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Living in a Digital World

Discovering

Computers 2011

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The System Unit

The system unit

is a case that

contains

electroniccomponents of

the computer

used to process

data

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World

Chapter 44Page 210

Figure 4-1

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The System Unit

The inside of the system unit on a desktop

personal computer includes:


Chapter 45Page 211

Figure 4-2

Drive bay(s)

Power supply

Sound card

Video card

Processor

Memory

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The System Unit

The motherboard is the main circuit board of the

system unit

A computer chipcontains integrated circuits


Chapter 46Page 212

Figure 4-3

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Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital WorldChapter 4

9

Mac Air

motherboard (back)

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Playstation 3 (American)

Nintendo Wii

Game Consoles MotherboardsXBOX 360

10
http://content.techrepublic.com.com/2347-10877_11-38683-38745.html?seq=56http://content.techrepublic.com.com/2347-10877_11-38683-38745.html?seq=56

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THE PROCESSOR OR CPU(the brain of the computer)


12

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Processor

The processor, also calledthe centralprocessing unit(CPU), interprets andcarries out the basicinstructions that operatea computer

Contain a control unit andan arithmetic logic unit(ALU)


Chapter 413Page 213

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Processor

The leadingmanufacturers ofpersonal computerprocessor chips are Intel

andAMD VIA

3RD largest

IBM

Video game consoles

Cell chip for PS3

ARM

Cell phones andmobile devices

14Pages 216 217

Figure 4-7
http://allyncs.com/docs/IntelProcGuide.htmlhttp://allyncs.com/docs/AMDProcGuide.htmlhttp://allyncs.com/docs/AMDProcGuide.htmlhttp://allyncs.com/docs/IntelProcGuide.html

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15

These chips generally

runs at a slower clock

speed, but increaseoverallperformance

Multi-coreprocessor

Dual-coreprocessor

Quad-coreprocessor

Hexa-coreprocessor

8-core chip?

12-core chips?16-core chips?
http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-10471603-64.htmlhttp://www.engadget.com/2010/03/30/amd-launches-12-core-opteron-server-chips-intel-counters-with-t/http://www.extremetech.com/computing/95199-amd-ships-interlagos-16-core-bulldozer-cpu-but-wheres-zambezihttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/95199-amd-ships-interlagos-16-core-bulldozer-cpu-but-wheres-zambezihttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/95199-amd-ships-interlagos-16-core-bulldozer-cpu-but-wheres-zambezihttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/95199-amd-ships-interlagos-16-core-bulldozer-cpu-but-wheres-zambezihttp://www.engadget.com/2010/03/30/amd-launches-12-core-opteron-server-chips-intel-counters-with-t/http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/30/amd-launches-12-core-opteron-server-chips-intel-counters-with-t/http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/30/amd-launches-12-core-opteron-server-chips-intel-counters-with-t/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-10471603-64.htmlhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-10471603-64.htmlhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-10471603-64.html

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17Discovering Computers 2011: Living in aDigital World Chapter 4

Worlds fastest

processor test

video
http://www.engadget.com/2011/09/13/amd-gets-guiness-world-record-for-fastest-cpu-with-overclocked-o/http://www.engadget.com/2011/09/13/amd-gets-guiness-world-record-for-fastest-cpu-with-overclocked-o/http://www.engadget.com/2011/09/13/amd-gets-guiness-world-record-for-fastest-cpu-with-overclocked-o/http://www.engadget.com/2011/09/13/amd-gets-guiness-world-record-for-fastest-cpu-with-overclocked-o/http://www.engadget.com/2011/09/13/amd-gets-guiness-world-record-for-fastest-cpu-with-overclocked-o/http://www.engadget.com/2011/09/13/amd-gets-guiness-world-record-for-fastest-cpu-with-overclocked-o/

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Processor

The control unitis the component of the

processor that directs and coordinates most of

the operations in the computer

The arithmetic logic unit(ALU) performs

arithmetic, comparison, and other operations


Chapter 418Page 214

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 4, Click WebLink from left navigation,then click Control Unitbelow Chapter 4
http://www.scsite.com/dc2010cp/ch4/weblink/

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Processor

For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of

four basic operations, which comprise amachine cycle


Chapter 419Page 215

Figure 4-5

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Processor How do you measure its speed?

