dasar autocad

Bagian 1 : 2 dimensi

Daftar Isi

Bab 1- Intro AutoCAD

Sistem koordinat XY .......................................................................... 2

Introduction ................................................................................................... 2

Angular Measurement ................................................................................... 5

Entering Points in AutoCAD .......................................................................... 7

Icons, Keystrokes and Menus ....................................................................... 8

The AutoCAD Screen.................................................................................... 9

Basic AutoCAD Terminology ....................................................................... 10

Tricks ............................................................................................................. 14

Bab 2- Menu Draw & Modify dasar

The DRAW Commands............................................................................... 17

Lines ........................................................................................................... 18

The Line Command..................................................................................... 18

Circles, Arcs etc. ......................................................................................... 19

The Circle Command .................................................................................. 19

The Erase Command .................................................................................. 20

UNDO Command ........................................................................................ 22

Printing or Plotting....................................................................................... 23

Tricks ............................................................................................................. 26

Bab 3- Basic Drawing Skills

The Rectangle Command............................................................................ 28

Multilines ..................................................................................................... 29

The Multiline Command............................................................................... 29

The Multiline Style Command...................................................................... 30

The Trim Command .................................................................................... 32

The Extend Command ................................................................................ 33

Using Edgemode......................................................................................... 35

Shift Selection with Trim & Extend............................................................... 36

The Offset Command .................................................................................. 36

Object Snaps Introduction ........................................................................... 37

Object Snaps............................................................................................... 39

Endpoint ...................................................................................................... 40

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Midpoint ...................................................................................................... 40

Intersection.................................................................................................. 41

Apparent Intersect ....................................................................................... 41

Extension .................................................................................................... 41

Center ......................................................................................................... 42

Quadrant ..................................................................................................... 42

Tangent ....................................................................................................... 43

Perpendicular .............................................................................................. 43

Parallel ........................................................................................................ 43

Insert ........................................................................................................... 44

Node ........................................................................................................... 44

Nearest ....................................................................................................... 45

Using the From Object Snap ....................................................................... 45

Running Object Snaps ................................................................................ 46

None ........................................................................................................... 48

AutoSnap .................................................................................................... 48

The Aperture Box ........................................................................................ 48

Object Snap Cycling.................................................................................... 49

Using Temporary Tracking Points ............................................................... 50

Object Snap Tracking.................................................................................. 51

Point Filters ................................................................................................. 52

Assignment 2 .............................................................................................. 53

Tricks ............................................................................................................. 58

Bab 4- Accurate Input

Absolute (World) & Relative Co-ordinates ................................................... 60

Polar Co-ordinates ...................................................................................... 60

Assignment 3 .............................................................................................. 61

Tricks ............................................................................................................. 62

Bab 5- Selecting Objects in AutoCAD

Object Selection Introduction....................................................................... 65

Selecting Objects by Picking ....................................................................... 65

An Example on selecting objects................................................................. 66

Window Selection........................................................................................ 67

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Crossing Window Selection......................................................................... 67

Implied Windowing ...................................................................................... 68

The Undo option.......................................................................................... 68

Selecting All Objects ................................................................................... 68

Fence Selection .......................................................................................... 69

Window Polygon Selection .......................................................................... 69

Crossing Polygon Selection......................................................................... 70

Using a Previous Selection.......................................................................... 70

Selecting the Last Object............................................................................. 70

Object Cycling ............................................................................................. 70

Adding and Removing Objects .................................................................... 70

Bab 6- Advance Modifying Commands

The Move Command................................................................................... 74

The Copy Command ................................................................................... 75

The Stretch Command ................................................................................ 76

Stretching with Grips ................................................................................... 76

The Mirror Command .................................................................................. 77

Assignment 4 .............................................................................................. 78

Bab 7- More Modifying Commands

The Rotate Command ................................................................................. 82

The Fillet Command.................................................................................... 83

The Chamfer Command.............................................................................. 84

The Array Command................................................................................... 85

The Rectangular Array ................................................................................ 85

The Polar Array ........................................................................................... 87

Assignment 5. ............................................................................................. 89

Tricks ............................................................................................................. 94

