Limba englez

Introduction

We often hear that it is not the one who participates in some form of training that has to adapt to

the school system, but, on the contrary, it is the school system itself that has to adapt to the one

who is trained. With this project we envisaged the creation of an interactive training system that

could offer the user, irrespective of level (undergraduate or graduate), the possibility to develop

linguistic self-awareness as they learn general and economic English, especially for the

petroleum field.

With the interactive system the users can learn at their own pace, the system being capable of

adapting to the users individual needs. By means of numerous self-assessment units (Controlled

Practice within each of the fifteen units, the initial and the final tests), the system can offer the

user items of information that are to be processed as well as the possibility to obtain and

consolidate knowledge.

Each unit has the following structure: Pre-reading, Reading (each Reading contains Listening: a

native speaker reads the texts, so that the user can familiarise themselves with the right English

pronunciation), Ways with Words (based on vocabulary exercises), Grammar Reference (that

contains theoretical explanations), followed by Controlled Practice, made up of one to four types

of assessment units. The user interested in completing the exercises contained in Ways with

Words is asked to fill in the answers and send them as attachment to their teacher of English. The

user may also use the chat module and make searches in the databases containing (English-

Romanian dictionary, English-English dictionary, several phrases, lists of verbs, prepositional

verbs and adjectives, etc.) from: http://www.informatica.upg-ploiesti.ro/engleza/

Contents Unit 1 ............................................................................................................. 4

Pre-Reading Tasks ...................................................................................................................... 4

Reading ....................................................................................................................................... 4

Ways with words......................................................................................................................... 5

Grammar Reference .................................................................................................................... 8

The verb to be ......................................................................................................................... 8

The demonstrative pronoun and adjective .............................................................................. 8

Question forms ........................................................................................................................ 8

Controlled practice ...................................................................................................................... 8

Unit 2 ........................................................................................................... 10

Pre-reading tasks ....................................................................................................................... 10

Reading ..................................................................................................................................... 10

Ways with words....................................................................................................................... 11

Grammar reference ................................................................................................................... 13

The personal pronoun ........................................................................................................... 13

Mood, tense and aspect ......................................................................................................... 13

Present Simple ...................................................................................................................... 13

Present Continuous ............................................................................................................... 14

Controlled practice .................................................................................................................... 14

Unit 3 ........................................................................................................... 17

Pre-reading tasks ....................................................................................................................... 17

Reading ..................................................................................................................................... 17

Ways with words....................................................................................................................... 17

Grammar reference ................................................................................................................... 20

Verbs which do not take a continuous aspect in English ...................................................... 20

The Imperative ...................................................................................................................... 21

The possessive pronoun and the posessive adjective ............................................................ 21

Controlled practice .................................................................................................................... 21

Unit 4 ........................................................................................................... 23

Pre-reading tasks ....................................................................................................................... 23

Reading 1 .................................................................................................................................. 23

Ways with words 1.................................................................................................................... 23

Reading 2 .................................................................................................................................. 24

Ways with words 2.................................................................................................................... 24

Grammar Reference .................................................................................................................. 25

Classification of nouns .......................................................................................................... 25

Number of nouns................................................................................................................... 26

The Genitive.......................................................................................................................... 26

Controlled practice .................................................................................................................... 26

Unit 5 ........................................................................................................... 29

Pre-reading tasks ....................................................................................................................... 29

Reading ..................................................................................................................................... 29

Ways with words....................................................................................................................... 29

Grammar Reference .................................................................................................................. 34

Past Simple............................................................................................................................ 34

Past Continuous .................................................................................................................... 35

Past Simple and Past Continuous .......................................................................................... 36

Expressions of quantity ......................................................................................................... 36

The Adjective ........................................................................................................................ 36

The order of adjectives in a series ......................................................................................... 37

Controlled practice .................................................................................................................... 37

Unit 1 In this unit you will learn: Social English The English Alphabet The Verb to be The Demonstrative Pronoun and the Demonstrative Adjective Question forms

Pre-Reading Tasks Whats your name? How old are you? Where do you live? What do you specialise in?

Reading Read the following text about Mihaela Vlad, a student in Romania: My name is Mihaela Vlad and I am a student in the Faculty of Economic Sciences at Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieti. I come from Arad, a town in the West of Romania. I came here to study because I have always been keen on economics and I really hope to learn many useful things here. Im studying Spanish and English, and I can speak Spanish well and a little English. I improved my Spanish when I went on a two-month holiday to my aunt in Spain. I also hope that in a short time I will improve my English, as, on the one hand, it is very useful to speak foreign languages and on the other hand, I might need it for my future job. In Romania there are lots of foreign companies where I can work if I am fluent in one or two foreign languages. Today, when English is one of the major languages in the world, it doesnt require too much effort of our imagination to realise that this is a relatively recent thing - that people started to import English in the seventeenth century, with the first settlements in North America. As I could read in an article, one person in seven of the worlds entire population speaks English nowadays and most of them are quite fluent in it. Incredibly enough, due to the extension of computerized systems and software which are mostly in English, 75% of the worlds mail and 60% of the worlds telephone calls are in English. Again incredibly, yet true is the fact that 200 million people speak English and every year there are twenty million beginners. International literary, scientific and economic publications are very often printed in English. So, the quicker I learn it, the more opportunities I may have to read interesting materials connected to my field and to get a good job in the future.

