Data flow Types of connections TopologyStarMeshBusRingHybrid A fully connected mesh topology A star topology connecting four stations A bus topology connecting three stations A ring topology connecting six stations A hybrid topology A heterogeneous network THE INTERNET Video Play Protocols SyntaxSemanticsTiming Standards De FactoDe Jure ISO- OSI Model 2.16 Seven layers of the OSI model 2.17 The interaction between layers 2.18 An exchange using the OSI model 2.19 Physical layer 2.20 Data link layer 2.21 Hop-to-hop delivery 2.22 Network layer 2.23 Source-to-destination delivery 2.24 Transport layer 2.25 Process-to-process delivery of a message 2.26 Session layer 2.27 Presentation layer 2.28 Application layer 2.29 TCP/IP and OSI model 2.30 Layers and addresses in TCP/IP Interconnecting Devices Passive Hubs Active Hubs Bridges Two-Layer Switches Routers Three- Layer Switches Gateways 15.32 Five categories of connecting devices 15.33 A repeater connecting two segments of a LAN 15.34 Function of a repeater 15.35 A hierarchy of hubs 15.36 A bridge connecting two LANs 15.37 A learning bridge and the process of learning 15.38 Loop problem in a learning bridge 15.39 Finding the shortest paths and the spanning tree in a system of bridges 15.40 Forwarding and blocking ports after using spanning tree algorithm 15.41 Routers connecting independent LANs and WANs Backbone Network 15.43 Bus backbone 15.44 Star backbone