The system clockcontrols the

timing of all computer operations(small quartz crystal circuit)

The pace of the system clock is called the clock

speed, and is measured in Hertz (ticks/second).Current PC processors: gigahertz (GHz) & superscalar

The faster the clock the more performance you get

21Page 216

The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions

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Processor

A processor chipgenerates heat thatcould cause the chip toburn up

Require additionalcooling

Heat sinks

Heat piples

Liquid coolingtechnology

Faster clock speed andless noise


Chapter 424Pages 219 - 220

Figures 4-9 4-10

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25

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26

HEAT PIPE FOR NOTEBOOKS

(LAPTOPS OR PORTABLE PCS)

Some mobile computers

and devices often use

Low Voltage or Ultra

Low Voltage (ULV)processors

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Data Representation

Analogsignals are continuous and vary instrength and quality

Digital signals are in one of two states:on or off

Most computers are digital The binary systemuses two unique digits (0 and 1)

bit(binary digits)is the smallest unit of data the computercan process, but it is not very informative


Chapter 429Page 221

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Data Representation

A computer circuit representsthe 0 or the 1 electronicallyby the presence orabsence of an electricalcharge

Eight bits grouped togetheras a unit are called a byte.A byte represents asingle character in thecomputer


Chapter 430Page 221

Figures 4-12 4-13

Origins 1956

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Data Representation

ASCII (American

Standard Code for

Information

Interchange) is themost widely used

coding scheme to

represent data

Up to 256 characters andsymbols


Chapter 431Page 221

Figure 4-14

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Unicode 16-bit (216 =

65,536 characters)

Coding scheme

capable of

representing allworlds

languages 30.000 reserved for

future use (e.g.Egyptian hieroglyphs)

32

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MEMORY


34

A four-megabyte RAM card measuring about 56 by

38 centimeters (twenty-two by fifteen inches);

made for the VAX 8600 minicomputer (ca. 1986)

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Memory

The system unit contains two types of memory:


Chapter 436Pages 223 - 224

Volatile memory

Loses its contents whenpower is turned off

Example includes RAM

Nonvolatile memory

Does not lose contentswhen power is removed

Examples include ROM,flash memory, and

CMOS

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Memory

Three basic types of RAM (main memory) chipsexist:


Chapter 438Page 225

Figure 4-19

Dynamic RAM(DRAM)

Static RAM (SRAM)Magnetoresistive

RAM (MRAM)
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Memory

Each location in memory has an address

Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),

megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), orterabytes (TB)

39

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Memory

RAM chips usually reside on a memory module

and are inserted into memory slots


Chapter 440Page 225

Figure 4-20

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Chapter 441

Laptop Memory SODDIM slots

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SODDIM

installation on

laptop


Chapter 442

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Memory

The amount ofRAM necessary in a computer

often depends on the types of software you plan

to use


Chapter 443Page 226

Figure 4-21

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Memory

Memory cache speeds the processes of the computerbecause it stores frequently used instructions and data


Chapter 444Page 227

Figure 4-22

saves a trip all

the way back to

slower main

memory

Some processor

chips now include

all 3 types of cache

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Cache Memory

L1 cache built into processor

L2 cache slower but has larger capacity

L2 advanced transfer cache is faster, built directly

on processor chip

L3 cache is separate from processor chip on

motherboard (L3 is only

on computers that use L2 advanced transfer

cache)


Chapter 445

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Memory

Read-only memory(ROM) refers to memory

chips storing permanentdata and instructions

Firmware

46Page 228

Many household appliances use this chip.