Everyday English Practise saying the letters of the alphabet according to the vowel sounds:

/ei/ /i:/ /e/ /ai/ /u/ /u:/ /a:/ a b f i o q r h c l y u j d m w l e n k g s p x t z v

Ways with words 1. Can you keep a conversation going with someone for two or three minutes? Choose a partner who you dont know well, or imagine your partner is a stranger. Work in small groups and find out things about your partner. 2. Spell the name of Mihaela Vlad. Then work in pairs. Spell your name in English to your deskmate. Then find out how to spell his/her name. 3. What do you think a good language learner can do? Choose beginnings from A and suitable endings from B. There are many possible answers:

A good language learner: A B borrows books without a teacher. writes things down in every way possible. guesses words without being told to. tries to study in real situations. tries to learn every day possible. practises speaking from films, TV and records.

4. Social Exchanges Supply the best word or words:

1. You are late for an appointment, so you say, .Im late. a) Sorry/Im sorry b) Excuse me c) Forgive me d) Pardon me 2. You fail to hear what someone says to you, so you say, .? a) Excuse me b) Pardon c) Forgive me d) Pardon me 3. A passenger on a bus complains you are standing on his foot; you say, ! a) Sorry b) Forgive me c) Excuse me d) Pardon me 4. Here is your apology for bad behaviour: ..for my awful behaviour last night. a) Please pardon me b) Please forgive me c) I beg your pardon 5. You answer the phone and you say, ..! a) Speak b) Hello c) Enter d) Say 6. You are introduced to a stranger, so you say, ..? a) How are you b) How do you do c) What do you do 7. You are leaving, so you say, .! a) Adieu b) Goodbye c) Farewell 8. You are refusing food that is offered; you say, a) Thank you b) No, thank you

c) Thanks 9. You thank me for holding the door open and my response may be, . a) Its nothing b) - c) Please d) Nothing 10. You meet a friend at the airport on arrival and you may say, ..London! a) Welcome to b) Be welcome to c) Welcome in d) I wish you welcome to 11. Someone asks you how you are and you answer, , thanks. a) Good b) Very good c) Fine d) Very fine 12. Your friend is waiting for you to finish what you are doing and you say, .. a) One moment b) A moment c) One minute d) Just a minute 13. You are attending an interview and the interviewer says, . a) Sit yourself b) Take a seat c) Sit d) Sit you 14. The class stands up as you enter the room and you say, a) Sit yourselves b) Take a seat c) Sit down d) Sit 15. This is what you say to a friend on January 1st: .New Year! a) Lucky b) Happy c) Merry d) Good

5. In the text about Mihaela Vlad, you learned the expression on the one hand .... on the other hand which means pe de o parte ... pe de alt parte. Lets learn more expressions containing the preposition on: to be on duty = a fi de serviciu; on account of = pe baza, din cauz c, lund n consideraie c; on and on = fr ntrerupere, la nesfrit; and so on = i aa mai departe; on this ground = din acest motiv; to turn on/ to switch on (the light, the radio, etc.) = a deschide/ a aprinde (lumina, radioul,etc.); on this assumption = pe baza acestei presupuneri; on the basis of = pe baza; on behalf of sb. = n numele cuiva, din partea cuiva; on the contrary = din contr; on record = cunoscut; on the score of = ca rezultat; on the verge of = pe punctul de, pe cale, n pragul; on the whole = n general, n ntregime; on demand = la cerere; on condition that = cu condiia;

on purpose = dinadins, intenionat; on principle = din principiu; on the first attempt = la prima ncercare; on a sudden = brusc, deodat, pe neateptate; on trial = de prob.

Grammar Reference The verb to be

Affirmative Interrogative Negative I am Im am I? I am not Im not You are Youre are you? You are not Youre not /

You arent He is Hes

is he? He is not Hes not / He isnt

She is Shes

is she? She is not Shes not / She isnt

It is Its is it? It is not Its not / It isnt We are Were are we? We are not Were not / We

arent You are Youre are you? You are not Youre not / You

arent They are Theyre are they? They are not Theyre not /

They arent Form Short answer Are you a student in Management? Yes, I am. No, Im not. Is she an accountant? Yes, she is. No, she isnt. The demonstrative pronoun and adjective Form Reference Singular Plural near reference this these distant reference that those

Question forms Look at the following question words: What do you do for a living? - Im an accountant. Who is your teacher of English? Joan Smith is. Where is Madrid? - In Spain. When do you start the meeting? - On Friday, May, 2nd. Why are you learning English? - Because I need it for my job. How do you come to Ploieti? - By train. Whose are these papers? - They are Victors. What and which can be followed by a noun. What time is it? What kind of chemistry do you study? Which pen do you want, the blue one or the green one? How can be followed by an adjective or an adverb. How old are you? How often do you play football?

