date: name: class: unit 2 blm 2-1 unit 2 summary · 11/4/2018 · identical to the parent. (5.2)...
TRANSCRIPT
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
UNIT 2 BLM 2-1
Unit 2 Summary
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Goal • Use this summary to review the concepts in Unit 2, Reproduction.
Chapter 4 The nucleus controls the functions of life. Chromosomes found within the nucleus contain the genes that store the information to make proteins. (4.1)
Proteins control the activities of cells. (4.1) RNA carries the message out of the nucleus to the ribosomes, which function to make proteins. (4.1)
A gene mutation is a change in the order of the A, G, C, and T bases. (4.2) Gene mutations can have a positive, negative, or neutral effect on the individual. (4.2) Mutations can occur when DNA is being made or can be caused by mutagens. (4.2) Gene therapy attempts to correct gene mutations. (4.2)
Chapter 5 Mitosis is the basis of asexual reproduction. There are three stages to the cell cycle: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. (5.1) There are four phases to mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. (5.1) Checkpoint proteins instruct the nucleus whether to proceed through the cell cycle. (5.1) An error in a checkpoint protein can cause diseases such as cancer, which is the result of uncontrolled cell division. (5.1)
Asexual reproduction requires only one parent, and the resulting offspring are genetically identical to the parent. (5.2)
Types of asexual reproduction include: binary fission, budding, fragmentation, vegetative reproduction, and spore formation. (5.2)
Human-assisted plant and animal cloning methods can be used to save the genetic information of endangered species or to produce an organism with a desired trait. (5.2)
Chapter 6 Meiosis is the basis of sexual reproduction. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as body cells. (6.1) In meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs line up at the equator, separate, and then move to opposite poles of the cell. (6.1)
In meiosis II, chromosomes move to the equator and sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell. (6.1)
The process of meiosis creates variation in organisms because genetic information is shuffled during meiosis I. (6.1)
Chromosome mutations can occur during meiosis and can cause genetic disorders. (6.1) The three stages of sexual reproduction are mating, fertilization, and development. (6.2) For sexually reproducing plants and animals, there are two ways for a sperm cell and an egg cell to meet—through either internal or external fertilization. (6.2)
The early development of an organism takes place during a stage called embryonic development. (6.2)
Assisted reproductive technologies enable infertile couples to have children. These technologies have an impact on society (6.3)
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
UNIT 2 BLM 2-2
Unit 2 Words to Know
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Goal • Use this page to review the Unit 2 Words to Know.
Chapter 4
chromosome DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) gene gene mutation gene therapy mutagen negative mutation neutral mutation nucleolus nucleus positive mutation protein
Chapter 5
asexual reproduction binary fission budding cancer cell cycle clone cytokinesis fragmentation interphase mitosis replication spindle fibres spore stem cell vegetative reproduction
Chapter 6
differentiation diploid number embryo embryonic development external fertilization fertilization gametes genetic diversity haploid number homologous chromosomes internal fertilization mating meiosis sexual reproduction zygote
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 4 BLM 2-3
Parts of the Cell
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Goal • Review the parts of a plant cell and an animal cell.
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-3 continued
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What to Do
Label each cell part.
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 4 BLM 2-4
Functions of Cell Organelles
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Goal • Review the functions of cell organelles.
What to Do
Complete the following chart on cell organelle functions before you read pages 122–124 in your student book. Then check your responses as you read. Add any new information you gain in your reading in another colour of pen or pencil.
Functions Cell Organelle
Before Reading After Reading
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum
Vesicles
Golgi body
Vacuole
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Cell membrane
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 4 BLM 2-5
Cell Organelles
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Goal • Review cell parts and functions.
What to Do
Complete the following table by filling in the correct cell part or function.
Cell Part Function
Gel-like material inside cells
Directs cell activities
Endoplasmic reticulum
Manufactures substances important for cell functions
Releases energy in the cell
Chromatin
Chloroplast
Stores water, food, and waste products
Golgi body
Digests wastes
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 4 BLM 2-6
Modelling DNA
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Goal • Use these models of DNA to complete Activity 4-1C, Modelling DNA.
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-6 continued
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What to Do
• Develop your own model of DNA. Follow the instructions below. • The completed model should look like a ladder. Matched bases form the rungs. Besides being
shaped like a ladder, a real DNA molecule would be twisted like a spiral staircase.
Materials
• paper models • scissors
Safety
Be careful when handling sharp or pointed objects. Procedure
1. Cut out the nucleotide models. Cut only on solid lines. 2. Fit eight nucleotide molecules together in puzzle-like fashion to form a row. Use the
following sequence from top to bottom: • cytosine nucleotide • thymine nucleotide • guanine nucleotide • adenine nucleotide • guanine nucleotide • cytosine nucleotide • thymine nucleotide • adenine nucleotide
3. The above arrangement represents the left half of the ladder of DNA. Complete the right side of the DNA ladder by matching the shapes of the rungs. It may be necessary to turn molecules upside down in order to join certain base combinations.
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 4 BLM 2-7
Extracting DNA from Strawberries
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Goal • Use this flowchart before you do Activity 4-1D to help you understand the procedure for DNA extraction.
What to Do
The first step in DNA analysis in a crime or genetics laboratory is DNA extraction. Read the Find Out Activity on page 153 of your student book, and then complete the flow chart below.
Take 1 frozen strawberry.
1. Put into a
2. Add
3. Seal the bag. Gently crush the contents. Keep at room temperature and wait ____ min.
4. Fill a test tube about _______ full of strawberry solution.
5. Pour the __________ rubbing alcohol or ethanol into a______________.
6. Slowly pour a _________ of the rubbing alcohol or ethanol
into the test tube until it is _______ full.
Observe the DNA. Record your observations.
(a) (b) (c)
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 4 BLM 2-8
Making Predictions about Mutations
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Goal • Use this page to make predictions about mutations.
What to Do
Make predictions about what the following terms mean. Give an example if possible. Then read the student book pages 138–143. Confirm or correct your predictions.
Term Before Reading
What I Think the Term Means/Example
After Reading What the Term Means/Example
Positive mutation
Negative mutation
Neutral mutation
Mutagen
Gene therapy
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 4 BLM 2-9
Chapter 4 Quiz
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Goal • Check your understanding of Chapter 4.
What to Do
Circle the letter of the best answer.
1. The function of the nucleolus is A. to protect the nucleus B. to protect the chromosomes C. to make ribosomes D. to make DNA
2. Which of the following organelles does not have a membrane? A. mitochondrion B. vesicle C. vacuole D. ribosome
3. Which one of the following statements is not true? A. A gene stores the information to make a particular protein. B. All the genes within the nucleus of a cell will be copied to make a protein at some time in the life cycle of a cell. C. Different types of cells in your body contain the same genetic information. D. Different proteins have different sequences of bases.