Bab 8- Layers and Dimensioning 95

Linear Dimensions......................................................................................100

Radius Dimensions ................................................................................... 101

Aligned Dimensions................................................................................... 101

Diameter Dimensions ................................................................................ 101

Scale Command........................................................................................ 103

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Associative Dimensioning.......................................................................... 104

Bab 9- Direct Distance Entry and Object Tracking

Direct Distance Entry................................................................................. 106

How does it work?..................................................................................... 107

A Worked Example.................................................................................... 108

Polar Tracking ........................................................................................... 109

Object Snap Tracking................................................................................ 110

Bab 10- Changing the Object Properties

Object Properties....................................................................................... 113

Other Objects............................................................................................ 115

Changing Layers ....................................................................................... 116

Conclusion ................................................................................................ 116

Bab 11- Planning a Project................................................................................... 118

Tricks ........................................................................................................... 122

Bab 12- Zooming and Panning............................................................................ 124

Tricks ........................................................................................................... 127

Bab 13- FormattingText

Formatting Text ......................................................................................... 129

Creating New Textsyles............................................................................. 130

Bab 14- Layout Tabs

What is a Layout?...................................................................................... 133

10 Viewport Tips ....................................................................................... 133

Bab 15- Drawing Exercises

Figure 1, & 2 ............................................................................................. 133

Figure 3, 4, & 5 ..................................................................................... 13340

Figure 6, & 7 ............................................................................................. 133

Figure 8, & 9 ............................................................................................. 133

Figure 10, & 11 ......................................................................................... 133

Figure 12 .................................................................................................. 133

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BAB 1 INTRO PERINTAH DASAR Welcome to the world of CAD - In this tutorial you will be learning the basics of AutoCAD. The

course is designed so that the commands and instructions should work on almost any version of

AutoCAD, although this version is designed specifically for AutoCAD 2005. By the end of this

course you will have the skills to develop 2D drawings and print them out to scale.

Sistem koordinat XYIntro

Pemahaman yg baik tentang bagaimana cara kerja koordinat di AutoCAD adalah mutlak

krusial, jika anda ingin memaximalkan penggunaan program ini.

Jika anda tdk familiar dg koordinat & sistem koordinat, luangkan waktu sejenak utk lebih

memfamiliarkan dg konsep-konsep dasar ini.

Koordinates dibagi menjadi 2 tipe, yaitu Cartesian & Polar. Suatu pemahaman dasar ttg 2

sistem koordinat ini akan membantu anda utk menggunakan AutoCAD utk mengkonstruksi

gambar dg lebih mudah.

Koordinat Cartesian Despite the fancy title (named after the French philosopher Ren

Descartes 1596-1650), the Cartesian co-ordinate system is the

standard coordinate system where the position of a point can be

described by its distance from two axes, X and Y.

This results in a simple point description using two numbers

separated by a comma e.g. 34.897,45.473. In the example on

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BAB+ + + +

Sistem koordinat X-YPengukuran sudutEntri titik di AutoCADTerminologi dasar AutoCADPerintah memulaiLayar AutoCAD

+ + + +


the right the point described lies 34.897 drawing units to the left of the Y axis and 45.473

drawing units above the X axis. The first value (34.897) is known as the X co-ordinate

because it's value is measured along the X axis.

The second value is known as the Y co-ordinate because it's value is measured along the Y

axis. The X and Y axes are two lines of infinite length which intersect at the origin point. The

co-ordinate value of the origin point is always 0,0. When viewed in plan the X and Y axes

are always perpendicular to one another with the X axis in a horizontal position and the Y

axis in a vertical position (See illustration).

X co-ordinate values become negative to the left of the Y axis and Y

co-ordinate values become negative below the X axis. All co-

ordinate values (both X and Y) are negative in the lower left hand

quadrant and positive in the upper right hand quadrant. Normally

we try to work in the positive quadrant. Although this is not

essential for AutoCAD to operate, it does tend to make life easier

because we don't need to worry about negative numbers.

