dasar ilmu ta ah -...
TRANSCRIPT
DASAR ILMU TA�AH
Materi 10: Klasifikasi TanahMateri 10: Klasifikasi Tanah
KLASIFIKASI TANAHKLASIFIKASI TANAH
� Klasifikasi Tanah
� Usaha membeda-bedakan �mengelompokkan tanah berdasarkan sifat-sifatnya
� Tujuan
� mengetahui sifat dan ciri tanah pada masing-� mengetahui sifat dan ciri tanah pada masing-masing kelompok tanah (kelas tanah) sehingga memudahkan pengguna tanah untuk mengelola tanah tersebut agar dapat berproduksi secara optimal
Alami/taksonomi:berdasarkan
sifat2 alami tanah tanpa dihub. dgn
pengunaannya- Taksonomi Tanah (USDA)
Teknikal: berdasarkan tujuan
Klasifikasi
Teknikal: berdasarkan tujuan
khusus dgn memilih ciri2 ttt yg pgrhi
kemampuan dan penggunaannya
- -Klasifikasi Kemampuan Lahan USDA
- - Klasifikasi Kesesuaian Lahan FAO
General Principles of Natural Classification Systems:
• The system should express general or universal relationships that exist in nature. One should be able to understand, remember, generalize, or predict from the information obtained.
• The scheme should be based on characteristics or attributes of things classified as related to their attributes of things classified as related to their genesis. It should place similar things together on the basis of their properties.
• It is technically impossible to use all properties of the items being classified. Existing knowledge must be used to determine which properties are most important
Why Classify Soils?
• Organize knowledge to enable investigation and communication (structure/organization)
• Provide framework for establishing relationships among soils and their environment (scientific)
• Establish groupings for interpretations • Establish groupings for interpretations (utilitarian)
– Optimal use
– Hazard/limitation/remediation assessment
– Potential productivity
– Framework for technology transfer/information dissemination
Tanah bermacam-macam
Klasifikasi Tanah di IndonesiaKlasifikasi Tanah di Indonesia
��Sejak th 1988 hanya gunakan Sejak th 1988 hanya gunakan sistem Taksonomi Tanah. sistem Taksonomi Tanah.
��Sebelum 1988 ada 3Sebelum 1988 ada 3 : : -- Pusat Penelitian Tanah (PPT) Pusat Penelitian Tanah (PPT)
-- FAO/UNESCOFAO/UNESCO
-- Taksonomi TanahTaksonomi Tanah..
Taksonomi Tanah (USDA)
� dikembangkan oleh Soil Survey Staff
(USDA), tahun 1975
� Terus direvisi � 2ed, 1999
� ada 6 kategori yaitu Order, Suborder, � ada 6 kategori yaitu Order, Suborder,
Great group, Subgroup, Family dan
Series.
Categories in ST:Categories in ST:
�� OrderOrder –– key soil properties resulting from major soilkey soil properties resulting from major soil--forming processes (epipedons, subsurface horizons, forming processes (epipedons, subsurface horizons, materials, characteristics)materials, characteristics)
�� SuborderSuborder –– key soil properties that are major controls on key soil properties that are major controls on soilsoil--forming processes, e.g., soil climate (most orders); forming processes, e.g., soil climate (most orders); kinds of salts (Aridisols); kinds of soil parent materials kinds of salts (Aridisols); kinds of soil parent materials (Entisols); degree of decomposition (Histosols); presence (Entisols); degree of decomposition (Histosols); presence or absence of cryoturbation (Gelisols)or absence of cryoturbation (Gelisols)or absence of cryoturbation (Gelisols)or absence of cryoturbation (Gelisols)
�� Great GroupGreat Group –– key soil properties that are additional key soil properties that are additional controls on soil genesis (diagnostic horizons)controls on soil genesis (diagnostic horizons)
�� SubgroupSubgroup –– central concept (Typic), intergrades, central concept (Typic), intergrades, extragradesextragrades
�� FamilyFamily –– properties important to plant growth (texture, properties important to plant growth (texture, mineralogy, soil temperature regime, etc.)mineralogy, soil temperature regime, etc.)