4. The function of the Golgi body is A. to receive vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum B. to send vesicles to the endoplasmic reticulum C. to receive messages from the nucleus D. to send messages to the nucleus
5. Which of the following steps for the production of a protein is incorrect? A. The DNA message for a protein is copied into RNA. B. The nucleus receives a chemical signal to make a specific protein. C. The manufactured protein enters the endoplasmic reticulum. D. DNA leaves through the nuclear pore.
6. Chromatin is A. a substance that contains several molecules of DNA within each strand B. a substance within the nucleus that contains DNA and proteins C. a substance that unfolds before cell division D. a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-9continued
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7. A gene mutation is A. a change in the specific order of the A, G, C, and T bases that make up a particular protein B. a change in the specific order of the sugar and phosphates that make up a particular protein C. a substance that changes the DNA structure D. a substance that causes genes to be copied incorrectly
8. Gene therapy is not used as frequently as drug therapy or surgical therapies because A. the technique is too expensive B. viruses for the procedure are not easily available C. healthy genes are not easily available D. the healthy gene must be switched on in the correct cells
9. Cystic fibrosis is A. an example of a neutral mutation B. an example of a positive mutation C. an example of a negative mutation D. the result of the substitution for the base A for the T base in only one position on the gene
10. The white coat of the Spirit Bear is because of a A. positive mutation B. neutral mutation C. negative mutation D. gene therapy
Match the Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be used only once.
Term Descriptor
_____ 11. mitochondria
_____ 12. chloroplast
_____ 13. nucleus
_____ 14. nucleolus
_____ 15. Golgi body
_____ 16. endoplasmic reticulum
A. sorts and packages proteins for transport
B. ribosomes attach here
C. produces sugar for cell
D. changes sugar into useful energy for cell
E. ribosomes made here
F. contains information to make proteins
G. surrounds the cell membrane
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-9continued
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17. Explain how the nucleus controls the activities within a cell.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
18. What are three causes of gene mutations?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
19. Construct a flow chart that outlines how a protein is made. Use the terms below. Use additional words to connect the terms.
DNA, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, nuclear pore, ribosomes, RNA, vesicle
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-10
From One Cell to Many Cells
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Goal • Use this chart to help you complete Find Out Activity 5-1A, From One Cell to Many Cells.
What to Do
Calculate how many skin cells will result from just 1 cell that continually divides during a period of 30 days.
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-11
Stages of the Cell Cycle
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Goal • Use this page to help you learn about the stages of the cell cycle.
What to Do
Complete this worksheet while you read about the stages of the cell cycle. You do not have to add any notes to the shaded boxes.
Name of Cell Cycle Stage Cell Activities Nucleus Activities Interphase
Growth and preparation
Replication
Continued growth and preparation
Mitosis
Early prophase
Late prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-12
The Cell Cycle
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Goal • Review terms and concepts about the cell cycle.
What to Do
Match the Statements on the left with the correct Phase on the right. Each Phase may be used more than once.
Statement Phase
_____ 1. nucleolus appears within each new nucleus
_____ 2. centromeres divide
_____ 3. chromosomes become visible
_____ 4. spindle fibres begin to form
_____ 5. DNA replicates
_____ 6. replicated strands move toward opposite poles
_____ 7. chromosomes form a line across the middle of the cell
_____ 8. nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
_____ 9. cell grows
A. prophase
B. metaphase
C. anaphase
D. telophase
E. interphase
10. Place a check mark ( ) under each phase in which you can see the structures listed in the
first column. Structures
Present Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
Chromatin
Chromosomes
Spindle fibres
11. Describe the end result of mitosis.
_____________________________________________________________________________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-13
Steps of Mitosis
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Goal • Identify the phases of mitosis.
What to Do
In the boxes below • name each phase of mitosis • draw what is happening in the phase • describe what is happening in the phase
Phase 1: _____________________________ Description: ________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Phase 2: _____________________________ Description: ________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Phase 3: _____________________________ Description: ________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Phase 4: _____________________________ Description: ________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-14
Cell Growth and Division
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Goal • Review your understanding of the phases of the cell cycle.
What to Do
Write the name of the stage of the cell cycle that corresponds to each event described below.
1. Centromeres divide. ________________
2. Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell. ________________
3. Nuclear membranes form around each mass of chromosomes. ________________
4. Chromosome strands separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. ______________
5. A copy of each chromosome is made. ________________
6. Cell membrane pinches together and the cytoplasm of the cell divides. _________________
7. The nuclear membrane disappears. ________________
8. Daughter cells form. ___________________
9. Double-stranded chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell. ________________ 10. It makes up most of a cell’s life. _________________
Short Answer
11. In mitosis, how many cells form from the original cell? _________________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-15
The Cell Cycle and Cancer
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Goal • Use this page to help you learn about cancer, the uncontrolled growth of cells.
What to Do
Checkpoints in a bike race ensure that the athlete and the bike are in good condition to continue in the race. There are also checkpoints in the cell cycle. Predict the answer to questions below, then read pages 159–161 to check your predictions.
Questions Before Reading What I Think
After Reading What I Learned
Why is it important that there be checkpoints in the cell cycle?
What causes a cell to become cancerous?
How does a cancer cell look compared to a normal cell?
How might the cell cycle be related to cancer?
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-16
Factors That Affect Development of Cancer
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Goal • Learn about risk factors for developing cancer.
Factor Effect
Alcohol • Linked to cancers of the mouth, larynx, throat, esophagus, and liver
Food • Obesity increases the risk of many cancers. • Salt-cured, smoked, and nitrite-cured foods are linked to cancers of the stomach and esophagus. • Additives and preservatives are linked to some cancers. • High-fat diets may contribute to the development of certain cancers .
Home • Exposure to materials made from manufactured fibres such as carpets, plastic, rayon, and insulation linked to cancer • Exposure to cleaners, paints, and other chemicals linked to cancer
Radiation • X rays, the Sun, and radon in cigarettes linked to cancer
Sunlight • Exposure to sunlight is considered a major cause of skin cancer.
Tobacco • Responsible for about 30 percent of all cancer-related deaths • Smoking is responsible for most cases of lung cancer. • Cause of mouth and throat cancer
Work • Exposure to chemicals such as chromate and asbestos increases risk.
What to Do
Choose and complete one of the following activities.
