day 3 overview overview of research paradigms eagle and condor deduction and induction modernism and...
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Day 3 overview
Overview of research paradigms
Eagle and Condor
Deduction and Induction
Modernism and Post-Modernism
Deconstruction
Where we sit
Nga iwi e! Nga iwi e! Kia kotahi ra te Mo-a-na-"nwi"-kiwa e-i-a-i-e -----------
Kia mau ra! Kia mau ra! ki te mana motuhake me te aroha e-i-a-i-e -----------
Wahine ma! Wahine ma! Ma-ra-nga mai, Ma-ra-nga mai, kia kaha e-i-a-i-e -----------
Ta ne ma! Ta ne ma!Whakarongo tautoko kia kaha e-i-a-i-e -----------
Nga iwi e! Nga iwi e! Kia kotahi mai te Moana-"nwi"-kiwa e i-a i-e -----------
All you people! All you people!Be united as one, like the Pacific Ocean.(Cries of joy!) "air-ee-ah-ee-air" Hold on firmly! Hold on firmlyto your inheritance, and to compassion. e-i-a-i-e -----------
All you young women! All you young women rise up, rise up, be stronge-i-a-i-e -----------
All you young men! All you young men!Listen, support, be strong e-i-a-i-e -----------
All you people! All you people! Be united as one, like the Pacific Ocean. e-i-a-i-e -----------
Nga Iwi E
500 years ago the European colonisation of the Americas and the rest of the world begins - the first stirrings of Modernism and powerful research methods that were to shake the foundations of the natural world
Descarte1596-1650
If you would be a real seeker after
truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all
things.
The Cartesian Split
• Consiousness: I can’t doubt that I doubt “cogito ergo sum” (“I think therefore I am”). The inner reality.
• Perfection I can conceive of the “perfect entity”, therefore there must be one (God)
• A just God There must an “outer reality”, which is stable, measurable and has mathematical properties. God wouldn’t play tricks on us
• Dualism Therefore there is an inner and an outer reality operating under different rules
PositivismMetaphysical (nature of reality) assumptions • Nature is orderly and regular (measurable); • We can know nature. (Some theorists suggest
that there exists a limit to such knowledge. Up to now, such a limit has not been defined.)
• All natural phenomena have natural causes (Determinism).
• Nothing is self-evident (e.g. the assertion that “2/3” or “√2” is not a rational number – a number that can be written - has to be proved.)
What happens when you divide 3 into 1?
= 0.333333333333333 for ever
you can never write all of it down, but can you prove it?
3 into 1 = 0 with 1 left over 0
3 into 10 = 3 with 1 left over 0.3
3 into 10 = 3 with 1 left over 0.33
3 into 10 = 3 with 1 left over 0.333
There’s always 1 left over.
The square root of 2= 1.4142135623731…..Firstly, assume sqrt(2) is rational, i.e can be represented as
the irreducible fraction m/n where m and n are integers. We have sqrt(2)=m/n. Squaring, and multiplying both sides by n2, we get m2 = 2*n2.
This tells us that m2 is even. Now the only way to get an even square is to have its root also even, because even*even=even and odd*odd=odd. So m must also be even. This means that we can write m = 2*k where k is another integer.
So now we can rewrite m2 = 2*n2 as (2*k)2 = 2*n2 = 4 * k2. Halving both sides of this, we get n2 = 2 * k2.
This tells us that n2 is even. So n must also be even by the same reasoning as given above. So we can write n = 2 * j.
So if m is even and n is even, then m/n is not an irreducible fraction. And this argumentation can go on for ever. So the assumption that sqrt(2) is rational must be wrong, thus sqrt(2) is irrational. Q.E.D.
Positivism
Epistemological (nature of knowledge) assumptions
• Knowledge should only be derived from experience. (Empiricism)
• The meaning of a proposition consists in how it is verified by experience. (Verifiability).
• The application of logical analysis will reach the goal of unified science. (Logicism).