�� SeriesSeries –– soil morphologysoil morphology
KategoriKategori NamaNama KategoriKategori NamaNama
PhylumPhylum PteridophytaPteridophyta OrderOrder AlfisolAlfisol
KelasKelas AngiospermaeAngiospermae SubSub--orderorder UdalfUdalf
SubSub--kelaskelas DicotyledoneaeDicotyledoneae GreatgroupGreatgroup HapludalfHapludalf
OrderOrder RosalesRosales SubSub--groupgroup AquicAquic HapludalfHapludalfOrderOrder RosalesRosales SubSub--groupgroup AquicAquic HapludalfHapludalf
FamilyFamily LeguminoseaeLeguminoseae FamilyFamily Aquic Hapludalf, berlempung Aquic Hapludalf, berlempung halus, Campuran, Aktif, halus, Campuran, Aktif, Isohipertermik Isohipertermik
GenusGenus TrifoliumTrifolium SeriSeri LapeLape
SpeciesSpecies TT.. repensrepens ((Phase)Phase) BerbatuBerbatu
Differentiating Characteristics in STDifferentiating Characteristics in ST::
��Diagnostic epipedons Diagnostic epipedons
��Diagnostic subsurface horizons Diagnostic subsurface horizons
��Other diagnostic soil characteristics Other diagnostic soil characteristics
��Soil moisture and temperature Soil moisture and temperature
regimes regimes
1. Epipedon1. Epipedon
��horison penciri yg terbentuk di horison penciri yg terbentuk di
permukaan tanah. permukaan tanah.
��tidak sinonim dg horizon Atidak sinonim dg horizon A��tidak sinonim dg horizon Atidak sinonim dg horizon A
��dapat mencakup sebagian dapat mencakup sebagian
horizon B. horizon B.
EPIPEDONEPIPEDON
�� Surface horizonsSurface horizons
�� Influenced strongly by Influenced strongly by
biochemical and biochemical and
geochemical processesgeochemical processes
�� Correspond with A, E, and Correspond with A, E, and �� Correspond with A, E, and Correspond with A, E, and
sometimes upper B horizonssometimes upper B horizons
�� Important in classifying soilsImportant in classifying soils
EPIPEDONEPIPEDON
�� HistikHistik: : Bahan organik (BO) tinggi (>75%), tebal 20Bahan organik (BO) tinggi (>75%), tebal 20--40cm.40cm.
�� MollikMollik: : BO >1%, warna gelap dg value dan kroma <3 BO >1%, warna gelap dg value dan kroma <3 (lembab) dan value < 5 (kering), tebal >18cm, KB (lembab) dan value < 5 (kering), tebal >18cm, KB >50%.>50%.
�� MelanikMelanik: : mirip Mollik,mirip Mollik, tetapitetapi miliki sifat tanah andikmiliki sifat tanah andik
�� UmbrikUmbrik: : seperti molik seperti molik tetapitetapi KB <50%.KB <50%.
�� AnthropikAnthropik: : seperti molik, seperti molik, tetapitetapi mengandung >1500 ppm P2O5 mengandung >1500 ppm P2O5 �� AnthropikAnthropik: : seperti molik, seperti molik, tetapitetapi mengandung >1500 ppm P2O5 mengandung >1500 ppm P2O5 larut dalam 1% as sitrat. larut dalam 1% as sitrat.
�� OchrikOchrik: : warna terang (value dan kroma lembab >3), BO warna terang (value dan kroma lembab >3), BO <1% atau keras<1% atau keras--sangat keras dan masif.sangat keras dan masif.
�� PlaggenPlaggen: : horizon buatan, akibat penggunaan pupuk kandang yg horizon buatan, akibat penggunaan pupuk kandang yg terus menerus, tebal >50cm, berwarna hitam.terus menerus, tebal >50cm, berwarna hitam.
�� FolistikFolistik: : tanah atas BO, jenuh < 30 haritanah atas BO, jenuh < 30 hari
Horison Penciri BawahHorison Penciri Bawah
�� AgrikAgrik: : horizon iluviasi yg terbentuk krn pengaruh horizon iluviasi yg terbentuk krn pengaruh pengolahan tanah shg terjadi akumulasi sejumlah pengolahan tanah shg terjadi akumulasi sejumlah debu, liat, dan debu, liat, dan humus.humus.