1. One of the biggest challenges in public health is preventing young people from starting smoking. Conduct a poll among students to determine whether or not they are aware of the health risks associated with smoking. Ask them to list any health risks they can think of. Keep track of how many risks each student can identify. Present your findings in chart form.
2. Find out what the Non-Smokers’ Rights Association has been doing to try to eliminate
smoking. Present your findings in an oral report. 3. Work with a partner and use information from the chart to design a healthy lifestyle for
youth. Present your findings in the form of a news bulletin.
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-17
Observing the Cell Cycle in Plant Cells
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Goal • Use this page to record your observations of onion root tip cell cycle stages for Conduct an Investigation 5-1C, Observing the Cell Cycle in Plant Cells.
What to Do
Using high power on your microscope, find an onion root tip cell at each of the following stages and draw the cell in the appropriate box. Label the chromosomes and spindle fibres.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Interphase
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-17continued
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What to Do
Collect the following data using the directions on pages 162 and 163 of your student book. Record the data collected in the chart below.
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-18
Examining Ideas about Cloning
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Goal • Use this page to help you examine ideas about cloning.
What to Do
Read the list of words, sentences, and phrases below, which all connect in some way to cloning. Cut out the phrases and organize the ideas to represent your understanding of these statements and how they fit together. Construct a graphic organizer to illustrate your answer.
Techniques of cloning Saves species close to extinction
A clone would have feelings and emotions identical to those of the donor
A clone would be the same age as the donor
Produces plants that produce high crop yields
Reproductive cloning
Produces an animal that has become extinct
Produces a copy of yourself so that you will be immortal
Produces another you so that there will be a supply of your organs in case any of your organs fail
Possible applications of cloning
Therapeutic cloning Produces organs for transplant
Produces copies of your skin cells to treat burns
Misconceptions about cloning
Cloning Produces copies of Albert Einstein or other famous people
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-19
New Plants from Cuttings
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DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-20
New Plants from Roots
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DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-21
New Plants from Stems
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DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-22
New Plants from Grafting
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DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-23
Comparing Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning
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Goal • Use this page to compare the similarities and differences between reproductive and therapeutic cloning.
What to Do
After reading pages 176–178 in the student book, construct a Venn diagram to compare reproductive and therapeutic cloning.
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-24
Determining the Best Conditions for Yeast Reproduction
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Goal • Use this page to record your observations for Conduct an Investigation 5-2B, Determining the Best Conditions for Yeast Reproduction.
What to Do
Follow the directions on pages 179–181 in your student book to perform the experiment and record your data below.
Part 1 Observing Budding in Yeast
Draw your observations of the yeast under the microscope using high power in the circle at right.
Part 2 Observing the Effect of Nutrients
Flask Conditions Fermentation Observed
Carbon Dioxide Produced
(balloon circumference in cm)
A 0 g sucrose
B 5 g sucrose
C 30 g sucrose
D 50 g sucrose
Part 3 Observing the Effect of pH
Flask Conditions Fermentation Observed
Carbon Dioxide Produced
(balloon circumference in cm)
E 40°C + pH 3
F 40°C + pH 5
G 40°C + pH 7
H 40°C + pH 10
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-25
Chapter 5 Quiz
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Goal • Check your understanding of Chapter 5.
What to Do
Circle the letter of the best answer.
1. The three stages of the cell cycle in order are A. interphase, cytokinesis, and mitosis B. interphase, replication and cytokinesis C. cytokinesis, replication, and interphase D. interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
2. The purpose of DNA replication is to
A. separate the DNA strands B. separate the contents of the cell’s nucleus C. pair new bases with bases on the original DNA D. make an identical copy of the DNA
3. Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?
A. telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase B. anaphase, metaphase, prophase, telophase C. anaphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase D. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
4. How does the cell cycle differ in plants and animals?
A. In plants, the daughter cells are not identical to the parent. B. In plants, a cell plate forms between the daughter cells. C. In plants, there are no spindle fibres formed. D. In plants, the centrioles move to opposite poles.
5. Which of the following descriptions does not describe cancer cell growth?
A. Cancer cell growth is highly controlled. B. Cancer cell has large abnormal nucleus. C. Cancer cells move to new locations. D. Cancer cells are unspecialized.
6. Which of the following organisms is not matched with its method of asexual
reproduction? A. yeast, budding B. hydra, binary fission C. sea star, fragmentation D. bacteria, spores
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-25continued
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7. If one cell divided once every hour, how many cells would be produced after eight hours? A. 16 B. 32 C. 64 D. 256
8. Which of the following is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
A. Offspring are genetic clones. B. Many offspring are produced. C. Energy is not required to find a mate. D. Large colonies are produced.
9. Which of the following is not a method of vegetative reproduction?
A. forming bulbs B. forming sprouts C. forming runners D. forming spores
10. Which of the following are the correct steps in DNA replication?
A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 2, 4, 1, 3 C. 3, 2, 4, 1 D. 4, 2, 1, 3
1. Each side of the ladder is a template on which a new side forms. 2. Enzymes separate the DNA molecule. 3. New bases pair with bases on the original DNA strand. 4. The DNA molecule unwinds.
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-25continued
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Match each Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be used only once.
Terms Descriptors
_____ 11. prophase
_____ 12. telophase
_____ 13. anaphase
_____ 14. cytokinesis
_____ 15. metaphase
_____ 16. interphase
A. nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes
B. chromosomes form a single line at cell equator
C. the two nuclei separate
D. chromosomes attach to spindle fibres at their centromeres
E. DNA replicates
F. sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell
G. the chromosomes dissolve 17. What are three requirements which must be met before a cell continues through the
cell cycle?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
18. (a) How are binary fission and budding similar?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
(b) How are binary fission and budding different?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
19. Explain the disadvantages of asexual reproduction.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-26
Using DNA to Solve Crimes
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Goal • Use this page to learn how DNA can be used to solve crimes.
What to Do
Tree theft is a serious problem in British Columbia. Catching a tree thief is a difficult task. Forensic techniques are available to help solve these types of crimes. Read the information below. Then answer the questions that follow.
The Crime Scene
The red cedar was over 60 m high. It had stood for 650 years in the cool, moist coastal forest near Bella Coola. When it was a young sapling, it was shaded by the ancient trees around it. As it grew, its drooping branches provided winter food for moose, elk, and deer. Hundreds of generations of squirrels had dined on its cones. For centuries, bald eagles, chickadees, tree swallows, spotted owls, and woodpeckers nested in its branches. In winter, raccoons made dens in the cavities of its trunk. The tree was not harmed by insects because it produced pungent oils that made it resistant to pests. For hundreds of years, local Aboriginal people had used bark from the ancient tree to make clothing.