• Sciences should all be unified syntactically and semantically.
Deduction starts with things that we know about the world and builds theories from these facts that we can test by observation
Deductive Logic in Quantitative ResearchPropositions or ‘facts”:
All Granny Smiths are applesAll apples have pips
LogicalReasoning
Construct or theory
All Granny Smiths have pips
EmpiricalInvestigation
Observations Test 100 randomly selectedGranny Smiths for pips
Deduction
the third statement is necessarily true if the rules of logic hold and the first two statements are true
All social creatures are primates
All humans are social creatures
All humans are primates
All primates are social creatures
All humans are social creatures
All humans are primates
If I have appendicitis, I am very sick
I am very sickI have appendicitis
Social Workers are hard working people
Lazy people have unsatisfying lives
Social Workers have satisfying lives
Actual and Estimated production of oil and gas – Peak Oil
1. we have X thousand units of oil and gas left in the ground2. we are using X/10 thousand of units of oil and gas each year3. we will run out of oil and gas in 10 years
Inductive Logic in Qualitative ResearchConcept or Theory
Granny Smiths are a type of appleLogicalReasoning
Narrative aligning the stories
Granny Smiths have a strongresemblance to apples except that theydon’t go red or yellow, they stay green
EmpiricalAnalyses
Observations: Granny Smiths have pips, are crisp,sweet, and green on the outside
Induction is about the process of theory creation. We observe and describe things in the natural world. We look for alignments and create theories about those alignments
Induction
the third statement is probably true if the rules of logic hold and the first two statements are true
I take 20 marbles from a bag
They are all blackAll the marbles in the
bag are black
UFOs leave giant craters where they land
There are giant crater imprints in Oregon
UFOs have landed in Oregon
Lithium causes vomiting in monkeys
Monkeys and humans are primates
Lithium will cause vomiting in humans
Socrates was a great manSocrates had a motherAll great men have
mothers
Annual growth rate = 3.75% - growth doubles every 19 years
3. The Gross World Product will continue to grow at the same rate, meaning that it will be 32 times larger in 2108.
1.Every year the Gross World Product increases by about 3.75%, doubling every 18.7 years2. This increase has occurred consistently for over 57 years
John Coleman
Look for an example of apparent deductive logic – starting from propositions and going to observation.
Look for an example of apparent induction – starting from “observations” and creating a proposition or theory.
Focus on the bold areas
Deduction and inductionP1: These scientists know that if they do research that sounds alarms, they will become well known and respected and receive scholarly awards and, very importantly, more research dollars will come flooding their way.
P2: They are environmentalists above all else
Observation: So when these researchers did climate change studies in the late 90's they were eager to produce findings that would be important and be widely noticed and trigger more research funding and at the same time drive their environmental agendas.
O1: Our universities have become somewhat isolated from the rest of us.
O2: I know this group well. My father and my older brother were both PHD-University types. I was raised in the university culture. Any person who spends a decade at a university obtaining a PHD in Meteorology and becomes a research scientist, more likely than not, becomes a part of that single minded culture.
Proposition: They all look askance at the rest of us, certain of their superiority.
Modernism• Positivism, empiricism - a stable singular
observable reality• Strong faith in science and that behaviour is
reducible to physics and chemistry• Technological solutions to problems,
industrialisation, victory over nature• Destruction of religious/cultural/class dogma
/power• Humanistic moral force• Research as defined, structured, quantifiable
process – surveys, experiments, observations
A.M. Cassandre French, 1901 - 1968Nord Express (North Express), 1927
Celebration of technology
Arthur Charles Radebaugh American, 1906 - 1974Bendix Products, 1937
An advertisement showing a supposedly attractive world
Gerrit Rietveld Dutch, 1888 - 1964G. A. van de Groenekan, fabricator (Holland) Zig-Zag sidechair, 1939
Making the impossible, possible
La Sagrada Familia
Antoni Gaudí.