EEPROM

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CMOS technology

p. 200 Next

Uses batterypower to retain

information when other

power is turned off

Complementarymetal-oxide

semiconductor

memory

Helps store

date, time, and

computersstartup

information

High speed

technology

chip

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CMOS Batteries

51

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Memory

Access timeis the amount of time it takes the

processor to read from memory

Measured in nanoseconds or MHz


52Page 229Figures 4-24 4-25

The fewer ns, the faster is the RAM.

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53

CPURegisters

Level 1 cache

Level 2 cache

Level 3 cahce

Physical RAM

Virtual Memory

Optical Disc Drives Hard Drive

A computer systems memory has many different levels, ranging from the small

amounts in the CPU to the much slower but more plentiful storage of a hard drive.

Fast access but

very little storage

Huge amounts of storage but

slow speeds

Learn

for the

test

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EXPANSION SLOTS AND ADAPTERCARDS

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital WorldChapter 4 55

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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

With Plug and Play, the computer automatically

can configure adapter cards and other peripherals

as you install them


56Pages 230 231Figure 4-27

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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

Removable flash memory includes:

Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC

Cards/ExpressCard modules

57Page 231Figure 4-28

Mac Air 64GB

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Ports and Connectors

A port is the point atwhich a peripheralattaches to or

communicates with asystem unit (sometimesreferred to as ajack)

A connector joins a cable toa port


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On a notebook computer, the ports are on the

back, front, and/or sides


59Pages 232 - 233Figure 4-30

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60

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A Bluetooth wireless portadapter converts a USB port into aBluetooth port

A smart phone mightcommunicate with a notebook

computer using an IrDA port


61Page 235Figures 4-33 4-34

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A USB portcan connect

up to 127 different

peripherals together

with a single connector You can attach multiple

peripherals using a single

USB port with a USB hub


USB ports eliminate the

need to install cards in

expansion slots like older

computers.

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64

SuperSpeed USB 3.0480Mbps at 3 meters and

110Mbps at 10 meters.

Wireless USBallows up to 127 devices toconnect directly to the host

computer

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Buses (electrical channel)

A busallows the variousdevices both inside and

attached to the system unit

to communicate with each

other Data bus (transfer actual

data)

Address bus (transfer info

about where data shouldreside in memory)


The wider the bus the faster the

transfer of data (bus width)

Every bus has a clock speed (MHz)FSB or system bus isthe most important.

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Power Supply

The power supplyconvertsthe wall outlet AC power

into DC power

Some external peripherals

have an AC adapter, whichis an external power supply


70Page 239

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Factors that affect the speed of the processor

The clock speed (clock rate)

Type of processor chip

Amount of cache memory

Memory access time

Bus width (measured in bits)

Bus clock speed (system bus or FSB) Heat and Heat dissipation


71

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Chapter 4 72

End of Chapter 4

Remember: There will be a computer ad from which

you will have to answer questions on the next test.

Chapter 8 and Open quiz from chapter 4 on next class.

Second Partial test: Next week (5, 6 & 7)

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Summary

Components of thesystem unit

How memory storesdata, instructions, and

information

Sequence of operationsthat occur when a

computer executes an

instruction

Comparison of variouspersonal computerprocessors on the

market today

How to clean the

exterior and interior ofa system unit


77Page 241

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Living in a Digital World

Discovering

Computers 2011

Chapter 4 Complete

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Chapter 4 79

Chipsare packaged sothey can be attached to a

circuit board How chips are made

videoclip

AMD video

Silicon wafer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJZjHfL-ztY&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJZjHfL-ztY&feature=relatedhttp://www.tomshardware.com/news/amd-intel-how-cpu-made,8298.htmlhttp://www.tomshardware.com/news/amd-intel-how-cpu-made,8298.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJZjHfL-ztY&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJZjHfL-ztY&feature=related

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Available chip packages

single edge contact (SEC) cartridge

pin grid array (PGA)

dual inline

package (DIP)

flip chip-PGA

(FC-PGA)

package

80

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Chapter 4 81

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dc 2011 chapter 04

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