d4_zahler

Concentrating Collectors for Process Heat Applications

Dipl.-Phys. Christian Zahler

PSE GmbH

consulting engineers for renewable energies

www.pse.de

15 June

Local Renewables 2007

Two Axis trackingoperating temperature < 1200 °C Solar Tower: plant capacity ~ 10 MWel, Dish Stirling: unit capacity ~ 10-25 kWel,

One axis trackingoperating temperature < 550°C Parabolic trough, linear Fresnel:

plant capacity ~ 0.1-100 MWth/el,

Stationaryoperating temperature < 150°C Vacuum tube CPC:

unit capacity ~ 1 kWth,

Collector: Key Component for Conversion of Solar Radiation to Heat

conc

entr

atio

n ra

tio

Market available technology

Seite 4

Solitem GmbH, DLR, SIJ: PTC1800, PTC 1000 Button Energy, AEE Intec: Parasol Ciemat-PSA: Fasol Lotus Solar, NREA PSE GmbH: linear Fresnel Aosol Energias Renováveis Lda. Solarfocus Finsun Energy, Vattenvall Utveckling AB: MARECO

Developments: Concentrating Process Heat Collectors

Source: IEA-SHIP

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Installed Capacity and Produced Energy - Worldwide (2005)

Difficult: electric / thermal capacity, rated / max. power

Source: IEA-SHC

Seite 6

Lighting190

Mechanical energy3655

Process heat1864

Hot water489

Space heating3098

9297 PJ

Industry

Commerce & Service

Private homes

Traffic

28%

4%

6%

16%

3%

23%

2%

3%

2%

2% 8%

Final Energy Consumptionexample: Germany

Source: ARGE Energiebilanzen, VDE - Projektgruppe Nutzenergiebilanzen, Data from 2003

Seite 7

Source: Neubarth, Kaltschmitt, 2000

Temperature distribution of Process Heat Demandexample: Austria

Solar Cooling!

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

month

ly lo

ad, k

Wh/m

2

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

colle

ctor ra

dia

tion, k

Wh/m

2

heating

cooling

solarOffice building

in southern Europe

(e.g. Madrid)

Source: Henning, Fraunhofer ISE

Solar Cooling

Obvious:High cooling demand corresponds with high solar irradiation no seasonal storage necessary

not so obvious: need for off peak (night time) operation shift (storage) for several hours may be needed

Solar thermally driven air conditioning

Thermally drivencooling processheat

chilled water

conditioned air


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When can solar AC be applied?

Overview

Cen tra lizedven t i lat io n system ;

d u ct systemto b u ild ing

Conditio ned air

Cen tra lizedch ille r;

co ld w ate r n e t-w o rk in b u ild ing

Chilled w ater

Cen tra lized ch il leran d ven t i lat io n;

p ip e and d u ctn etw o rk in b u ild ing

A ir-w ater

D ecen tral izedsystem s

(ro o m a irco n d it io n ers)

Refrigeran t

A ir co n d itio n ingtech niq u es

Variety of technical solutions for centralised systems available No technical solution available for decentralised room air-

conditioning (split systems)Source: Henning, Fraunhofer ISE

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Absorption chillers - today‘s systems

single-effect absorption

double-effect absorption

many products > 100 kW; few products <100 kW; water/LiBr, Tdrive 75°C...110°Cammonia/water, Tdrive > 160°CCOP0.7;

several manufacturers; often direct fired; no products <100 kW; in most cases water/LiBr; COP1.1; Tdrive 140°C...180°C


Absorption Technology

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Typical figures


Single effect

H2O/LiBr

Double effect

H2O/LiBr

Single effect

NH3/H2O

Temperature lift (max)

25 K 25 K 55 K

Temperature of Cold

5-20°C 5-20°C -20°-20°C

Driving temperature

70-90°C 140-180°C 160-180°C

Max. COP 0,7-0,8 1,1-1,4 0,6-0,7

high COP

dry cooling

low temperature

&advantages

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H2O/LiBrTrane, Carrier, Yazaki, York, Broad, EAW, Phoenix, Ebara, LG Machinery, Sanyo Mc Quay, Sulzer-Escher Wyss, Entropie, Century