Controlled practice 1. Translate into English:

a. Eu sunt contabil. El este englez. b. Acelea sunt colegele tale? Nu, acestea sunt colegele mele, Monica i Andra. c. Acesta este un casetofon. d. Acela este un televizor. e. Noi suntem studeni. f. Sunt ei specialiti francezi? Nu, nu sunt. g. Suntei voi economiti? Nu, noi nu suntem, noi suntem ingineri. h. Cine este aici? John este aici. El este cel mai bun student din grupa noastr. El are note foarte mari. i. Cine nu este aici? Maria nu este aici i nici George nu este. j. Ele sunt chimiste. Cursurile acestea sunt ale lor. Acestea sunt cursurile mele.

2. Turn these sentences into questions and answer them:

e.g. Canterbury is a town. Is Canterbury a town? Yes, it is. a. London is a town in England. b. You are an accountant. c. My father is a doctor. d. Elizabeth II is the queen of England. e. We are students.

3. Complete the following text using the appropriate pronouns: a. .... is Johns pencil. It must be his because its got his name on it. b. Are ...pencils yours, John? Yes, they are. Thanks. They havent got my name on them, but they belong to me. c. . is a house. Its over here. . is a car. Its over there. d. Is . an electric heater? No, that is an electric generator. . is an electric heater. e. ... are metals. Those are substances. 4. Translate the following text into English:

a. De unde eti? Sunt din Arad. b. Cnd ai venit prima oar n Ploieti? Anul trecut. c. Ci ani ai? Douzeci i nou. d. Ce mai faci? Sunt bine, mulumesc. e. De ce te grbeti?

5. Choose the appropriate question form in the following sentences:

a. What/Which time is the plane due to arrive? b. What/ How are you today? c. Where/ When are you going now? d. Who/How are you? I am Mary Jones. e. What/ Which of these paintings do you like best?

6. Ask short questions on these statements, using who, what, where:

e.g. Ive just received a letter./ Who from? a. I want to take this notebook with me. (for) b. Will you please open this box? (with) c. Im going to Spain next week. (by) d. Please, get me a glass of water. (from) e. John is very angry. (with).

Unit 2 In this unit you will learn: A Case Study The Personal Pronoun Present Simple Present Continuous

Pre-reading tasks Have you ever written a case study? What parts does it include?

Reading Read the following case study on Fournier et CIE. Then read and translate the article on Fournier et CIE published in an economic magazine. Pay attention to the present tenses: Fournier et CIE is a medium-sized company producing for export hand-made shoes and gloves in natural materials. They obtained good prices for their fashionable designs. Yet customers are dissatisfied with the standard of the materials which seem to be too loosely woven. Another complaint is that deliveries are not prompt, which makes impossible for the customers to maintain satisfactory stock levels and fulfil their sale schedules. In order to solve their problems, they had a meeting with one of their most important clients, Mr. Jacobson. The general manager was not present due to health problems. Here is the minutes of the meeting.

Today, April, 26, 2002, we had a short meeting in order to solve the problem of delivery and the complaints concerning the standard materials. Mr. Jacobson explained that the moment his company saw the samples of our hand-made lines, he was authorized to discuss the terms of an order with us and negotiate a contract. Yet the quality of the standard materials was much better at that time, as he showed us two different types of gloves and shoes, and consequently the difference in texture. Mrs. Higgins, our production manager explained that due to the extended needs of materials, we changed the supplier of materials, yet Mr. Jacobson had been told about this two months before this change, and he had been also sent the standard materials at that time, when he approved their quality. Mr. Jacobson mentioned that delivery order no. 3425 had a problem, in the sense that the material of the summer shoes seemed to be too loosely woven and was inclined to pull out of shape. He said that his representatives relied on the high quality of the materials we sent them and they were all the more disappointed in the case because we supplied the cloth to new customers. Mrs. Higgins assured him of a better quality in the future. The problem of delivery will also be solved, as we had to solve out problems of cloth delivery last week. As we couldnt possibly allow this situation to continue, we had to make our supplier understand that unless they could guarantee to deliver supplies by the dates specified in future orders, we would be forced to look for another supplier. No longer excellent merchandise for their customers? Several weeks ago we published an incredible story of a medium-sized company producing for export hand-made shoes and gloves in natural materials which amazingly succeeded in attracting customers, due to their excellent products. Yet it seems that every dream is over sooner or later. Fournier et CIE experiences difficulties with their biggest customer, R&T Lines. Today they obtained good prices for their fashionable designs. In a meeting today, the