The red cedar had narrowly escaped forest fires started by lightning many times through the centuries. Fire was its only enemy. The site where the cedar grew was in a natural area that was protected from forestry and development.
One day, however, people with chainsaws arrived at its site. Within hours, the red cedar had been cut down and taken from the forest. What remained in the forest was a huge stump three meters in diameter and a large pile of sawdust.
A forest ranger came upon the crime scene weeks later and reported the theft to the RCMP. When the officers arrived to investigate, they shook their heads sadly. The diameter of the red cedar trunk was the largest the officers had investigated yet. It had been weeks since the crime was committed, but there was still evidence remaining to be collected. The RCMP officers loaded the evidence in the van. They were determined to solve this case.
Tree thieves steal an estimated $150 million dollars of timber each year in British Columbia. Giant ancient cedars are becoming increasingly rare. Old-growth red cedar is a prime target because it is valued for its resistance to decay. Red cedar is used for house siding, decking, and shingles, and the old growth wood is highly sought after by violin and cello makers.
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-26continued
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Questions
1. Imagine you are investigating this crime. Working with a partner, outline a description of the victim. Include the victim’s height, diameter, age, and location. Identify any other organisms of the forest that were affected by this crime and explain how they are affected.
2. What might be the motive for this crime? 3. List the steps or procedures that forensic specialists use to investigate any type of crime
scene. 4. Review your list and determine what evidence might be available at this crime scene. 5. Describe how this evidence might be collected. 6. Predict what the thieves might do with the stolen tree. 7. Determine how the evidence collected may be used to catch the thieves. 8. Compare your list and techniques to those of other biodetectives in the class.
What Did You Find Out?
1. (a) How did your forensic methods to solve this crime compare to other methods proposed by your classmates?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
(b) What could you add to your methods to improve them?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What were key pieces of evidence needed to solve this crime?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. How could sawmills be made accountable in identifying the source of the wood that they process?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-27
How Variation Occurs in Meiosis
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Goal • Review your understanding of how variation occurs in meiosis.
What to Do
1. Complete the concept map to connect ideas on variation in meiosis.
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-28
Gametes
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Goal • Review your understanding of gametes.
What to Do
In the spaces provided, write the term from the list below that best completes the sentence. Terms may be used more than once. You will not need to use every term.
body cells, chromosomes, crossing over, egg cells, gametes, meiosis, mitosis, sperm cells
1. Organisms produce ___________________________ through mitosis. 2. The main job of ________________________ is to join together to produce a new organism. 3. In humans, _________________________ have 46 chromosomes. 4. Gametes are the only cells that are not produced by ___________________________. 5. ________________________________ are the female gametes. 6. ________________________________ are the male gametes. 7. __________________________________ contain the instructions that tell a cell how to develop.
In the space provided, answer the following question.
8. Describe the relationship between chromosome numbers in body cells and gametes.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-29
Key Events in Meiosis
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Goal • Review the steps of meiosis.
What to Do
Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow.
1. Each chromosome doubles itself, forming two identical copies, called sister chromatids. (a) How many chromosomes are in diagram 1? ______ (b) How many chromatids ? _______
2. The doubled chromosomes come together in matching pairs in diagram 2. Where do they line up? ___________________________________________________________________
3. (a) The chromosomes separate in diagram 3. Where are they pulled? ___________________ (b) Are the chromosomes that have been pulled all the same or are they different? _________
4. The first division of meiosis has occurred, and the cell has formed two new cells (diagram 4). What are the contents of these cells? ________________________________________________________
5. In diagram 5, the chromosomes again line up along the centre of each new cell. How does this step differ from diagram 2? ___________________________________________________
6. In diagram 6, the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. How is this stage of meiosis very similar to mitosis? _________________________________________
7. (a) The cells divide in diagram 7. How many new cells are formed by meiosis? ____________ (b) Compared to the parent cell, how many chromosomes does a new cell have? ___________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 5 BLM 2-30
Compare the Events of Meiosis and Mitosis
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Goal • Use this page to compare the events of meiosis and mitosis.
What to Do
Study the diagrams of mitosis and meiosis in your student book. Use words and/or labelled drawings to compare the following events.
Meiosis I Mitosis
Prophase I Prophase (early and late)
Metaphase I Metaphase
Anaphase I Anaphase
Telophase I Telophase
Interkinesis Cytokinesis
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-30 continued
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Meiosis II Mitosis
Prophase II Prophase (early and late)
Metaphase II Metaphase
Anaphase II Anaphase
Telophase II Telophase
Cytokinesis Cytokinesis
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-31
Compare the Results of Meiosis and Mitosis
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Goal • Compare the results of mitosis and meiosis.
What to Do
Complete the chart and answer the questions that follow.
Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis Meiosis Mitosis
1. Type of cell undergoing reproduction
2. Number of chromosomes before cell begins to divide 4 4
3. Number of chromosome pairs in the original cell
4. Final number of chromosomes in each new cell at the end of division
5. Chromosome pairs in each new cell at end of division
6. Compare the location and arrangement of chromosomes in the cell during metaphase I in meiosis and metaphase in mitosis.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Compare the location and arrangement of chromosomes in the cell during anaphase I in meiosis and anaphase in mitosis.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. How do the end results of meiosis and mitosis differ?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. Predict what would happen if gametes were produced by mitosis rather than meiosis.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-32
Mitosis and Meiosis
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Goal • Review your understanding of mitosis and meiosis.
What to Do
Match each of the following descriptions with the corresponding event depicted in the diagram below. Write the correct letter in each blank.
_________ 1. Chromatids are still joined in meiosis, but not in mitosis.
_________ 2. Chromatids separate.
_________ 3. Chromosomes double in both mitosis and meiosis.
_________ 4. Mitosis is complete, but another division is about to take place in meiosis. The chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell.
_________ 5. In meiosis, the chromosomes separate but chromatids remain joined. In mitosis, chromatids separate.
_________ 6. Chromosomes line up in pairs in meiosis but not in mitosis.
_________ 7. End products of meiosis
Short Answer
8. Use “haploid” and “diploid” to compare the end products of meiosis with the end products of mitosis. How do they differ?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-33
Gamete Summary
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Goal • Summarize what you understand about gametes.
What to Do
1. Place a check mark ( ) to show which kind of cell has the trait listed in the first column.
Trait Sperm Cell Egg Cell Both Sperm Cells and Egg Cells
Has a tail
Has 23 chromosomes
Involved in fertilization
Formed in testes
Contains cytoplasm
Motile
Produced by meiosis
Formed in ovaries
Has a food reserve
Forms a zygote 2. Describe how a zygote is produced.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-34
Several Types of Chromosome Mutations
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DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-35
Modelling How Variation Occurs in Meiosis
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Goal • Use this chart to help you complete Investigation 6-1D, Modelling How Variation Occurs in Meiosis.
