curs engleza - anul i - unit 2

Asist.drd. Sorina CIOBANU CURS LIMBA ENGLEZA 2. ANUL I

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Part 1

Gender Stereotypes: Blue for Boys, Pink for Girls (I) The traditional pinks and blues are not as distinct today as they used to be. To some extent, gender-related barriers of past generations have broken down and the colours have somewhat blended together. Nevertheless, sexism – a form of discrimination based on a person’s gender – still exists. And it begins with the fact that gender is the single most conspicuous social category used to identify ourselves and others. Whenever people are asked about characteristics of the average man and woman, males are generally described as dominant, assertive, independent, and task oriented; in contrast, females are generally described as sensitive, warm, dependent, and people oriented. These beliefs about male and female characteristics are so universal that they appeared consistently in a study of young children and adults in twenty-five countries of North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Two additional features of gender stereotypes are worth noting. First, many people assume that certain characteristics belong only to males and others only to females, and that no one person can have both kinds. Research on gender-role orientation, however, indicates that these assumptions are incorrect. Gender-role orientation refers to judgements people make about whether they have traditionally male or female characteristics. Those who report having traditionally female attributes are considered masculine in their orientation.

Those who report having traditionally female attributes are considered feminine. On the average, men tend to view themselves as primarily masculine, and women see themselves as primarily feminine. Some men, however, are feminine in their gender, and some women are masculine. Moreover, many people report having both female and male characteristics; these individuals – who may be competitive and independent, yet sensitive and supportive – are referred to as androgynous. A fourth orientation, undifferentiated, refers to individuals who report having few of the attributes traditionally associated with either male or female behaviour.

Sharon S. Brehm & Saul M. Kassin – Social Psychology, p. 155

1. Which are the traditional characteristics of the average male and female? 2. Identify the four gender orientations described in the text. 3. What is sexism?

UNIT 2

VOCABULARY


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4. Pay attention to the following expressions:

to belong to a aparţine cuiva, a ţine de ceva on the average în medie This cat belongs to Jane. On the average, men see themselves as masculine in their gender.

ARTICOLUL HOTĂRÂT

în limba engleză, articolul hotărât are o singură formă – the, folosită pentru ambele genuri şi pentru plural:

the boy the girl the day the boys the girls the days

FOLOSIREA ARTICOLULUI HOTĂRÂT

articolul hotărât se foloseşte în următoarele situaţii: A. atunci când obiectul sau grupul de obiecte sunt unice sau considerate drept unice:

the earth the sea the sky the stars B. înaintea unui substantiv care a fost definit prin menţionarea într-o frază anterioară:

His car struck a tree; you can still see the mark on the tree. C. înaintea unui substantiv definit prin adăugarea unui determinant:

the girl in blue the man with the banner the boy that I met the place where I met him

D. înaintea unui substantiv care, datorită locaţiei sale, nu poate reprezenta decât un singur obiect: Ann is in the garden – in the garden of this house. Please pass the wine – the wine on the table.

E. înaintea superlativelor şi a cuvintelor first, second folosite ca adjective şi înaintea cuvântului only: the first week the best day the only way

F. the urmat de un substantiv la singular reprezintă o clasă de fiinţe sau lucruri : The whale is in danger of being extinct. Totuşi, cuvântul man, atunci când este folosit pentru a reprezenta toată rasa umană, nu are articol: If oil supplies run out, man may have to use horses again.

articolul hotărât the este omis în următoarele situaţii:

GRAMMAR

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

USE OF the

OMISSION OF the


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A. înaintea substantivelor abstracte, cu excepţia cazului în care acestea sunt folosite cu un sens particular : Men fear death însă The death of the Prime Minister left his party without a leader.

B. după un substantiv la cazul genitiv sau după adjectivele posesive: the boy’s uncle = the uncle of the boy. It is my book = The book is mine.

C. înaintea numelor de mese (feluri de mâncare): The Scots have porridge for breakfast.

D. spre deosebire de limba română, the nu se foloseşte niciodată înaintea substantivelor nedefinite la plural: Women are expected to like babies (femeile în general). Big hotels are very much the same all over the world.

1. Read the text one more time and underline the definite articles. Justify their use. 2. Make sentences, as in the example: Here are two books. (important) The books are important. 1. There are two postcards and a newspaper. (old) 2. I’ve got a letter and three postcards. (all from Spain) 3. There are three pencils and a pen. (black) 4. I’ve got a magazine and a newspaper. (for Harry) 5. There are a parcel and a telegram. (from Aunt Susan). 3. Translate into English: apartamentul nou, uşa din spate, cea mai aglomerată zi, singura soluţie, Palatul Buckingham, bărbatul cu pălărie maro, fata cu rochiţă roşie, copiii surorii mele, florile din grădină. 4. Complete with the a, the or no article: Aisha: ___ weather is terrible here, at home ___ sun shines every day. Maria: Yes, in Mexico ____ is very good, too, and ___ sky is blue. Aisha: Is your house here nice?Maria: Yes, ___ houses in our street are very nice, but it is noisy. ___ boys next door are very noisy. Aisha: Well, ___ boys often are. Maria: I live with ___ family. Tom is ___ doctor, and, as you know, ___ doctors are very busy people. His wife, Mary, is ___ teacher. She is busy too, but they travel a lot. In January they go to ___ South Pole. Where do you live? Aisha: Now, at ___ hotel. Maria: But ___ hotels are very expensive. Aisha: Yes, that’s right.