representative of R&T Lines explained that his staff is dissatisfied with the standard of the materials which seem to be too loosely woven. How could this happen? Higgins, the one in charge of production seems not to know. Yet the answer is very simple: the moment Fournier et CIE extended, they realized that they needed more suppliers of materials, and due to good prices they also accepted lower offers, as well as lower quality. The truth is somewhere in the middle, as Jacobson answered our questions in a very ambiguous manner: Yes, I knew about the change of the supplier. He also admitted that he had approved the standard material for order no 3425. Yet it seems that indeed they are experiencing problems, as this is not the only unsatisfied customers. The problem of delivery will be solved, according to Higgins: We had to solve out problems of cloth delivery last week. Yet, should we really believe that? Clients are quite fed up with promises. They want facts. It seems that the great boon the company had in the beginning has changed a lot nowadays, unfortunately. Probably they need a new company policy and a new board.

Ways with words 1. How do you translate the sentence: As we couldnt possibly allow this situation to continue? . Lets learn some expressions containing the word as: as compared with = n comparaie cu; as a consequence of = ca o consecin a; as if/ as though = ca i cum; as far as = ntruct, pe ct, n msura n care; as far as it goes = n ceea ce privete; as follows = precum/ dup cum urmeaz; as long as = att timp ct; as regards = n ceea ce privete; as a rule = de regul, n principiu; as seen = dup cum se vede; as shown in Table. 2 = cum s-a artat n Tabelul 2; as soon as possible = ct de curnd posibil as such = ca atare; as well = deopotriv, de asemenea; as well as = ct i, tot aa ca; as when = ca atunci cnd, ca n cazul n care; as yet/ so far/ up to now/ up to the present = pn n prezent; such as = astfel ca, ca de exemplu. 2. Read the following sentence taken from the same text: How do you translate they were all the more disappointed in the case? Now learn some expressions with the adjective all. beyond all doubt = n afar de orice ndoial; all at once = dintr-o dat; all the better = cu att mai bine; all in all = n ntregime, cu totul; all in good time = toate la timpul lor; all the more as = cu att mai mult cu ct; all over = peste tot; first of all = nainte de toate; of all kinds = de toate felurile; that is about all = ca, asta-i tot; it is all one to them = le este tot una; once for all = o dat pentru totdeauna. Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own. 3. Read the following sentence again: Clients are quite fed up with promises. How do you translate to be fed up with something? Now learn some phrasal verbs containing the particle up. Use your dictionary in order to translate them. weigh up bring up take up (three meanings) draw up

step up pick up Now replace the words in italics in the following sentences with the following phrasal verbs.

a. Before preparing the contract, may I go over one or two points again, please? b. We have to increase our work-rate if we are going to get the accounts finished in time. c. If Im going to have any chance of becoming a member of the Board, Ill have to start playing golf. d. Id like to mention the subject of expense claims at our next meeting. e. (Chairman, at a meeting).Your point is interesting, Donna, but Id like to discuss it later, if I may. f. We must consider all the possibilities before we decide which market to enter. g. I start my new appointment next month. h. We didnt get many orders last quarter but now sales have improved.

4. Choose the colour (you will need to use some words more than once) black green red blue grey white brown pink yellow

a. In most countries, goods that are scarce are usually freely available on the market provided you have the money to pay for them. b. You can argue with her until youre in the face, but once shes made up her mind she wont listen to you, no matter what you say. c. After several weeks of discussions, the group were given the . light, and could finally go ahead with the new project. d. Theres no point in asking my boss for a day off next week. Im in her . books at the moment so shes bound to say no. e. She had only recently had lunch with her cousin, so the news of his death came as bolt from the f. Although we got a lot of nice wedding presents, we also got one or two elephants. g. There is a common prejudice that girls who are very beautiful must automatically be lacking in . matter so-called dumb blondes. h. Next Friday is a .-letter day for my sister and her husband; its their 25th anniversary. i. After sunbathing for two hours every day, Joanna was as as a berry. j. The managing directors reference to the forthcoming sales conference was a . herring. He just wanted to get off the subject of this months poor sales figures. k. She went as . as a sheet when she heard about the accident. l. If there was a war, I dont think Id fight. Ive got too much of a .. streak. Id be terrified of getting killed. m. Im sorry, James, I refuse to believe it unless you can show it to me in .. and ! n. Ever since Tom got that huge order with Saudi-Arabia hes been the bosss ..-eyed boy. o. Dont mention the present government in front of my father; its like a . rag to a bull. p. I was with envy when my neighbour drove up in a brand-new Jaguar. q. By the way, Joyce, my husband was tickled .. at your asking him to judge the flower show. r. For some reason, Swedish films are often synonymous with . films, which is very strange as there is relatively little pornography in Sweden. s. Sometimes it is better to tell a . lie than to hurt someones feelings. t. My wife always goes bright whenever she gets embarrassed.

