davanam cultivation ppt

8/14/2019 Davanam Cultivation ppt

1/47


2/47

IntroductionIntroduction

Common Name: DavanamCommon Name: Davanam

Botanical Name: Artemisia PallensBotanical Name: Artemisia Pallens FamilyFamily : Asteraceae: Asteraceae

OriginOrigin : India: India

Plant Part : Tender stems withPlant Part : Tender stems withflower paniclesflower panicles


3/47

BOTANYBOTANY

Davana is an annual, erect growing,Davana is an annual, erect growing,branched, aromatic herb, reaching abranched, aromatic herb, reaching aheight of 45-60 cm height.height of 45-60 cm height.

Leaves possess a characteristic bluishLeaves possess a characteristic bluish green colour. green colour. Inflorescence is sessile or peduncled,Inflorescence is sessile or peduncled,

axillary with very inconspicuousaxillary with very inconspicuous

flowers.flowers.


4/47

SOILSSOILS

Davanam comes up well in richDavanam comes up well in rich

loamy soil.loamy soil.

It can be grown on sandy soils, redIt can be grown on sandy soils, red

andand

alluvial soils, but fertile alluvial soilsalluvial soils, but fertile alluvial soils

are the best.are the best.


5/47

PropagationPropagation

Davana is propagated through seed.Davana is propagated through seed.The seeds are very minute (1 gramThe seeds are very minute (1 gram

contains 6000 seeds).contains 6000 seeds). Seeds from current crop are selectedSeeds from current crop are selected

for sowing.for sowing. One year-old seeds are moreOne year-old seeds are more

preferable. But seeds older than onepreferable. But seeds older than oneyear do not germinate as they have lostyear do not germinate as they have losttheir viability.their viability.


6/47

Raising a nurseryRaising a nursery

Raised beds of 2 meters long and 1 meterRaised beds of 2 meters long and 1 meter

width are prepared.width are prepared.

Farm yard manure @ 10 kg per hectare isFarm yard manure @ 10 kg per hectare isused in 500 sq mts area of beds.used in 500 sq mts area of beds.

This high seed rate is to allow losses dueThis high seed rate is to allow losses due

to poor germination, diseases liketo poor germination, diseases like

damping off. Ant menace and also for thedamping off. Ant menace and also for the

selection of healthy seedlings forselection of healthy seedlings for

transplanting in the mainfield.transplanting in the mainfield.


7/47

SowingSowing

Seeds being very minute, are mixed withSeeds being very minute, are mixed with

fine sand at 1:11 ratio and kept moistenedfine sand at 1:11 ratio and kept moistened

in a moist cloth for 48-72 hours.in a moist cloth for 48-72 hours. After 2-3 days, the pre-germinated seedsAfter 2-3 days, the pre-germinated seeds

are sown on the beds.are sown on the beds.

The beds are dusted with BHC powderThe beds are dusted with BHC powder

against ants and termites and flooded withagainst ants and termites and flooded with

water and then the seeds are sown evenlywater and then the seeds are sown evenly

on the wet beds.on the wet beds.


8/47

Contd.Contd.

The beds are lightly covered byThe beds are lightly covered by

sprinkling fine sand to avoid washingsprinkling fine sand to avoid washing

off of seeds while watering.off of seeds while watering. Beds covered by dry grass during theBeds covered by dry grass during the

day time and shade removed duringday time and shade removed during

evenings.evenings. Seeds germinate within 3-4 days.Seeds germinate within 3-4 days.


9/47

Time of sowingTime of sowing

For oil, the seeds are sown in the firstFor oil, the seeds are sown in the first

week of September to October andweek of September to October and

transplanted during November totransplanted during November toDecember.December.

By February to March the main cropBy February to March the main crop

is harvested for oil and the ratoonis harvested for oil and the ratooncrop extends upto April to May.crop extends upto April to May.


10/47

Spacing and ManuringSpacing and Manuring

Spacing : 15 X 7.5 cm.Spacing : 15 X 7.5 cm.

Manuring :Manuring :

FYM :FYM : 50-60 tonnes is incorported into the50-60 tonnes is incorported into thesoil along with 40 kg Psoil along with 40 kg P22 OO55 and 40 kgand 40 kg

Potash. Per hectarePotash. Per hectare

Nitrogen:Nitrogen: 190 kg per hectare in 3 equal split190 kg per hectare in 3 equal split

dosesdoses


11/47

Essential oils occur in manydifferent parts of plants, e.g.roots (vetiver), bark

(cinnamon), heartwood(sandalwood), leaves (bay),herb (peppermint), seeds

(nutmeg), flowers ( jasmine).

Raw materials / processing


12/47

The essential oil of a plant consists ofmany compounds which generally boil

between 150 300 C. If attempts are made to remove these

compounds by dry distillation many willdecompose and the oil will be ruined.

However, the compounds are steamvolatile and can be distilled out of thevegetal materials at around 100 C.


13/47

When plant materials are steamdistilled chemical changesinevitably occur and the oil

obtained will not have anidentical aroma to that of theoriginal plant material.


14/47


15/47


16/47

Preparation of material for distillation varieswith the material to be distilled. Some materialmust be distilled immediately after harvesting,whereas others can be (and are best) stored for aday or two before distilling and finally there arematerials which can be stored indefinitely before

distillation..