EXERCICES

KEY WORD

Authoritarian Personality – Personality trait characterised by rigidity, submissiveness to authority, and prejudice towards others

who are different. Developmental studies revealed that, as children, authoritarians had domineering parents who used harsh

disciplinary measures.


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Part 2

Gender Stereotypes: Blue for Boys, Pink for Girls (I) Second, beliefs about males and females are so deeply ingrained that they begin to influence the behaviour of adults literally the moment a baby is born. In a fascinating study, first-time parents of fifteen girls and fifteen boys were interviewed within twenty-four hours of the baby’s birth. There where no differences between the male and female newborns in height, weight, or other aspects of physical appearance. Yet the parents of girls rated their babies as softer, smaller and more finely featured, while the fathers of boys described their sons as stronger, larger, more alert, and better coordinated. It is possible there really were differences that only the parents could discern? Doubtful.

In a second study, men and women were shown a videotape of a nine-moth-old baby. Half were told they were watching a boy, the other half a girl. Although all subjects saw the same tape, their perceptions were influenced by gender beliefs. At one point, for example, the baby burst into tears over a jack-in-the-box. When asked for their interpretations, subjects thought he was angry and she was frightened. People all over the world make profound distinctions between boys and girls, men and women. The question is not whether gender stereotypes exist, but when do they influence our

social perceptions, are they accurate, and if not, why do they endure? Sharon S. Brehm & Saul M. Kassin – Social Psychology, p. 155

1. Identify the definite articles from the excerpt. Justify their use. 2. Underline the expressions which characterise baby boys and baby girls. 3. Pay attention to the following set phrases:

so + adj … that atât de... încât... all over the world din/în toată lumea He was so angry that he burst into tears – Era atât de nervos, încât a izbucnit în plâns. Children all over the world like to play – Copiilor din toată lumea le place să se joace.

UNIT 2

VOCABULARY

COMMUNICATION


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GRAND HOTEL ROOM SERVICE BREAKFAST

BEFORE 6 a.m. hang this order form on your door handle AFTER 6 a.m. telephone for room service on 321

Juices orange grapefruit tomato

Hot Drinks

coffee chocolate tea with milk tea with lemon

Cereals

cornflakes Rice Crispies muesli

Yoghurt strawberry plain peach melba

Bread and pastries white bread whole-wheat bread white toast whole-wheat toast rolls croissants Danish pastries doughnuts

Fruit

apple pear banana orange

Continental breakfast plus:

Eggs fried scrambled boiled poached

plus

bacon sausages tomatoes fried bread mushrooms All orders plus 15% service. VAT included ROOM NO: ________ NAME: ____________

DO YOU HAVE BREAKFAST?

CONTINENTAL BREAKFAST - £ 7.00

COOKED BREAKFAST - £ 12.00

National breakfasts:

Germany, Scandinavia, Netherlands:

cold meat, cheese, bread. Britain, USA,

Ireland: hot, cooked breakfast. Southern Europe:

rolls, pastries, coffee. Japan:

rice, pickles, cold fish.

Mexico: fruit, pastries.

People in Britain, Ireland and Japan generally heave tea with breakfast. People in the USA and most of Europe usually have coffee.


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How do you request things for other people?

WAITER: Are you ready to order? WOMAN: Yes, please. WAITER: Would you like a starter? WOMAN: No, thanks. WAITER: And for the main course? WOMAN: He’d like the steak, and she’d like the fish. That’s right, isn’t it? GUESTS: Mmm. Yes. WOMAN: And they would both like the salad. WAITER: Fine. And what would you like, madam? WOMAN: I’d like the chicken. And can you bring us a bottle of wine? WAITER: Certainly.

What happens when the food arrives?

WAITER: Who is the steak for? WOMAN: The steak is for him. WAITER: And the fish? WOMAN: That’s for her. WAITER: And the two salads? WOMAN: The salads are for them. And the chicken is for me. WAITER: There you go. Is that everything? WOMAN: Yes, that’s all. Thank you. WAITER: You’re welcome.

Self- portrait at the easel

Hogarth, William (1697-1764), English painter and engraver, noted for his observation of English manners and customs and for his satirisation of the excesses of his age. He was the dominant artistic personality in England in the first half of the 18th century and the painter who did most to establish a distinctive English school of painting. He was born in London on November 10, 1697, the son of an impoverished schoolteacher. At the age of 17 he became apprenticed to a silver-engraver but in 1720 he left to set up an engraving shop of his own. The business was concerned with producing engravings of book illustrations. Hogarth produced many lively, though relatively cheap, paintings of family groups in the 1730s.

REQUESTSING FOR OTHERS

CIVILISATION


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However, he did not consider these paintings to be challenging enough and a sketch of the morning awakening of a young prostitute led him to produce a series of six canvases of the story of how she arrived in her situation. From there was born the series of engravings The Harlot’s Progress (c. 1731), which shows how a young country girl arrives in London, is lured with promises of wealth into prostitution and thence to prison, disease, and death. The huge success of these works, through their humour, pathos, and topicality, was followed by The Rake’s Progress (c. 1733, Sir John Soane Museum), a series of paintings in

A Harlot’s Progress – plate 1 of 6

Marriage a la Mode

a similar vein, through which Hogarth exposed the corruption and foolishness of polite society and its hangers-on. He encouraged history painting and founded an anti-academic tradition in English painting through his creation of the intermediate form of “comic history”. The best-known example of this type of painting is his series Marriage à la Mode (1734, National Gallery, London), which was engraved for him in Paris in 1745. In the late 1750s and early 1760s Hogarth was disillusioned with art and working very little. He died in London and was buried in Chiswick.

curs engleza - anul i - unit 2

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