AutoCAD allows you to use co-ordinates to draw objects rather than using pick points. For

example you could draw a line like this: Command: LINE From point: 34.897,45.473To point: 54.896,65.395To point: (to end)This sequence draws a line between the two co-ordinate points specified. Note that if you

enter a co-ordinate that is off the screen the line will still be drawn to the required point. You

will then need to zoom out in order to see the whole line. You can also start the Line

command by clicking on the Draw toolbar or from the pull-down menu (Draw Line).

Everything that you draw in AutoCAD is exact. It will be more accurate than you will ever

need it to be. All objects drawn on the screen are placed there based on a simple X,Y

coordinate system. In AutoCAD this is known as the World Co-ordinate System (WCS). You

must understand this to know how to put things where you want them. 3-D work has an

added axis, the Z-axis, but this is not covered in this lesson.

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Think of an AutoCAD drawing as lines on a giant grid. Everything in AutoCAD is placed on

this grid. In order to work effectively with AutoCAD, you have to work with this system. Until

you are comfortable and familiar with it, learning AutoCAD will be more of a chore. My

experience in teaching is that the better a student is with co-ordinates, the better CAD

draftsperson they are.

Here is how it works:

AutoCAD uses points to determine where an object is located. There is an origin where it

begins counting from. This point is (0,0). Every object is located in relation to the origin. If

you were to draw a line straight out to the right from the origin, this would be considered the

positive X-axis. If you were to draw a line straight up, this would be the positive Y-axis. The

picture above shows a point located at (9,6). This means that the point is 9 units over in the

X-axis and 6 units up in the Y-axis. When you are working with points, X always comes first.

The other point shown is (-10,-5). This means that the point is 10 units in the negative X-

axis (left) and 5 units in the negative Y-axis (down).

A line has two points, a start point and an end point. AutoCAD works with the points to

display the line on the screen. Move your cursor over the picture above and you will see

line drawn from the absolute points of (-10,-5) to (9,6).

Most of the time, you will not have an indication of where the origin is. You may need to

draw a line from the endpoint of an existing line. To do this you use relative points. These

work the same way, but you have to add the @ symbol (shift+2) to tell AutoCAD that this

next point is relative from the last point entered.

Its a simple system, but mastering it is the key to working with AutoCAD and is explained

below.

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Pengukuran sudut

AutoCAD measures angles in a particular way also. Look at the diagram below. When

drawing lines at an angle, you have to begin measuring the angle from 0 degrees, which is

at the 3 o'clock position. If you drew a line at 90 degrees, it would go straight up.

The example above (when you move your mouse over it) shows a line drawn at +300

degrees, or -60 degrees.

You might not always have an obvious reference point for 0 degrees. Look at the example

below and place your mouse on the image to find out angle in question.

This method of measuring rotation is used for drawing purposes.

If you were to rotate an object (using the ROTATE command), AutoCAD requires the angle

between the original object and where it will end up. In this case, rotation is still measured

CCW.

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In this example, you are given information about the lines, but not the angle. AutoCAD

needs to draw the line from the start point. What you are given though, is

(a) the knowledge that 0 is at the 3 o'clock position

(b) the knowledge that 180 is at the 9 o'clock position and the angle between 180 and

the line you want to draw is 150. With this information, you can figure out what angle you

need.

Here is a fool-proof way of getting the angle you need:

1) Start at the 0 position and measure counter-clockwise (+) to 180.

2) From 180, measure clockwise 150.

3) Consider that you just went +180-150 and use that as an equation: +180-150=30

4) Now you can draw your line using polar co-ordinates. (discussed next)

Entri titik di AutoCADYou can enter points directly on the command line using three different systems. The one

you use will depend on which is more applicable for the situation. The first assignment will

get you used to this. The three systems are as follows:

KOORDINAT ABSOLUT (MUTLAK) - Using this method, you enter the points as they

relate to the origin of the WCS. To enter a point just enter in the exact point as X,Y.

KOORDINAT RELATIF (INKRIMENTAL) - This allows you to enter points in relation to

the first point you have entered. After you've entered one point, the next would be

entered as @X,Y. This means that AutoCAD will draw a line from the first point to

another point X units over and Y units up relative to the previous point.

