Emerging Communication Protocols and Technologies for the Internet of Things Domain

Jiri Hosek, Ph.D.

Youth School-Seminar, DCCN 2016

RUDN University, Moscow, November 24, 2016

*These slides are intended for educational purposes and include materialpublished by WISLAB group as well as available openly on the Internet.

Lecture’s content

• Technical terminology

• Concept of Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT classification

• IoT Communication Architecture

• Emerging IoT Protocols and Technologies

• Selected IoT applications and services

• Vision of the future

Communication between Machines –Technical Terminology

• Internet of Things (IoT)

• Internet of Everything (IoE)

• consumer IoT (cIoT)

• industrial IoT (iIoT)

• Direct communication between machines without any human interaction

• Machine-to-Machine (M2M)

• Human-to-Human (H2H)

• Machine-type Communications (MTC)

• Infrastructure-less direct communication between devices

• Device-to-Device (D2D)

IoT Concept

• New highly emerging Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) domain

• Penetrating into all segments of our life

• The world is developing towards “Networked Society”, where all types of devices are communicating with each other and sharing information

* Vodafone M2M Barometer report, 2015

IoT Concept (2)

“Big Data”

• “Collect -> Store -> Analyse -> Share” architecture

Consumer IoT

• Consumer-oriented applications

• Consumer devices, such as smart appliances (e.g. refrigerator, washer, dryer), personal gadgets (e.g. fitness sensors, smart glasses, etc.)

• Data volumes and rates are relatively low

• Applications are not (usually) mission or safety critical

Industrial IoT

• Devices are machines operating in e.g. industrial, transportation, energy or medical environment

• Data volumes, rates and number od devices tend to be relatively high

• Applications are mission and / or safety critical

• System-centric applications

• New industrial revolution

• Industry 4.0

Specific Transmission Requirements of IoTApplications

• Each IoT application generates a specific data pattern and has specific communication requirements

• Selection of suitable communication technology / protocol is crucial

• M2M traffic is mainly homogenous

• All devices operating the same application behave similarly

• M2M traffic is highly predictable

• Many devices reacts on global events in synchronized manner

Examples of different M2M applications

IoT Communication Architecture

• Nowadays, there is a “zoo” of IoT-ready protocols and (wireless) technologies

• MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol,

• CoAP (Constraint Application Protocol),

• ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Z-Wave,

• WirelessHART, ISA100.10a, Wireless M-BUS,

• Energy-efficient industrial WiFi (IEEE 802.11ah),

• Proprietary cellular-like technologies (SIGFOX, LoRaWAN),

• Standardized cellular systems (LTE-Cat. 0/1, 3GPP Narrow-Band IoT).

• Interoperability across different technologies and systems is the key issue!

IoT Communication Architecture (2)

MQTT Protocol

• Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT)

• Centralized, text-oriented and easily implementable application protocol for IoT

• Bi-directional communication mechanism

• Publish / Subscribe

• Utilizing TCP / IP architecture and / or standard SMS

• High energy efficiency due to small size oftransffered messages.

• Suitable for transmission of telemetric data

CoAP Protocol

• Constraint Application Protocol

• Lightweight software- implementable application protocol suitable for very simple (power-constrained / embedded) devices

• E.g. remote control of electric appliances like heating or lighting systems

• Utilizes TCP / IP architecture

• Non-secure transmission by default

• Security mechanisms provide by upper layers (e.g. TLS)

• Can be easily converted to the HTTP protocol

• Easy integration into the web applications

• High energy efficiency

Wireless M-BUS Technology

• Wireless alternative of two-wire bus technology (M-BUS)

• Data transmission and control in the area of measurements and regulation of heating systems, gas / water pipes, electricity grid, etc.

