanola dovele su do pove anja uloge ove industrije i proizvodnje sporednih proizvoda hrane (suva kukurzna d�ibra (DDG), glutena, itd). Nedostatak i kontinuirano pove anje cena tradicionalne hrane za �ivotinje predstavljaju izazov za tra�enje njihove alternative. Istra�ivanja u ovoj oblasti su nedovoljno prisutna u Bugarskoj. Tako e je interesantno prou iti na�u sopstvenu, bugarsku suvu kukuruznu d�ibru (DDGSc) kao komponente za ishranu malih pre�ivara. Cilj na�eg istra�ivanja bio je da se utvrde efekti DDGSc na kastrirane ovnove, odnosno biohemijske promene krvi. Dva obroka (Kontrolni obrok, CR i eksperimentalni obroki, ER) su formirana. Oni su sadr�ali 63% gotove sme�e i 37% kabaste hrane. Glavne komponente gotove sme�e bile su kukuruz i tritikale. Eksperimentalni obrok sadr�ao je DDGSc kao zamenu za suncokretovu sa mu u kontrolnom obroku. Oba obroka su ekvivalentna u pogledu sadr�aja proteina. Hemijski sastav obroka je odre en konvencionalnom



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Weende analizom. Slede i biohemijski parametri krvi (pre hranjenja i 2,5 sata nakon hranjenja) su prou avani: ukupni protein, albumin, globulin, urea, holesterol, trigliceridi, i aktivnosti enzima AsAT i AlAT. Svi biohemijski parametri su procenjeni kori� enjem Pentra 400 automatskog biohemijskog analizatora. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da nije bilo pojave digestivnih poreme aja u obe ispitivane grupe. Zaklju eno je da je na� izbor DDGSc kao alternativne nutritivne komponente obroka ishrane malih pre�ivara i kao zamena za suncokretovu sa mu u obroku bio pogodan. Na osnovu ovih rezultata mo�emo da nastavimo sa procenom DDGSc odnosno uticaja na varenje, razgradnju u rumenu, varenje u celom digestivnom traktu, iskori� avanje hranljivih materija, proizvodnju (meso i mleko), sa stanovi�ta kvaliteta i kvantiteta. References AMETAJ B., EMMANUEL D., ZEBELI Q., DUNN S. (2009): Feeding high proportions of barley grain in a total mixed ration perturbs diurnal patterns of plasma metabolites in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92:1084-1091.

OAC International (2002): Official methods of analysis. 17th ed., Rev. AOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD. FLUHARTY F., LOERCH S., DEHORITY B. (1994): Ruminal characteristics, microbial populations, and digestive capabilities of newly weaned, stressed calves. J. Anim. Sci., 72:2969-2979. GURUNG N., SOLAIMAN S., RANKINS D., MCELHENNEY W. (2009): Effects of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles on feed intake, Growth Performance, Gain Efficiency and Carcass Quality of Growing Kiko x Spanish Male Goats. J. Anim. and Vet. Adv. 8(10):2087-2093 GRUMMER R., CARROLL D. (1991): Effects of dietary fat on metabolic disorders and reproductive performance of dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 69:3838-3852. HAGEMEISTER H., LUPPING W., KAUFMANN W. (1981): Microbial Protein Synthesis and Digestion in the High-Yielding Dairy Cow. In: Haresign W. and D.J.A. Cole (Eds.). Recent Developments in Ruminant Nutrition, Butterworths, pp: 33-48. HORN G., BEESON W. (1969): Effects of corn distillers dried grains with solubles and dehydrated alfalfa meal on the utilization of urea in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 28: 421-417. KOHN R., DINNEEN M., RUSSEK-COHEN E. (2005): Using blood urea nitrogen to predict nitrogen excretion and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in cattle, sheep, goat, horses, pigs and rats. J. Anim. Sci., 83:879-889.



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NRC - National Research Council (2007): Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep. Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. SWENSON M. (1977): Dukes� Physiology of Domestic Animals. 9-th Edn. Cornell Uni. Press, pp: 28. VANDER POL K., ERICKSON G., KLOPFENSTEIN T. (2005): Degradable intake protein in finishing diets containing dried distillers grains. Anim. Sci.Dept. Nebraska BeefCattle Reports, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, pp: 44. WWW.WCFIN.CA.PDF

ddgs on wether biochem,parameters pp 959 969

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