5. Put each of the following phrases in its correct place in the sentences below. out of the blue in black and white once in a blue moon a black sheep to have green fingers green with envy in the red to catch someone red-handed red tape

a. The offer of a job sounded very good on the phone but I wont believe it till I have it b. I must remind you that this is a non-smoking office. I suspect that some of you have been smoking. If I happen Im afraid it will mean dismissal. c. To import firearms into Britain youll have to fill in a lot of forms. Theres a lot of

d. If you want to be a successful gardener, of course youve got e. The rest of the family were respectable, honest people but he was always in trouble. Im afraid he was . f. When I saw him in his new sports car, I was. g. Tourists often go to the Louvre, but most Parisians only go h. The firm is . . It owes a lot of money. i. I had lost touch with Jake, and then one night he arrived at my flat right What a surprise!

Grammar reference

The personal pronoun The nominative. Form

Person Singular Plural First person I we Second person you you Third person he - masculine

she - feminine it - objects and animals

they

The accusative/The dative. Form

Person Singular Plural First person (to) me (to) us Second person (to) you (to) you Third person (to) him

(to) her (to) it

(to) them

Mood, tense and aspect Mood, tense and aspect are grammatical categories of the verb. Roughly speaking, mood presents the attitude of the speaker towards an action or a state expressed by the verb, tense gives an indication of when the action happens and aspect reflects the status of action referring to duration, result, etc.

Present Simple Present Simple is used to express: a repeated action or habit (it is often used with adverbs of frequency such as: always, constantly, continually,

ever, frequently, forever, hardly, never, normally, occasionally, often, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes, usually, etc.):

I usually get up at 7.30. Japanese people like to travel. Most evenings we stay in. a fact which is always true (general truths and states): Wood floats on water. The Earth moves round the Sun. The Danube floats into the Black Sea. a fact which is true for a long time I live in Ploiesti. She works in a bank. Present Simple is used in explanations, demonstrations and stage directions: Her drawing shows two parts of a hyperbolic curve. I add flour to the egg yolks and place the basin into the oven.

The door bell rings. She listens quietly. A window opens and a masked man enters the room. Form

Affirmative Interrogative Negative I work Do I work? I do not (dont) work You work Do you work? You do not (dont) work He works Does he work? He does not (doesnt) work She works Does she work? She does not (doesnt) work It works Does it work? It does not (doesnt) work We work Do we work? We do not (dont) work You work Do you work? You do not (dont) work They work Do they work? They do not (dont) work

Short answer Do you like spring? Yes, I do. Does he speak French? No, he doesnt.

Present Continuous Present Continuous is used to express: an activity happening now or around now They are watching TV in their bedroom now. I am living with my parents this week. a planned future arrangement: Im meeting them at 11 oclock tomorrow. Form Present Continuous is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb be followed by the indefinite participle of the main verb (verb+-ing).

Affirmative Interrogative Negative I am working Am I working? I am not working You are working Are you working? You are not (arent) working He is working Is he working? He is not (isnt) working She is working Is she working? She is not (isnt) working It is working Is it working? It is not (isnt) working We are working Are we working? We are not (arent) working You are working Are you working? You are not(arent) working They are working Are they working? They are not (arent) working

Short answer Are you coming? Yes, I am. No, Im not. Is she watching TV? Yes, she is. No, she isnt.

Controlled practice 1. Translate the following sentences into English:

a. El este contabil la o companie important. b. Ei nu vorbesc engleza, dar noi i putem ajuta. c. Pe ea o vd la curs, dar pe el nu l vd. d. mi ofer o carte de contabilitate, pentru c el are dou exemplare.

e. l strig pe Victor, dar nu m aude.

2. Choose the appropriate forms of the personal pronoun: a. He is studying English as he/we intends to join an American insurance company. b. I gave her/him that laptop as he needed it. c. She told me/ to me that she needed five days off. d. I think I saw him/ he in the bank yesterday. e. Have you told they/ them about your project?

3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous:

a. He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea. b. It (rain) now. It often (rain) in summer. c. He (come) to see me tonight; we (go) on a trip to Sinaia next week and we (want) to make plans for it. d. I (live) in Ploiesti, but this week, as I (attend) a course in Bucharest, I (stay) with my uncle in Calea Floreasca. e. Pardon me, sir, but I (think) you (stand) on my feet. f. Maria (come) from Spain this week. g. She (speak) French, English and Italian. h. I (cut) two slices of bread and she (prepare) an omlette. i. What you (do) here? I (look) for my glasses. j. Where you (live)? I (live) in Scotland.