�� AlbikAlbik: : horison berwarna pucat (E) dg value lembab >5.horison berwarna pucat (E) dg value lembab >5.
�� ArgillikArgillik: : horison penimbunan liat; minimal mengandung horison penimbunan liat; minimal mengandung liat liat >1.2 kali lebih banyak daripada kandungan liat di >1.2 kali lebih banyak daripada kandungan liat di >1.2 kali lebih banyak daripada kandungan liat di >1.2 kali lebih banyak daripada kandungan liat di atasnya.Terdapat selaput liat.atasnya.Terdapat selaput liat.
�� KalsikKalsik: : horizon yg mengandung karbonat sekunder horizon yg mengandung karbonat sekunder (CaCO(CaCO33 atau MgCOatau MgCO33) tinggi, tebal >15cm.) tinggi, tebal >15cm.
�� PetrokalsikPetrokalsik:: horizon kalsik yang mengeras.horizon kalsik yang mengeras.
�� KambikKambik: : indikasi lemah adanya argillik atau spodik, tapi tidak indikasi lemah adanya argillik atau spodik, tapi tidak memenuhi syarat kedua horizon tersebut.memenuhi syarat kedua horizon tersebut.
Horison Penciri Bawah (lanjutan)Horison Penciri Bawah (lanjutan)
�� GipsikGipsik : : banyak mengandung gipsum (CaSO4) sekunder.banyak mengandung gipsum (CaSO4) sekunder.
�� PetrogipsikPetrogipsik:: horizon gipsik yg mengeras.horizon gipsik yg mengeras.
�� NatrikNatrik : : horizon argillik yg banyak mengandung Nahorizon argillik yg banyak mengandung Na88
�� OksikOksik : : horizon bertekstur agak kasar, KTK <16 me/100g liat, horizon bertekstur agak kasar, KTK <16 me/100g liat, tebal >30cm.tebal >30cm.
�� SalikSalik: : banyak mengandung garam sekunder mudah larut, banyak mengandung garam sekunder mudah larut, �� SalikSalik: : banyak mengandung garam sekunder mudah larut, banyak mengandung garam sekunder mudah larut, tebal >15cm.tebal >15cm.
�� SombrikSombrik : : seperti umbrik, gelap, terjadi iluviasi humus tanpa Al, seperti umbrik, gelap, terjadi iluviasi humus tanpa Al, tidak terletak di bawah horizon albik.tidak terletak di bawah horizon albik.
�� SpodikSpodik : : horizon iluviasi seskuioksida bebas dan BO.horizon iluviasi seskuioksida bebas dan BO.
�� SulfurikSulfurik : : horizon yg mengandung sulfat, pH ,3.5, tdpt karatan horizon yg mengandung sulfat, pH ,3.5, tdpt karatan jarosit. jarosit.
�� PlasikPlasik: : padas tipis tersementasi senyawa. Fe, Mn dan BOpadas tipis tersementasi senyawa. Fe, Mn dan BO
KategoriKategori NamaNama KategoriKategori NamaNama
PhylumPhylum PteridophytaPteridophyta OrderOrder AlfisolAlfisol
KelasKelas AngiospermaeAngiospermae SubSub--orderorder UdalfUdalf
SubSub--kelaskelas DicotyledoneaeDicotyledoneae GreatgroupGreatgroup HapludalfHapludalf
TAKSO�OMI TUMBUHA� vs TAKSO�OMI TA�AH
OrderOrder RosalesRosales SubSub--groupgroup AquicAquic HapludalfHapludalf
FamilyFamily LeguminoseaeLeguminoseae FamilyFamily Aquic Hapludalf, berlempung Aquic Hapludalf, berlempung halus, Campuran, Aktif, halus, Campuran, Aktif, Isohipertermik Isohipertermik
GenusGenus TrifoliumTrifolium SeriSeri LapeLape
SpeciesSpecies TT.. repensrepens ((Phase)Phase) BerbatuBerbatu
““Soil TaxonomySoil Taxonomy""
Degree of Weathering and B Horizon DevelopmentDegree of Weathering and B Horizon Development
LittleLittle SlightSlight ModerateModerate LargeLarge ExtremeExtreme
EntisolsEntisols AridisolsAridisols
InceptisolsInceptisols AlfisolsAlfisols
SpodosolsSpodosols UltisolsUltisols
MollisolsMollisols OxisolsOxisolsMollisolsMollisols OxisolsOxisols
Soils Defined by Special Constituent MaterialsSoils Defined by Special Constituent Materials
AndisolsAndisols Volcanic AshVolcanic Ash
HistosolsHistosols Peat, Organic MatterPeat, Organic Matter
VertisolsVertisols “Self“Self--Mixing” Clay SoilsMixing” Clay Soils
GelisolsGelisols Soils on PermafrostSoils on Permafrost
ALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOL
�� The central concept of Alfisols The central concept of Alfisols is that of soils that have an is that of soils that have an argillic, a kandic, or a natric argillic, a kandic, or a natric horizon and a base saturation horizon and a base saturation of 35% or greater. of 35% or greater.