What to Do
Use pencil crayons to draw the chromosomes before and after crossing over occurs.
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-36
Cell Reproduction
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Goal • Review your understanding of mitosis and meiosis.
What to Do
Read the statements given below. If the statement is true, write “T” on the line in front of the statement. If it is false, write “F” and rewrite the statement to make it true. ____ 1. Gametes have twice as many chromosomes as other cells.
_________________________________________________________________________________
____ 2. Zygotes are produced by the union of sperm and egg cells.
_________________________________________________________________________________
____ 3. Meiosis may form egg cells.
_________________________________________________________________________________
____ 4. Gametes are formed during mitosis.
_________________________________________________________________________________
____ 5. Only a diploid zygote can function as the offspring’s first body cell.
_________________________________________________________________________________
____ 6. Four new cells are formed from each parent cell in meiosis.
_________________________________________________________________________________
____ 7. There are two cell divisions during mitosis.
_________________________________________________________________________________
____ 8. Haploid refers to the gametes of a cell with only one set of chromosomes.
_________________________________________________________________________________
____ 9. If a cell with six chromosomes undergoes mitosis, each new cell will also have six chromosomes.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-37
Critical Periods of Embryonic and Fetal Development
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DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-38
Chapter 6 Quiz
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Goal • Check your understanding of Chapter 6.
What to Do
Circle the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following is the correct order in sexual reproduction? A. meiosis, gamete, fertilization, embryo B. gamete, meiosis, fertilization, embryo C. fertilization, meiosis, gamete, embryo D. gamete, fertilization, meiosis, embryo
2. Mitosis is similar to meiosis II because
A. in both processes, the number of chromosomes is doubled B. in both processes, identical daughter cells are produced C. in both processes, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles D. in both processes, homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles
3. Which of the following events occurs in mitosis only?
A. produces genetically different cells B. produces haploid cells C. cells divide two times D. produces genetically identical cells
4. Gamete formation in males is different than in females because
A. in males, meiosis begins before birth and stops until puberty B. in males, meiosis II occurs before meiosis I C. in males, there is equal distribution of cytoplasm into four cells D. in males, there is unequal distribution of cytoplasm into four cells
5. The difference between gene mutations and chromosomal mutations is that
A. a single gene mutation can affect many genes in the chromosomes B. gene mutations are the result of mutagens such as radiation C. chromosomal mutations affect the sequence of the bases D. chromosomal mutations can affect many genes in the chromosomes
6. A mutation that would be inherited must occur in a
A. skin cell B. egg cell C. muscle cell D. cancer cell
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-38 continued
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7. Cow body cells have 60 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will be in a sperm cell following meiosis II? A. 30 B. 60 C. 120 D. 15
8. In the gastrula, cells in the mesoderm layer will become
A. kidneys B. skin C. lungs D. liver
9. What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction?
A. Very little energy is required to find a mate. B. Fewer offspring are produced. C. The embryo is protected from dehydration. D. The offspring are genetically different from the parents.
10. The procedure when a single sperm is injected into an egg cell is known as
A GIFT B. ICSI C. AI D. IVF
Match each Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be used only once.
Term Descriptor
___ 11. prophase I
___ 12. telophase II
___ 13. anaphase I
___ 14. metaphase II
___ 15. anaphase II
___ 16. prophase II
A. the chromosomes form a single line at the equator
B. sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell
C. there is one chromosome of the homologous pair in each cell
D. homologous chromosomes pair up and non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material
E. a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
F. independent assortment of chromosome pairs occurs
G. DNA replicates
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-38 continued
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17. Explain how the events of sexual reproduction produce variation in a species.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________ 18. Explain how sexual reproduction by internal fertilization provides advantages over external
fertilization.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________ 19. What are three advantages of assisted reproductive technologies?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-39
Unit 2 Test
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Goal • Test your understanding of Unit 2, Reproduction.
What to Do
Circle the letter of the best answer.
1. A skin cell functions differently than a muscle cell because A. there are different genes in each cell B. there are different DNA molecules in each cell C. different proteins are made in each cell D. different genes are made in each cell
2. RNA is an important molecule in the cell because it
A. carries information from one generation to the next B. carries information from the cell to the rest of the body C. carries information from the ribosome to the nucleus D. carries information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
3. If one side of a DNA molecule had the bases ACGTTGACT, the order of the bases on the
other side of the strand would be A. ACGTTGACT B. TGCAACTGA C. GTACCAGTC D. CGCAACTA
4. Which is not a use for gene therapy?
A. to clone an organism B. to replace a mutated gene with a healthy gene C. to deliver healthy genes using inactive viruses to treat cystic fibrosis D. to alter the immune system
5. Which of the following is not a step in DNA replication?
A. The DNA molecule unwinds. B. The steps of the DNA ladder break apart to form a template. C. The RNA is copied from the DNA molecule. D. The new side forms and A pairs with T and G pairs with C.
6. In the DNA sequence GACTGACTGACT, a mutation occurred and the piece of DNA
then contained the letters GACTTGACTGACT. What type of mutation is this an example of? A. deletion B. addition C. substitution D. translocation
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-39 continued
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7. People with Down syndrome have A. 47 chromosomes in their karyotype B. 45 chromosomes in their karyotype C. three copies of chromosome 18 D. one copy of chromosome 21
8. The embryonic stage where the embryo cells are arranged into a hollow ball is called a
A. morula B. blastula C. gastrula D. fetus
9. Which event in prophase of mitosis is incorrect?
A. The nucleolus disappears. B. Centromeres pull apart. C. Spindle fibres form. D. Individual chromosomes attach to spindle fibres.
10. Which of the following best describes the events of anaphase 1?
A. Homologous chromosomes pair up at the equator. B. One chromosome from each homologous pair is at each pole of the cell. C. The centromere pulls apart, and the sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres. D. Homologous chromosomes attached to centromeres separate and are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres.
Match each Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be used only once.