POLAR CO-ORDINATES - You would use this system if you know that you want to

draw a line a certain distance at a particular angle. You would enter this as @D


recommended that you get familiar with the co-ordinate system before working with things

such as Direct Data Entry. A good understanding of the basics is essential to getting good

with AutoCAD.

Icons, Keystrokes and MenusThere are many ways to do things in most windows programs. AutoCAD is no exception.

Everyone will develop a way that works best for him or her. In this course, we will primarily

be working with the keystroke commands. The reason for this is because they will work in

most AutoCAD versions (including DOS versions), and in some other CAD programs. The

icons work well, but as you will see, icons can be placed anywhere on the screen and can

be difficult to find quickly. The pull-down menus will access almost all commands, but are a

slower way of doing things. Example: If you want to draw a line, you can do it a few ways:

At the command line type: LINE (or) L and press the ENTER key.

1. Select the line icon from the DRAW toolbar.

2. Select Draw > Line from the pull-down menu.

All three approaches will do the same thing: prepare AutoCAD to draw a line where you tell

it.

AutoCAD is a popular program because it can be customized to suit an individual's needs.

The toolbars are a good example of this. You can have the toolbars you use most often on

the screen all the time. You can easily make them go away so that you have more drawing

space.

You can also customize them so you have the most common commands on one toolbar.

For example, the dimensioning toolbar is one that you will not want taking up space on your

screen while drawing, but is very handy when you're dimensioning your drawing.

Working with MS Windows.

In any Windows based program, you have another way of selecting items in a pull-down

menu. The underlined letter of an option allows you to press the ALT+(Letter) keys at the

same time to choose the option. This will activate the pull-down menu.

For Example in AutoCAD, you can press ALT+D, then press L to access the line command.

This method can be very quick once you get to know the letter combinations.

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Layar AutoCAD

Title Bar - This will show you what program you are running and what the current filename is.

Pull-down menus - These are the standard pull-down menus through which you can access almost all commands.

Main toolbar - This has most of the standard Windows icons, as well as the most common AutoCAD commands.

Property toolbar - This toolbar gives a way to quickly modify an object's properties, such as layer and linetype.

Floating toolbar - This is a toolbar that can be moved around the screen, or 'docked' as the main toolbar is.

Drawing space - This is where you draw. You have an almost infinite area to draw and this is just a 'section' of the entire space.

Scrollbars - These work like in other windows programs. You can also use the PAN command to move around your drawing.

WCS Icon - This is here to show you which direction positive X and positive Y go. The W means you're in the World Co-ordinate System. (It can be changed to a User Co-ordinate

System.)

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Status Bar Tray Icons - These icons give you updates on items like reference files program updates and print status.

Command line - When you type a command, you will see it here. AutoCAD uses this space to 'prompt' you for information. It will give you a lot of information and tell you where you are

in the command. Watch this line or portion while learning.

Status bar - This allows seeing and changing different modes of drawing such as Ortho, Osnaps, Grid, Otrack, etc.

Terminologi Dasar AutoCAD Inilah beberapa terminologi dasar yg perlu anda ketahui sebelum menggunakan AutoCAD.

Koordinat absolut Sebuah cara utk input titik berpatokan pd sumbu AutoCAD.

Acad.dwt default template yg secara otomatis dimuat saat kita memulai suatu sesi gambar. Ini dpt dikustomisasi.

Associated Dimensioning Dimensi yg terasosiasi dg titik tertentu, nilainya akan terupdate bila titik dipindahkan.

Backup file AutoCAD dpt diatur secara otomatis utk memback-up & menyimpan gambar kita. Hal ini sbg pengaman apabila file kita terkorup. File yg lama akan disimpan dg extension *.bak.

Block Sebuah gambar yg dibuat sebelumnya yg dpt disisipkan ke gambar kita, utk hemat waktu & membuat ukuran file kita lebih kecil.

Crosshair Ini adalah kursor bila berada di ruang gambar.Cursor Kursor kita akan berubah tgt pd berada di

program apa.Database Sebuah file autoCAD sebenarnya merupakan

sebuah database besar yg mengandung semua informasi yg diperlukan utk mereproduksi objek itu bila file itu dibuka. Dlm hal ini menyimpan info layer, tipe garis, dll.