�� They typically have an ochric They typically have an ochric �� They typically have an ochric They typically have an ochric epipedon, but may have an epipedon, but may have an umbric epipedon. They may umbric epipedon. They may also have a petrocalcic horizon, also have a petrocalcic horizon, a fragipan or a duripan. a fragipan or a duripan.
ANDISOLSANDISOLS
�� The central concept of The central concept of Andisols is that of soils Andisols is that of soils dominated by shortdominated by short--rangerange--order minerals. order minerals.
�� They include weakly They include weakly weathered soils with much weathered soils with much weathered soils with much weathered soils with much volcanic glass as well as more volcanic glass as well as more strongly weathered soils. strongly weathered soils.
�� Hence the content of volcanic Hence the content of volcanic glass is one of the glass is one of the characteristics used in defining characteristics used in defining andic soil properties andic soil properties
ARIDISOLAridisols is that of soils that are too dry for mesophytic plants to grow. They have either:(1) an aridic moisture regime and an ochric or anthropic epipedon and one or more of the following with an upper boundry within 100 cm of the boundry within 100 cm of the soil surface: a calcic, cambic, gypsic, natric, petrocalcic petrogypsic, or a salic horizon or a duripan or an argillic horizon, or(2)A salic horizon and saturation with water within 100 cm of the soil surface for one month or more in normal years.
ENTISOLSENTISOLS
�� The central concept of The central concept of
Entisols is that of soils that Entisols is that of soils that
have little or no evidence of have little or no evidence of
development of pedogenic development of pedogenic
horizons. horizons. horizons. horizons.
�� Many Entisols have an ochric Many Entisols have an ochric
epipedon and a few have an epipedon and a few have an
anthropic epipedon. Many anthropic epipedon. Many
are sandy or very shallow. are sandy or very shallow.
GELISOLSGELISOLS
�� The central concept of Gelisols is The central concept of Gelisols is
that of soils that have permafrost that of soils that have permafrost
within 100 cm of the soil surface within 100 cm of the soil surface
and/or have gelic materials within and/or have gelic materials within
100 cm of the soil surface and have 100 cm of the soil surface and have
permafrost within 200 cm. permafrost within 200 cm. permafrost within 200 cm. permafrost within 200 cm.
�� Gelic materials are mineral or Gelic materials are mineral or
organic soil materials that have organic soil materials that have
evidence of cryoturbation (frost evidence of cryoturbation (frost
churning) and/or ice segeration in churning) and/or ice segeration in
the active layer (seasonal thaw the active layer (seasonal thaw
layer) and/or the upper part of the layer) and/or the upper part of the
permafrost. permafrost.
HISTOSOLSHISTOSOLS
�� The central concept of Histosols The central concept of Histosols
is that of soils that are dominantly is that of soils that are dominantly
organic. They are mostly soils organic. They are mostly soils
that are commonly called bogs, that are commonly called bogs,
moors, or peats and mucks. moors, or peats and mucks. moors, or peats and mucks. moors, or peats and mucks.