4. Complete this postcard using the correct form of the verbs on the right:

Greetings from Scotland! John and I ..... something different this year. Were at the

do

Edinburgh Activity Centre, where we .. a good time and at the same time we .. different things. People.. here every summer to learn more about their hobbies and interests.

have learn come

I .. photography and tennis this week do and John .. about computers. We .. up at half past eight every morning

learn, get

and .. lessons from ten to half past twelve. We .. lunch at one, and then there are more lessons.

do have

So its hard work. But I .. it here. We ..... a post-office in front of the Centre. The weather is good. See you soon. Love, Kate

like, have

5. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or continuous

a. He (live) in London at present but he (hope) to move to Edinburgh next year. b. I (hope) they (realize) what a difficult job they (undertake). c. Mike and Jack (spend) a fortnight at the seaside; they (come) back next week. d. Who (talk) to the pretty girl in the blue dress? e. The teacher (say) that you usually (make) a lot of mistakes. f. Anybody who (look) at his passenger while he (drive) is a danger on the roads. g. Mary (sleep) in the sitting room this week because her bedroom (be) redecorated. h. The path (lead) to the big house that you (see) on the hill. i. My son (work) very hard. He (study) for an examination now. j. You (hear) anything? I (listen) hard but I cant hear anything. k. Daddy (leave) always lighted cigarettes all over the house. Well burn down one day. l. Mary (leave) for London in a fortnight. m. They (clean up) the whole town in preparation for the summer. n. Mr Green always (get up) early. o. My husband usually (leave) his office at 3.00 p.m., but this month he (work) late.

p. Jack often (go) to the theatre but his wife (not go) very often. He (like) all sorts of plays. She (prefer) comedies. q. Professor Brown (be) the perfect linguist. He already (speak) seven foreign languages. Now he (learn) an eighth. r. My dog always (bark) at the postman. But look at that! For once, he (be) friendly to the poor man. s. They left for London an hour ago. I (wonder) whether they (travel) by airplane or by train. t. He (walk) very slowly because the bottle he (carry) (hold) nitro-glycerine and nitro-glycerine (explode) if it (be) shaken. v. Let me explain what you have to do. First you (take) the photos and (sort) them into categories. Then you (file) them according to subject. w. The play is set in London in 1890. The action (take) place in Marys living-room. When the curtain (go) up, the hero and heroine (sit) down. They (argue). x. Dear Jane, sorry to hear about your problem at work. I (think) you (do) the right thing, but I (doubt) whether your boss really (know) his job from what you (tell) me. y. The house is a mess because weve got the workmen in. The plumber (put) in a new bath. The electricians (rewire) the system and the carpenter (build) us some new bookshelves.

6. Translate into English: a. Nu cred c te pot ajuta. b. Mama gust ciorba s vad dac mai e nevoie de sare. c. Nu beau cafea de obicei, dar astzi fac o excepie. d. El merge cu autobuzul la coal n fiecare zi. e. Noi nu nvm dect vinerea, smbta i duminica.

Unit 3 In this unit you will learn: A presentation of the distance learning department Verbs which do not take a Continuous Aspect in English The Imperative The possessive pronoun and adjective

Pre-reading tasks How did you hear about the distance learning department? Why have you chosen this specialisation?

Reading Read the following presentation which was part of a project by which our university inaugurated courses within the distance learning department. Pay attention to the aspect of the verbs (simple/ continuous aspect). Translate the text into Romanian: The specialisations in the Distance-Learning Department within Petroleum-Gas university of Ploiesti are:

Economic engineering in the mechanical field Fiability of Petroleum and Petrochemical Equipment Drilling-Production and Reservoir Engineering Engineering of Environment Protection and Chemical and Petrochemical Industry Petroleum Technology and Petrochemistry Romanian Language and Literature- English Language and Literature Accountancy and Administration Informatics Primary School- Teachers: English/French For the above-mentioned specialisations we identified three categories of potential candidates:

persons who want to improve their knowledge in the field of petroleum industry and refining, yet the daily work programme and the distance from the only petroleum-gas university in Romania does not allow them to enroll in a training programme (day courses, evening courses)

persons who want to specialise in very important fields such as accountancy, informatics, foreign languages

primary school-teachers who, in order to compete with the new undergraduate educational system, compatible with the European system, must attend the specialisation Primary School- Teachers: English/French.

Within our university we could say that we have experience in such programmes due to the fact that we had a project Leonardo da Vinci, in which we worked with our colleagues from Minho University from Portugal. In the beginning the Distance-Learning Department will make use of the resources offered by the new IT Centre (developed within the project 76/1999) which offers internet access, video-conference systems Part of the course-books for our future students is already on magnetic support, as a result of the grant CNFIS 39691/2000. Some books which were previously published were up-dated last year. This will allow us to start such a project in autumn. At the same time on the web www.ttr.lc.com (within the project of distance-learning trainers training) we elaborated a course on informatics and communicational technologies which are necessary in the training process as well as a course on pedagogical strategies which may be adapted to such distance-learning. A Plei@d Programme has been recently elaborated by a university from CNAM, Nantes, France. There is a legal basis on distance learning organization and functioning: Romanian Government Decision no. 1214/07.12.2000. At the same time the standards for Authorizing the functioning of distance learning are elaborated by C.N.E.AA (National Council of Authorizing and Academic Assessment), standards which may be fulfilled by our department.