Term Descriptor
___ 11. gametes ___ 12. mitosis ___ 13. ectoderm ___ 14. stem cells ___ 15. zygote ___ 16. meiosis ___ 17. diploid ___ 18. sexual reproduction ___ 19. endoderm ___ 20. independent assortment
A. two sets of chromosomes B. formed from the process of fertilization C. produces genetically different offspring D. these cells will form the lungs and liver E. specialized cells needed for reproduction F. the process where duplicated chromosomes
divide in two G. produces variation H. these cells will form the brain I. have the potential to become any type of cell J. process that produces gametes K. only one parent is required to produce offspring
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-39 continued
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21. How does the nucleus control the functions of life? ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 22. Explain how the gene message creates a protein in the cell. ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 23. Why is interphase important for the cell and cell cycle? ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 24. (a) List three types of asexual reproduction.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) Provide an example of each type.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________ 26. (a) What are mutations?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) How are mutations caused?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-39 continued
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27. Why may human-assisted plant and animal cloning methods be useful in the future? ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 28. Describe how the process of fertilization takes place within a flower. ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 29. What main events occur in fetal development within the first three months following fertilization? ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 30. What are three societal issues involving reproductive technology? ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-40
Making a Decision for Genetown Stakeholder List
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Goal • Use this page to determine your stakeholder position for the Unit 2 Project.
What to Do
Choose one of the following roles to represent.
1. A patient who had unsuccessful stem cell treatment
2. An entrepreneur who wants to open a national umbilical cord bank and is willing to help fund this project
3. A 40-year-old person afflicted with Parkinson’s disease
4. A couple who have a child afflicted with leukemia. They have stored embryos at the in vitro clinic and they are hopeful that stem cell research will cure their afflicted child.
5. The child and caregiver of parents who both have Alzheimer’s disease
6. A representative of a drug company that wants to use stem cells to test drugs
7. A high school student who became a paraplegic following a skiing accident
8. A person who has heart cell damage following a heart attack
9. A politician who is looking out for public safety over economic gains
10. A member of the National Bioethics Society who questions if everyone will have equal access to stem cell treatment
11. A Right to Life advocate who believes that an embryo should receive the same respect before birth as it would if already born
12. A member of a couple who spent thousands of dollars for successful in vitro fertilization treatments. They now have two children but they have a lot of debts and would be willing to sell their remaining frozen embryos.
13. A local resident who is afraid that the research company is going to manufacture an army of human clones
14. A somatic cell nuclear transfer specialist
15. A doctor from the provincial children’s hospital
16. A concerned citizen who believes that this overseas company will obtain embryos illegally
17. A religious leader
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
BLM 2-40 continued
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18. A researcher from the nearby university college who is studying the development of
humans from fertilized egg to adult
19. The director of the in vitro fertilization clinic in the city
20. The largest financial investor in Stem Cells Now
21. A director of the biotechnology department of the university college who hopes to attract world leaders in stem cell research to the province and to Genetown
22. A Genetown taxpayer
23. A local mall owner
24. The mayor who will conduct the meeting
25. A town council member who will listen to the viewpoints, then meet to vote and decide on the future of Stem Cells Now in Genetown
26. A town council member who will listen to the viewpoints, then meet to vote and decide on the future of Stem Cells Now in Genetown
27. A town council member who will listen to the viewpoints, then meet to vote and decide on the future of Stem Cells Now in Genetown
28. A patient who had a successful stem cell treatment
29. An unemployed but skilled worker who could work for Stem Cells Now
30. A construction contractor who would build the Stem Cells Now building
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-41
Presentation Organizer
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Goal • Prepare for a formal presentation to a committee.
What to Do
Use this page to organize your arguments.
My role _________________________________________________________________________
Props I will use ___________________________________________________________________
Arguments I will present
My arguments Support for my arguments
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-42
Debate Procedures
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Goal • Review and use the process of a formal debate.
Think About It
A formal debate has an orderly step-by-step procedure that is followed by people who take opposing or contradictory views of issues presented as resolutions. There can be four speakers, two for the resolution and two against. A debate chair introduces the resolution, rules, speakers, and the order in which the speakers present their views. The debate chair also announces the winner after taking a vote to determine which side supported its points better.
Speaker Time Job
Speaker #1 for the resolution
3 min • clarifies the resolution or issue • supports the resolution • often introduces a plan showing how the resolution could be implemented
Speaker #1 against the resolution
3 min • challenges the definitions, points, and evidence given by Speaker #1 for the resolution • offers points against the resolution • sums up why Speaker #1 was wrong or misguided and why the negative position is preferred
Speaker #2 for the resolution
3 min • counters the points given by Speaker #1 against the resolution • supports the good points made by Speaker #1 for the resolution • makes any new points
Speaker #2 against the resolution
3 min • makes any new points • counters specific points supporting the resolution • clarifies the position against the resolution
BREAK FOR UP TO THREE MINUTES
Speaker against the resolution
2 min • points out where speakers for the resolution have failed to prove their points • sums up the points made by the team against the resolution
Speaker for the resolution
2 min • points out why the resolution must succeed • makes a final review of the position for the resolution
DATE: NAME: CLASS:
CHAPTER 6 BLM 2-43
Unit 2 Review Concept Map
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Goal • Use this concept map to complete question 1, Unit 2 Review, page 238 of BC Science 9.
UNIT 2 BLM 2-44
Unit 2 BLM Answers
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BLM 2-5, Cell Organelles
Cell Part Function
Cytoplasm Gel-like material inside cells
Nucleus Directs cell activities
Endoplasmic reticulum Folded membrane that transports materials inside the cell
Ribosome Manufactures substances important for cell functions
Mitochondrion Releases energy in the cell
Chromatin Mass of dispersed genetic material
Chloroplast Contains chlorophyll, the pigment for photosynthesis
Vacuole Stores water, food, and waste products
Golgi body Stacks of sacs that package and transport proteins
Lysosome Digests wastes BLM 2-7, Extracting DNA from Strawberries
1. plastic bag 2. (a) 5 mL dish soap (b) 2.5 mL table salt (c) 25 mL tap water 3. 5 min 4. one-half 5. ice cold, graduated cylinder 6. layer, three-quarters BLM 2-8, Making Predictions about Mutations
Term Before Reading
What I Think the Term Means/Example
After Reading What the Term Means/Example
Positive mutation Students’ answers will vary.
A change in the DNA that produces a change that benefits the organism
Example: A few people are resistant to HIV infection.
Negative mutation
Students’ answers will vary.
A change in the DNA that produces a change that harms the organism
Example: Substitution of base A for T causes sickle cell anemia.
Neutral mutation Students’ answers will vary.
A change in the DNA that produces a change that neither benefits nor harms the organism
Example: Spirit Bear, since it has no natural predators
Mutagen Students’ answers will vary.
Substance that causes a mutation, such as asbestos, cigarette smoke, X rays
Gene therapy Students’ answers will vary.