NH3/H2ORobur, Colibri, AWT, Mattes, ABB, Solarfrost

Chiller Producers


Produktionshallen in GriechenlandSolar cooling plants

Hotel air-conditioning parabolic trough collector produces heat at

180°C: 180 m2 aperture area

double effect absorption chiller (cooling capacity 116 kW, 4 bar saturated steam; COP > 1.2)

air-conditioning of a hotel and steam supply for the hotel laundry

LPG-fired back-up steam boiler

site: Dalaman (mediterranean coast Turkey)

first system with double effect chiller


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fancoils

absorpt.chiller

icestorage

drycooling

Solar cooling

Office building (demonstration plant) in Italy

Fresnel collector: 132 m2

2 NH3/H2O Absorption Chillers (each 15 kW)

First system with a fresnel type collector

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Realised Projects in Europe

Solar Cooling with process heat collectors

approx. 100 plants in Europe

(as at 2006)

average collector area per cooling capacity

3 m2/kW for water chillers 10 m2 per 1000 m3/h for

desiccant systems


39.1%

8.7%

27.5%

4.3%

4.3%2.9%

5.8%

1.4% 2.9%1.4%

1.4%

DeutschlandGriechenlandSpanienPortugalItalienÖsterreichFrankreichHollandIsraelTürkeiSerbien (Kosovo)

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Cooling Demand

Solar Cooling with process heat collectors

Cooling demand for air-conditioning in Germanyup to 32.000 GWh/a

Cooling demand for production, distribution and storage of food in Germany

up to 19.000 GWh/a

Source: Winter, Fraunhofer IUSE, Februar 2006

Market Opportunities

Drivers Environmental problems of conventional refrigerants Cost of conventional energy Shortages in electricity supply Environmental concerns; marketing of green image

Potential promising market niches “Solar combi-plus systems” (DHW and heating plus cooling): residential, small-

commercial Applications with other added values beside energy saving: green thinking,

environmentally sound behaviour: e.g. hotels in sunny, tourist areas


Conclusions

Differents types of chillers are available

Different types of collectors for different chillers are available

Development of heat driven systems to replace decentralized room air conditioners (e.g. split systems) remains a high challenge

Solar cooling is interesting for for Suppliers: it’s a small but growing market for Utilities: summer peak load can be reduced for Consumers: less pollution, less noise, green label

Linear concentrating Fresnel-Collector

Solar Radiation

Secondary Reflector

Fresnel Reflector

Absorber Tube

First Prototype by Giovanni Francia

Present activities on linear Fresnel collectors

SHP Solar Heat and Power Pty Ltd, Australien Ausra Inc., Palo Alto, CA

SPG Solar Power Group GmbH in cooperation with MAN Ferrostaal Power Industry GmbH

NOVATEC Biosol AG PSE GmbH

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Idea: downscaling of the collector by a factor 2 compared to power plant collectors

»Fresnel advantages« are still valid Stationary Receiver Low Wind load Flat glass mirrors High ground coverage

New: Rooftop Installation

PSE: Why not process heat?

Linear Fresnel Process Heat Collector

Fresnel Collector for Solar Cooling

Project co-funded by »Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt«

Construction and Evaluation of a prototype in Freiburg

Installation and Monitoring of a demonstration system in Bergamo / Italy

1st PrototypeFreiburg


2nd PrototypeBergamo


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Gross Heat Production


Summary + Next steps

Two prototypes of the PSE linear Fresnel process heat collector (88m² Freiburg, 132m² Bergamo) are being operated and monitored

Next project: 350m² Fresnel Collector in Sevilla - Solar Cooling

Commercialization is planned for 2008

Conclusions

A wide variety of concentrating solar technologies are market available

Concentrating solar collectors are able to provide process heat

at high temperatures reliably at large scale

Research demand for concentrating systems materials components system integration

d4_zahler

Business

cooling demand solar

europe solar cooling

solar cooling obvious

cooling capacity

high challenge solar

solar ac

power source

high cooling demand