Ways with words 1. In the sentences below, use one suitable word from the list that follows. Not all the words are possible:

a. I sent in my ...... to the address given in the advertisement. b. They told me I lacked ...... as I had never had that kind of job before. c. The manager told me he couldnt wait as he had ...... to do. d. Not many people enjoy sitting at a/an ...... all day long. e. Before I left that oil company, I handed in my ...... f. When I applied for this position, I asked my previous boss for a ...... g. You have to be well-dressed and punctual to succeed in a/an ...... h. My first ...... was helping in a shop at weekends. i. In our company every ...... receives a months salary. j. You could ...... over 2,000 a month as a sales representative in this company. qualifications; reference; experiences; application; work; employer; interview; gain; resignation; job; diploma; department; applicant; earn; wages; office; gain; desk; salary; employee.

2. Read the sentence We had a project Leonardo da Vinci, in which we worked with our colleagues from Minho University again. Now learn some expressions containing the preposition with: with due regard for/ with all due deference to = cu tot respectul cuvenit; with an eye to = urmrind, fr a pierde din vedere; with the exception of = cu excepia c; with reason = pe drept, pe bun dreptate; with reference/ respect to = n privina, referitor, cu privire la; with a view of = n scopul de a; as with = la fel ca i; together with = mpreun cu; to do away with = a nltura, a termina cu. 3. Look at the following sentences belonging to this unit: Within our university we could say that we have experience in such programmes due to the fact that we had a project Leonardo da Vinci. As you can see these are two meaning of the word that. In the first sentence it introduces a direct object clause and in the other it introduces a relative clause. Here are some expressions containing the word that: that far = att de departe; that is the point = aceasta-i problema; that much = cam att; thats how it happened = aa s-a ntmplat; that is why (thats why) = de aceea, din aceast cauz; that is to say = adic; but for that = dac nu ar fi fost asta; for all that = cu toate acestea; in order that = pentru ca, s; like that (just like that) = aa; Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own. 4. Read the following sentence again: Some books which were previously published were up-dated last year. How do you translate to up-date? Now explain the meaning of the words and phrases in italics in the following sentences.

a. To date, we havent received a single order for our new product. b. Our advertising is beginning to look very dated. c. We try to use up-to-date methods in our Production Department. d. Our problems date from the time we lost that Russian contract. e. Computer sales people have to constantly up-date their knowledge. f. They are using out-dated plant and machinery to manufacture their products.

5. Word building Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words in italics.

1 rely a. He is a very reliable worker. b. Her main quality is her . c. My assistant is someone who can be on. 2 criticise a. The report has been received very.. by top management.

b. The Personnel Director is an outspoken of our reorganization. c. I thought her were unfair and not based on fact. 3 skill a. The Chairman was at avoiding answering awkward questions. b. The workers in the Production Department are well paid. c. To be a good manager, you need many . d. The workers in our company are the lowest paid because they need no training for their jobs. 4 employ a. Most in an organisation can benefit from training. b. is almost 8% in my country thats far too high. c. The are entitled to various social security payments. d. Hes fairly old and hasnt had a job for years. Id say hes virtually 5 sure a. Performance appraisals help to that promising staff are not overlooked for promotion. b. At my interview, my boss me that I had a bright future in the company. c. you agree shes one of the high fliers in the department. 6 able a. This young trainee has considerable b. Due to our to get certain supplies, we lost the order. c. Because of a production hold-up, we are to provide the product. 7 decision a. Being a currency dealer in a bank, she has to make quick decisions and be very at all times. b. Because we were we wasted time and lost the contract. c. I am still..whether to leave my present job but I must make up my mind soon.

6. Complete the following sentences with suitable forms of the words from the list below. authorize, authority, control, function, autonomy, innovate, innovative, delegate, delegation, initiative

a. In many department store groups, buying and finance are two which are handled by Head Office. b. Managers who like power find it difficult to responsibility. c. To stay competitive, high technology firms must constantly or else their products become out of date. d. When you delegate authority in a business, you lose a degree of over certain functions. e. In some multinational organisations, subsidiaries are given a great deal of - they rarely have to consult Head Office. f. Firms often make the mistake of not concentrating enough on marketing g. In our factory, the General Manager is to spend up to 1,000 a month on repairs and maintenance. h. I like my staff to make decisions for themselves, but they seem afraid to show any .