Treatment used to correct gene mutations, such as treatment for cystic fibrosis
BLM 2-44 continued
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BLM 2-9, Chapter 4 Quiz
1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. B 11. D 12. C 13. F 14. E 15. A 16. B 17. The nucleus contains DNA, which carries the code to make and specific proteins, such as enzymes and
hormones that perform specific functions in the cell. 18. Three types of gene mutations are deletions, additions, and substitutions. 19. The chart should connect the terms in a similar way to the example below: DNA codes for a protein. The RNA message for a protein is copied from the DNA. RNA leaves through a nuclear pore. RNA goes to the ribosomes, and the protein is made. The protein enters the endoplasmic reticulum. A vesicle forms off the endoplasmic reticulum and goes to the Golgi body. The Golgi body repackages the protein for export out of the cell. BLM 2-11, Stages of the Cell Cycle
Name of Cell Cycle Stage Cell Activities Nucleus Activities
Interphase Longest stage of cell cycle
Cell carrying on its functions
Cell doubles everything in cytoplasm
DNA inside nucleus is replicated
Growth and Preparation Cell increases in size
Cell makes proteins
Organelles duplicate
Replication DNA inside nucleus is replicated
Continued Growth and Preparation
Cell gets larger
Cell makes proteins
Organelles duplicate
BLM 2-44 continued
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Mitosis Shortest stage Contents of cell nucleus divides
Early prophase Spindle fibres begin to form and centrioles appear in animal cells
X-shaped chromosomes become visible Nucleolus disappears Nuclear membrane begins to break down
Late prophase Spindle fibres complete forming Chromosomes attach to spindle fibres
Nucleus no longer visible
Metaphase Spindle fibres pull chromosomes into a single line at equator
Nucleus no longer visible
Anaphase Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
Nucleus no longer visible
Telophase One complete set of chromosomes now at each pole of the cell Spindle fibres disappear
Cytokinesis Two nuclei separated into two daughter cells Cell membrane pinches together to divide the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles
Nucleus now bound by membrane
BLM 2-12, The Cell Cycle
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. E 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. E
10. Structures Present Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
Chromatin
Chromosomes
Spindle fibres
11. Replicated DNA separates into two identical sets of DNA, one for each new cell’s nucleus. BLM 2-13, Steps of Mitosis
Description answers will vary. Suggested descriptions are given below.
Phase 1: Prophase
Nucleus and nuclear membrane disappear. Spindle fibres begin to form.
BLM 2-44 continued
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Phase 2: Metaphase
Spindle fibres pull double-stranded chromosomes across the middle of the cell.
Phase 3: Anaphase
Spindle fibres pull centromeres apart. One of each of the replicated strands moves to opposite poles of the cell.
Phase 4: Telophase
One set of chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell. Spindle fibres disappear. A nuclear membrane re-forms around each set of chromosomes. BLM 2-14, Cell Growth and Division
1. anaphase 2. prophase 3. telophase 4. anaphase 5. interphase 6. cell division 7. prophase 8. cell division 9. metaphase 10. interphase 11. two cells BLM 2-15, The Cell Cycle and Cancer
Questions What I Think What I Learned
Why is it important that there be checkpoints in the cell cycle?
Students’ answers will vary. The cell will die if it divides without enough nutrients, or with too many DNA errors, or if the DNA did not replicate correctly.
What causes a cell to become cancerous?
Students’ answers will vary. A mutation can occur in a checkpoint protein, and then cell cycle control will be lost.
How does a cancerous cell look compared to a normal cell?
Students’ answers will vary. Cells grow in multilayers. The cells have large abnormal nuclei because the nuclei may be full of undivided chromosomes.
How might the cell cycle be related to cancer ?
Students’ answers will vary. With the loss of cell cycle checkpoints, the cell could undergo uncontrolled cell division.
BLM 2-23, Comparing Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning
Reproductive cloning: produces a clone of an existing organism; the purpose is to clone an individual with desirable qualities
Both: types of human-assisted animal cloning; involve the transfer of a nucleus of one cell into enucleated egg cell Therapeutic cloning: produces a clone of an organ or tissue; the purpose is to correct health problems BLM 2-25, Chapter 5 Quiz
1. D 2. D
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3. D 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. D 11. D 12. A 13. F 14. C 15. B 16. E 17. Before a cell can continue through the cell cycle there must be enough nutrients to support cell growth, the DNA must be replicated, and the DNA should not be damaged. 18. (a) Binary fission and budding are both methods of asexual reproduction. (b) Differences are that binary fission occurs in unicellular organisms and budding can occur in both unicellular and multicellular organisms. Also, in binary fission one parent cell divides once into two same-sized daughter cells, whereas in budding there may be repeated cell divisions and an unequal-size outgrowth forms off the parent. 19. The main disadvantage of asexual reproduction is that the offspring are genetic clones. If the conditions change or a disease appears it could wipe out the whole population. BLM 2-26, Using DNA to Solve Crimes
1. Students’ answers may vary depending on their responses and those of other students. 2. The key pieces of evidence could have been materials left behind by the thieves that contained fingerprints or DNA, including tools, cigarette butts, and tire tracks. The tree stump leaves the tree ring pattern which could be matched to the stolen log; however, thieves are cutting a piece off the stump so this type of match is not simple. However, sawdust from the tree stump could be matched for DNA with sawdust from cut wood brought to a nearby sawmill. 3. A small sample from each log could be saved, and an inventory of the source of each log could be kept. BLM 2-27, How Variation Occurs in Meiosis
1. meiosis I 2. meiosis II 3. homologous chromosomes 4. sister chromatids 5. crossing over, non-sister 6. homologous chromosomes BLM 2-28, Gametes
1. body cells 2. gametes 3. body cells 4. mitosis 5. egg cells 6. sperm cells 7. chromosomes 8. Gametes have half the number of chromosomes as body cells.