17/47

In general, flowers should be distilledimmediately, whereas herbaceousmaterial often benefits from wiltingfor one or two days before

distillation. Woody materials mayneed to be ground and/or soakedbefore distillation.


18/47

The preparation of the raw material,the packing of the still and the

rate/type of distillation can bedetermined for a particular essentialoil crop from the experimental trials


19/47

There are three basic types

of essential oil distillation:

water or "hydrodistillation"

water and steam or "wetsteam"

steam or "dry steam"

Types of distillation


20/47

"- in this method the charge (which is usually comminuted) isimmersed totally in water which is boiled. The stills are of thesimplest type (see Figure 1: Simple still hydrpdistillation) and

are used extensively by smallholder producers of essential oils.Often they are heated over an open fire. The disadvantages arethat the heat is difficult to control and hence the rate ofdistillation is variable. Also the possibility exists for localoverheating and "burning" of the charge which can lead to a

poorer quality oil. Improved distillation control can be obtainedby using steam from a separate boiler, which is passed into ajacket around the still or through a closed coil in the bottom ofthe still, to heat the contents of the still. A further disadvantageof this system is that it requires the heating of a large quantity

of water adding to costs and time needed for each distillation.However, it is necessary for certain flower distillations e.g. rose

1.Hydrodistillation"


21/47

STEAM BOILER


22/47


23/47

this is an improved method, the stillcontains a grid which keeps the plantmaterial above the water level (Fig. 2.Water/Steam still) The water is boiledbelow the charge and "wet" steam passesthrough the plant material. Consequently,if an open fire is used the plant material isprotected from direct heat. In Fig. 2 thestill is heated by a steam jacket. It is

important in both water/steam and steamdistillation that the still is packed evenlyand not too tightly so that steam canextract from the complete charge

efficiently. Over packing of the still cancause the steam to force "rat holes"

2.Water/steam distillation


24/47

the most advanced type of distillation is by direct steamprovided from a separate boiler. The still contains a gridplate under which an open steam pipe is fitted (see Fig. 3.Steam distillation unit).

The advantages of this type of "dry" steam distillation are

that it is relatively rapid, therefore charging and emptyingthe still is much faster and energy consumption is lower.The rapid distillation is also less likely to damage thoseoils which contain reactive compounds, e.g. esters

As a general rule all stills should be insulated ("lagged") to

reduce heat losses. Their design and losses . Their designand construction should also facilitate loadin and

3.Steam Distillation -


25/47


26/47

Most essential oils can be stored forlong periods under suitable

conditions: they should be dry, not incontact with the air or direct sunlightand kept cool.

It is important that essential oils donot come into contact with materialswith which they might react, e.g.

rubber or plastic bungs.

Storage and packaging


27/47

Glass containers are often used forsmaller amounts of oil but largerquantities are invariably stored in metaldrums. Mild steel drums lined with epoxyresin are very popular for essential oils. Ifsecondhand drums are to be used, it isimportant that they are thoroughly

cleaned and dried before being filled withessential oil. Plastic containers, e.g.polythene, should not be used becausethe oil may be absorbed by the plastic

and contamination may occur.

STORAGE & PACKING


28/47

To ensure that the oil is not wet itshould be left to stand for some timebefore being filtered into its container.Oils generally show no cloudiness whenthoroughly dry.

Freshly distilled oils often possesssome "still odours" which are

unpleasant. These generally disappearafter several weeks storage. Some oilsgradually improve in storage and

acquire a fuller more rounded aroma,

Di till ti f


29/47

Essential oils are aromaticmaterials of vegetableorigin, which are used in

perfumery and flavourings.They represent the"essential aroma" of the

plant from which they areobtained.The majority of essentialoils are produced by therocess of steam

Distillation ofessential oils


30/47


31/47


32/47

Oil usesOil uses

The leaves and flowers of the plant yield oilThe leaves and flowers of the plant yield oil

called davana oil, which is used in thecalled davana oil, which is used in the

manufacture of perfumes, cosmetics, foodmanufacture of perfumes, cosmetics, food

industries, flavouring tobacco and someindustries, flavouring tobacco and some

beverages.beverages.

The crop is grown for two purposes, forThe crop is grown for two purposes, for

making garlands and for extracting oil. Themaking garlands and for extracting oil. The

crop can be pulled from the field during itscrop can be pulled from the field during its

second or third month after planting forsecond or third month after planting for

making garlands.making garlands.


33/47

HarvestingHarvesting

About 5-6 tonnes of fresh herbage can beAbout 5-6 tonnes of fresh herbage can be

harvested per acre, which under shadeharvested per acre, which under shade

drying, reduces to 2-3 tonnes of wilteddrying, reduces to 2-3 tonnes of wiltedmaterial. On distillation, it yields 4-5 kg ofmaterial. On distillation, it yields 4-5 kg of

oil.oil.

Oil content in davana is maximum in theOil content in davana is maximum in the

flower head and is much less in the leafflower head and is much less in the leafand stem. Farmers are paid Rs.3,000-and stem. Farmers are paid Rs.3,000-

3,500 per tonne of fresh davana herb.3,500 per tonne of fresh davana herb.


34/47


35/47


36/47


37/47


38/47


39/47


40/47


41/47


42/47


43/47


44/47


45/47


46/47


47/47

THANKTHANK

UU

davanam cultivation ppt

Documents