�� A soil is classified as Histosols if A soil is classified as Histosols if
it does not have permafrost and it does not have permafrost and
is dominated by organic soil is dominated by organic soil
materials. materials.
INCEPTISOLS INCEPTISOLS
�� The central concept of The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils of Inceptisols is that of soils of humid and subhumid regions humid and subhumid regions that have altered horizons that that have altered horizons that have lost bases or iron and have lost bases or iron and aluminum but retain some aluminum but retain some weatherable minerals. They do weatherable minerals. They do not have an illuvial horizon not have an illuvial horizon not have an illuvial horizon not have an illuvial horizon enriched with either silicate clay enriched with either silicate clay or with an amorphous mixture or with an amorphous mixture of aluminum and organic of aluminum and organic carbon. carbon.
�� The Inceptisols may have many The Inceptisols may have many kinds of diagnostic horizons, but kinds of diagnostic horizons, but argillic, natric kandic, spodic argillic, natric kandic, spodic and oxic horizons are excluded. and oxic horizons are excluded.
MOLLISOLSMOLLISOLS
�� The central concept of Mollisols is The central concept of Mollisols is that of soils that have a dark that of soils that have a dark colored surface horizon and are colored surface horizon and are base rich. Nearly all have a mollic base rich. Nearly all have a mollic epipedon. epipedon.
�� Many also have an argillic or Many also have an argillic or natric horizon or a calcic horizon. natric horizon or a calcic horizon. A few have an albic horizon. A few have an albic horizon. Some also have a duripan or a Some also have a duripan or a petrocalic horizonpetrocalic horizon. .
OXISOLS OXISOLS �� The central concept of Oxisols is The central concept of Oxisols is
that of soils of the tropical and that of soils of the tropical and subtropical regions. They have subtropical regions. They have gentle slopes on surfaces of gentle slopes on surfaces of great age. They are mixtures of great age. They are mixtures of quartz, kaolin, free oxides, and quartz, kaolin, free oxides, and organic matter. organic matter. organic matter. organic matter.
�� For the most part they are nearly For the most part they are nearly featureless soils without clearly featureless soils without clearly marked horizons. Differences in marked horizons. Differences in properties with depth are so properties with depth are so gradual that horizon boundaries gradual that horizon boundaries are generally arbitrary. are generally arbitrary.
SPODOSOLS SPODOSOLS
�� The central concept of Spodosols The central concept of Spodosols is that of soils in which amorphous is that of soils in which amorphous mixtures of organic matter and mixtures of organic matter and aluminum, with or without iron, aluminum, with or without iron, have accumulated. In undisrurbed have accumulated. In undisrurbed soils there is normally an overlying soils there is normally an overlying eluvial horizon, generally gray to eluvial horizon, generally gray to eluvial horizon, generally gray to eluvial horizon, generally gray to light gray in color, that has the color light gray in color, that has the color of more or less uncoated quartz. of more or less uncoated quartz.
�� Most Spodosols have little silicate Most Spodosols have little silicate clay. The particleclay. The particle--size class is size class is mostly sandy, sandymostly sandy, sandy--skeletal, skeletal, coarsecoarse--loamy, loamy, loamyloamy, loamy, loamy--skeletal, or coarseskeletal, or coarse--silty. silty.
ULTISOLSULTISOLS
�� The central concept of Ultisols is The central concept of Ultisols is
that of soils that have a horizon that of soils that have a horizon
that contains an appreciable that contains an appreciable
amount of translocated silicate amount of translocated silicate
clay (an argillic or kandic clay (an argillic or kandic clay (an argillic or kandic clay (an argillic or kandic
horizon) and few bases (base horizon) and few bases (base
saturation less than 35 percent).saturation less than 35 percent).
�� Base saturation in most Ultisols Base saturation in most Ultisols
decreases with depth. decreases with depth.
VERTISOLS VERTISOLS
�� The central concept of The central concept of Vertisols is that of soils that Vertisols is that of soils that have a high content of have a high content of expending clay and that have expending clay and that have at some time of the year deep at some time of the year deep at some time of the year deep at some time of the year deep wide cracks. wide cracks.
�� They shrink when drying and They shrink when drying and swell when they become swell when they become wetter. wetter.