data and its types by adeel
DESCRIPTION
in statistics we have to deal with different kinds of data.in this we show u data types and little touch on how to arrange data.TRANSCRIPT
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BS-TELECOMMUNICATION
Submitted To: Mr.Fakhar
Submitted By: Adeel Akhtar
PROJECT : DATA & ITS TYPES
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DATA & ITS TYPES
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WHAT IS DATA? Data is a collection of facts, such as
values or measurements. It can be numbers, words,
measurements, observations or even just descriptions of things.
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QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE
Data can be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative data is descriptive
information (it describes something) Quantitative data, is numerical
information (numbers).
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AND QUANTITATIVE DATA CAN ALSO BE DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS:
Discrete data can only take certain values (like whole numbers)
Continuous data can take any value (within a range)
Put simply: Discrete data is counted, Continuous data is measured
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EXAMPLE: WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE TIGER?Qualitative: He is brown and black He has long hair He has lots of energyQuantitative: Discrete:
He has 4 legsHe has 2 brothers
Continuous: He weighs 400 poundsHe is 3.5foot tall
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NOW TYPES OF QUALITATIVE DATA
QUALITATIVE
NOMINAL ORDINAL
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NOMINAL DATA A type of categorical data in which
objects fall into unordered categories.EXAMPLES: NOMINAL DATA Type of Bicycle
Mountain bike, road bike,BMX. Smoking status
smoker, non-smoker
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ORDINAL DATAA type of categorical data in which order is important.
Class of degree-1st class, 2:1, 2:2, 3rd class, fail
Opinion of students about stats classes-Very unhappy, unhappy, neutral, happy
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SOURCES OF DATA
The different sources of data are published and unpublished documents, govt magazines, personal diaries, memories, letters etc
Data may be obtained from Internal sourcesExternal sourcesSurveys and experiments
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FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
Organized representations of data that help to summarize and simplify
Many types: Ranked frequency distributions Simple frequency distributions Grouped frequency distributions
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1.RANKED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
A distribution of numbers in which scores are arranged in order (ranked), with the highest number at the top and the lowest number at the bottom of a list .
Raw Data
3 8 6 9 5 2 7
9
8
7
6
5
3
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SIMPLE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS Created by listing all possible score
values in any distribution and then indicating the frequency (f).
Frequency ( f ) is the number of times a score occurs.
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SIMPLE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONEXAMPLE
2 5 8 7 2 2
6 8 5 2 5 7
4 5 6 2 8 6
Raw Data
Score
f
8 3
7 2
6 3
5 4
4 1
2 54/26/2012
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GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS Raw data are combined into equal-sized
groups called class intervals.
Class intervalsOften data has natural classes
E.g., grades in a course Intervals must not be too large or too small
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CLASS INTERVAL
Class interval f
90-100 1
80-89 5
70-79 2
60-69 7
<59 7
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