david shonnard michigan technological university

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1Michigan Technological University

Introduction to Environmental Issues(Chapter 1)

David ShonnardDepartment of Chemical Engineering

Michigan Technological University


What are the most important environmental issues for you?

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What are the most important environmental issues for you?

l Consider this and discuss with your neighbor.

l Be prepared to discuss why this issue is important.

l How have your experiences (prior education, COOP, etc.) shaped your attitudes toward environmental issues?

1-minute discussion


Values are in quadrillion (1015)BTUs ( British Thermal Units)

Annual Energy Review 2002, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(2002)

U.S. Energy Flows, 2002

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US Energy Flows: Outputs

Values are in quadrillion (1015) BTUs ( British Thermal Units)Annual Energy Review 2002, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(2002)

U.S. Energy Flows, 2002


U.S. energy overviewAnnual Energy Review 2002, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(2002)

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U.S. industry manufacturing energy use

Annual Energy Review 2002, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(2002)

SIC Code 1015 BTUs/yr

29 Petroleum/Coal Products 7.3228 Chemicals / Allied Products 6.0626 Paper 2.7533 Primary Metals Industries 2.5620 Food / Beverages 1.1532 Nonmetallic Mineral Products 0.9424 Wood Products 0.51

Numbers represent roughly the % of US annual energy consumption


Global carbon flows and fuels use

Atmosphere 740

Land Biota560

Soil and Detritus1,200

Intermediate and Deep Waters 38,000

Warm Surface Waters 600

Cool Surface Waters 300

50 1101.5**

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FossilFuel Use

36 39

OceanBottom

0.5

25

0.33 0.17

10 13

60

60

Numbers are ingigatons C or gigatons C/yr.

From http://www.bom.gov.au/info/climate/change/gallery/index.shtml

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CO2 and temperature in the northern hemisphere

National Geographic, September 2004, pg 20, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.


Global Energy Balance


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Greenhouse Effect



Model Temperature Rise

National Geographic, September 2004, pg 20, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.

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Global warming and related impacts

ChemicalProcessing

EnergyMaterialsProducts

greenhousegas emissions CO2, CH4, N2O

climate change;sea level change

human mortalityor life adjustments

Cause and Effect Chain

CFCs

CO2

CH4

O3

N2O

Contribution to global Warming; Phipps, NPPC, http://www.snre.umich.edu/nppc/

Climate Change 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WMO and UNEP, Cambridge University Press, 1996.


Possible adverse effects of

global warming

l Increased average temperatures and temperature extremes

l Melting of glaciers / polar ice and sea level risel Increased incidence of diseases such as malaria due

to warmer temperaturesl Changing climate and altered weather patternsl Disruption of land use due to droughtsl Migration of human populationsl Decreased life expectancy in some regions of the

world

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Stratospheric ozone depletion

ChemicalProcessing


ozone depletingsubstancesCFCs, HCFCs

ozone layer lossincrease in uv

human mortalityor life adjustmentsecosystem damage


From Ozone FAQ - see http://www.unep.org/ozone/faq.shtml

meth


1. O3 + hν → O + O21. O1. O33 ++ hhνν →→ O + OO + O22

Principal ingredients for ozone loss:UV radiation & a free radical (e.g., X = OH, NO, Cl, Br)

Net: 2••••O3 + hνννν →→→→ 3••••O2

2 O32 O2 O33 3 O23 O3 O22

2. O3 + X → XO + O22. O2. O33 ++ XX →→ XXO + OO + O22

3. O + XO → X + O23. O +3. O + XXOO →→ XX + O+ O22

Catalytic ozone destruction

Dr. Paul A. NewmanNASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

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Production trends of ozone depleting substances (Fig. 1.4-3)

(x10

00 )

CFC-12

CFC-11


Stratospheric ozone depletion (cont.)Figure 1.4-4

ττττ = 120 yr

ττττ = 60 yr

ττττ = tropospheric reaction half-life

Slow recovery

Faster recovery

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Stratospheric ozone depletion (cont.)Figure 1.4-4


CFC mole balance: Atmosphere response to CFC phase-out

1. Troposphere (0 - 10 km) is well-mixed2. Annual CFC production is emitted to atmosphere (assumed)

d yCFC

dt= ECFC( t)

MCFC mATM

− 1

τyCFC

I.C. t =0, yCFC = yCFC ,o

yCFC = mole fraction of CFC in the troposphereECFC (t) = emission rate of CFC (g/yr) = ECFCo e-at (AFEAS web site)

MCFC = molecular weight of CFC (g/mole)mATM = atmosphere content (1.5x1020 moles) (Wallace/Hobbs, 1977, pg6)

τ = CFC residence time in the troposphere (yr)yCFC,o = mole fraction of CFC in 1988 (Figure 1.4-3)

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

Year

CFC-12

CFC-11

CFC-11. ECFCo = 3.14x1011 g/yr, a = 0.1796 yr-1, MCFC = 137.4 g/moleCFC-12. ECFCo = 3.93x1011 g/yr, a = 0.1250 yr-1, MCFC = 120.9 g/mole

ppt = yCFC x 1012

CFC mole balance model prediction

yCRC=yCRCoe− t

τ +ECFCo

MCFC mATM (1/ τ −a)(e− at −e

− t

τ )


Smog formation and related impacts

ChemicalProcessing


NOx and volatileorganic substances

photochemical oxidation reactions

human/ecologicaldamage from O3and other oxidants


NOx VOCs

12 3

4

5

6

7

1

2

34

5

6 7

1 - Chemical & Allied Processing2 - Petroleum & Related Industries

3 - Metals Processing, 4 - Other Industrial Processes5 - Solvent Utilization, 6 - Storage & Transportation7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling

VOCs

NOx 1997

1997

National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf

Fuel Combustion

Industrial Processes

Transportation

Miscellaneous

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Acid rain / Acid deposition

ChemicalProcessing


SO2 and NOxemission to air

Acidification rxns.& acid deposition

human/ecologicaldamage from H+

and heavy metals


National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf

SO2

1

23

5 7

4

6

1 - Chemical & Allied Processing2 - Petroleum & Related Industries3 - Metals Processing4 - Other Industrial Processes5 - Solvent Utilization6 - Storage & Transportation7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling

1997

Fuel Combustion

Industrial Processes

Transportation

Miscellaneous


Human health toxicity

ChemicalProcessing


Toxic releases to air, water, and soil

Transport, fate, exposure pathways& routes

Human health damage; carcino-genic & non...

Petroleum Refining

9%

Chemical / Allied

Products51%

Transport-ation

Equipment7%

All Other Industries

16%

Primary Metals

8%

Electronic Equipment

9%

Chemical and Allied Products

27%

Primary Metals22%

All Other Industries

23%

Paper and Allied

Products5%

Petroleum Refining

3%

Rubber and Miscel-

laneous Plastics

3%

Transport-ation5%

Fabricated Metals

6%

Electronic Equipment

6%

RCRA HazardousWaste

EPCRAToxicWaste

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Hazardous Waste Management Options

Allen and Rosselot, 1997,Pollution Prevention for Chemical Processes


Ecology Concepts

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Ecological Impacts

La Grega et al.“Hazardous Waste ManagementMcGraw Hill


ReCap of Chapter 1

Environmental Issues Risk Concepts (Ch 2)Global Warming Exposure AssessmentsOzone Depletion in Stratosphere Hazard AssessmentAcidification ToxicitySmog Formation Environmental FateEcology Concepts PersistenceEnergy Consumption DoseWater QualityLife-Cycle ConceptsProduct Stewardship

What is the contributionfrom the chemical industry?

david shonnard michigan technological university

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