BLM 2-44 continued
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BLM 2-29, Key Events in Meiosis
1. (a) 4 chromosomes (b) 8 chromatids 2. Across the centre of the cell 3. (a) To opposite ends of the cell (b) Different 4. Each cell has one chromosome from each pair. Each chromosome is composed of sister chromatids 5. Chromosomes are not paired. 6. Sister chromatids separate as they do in mitosis. 7. (a) 4 new cells (b) Half the number of chromosomes BLM 2-30, Compare the Events of Meiosis and Mitosis Key
Meiosis I Mitosis
Prophase I Prophase (early and late)
• nucleolus disappears • nuclear membrane disappears • spindle fibres form • homologous chromosomes pair up and each attach to spindle fibres • non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material (crossing over)
• nucleolus disappears • nuclear membrane disappears • spindle fibres form • individual chromosomes attach to spindle fibres
Metaphase I Metaphase
• homologous chromosomes pair up at the equator • chromosomes form a single line at the equator
Anaphase I Anaphase
• spindle fibres contract and shorten • homologous chromosomes attached to centromeres separate and are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres
• spindle fibres contract and shorten • the centromere pulls apart, and the sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres
Telophase I Telophase
• one chromosome from each homologous pair is at each pole of the cell • the spindle fibres disappear • the nucleolus appears within each nucleus • the nuclear membrane forms
• one complete set of chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell • the spindle fibres disappear • the nucleolus appears within each nucleus • the nuclear membrane forms
Interkinesis Cytokinesis
• cell divides in two (not genetically identical to parent cell) • cell will grow and make proteins like interphase in mitosis • no replication of DNA in this stage
• cell divides in two (genetically identical to parent cell) • cell will grow and make proteins like interphase in mitosis • DNA will replicate later in interphase
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Meiosis II Mitosis
Prophase II Prophase (early and late)
• nucleolus disappears • nuclear membrane disappears • spindle fibres form • individual chromosomes attach to spindle fibres
• nucleolus disappears • nuclear membrane disappears • spindle fibres form • individual chromosomes attach to spindle fibres
Metaphase II Metaphase
• X-shaped chromosomes form a single line at the equator
• X-shaped chromosomes form a single line at the equator
Anaphase II Anaphase
• spindle fibres contract and shorten • the centromere pulls apart and the sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle
• spindle fibres contract and shorten • the centromere pulls apart, and the sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle
Telophase II Telophase
• half of a complete set of chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell (one chromosome for each pair)• the spindle fibres disappear • the nucleolus appears within each nucleus • the nuclear membrane forms
• one complete set of chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell • the spindle fibres disappear • the nucleolus appears within each nucleus • the nuclear membrane forms
Cytokinesis Cytokinesis
• cell divides in two (total four daughter cells not genetically identical to parent) • cell will grow and make proteins like interphase in mitosis
• cell divides in two (genetically identical to parent) • cell will grow and make proteins like interphase in mitosis
BLM 2-31, Compare the Results of Meiosis and Mitosis
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis Meiosis Mitosis
1. Type of cell undergoing reproduction gamete body cell
2. Number of chromosomes before cell begins to divide 4 4
3. Number of chromosome pairs in original cell 2 2
4. Final number of chromosomes in each new cell at the end of division
2
4
5. Chromosome pairs in each new cell at end of division none
2
6. In mitosis, chromosomes are not paired, but they do line up along the cell centre. In meiosis, chromosomes first line up and then become arranged along the cell centre. 7. The locations are the same, but in meiosis, in each pair of sister chromatids, the original and copy are still attached to each other.
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8. Mitosis produces two cells identical to the original one. Meiosis produces four cells, each with half the chromosomes of the original one. 9. The resulting organism would have twice the normal number of chromosomes. BLM 2-32, Mitosis and Meiosis
1. D 2. F 3. A 4. E 5. C 6. B 7. G 8. Student answers should include the following points. • Mitosis produces diploid cells, or body cells. • Meiosis produces haploid cells, or gametes. BLM 2-33, Gamete Summary
1. Trait Sperm Cell Egg Cell Both Sperm Cells
and Egg Cells
Has a tail
Has 23 chromosomes
Involved in fertilization
Formed in testes
Contains cytoplasm
Motile
Produced by meiosis
Formed in ovaries
Has a food reserve
Forms a zygote
2. A zygote is produced by the union of sperm and egg; the sperm fertilizes the egg. BLM 2-36, Cell Reproduction
1. False. Gametes have half as many chromosomes as body cells. 2. T 3. T 4. False. Gametes are formed during meiosis. 5. T 6. T 7. False. There is one cell division during mitosis. 8. False. During sperm cell production, four haploid sperm cells are produced. 9. T
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BLM 2-38, Chapter 6 Quiz
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. D 12. E 13. F 14. A 15. B 16. C 17. Variation is produced through independent assortment and crossing over in meiosis and the meeting of egg and sperm in fertilization. 18. Sexual reproduction by internal fertilization provides advantages since there is more protection for embryos and more parental care of offspring, and offspring are genetically different. 19. Answers should include: Some infertile couples are able to have a child. Couples can select embryos to exclude embryos with genetic defects. Parents trying to help cure a sick child can screen and select embryos for tissue matches. Extra embryos can be made available for stem cell research. BLM 2-39, Unit 2 Test
1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. D 11. E 12. F 13. H 14. I 15. B 16. J 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. G 21. The nucleus contains the genes that store the information to make proteins, and proteins have many different functions within the cell such as to function as enzymes and hormones.
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22. The gene message creates a protein in the cell when the DNA is copied into RNA message. Then RNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores in the membrane and RNA travels to the ribosome, where proteins are made. If proteins are to be shipped out of the cell, proteins enter the endoplasmic reticulum for transport. Vesicles form off the endoplasmic reticulum and travel to the Golgi body for repackaging before they leave the cell. 23. Interphase is important for the cell and cell cycle because this is when DNA is replicated. New organelles and chemicals are made in preparation for cell division. 24. Types of asexual reproduction are binary fission seen in bacteria or amoebas, budding seen in sponges or yeast, fragmentation seen in algae or sea stars, and spore formation seen in ferns and mosses. 25 Differences between mitosis and meiosis are: two daughter cells result from mitosis, four daughter cell from meiosis; the chromosome number is diploid or 2n following mitosis and is haploid or n following meiosis, the genetic information is the same in the daughter cells following mitosis, the genetic information is different in daughter cells following meiosis 26. Mutations are errors in the DNA caused by errors when the DNA replicates or caused by environmental mutagens such as X rays and chemicals. They can be errors in the bases within a gene or can be large chromosomal errors where whole pieces of chromosomes are lost, duplicated, or moved to another chromosome. 27. Human-assisted plant and animal cloning methods will be useful in the future to produce a greater food supply with pest-and drought-resistant crops, to grow organs for transplant, and to help maintain endangered species. 28. A flower is fertilized when the pollen, the male gamete, lands on the stigma of the flower and a pollen tube forms which delivers the sperm to the ovule or ovary which contains the egg and where fertilization takes place. 29. The main events in fetal development that occur within the first three months following fertilization are the formation of the brain and spinal cord; fingers appear; and eyes, kidneys, lung, liver, and muscles develop. 30. Answers may vary, but may include: that they may cause a slightly higher number of birth defects: what to do with leftover embryos; the issue of inequity, since some couples cannot pay for the procedure; and who the parents are.