Day 91: The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877Baltimore Polytechnic Institute

January 23, 2014A/A.P. U.S. History

Mr. Green

We had 2 snow days, 1/21 and 1/22

2 hour delay

Objectives: Define the major problems facing the nation and the South after the Civil War.Describe the responses of both whites and African Americans to the end of slavery.Analyze the differences between the presidential and congressional approaches to Reconstruction.Explain how the blunders of President Johnson and the resistance of the white South opened the door to the Republicans’ radical Reconstruction

AP FocusThe Union victory is significant in transforming and diversifying the South’s production. It also represents the defeat of the planter-slaveholder and the continued rise of the industrial capitalist.In the aftermath of the war, especially in those southern states that reenter the Union under Johnson’s lenient plan, Black Codes again segregate and subordinate the South’s blacks. Organizations, such as the Ku Klux Klan and the Knights of the White Camellia, use violence and intimidation to deny blacks access to institutions, such as voting, that would improve their lives. Blacks are reduced to a form of slavery without chains, in that they are economically dependent and subservient to the owner of the land on which they are sharecroppers.

The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877

CHAPTER THEMESJohnson’s political blunders and Southern white recalcitrance led to the imposition of congressional military Reconstruction on the South. Reconstruction did address difficult issues of reform and racial justice in the South and achieved some successes, but was ultimately abandoned, leaving a deep legacy of racial and sectional bitterness.

During Reconstruction, the Constitution was strengthened with the Fourteenth (citizenship and equal protection of the laws) and Fifteenth (black voting rights) Amendments, but it was also tested with the conflicts between the president and Congress that culminated in an impeachment process.

Chapter Focus

Decades Chart 1860’s-Due on WednesdayQuiz on Friday over Chapter 22

Announcements

1. How would the South be rebuilt?2. How would liberated blacks fare as free men

and women?3. How would the Southern states be reintegrated

into the Union?4. Who would direct the process of

Reconstruction?5. What should happen to the Confederate

leaders?Slave-owners lost some $2 billion in slaves“damn yankees”, “your government”

Warm-up? The Problems of Peace

Rebel troops evacuating Charleston blew up military supplies to deny them to General William Tecumseh Sherman’s forces. The explosions ignited fires that all but destroyed the city.

Emancipation followed the Union Army.Slaves were freed then re-enslaved, then

freed, then re-enslavedSome displayed loyalty to plantation, others

pillagedAfrican-American churches doubled in size

after EmancipationWhole communities moved together-

ExodustersEducation key to freedom-Education societies

Freedmen Define Freedom

Created on March 3, 1865 to address the transition to freedom

Provide:1. food2. Clothing3. Medical care4. Education-blacks/white refugeesNot all good-some collaborated with planters

in removing blacks from towns or signing labor contracts with former masters

The Freedmen’s Bureau

Came from humble beginningsServed in the House and refused to secede

when Tennessee didSupporter of states’ rights

Johnson: The Tailor President

Lincoln’s 10% plana state could be re-admitted when 10% of its voters from the 1860 Presidential election took an oath of allegiance to the U.S.creation of a formal state government

Congress in 1865Wade-Davis Bill: 50% needed to take the oathLincoln pocket-vetoed the bill in 1864

Johnson’s plandisfranchised Confederates with taxable property more than $20,000-except for pardonsrepeal ordinances of secessionrepudiate Confederate debtratify 13th amendment

Presidential Reconstruction

Black codes-regulated the affairs of the emancipated blacks

Created the share-cropping class of emancipated blacks and landless whites

African-Americans not allowed to 1. Serve on a jury2. Rent/own land3. Punished for idlenessThe North looked down on the South for this

reaction

The Baleful Black Codes

Many ex-Confederates won state elections as senators and representatives

The North enjoyed free reign during the warMorrill Tariff, Pacific Railroad Act, Homestead Act

With newly freed slaves, the South population was about to explode and increase their power

Johnson claims southern states met readmission conditions on Dec 6, 1865

Congressional Reconstruction

Johnson vetoed and Congress overrode the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 which granted citizenship to freed slaves

14th Amendment1. Civil Rights/Citizenship2. reduced representation if a state denied African-Americans the right to vote3. disqualified former Confederates as federal office-holders4. guaranteed federal debt/repudiated Confederate debt

Johnson clashes with Congress

Johnson’s lack of vote-getting in the mid-terms of 1866 resulted in a 2/3 majority for the Republicans in both houses of Congress

Swinging “round the circle with Johnson”

Charles Sumner-led radicals in the SenateThaddeus Stevens-led radicals in the HouseRadical Republicans

keep Southern states out as long as possibleuse federal power

Moderate Republicansrestrain states from denying citizens’ rightslimited federal authorityhad the upper hand

Republican Principles and Programs

Congressional Reconstruction Act-March 2, 18675 military districts in the Southdisfranchised former Confederates

Readmissionratify 14th amendmentstate guarantee of full suffrage to blacks15th amendment

Women Rights were not addressed at this timeElizabeth Cady Stanton/Susan B. Anthony not supportive of the 14th/15th amendment

Scalawags-former Unionists/Whigs that were corruptCarpetbaggers-northerners seeking power in the South

politically or economically or both

Reconstruction by the Sword

1. How would the South be rebuilt?2. How would liberated blacks fare as free

men and women?3. How would the Southern states be

reintegrated into the Union?4. Who would direct the process of

Reconstruction?5. What should happen to the Confederate

leaders?

Wrap-Up

Continue Reading Chapter 22

Homework