Started 1882
Completion 2026
144 years to build
Some NZ Humanist principles• Live a worthwhile life• Contribute to the well-
being of our fellow humans, since we depend on each other.
• Care for the health of the environment that nurtures us.
• Hurt not others with that which pains yourself.
• Do as you would be done by
• Children should be brought up to be honest, kind and fair.
Pablo (or Pablito) Diego José Santiago Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispín Crispiniano de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz Blasco y Picasso López
Naïve John
Good Old Modernism
Takes a Ciggy Break1992
HomeNew WorkEarly WorkDrawingsProductNewsLinksContact
PostmodernismMetaphysical and Epistemological assumptions
• multiple and individual realities
• the idea of “other”
• an absence of universals (meta-narratives)
• rejection of structural and hierarchical models – surface (lateral) not depth (vertical) relationships
• methodology of deconstruction
• research as a creative interactive qualitative process – focus groups, interviews, grounded theory
Karl Popper’s “falsification” principle.
• Theories cannot be proven by doing endless confirmations of their predictions - the inductive argument
• One falsification of a theory is sufficient to disprove it - Newton and Einstein
• Science can never be more that a hypothesis waiting for falsification
• If an hypothesis is not falsifiable (testable) it is not scientific
We are the only beings conscious of our own existence. We cannot have an “innate” nature. We all have to create our own nature and meaning
Jean-Paul Sartre & Simone de Beauvior - Existentialism
Post-structuralism• An extension/rejection of structuralism – that the
meaning of things (words, behaviours) are subordinate to their place with a system.
• Objects exist independently of thought• However, all things only have meaning within
social space (relationships, discourse [thought and language]) – and are a social construction
• Meaning is constructed and can be deconstructed by discourse (themes) – terrorists vs freedom fighters
• Meaning is always in flux and where it is ambiguous is a pointer to shifting conditions of power
Michel Foucault – power and ethics: “From being an art of unbearable sensations, punishment has
become an economy of suspended rights”
Foucault• Rejection of idea that there is position from which
you can observe all history – having a transcendent consciousness
• Understanding the location and movement of power is the key function of discourse analysis
• Everything is capable of multiple meanings – there are no experts
• The “confession” and the “examination” is seen as mechanisms of oppression in social services
• Maintaining a stance through ethics based on autonomy of the participant, reflexivity and critique
Deconstruction - text analysis
1. Find tensions and instabilities in the text
2. Question assumptions which are set as self evident, natural or original
3. Look for the binaries (man-woman), developed-underdeveloped) – is there a power hierarchy? How stable is the binary? What does it exclude?
4. Look for paradox – where an author subverts his/her own intentions
Derrida - defining deconstruction.wmv
Post-positivism• critical realism. there is a reality independent
of our thinking about it • all observation is fallible and has error and
that all theory is revisable • the goal of science is to hold steadfastly to
the goal of getting it right about reality, even though we can never achieve that goal
• objectivity is a group perspective, requiring multiple measures and methods
• knowledge evolves through a process of variation, selection and retention
Contrasts between positivism and post-positivism[1]
Positivism Post-Positivism
Emphasis on parts and decontextualization
Emphasis on whole and contextualization
Emphasis on separationEmphasis on integration
Emphasis on the generalEmphasis on the specific
Consideration only of objective and the quantifiable
Consideration also of subjective and the non-quantifiable
Contrasts between positivism and post-positivism[1]
Positivism Post-Positivism
Reliance on experts and outsider knowledge--researcher as external
Consideration also of the "average" participant and insider knowledge- researcher as internal
Focus on prediction Focus on understanding
Top-down Bottom-up
Attempt to standardize Appreciation of diversity
Focus on the productFocus on the process as well
Transformative/Emancipatory paradigm
Has a focus on social justice, the experience of oppression, the differentials of power, and the cultural, political, economic and historical perceptions of “reality”. It builds on Foucauldian ideas of ethics and asks for a constant effort to move taken-for-granted knowledge to conscious examination while accepting the post-positivist agenda