Dialog box AutoCAD uses a large number of dialog boxes to get information from you. You must know how input the information that it asks for.

Drawing template file This is a file that contains preset values for frequently used settings. AKA a prototype drawing. The file extension is DWT.

Extents The outer boundaries of the objects you have drawn.

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Grid This is pattern of dots displayed on the screen to guide you. It can be toggled on and off by pressing the F7 key.

Grips Small 'handles' on objects that allow for quick editing.

Layer All objects are drawn on a layer. You can group objects (such as electrical) on a single layer and organize your drawing.

Layout Tabs An optional area used for plotting your drawings.

Limits A setting to impose an 'artificial' boundary on your drawing and scale your text and dimensions, etc.

Linetype All objects are drawn with a particular linetype.Examples would be solid, center, dashed, etc.

Model space The drawing space where you 'model' the objects.

Modify A generic term used for changing your objectsObject Any item that is in the AutoCAD database. Also

known as an entity.Origin The (0,0) point of your current co-ordinate

system.Ortho mode This is a drawing mode that allows you to draw

only perpendicular lines. It is toggled on and off by pressing the F8 key.

Osnap

Object Snap

This is a method of 'snapping' to certain, precise points on an object.

The lessons in this package deal with printing directly out of model space.

For beginners, this is the easiest way to plot your drawings. It is highly recommended that

for any other drawings after these lessons, you should get into the habit of printing from the

layout tabs.

Path The specific folder where AutoCAD looks for, or saves files.

Pick To select an object by 'left-clicking' on it.

Plot Also known as print. To make a hard copy of your drawing.

Polar co-ordinates A way of inputting points based on distance and angle.

Property Any specific characteristic of an object such as layer,

scale, linetype, start point, etc.

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Relative co-ordinates

A way of inputting points based on a starting point.

Selection set The current group of objects selected for modifying.

Snap This is a drawing mode that allows you to snap your cursor to precise points laid out in a grid

pattern.

Toggle with the F9 key.

Styles Formatting that defines the look of text, dimensions, etc.

Units

The basic drawing unit set for you drawing. For example, you can use inches or millimeters

depending on your needs. You can also set the precision you want displayed, such nearest 1/4",

1/2" 1/64", etc.

User co-ordinate system (UCS)

Modifications made to the World Co-ordinate System (WCS) results in a User Co-ordinate System

(UCS)

Anything you draw in AutoCAD should be in real-world units. If you are drawing a floor plan, you

draw it in a 1:1 scale by entering points such as 206. This is a real-world unit.

When you are plotting your drawing, then you have to be worried about scale.

View A particular area of your drawing.

Viewport A separate 'window' on your drawing. You may have more than one viewport visible to

see different areas of your drawing at the same time.

Wizard

An easy step-by-step instruction set to help you set-up certain aspects of your drawing.

World Co-ordinate

System (WCS)

This is the common X-Y co-ordinate system that is the default. If it is modified, it becomes a User

co-ordinate System (UCS)

Zoom To view either a smaller section of your drawing (zoom in) or a larger section (zoom out)

If you are using the older version of AutoCAD, such as R14, you will not have a start-up wizard. Set

up your drawing using the following commands:

DDUNITS set up your drawing units

LIMITS set up your drawing space

If you are using a recent version, 200X, you may start up in a wizard, AutoDesk Today, or neither.

This is set in your options/preferences dialog box.

When you are first learning AutoCAD, you will be using the World Coordinate System (WCS). As

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you get more advanced, you will be able to change this to the User Co-ordinate System (UCS).

The UCS is used more intensively in 3D work.

Trik Always look at the command line for guidance when you are learning new AutoCAD

commands. The command line will prompt you for information and this is the easiest way to

find out how a new command works. This is especially true for the more complicated

commands like Trim and Extend.

The command line window displays 3 lines of text by default. You can change this by

clicking and dragging the top of the window frame. When you are starting with AutoCAD

you may like to see more than 3 lines. The illustration below shows the command line

window increased in size to 6 lines.

The command line can also be displayed as a floating text window. The AutoCAD text

window is displayed by pressing the F2 key on the keyboard. See Function Keys on the

Drawing Aids tutorial for more details.

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