• Unlicensed band 169 / 433 / 868 MHz

• Application in smart metering systems(Smart Grid)• Including standardized format of

communication between all devices in utilities sector (DLMS / COSEM)

• Modelling of transmission reliability for specific environment

SIGFOX Technology• Very quickly penetrating wireless technology

• Ultra narrow unlicensed band: Europe (868 MHz), US (902 MHz)

• Cellular architecture

• The main goal is long range and high energy efficiency

• Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)

• Suitable only for less frequent transmissions of small data size (max. 140 messages per day, size 12 B)

• Robustness assured by repetitive transmission over different frequency channels

• Mostly monitoring of simple devices (uplink direction)

LoRaWAN Technology• Energy efficient wireless technology (LPWAN)

created and supported by LoRa Alliance

• Utilization of patented modulation Long Range(LoRa)

• Unlicensed band

• Europe (868 MHz), US (913 MHz)

• Very good sensitivity and signal penetration into the buildings (up to -134 dBm) and resistance against interference (signal is transmitted 20 dB below the noise level)

• High transmission redundancy (up to 12 redundant bits for 1 application bit)

• Communication range up to 40 km (LOS) and around 2 km in urban area

IEEE 802.11ah Technology• Physical layer based on IEEE

802.11ac

• MIMO, single user beamforming, etc.

• Low Data Rate (~100kpbs), extended range (up to 1km), low energy consumption

• Unlicensed sub-GHz band

• Europe: 863-868 MHz, US: 902-928 MHz

• One hop network topology for massive deployments

• Up to 8191 nodes per one AP

• Video surveillance, smart metering, wearable consumer electronics

Massive M2M Transmissions• Network has to manage a reliable transmission of data from very high number of devices

(more than 100k)

• Only standardized cellular technologies are capable to fulfil such strict requirements

• Standardization activities led by 3GPP in order to extend the LTE technology by the support of massive M2M transmissions

• LTE-M / LTE Cat. 0 / 1

3GPP Narrow-Band IoT (NB-IoT) Technology

• Standardized LPWAN solution enabling efficient and reliable communication of massive number of M2M devices

• 3GPP LTE Rel. 13

• As a part of existing 4G (LTE) mobile networks

• Easy deployment

• Transmission speed up to170 kb/s

• Commercial deployment expected in 2017

Consumer IoT – Smart Home

• Constantly growing number of communication-capable devices deployed in our homes

• Across most of the domains of our living

• High diversity of (often proprietary) technologies and solutions

Smart Multi-Purpose Home Gateway (SyMPHOnY)

• Gateway-centric smart home system orchestrating a variety of sensors and actuators via different communication technologies

• Cellular connection as main communication channel outside the home

Industrial IoT

• Industry 4.0

• Digitalization and automatization of all production processes

• Automotive halls, logistic warehouses

• Increasing efficiency

• Reducing costs

• Smart factory

• Smart Amazon warehouses

Wearables• Emerging IoT segment enabling applications in

cIoT and iIoT as well

• Electronic appliances (gadgets) worn directly on human body or in its vicinity

• Specific transmission requirements

• Up to Gb/s transmission speed, ultra-low delay, high energy efficiency, good user experience

• Variety of short range technologies

• mmWave technologies

Tactile Internet

• Extremely low latency (< 1ms) evoking the feeling of immediate reaction – „real touch“

• Haptic control

• Automotive robots, highly precise surgery, etc.

• 5G’s goal?!

Vision of the Future – Smart City

Small data,Smart factory,Overload control,Smart grid,Massive M2M,Smart agriculture

Wearables,D2D for M2M,

Vehicular,Smart home,

Rural deployment,Coverage extension,

Commuter train

Smart car parking,H2H + M2M,Automation,

Vision of the Future in Numbers

Summary

• IoT is enabling new possibilities and services for end users and industry as well

• Carefully selection of suitable communication technology according to the specific requirements of IoT application is necessary

• Standardized mobile communication systems are expected to become a dominant long-range IoTtechnology (cellular IoT)

• Integrated 5G-IoT ecosystem

• Complete deployment of IoT vision will bring novel communication technologies and will offer revolutionary applications and services across whole society

• Until then, many open issues need to be solved

• Security and privacy issues

• Energy efficiency is still not sufficient

• Wireless energy harvesting

• Unified data format

• Revolutionary technologies satisfying critical requirements of novel applications

• Wireless transmissions in ultra-high frequency bands (~60 GHz)

• User experience

Thank you for your attention!

Questions?