7. Supply the most suitable words from the list on the right. 1. .is hard to find nowadays. a) boss 2. The quality of the food in a restaurant depends on its. b) chauffeur 3. I work in a garage as a car c) chef 4. Nancy has started a new.. d) colleague 5. Mrs. Wilks is the of this shop, not the owner. e) college 6. If you want to know the way, ask a .. f) conductor 7. Whos the of the Boston Symphony Orchestra? g) doctor 8. Brenda was a university .. at the age of 36. h) engineer

9. He has a car with a uniformed i) job 10. His .. at school has given him a good report. j) manager 11. Whats the name of the ..of your company? k) mechanic 12. An ..designs bridges or roads. l) medicine 13. The of our shop is putting up the rent. m) owner 14. There had been a burglary, so we called the n) police 15. I went into business after I left . o) policeman 16. I cant use a , never mind a word processor. p) professor 17. Gordon is a at the local hospital. q) teacher 18. Has the nurse given you your r) typist 19. Smithers is a of mine at the office. s) typewriter 20. Its useful to be a good if you use a computer. t) work

8. Supply the best word or words: 1. The person in charge of a business is informally known as the a) chef b) chief c) boss 2. The person who is in charge of a car is the a) guide b) leader c) motorist d) driver e) conductor 3. A person who prepares food is a a) cook b) cooker 4. A person who works in an office is an a) officer b) office worker 5. A woman who looks after other peoples children is a a) nanny b) nurse 6. The person who is in charge of a restaurant is the a) patron b) manager 7. A person who studies the origins of the universe is a a) physician b) physicist c) physics 8. Another word for doctor is a) physician b) physicist c) medicine 9. If you are one of the people waiting to be served in a shop you are a a) client b) customer c) patient d) guest 10. If serve people who come into a shop, you are a) an official b) a shop assistant c) a bank clerk

Grammar reference

Verbs which do not take a continuous aspect in English There are verbs in English which generally are not used in the continuous aspect: verbs of the senses (verbs of perception): see, hear, smell, taste, notice, recognize, etc. I smell gas. verbs of thinking: think, realize, know, understand, suppose, expect, remember, forget, mind, etc. I dont remember your name. verbs of having and being: have, own, owe, belong to, possess, be, contain, matter, hold, etc. The house belongs to my mother. I have a very good lathe. verbs of emotion: love, hate, like, dislike, refuse, want, wish, forgive, etc. I hate people calling me late at night. He wants to buy a new tool.

The Imperative The imperative is a mood which expresses an order, a command, a wish, a greeting, a piece of advice, a threat: Come here! Leave me alone! Watch your step! Lets go! Form The imperative has forms only for the second person singular and plural.

Affirmative Negative Get ready! Start working!

Dont get ready! Dont start working!

The possessive pronoun and the posessive adjective The possessive pronoun. Form

Person Singular Plural First person mine ours Second person yours yours Third person his

hers its

theirs

The possesive adjective. Form

Person Singular Plural First person my our Second person your your Third person his

her its

their

Controlled practice 1. Translate into English:

a. Aceast sticl conine ap mineral. b. Creionul Rotring este al Mariei. c. Ursc s mi se cear s fac o lucrare de azi pe mine. d. Ea are doar un curs de statistic i dou de finane. e. Acest curs conine 14 capitole.

2. Decide which is the most appropriate form of the verb in the following sentences:

a. Im thinking/ I think of you. b. She smells/ is smelling gas. c. Mother is tasting/ tastes the soup to see if it needs more salt. d. We have/ are having dinner now. e. Could you call him back in twenty minutes as he has/ is having a bath right now.

3. Translate the following into English: a. Servete-te i servete-i i pe ceilali! b. Vino, te rog, la noi s ne ajui s rezolvm o problem de statistic. c. i dai un deget i i ia toat mna! d. Scrie tu proiectul la calculator, pentru c dup aceea trebuie s-l folosesc i eu. e. Luai loc, v rog, doamn! f. Nu pleca, pentru c nu am terminat proiectul! g. Nu te apropia de firele acelea pentru c sunt sub tensiune. h. Nu ncerca s m faci s m rzgndesc, pentru c o faci degeaba. i. Du-te i vezi dac au terminat cursul.

j. Grbete-te, mai ai doar cinci minute!

4. Make the following sentences negative: a. Come here! b. Get ready as we are in a hurry! c. Be on time, because English people are never late. d. Go home and well finish this tomorrow. e. Work faster as we need to finish this until two oclock.

5. Choose the appropriate possessive pronouns or adjectives: a. My/ mine fathers car is new. Mine/my is very old and ugly. b. We have been looking for these magazines. Someone took them from your/our room. They belong to us. Were using the pictures for a project of ours/yours. c. There are five billion people in our/his world and they live in all different corners of it. d. This is her/hers car. She bought it two months ago. e. My results are better than yours/your. f. Is that book yours/your as I think I saw you when you lent it to your/yours friend, Tom. g. I dont think this is one of Emmas pens. I know she has lost her/hers calculator, but I havent heard her say she has lost a pen . What do you think? h. My/mine speciality is accountancy. i. After we have acquired some knowledge about the oil industry and the kind of work that is involved, we will prove ours/our knowledge later. j. Your/yours article on world economy is a good one.

Unit 4 In this unit you will learn: Writing a CV Writing a letter of application Classification of Nouns Number of Nouns The Genitive

Pre-reading tasks What information should your CV contain? What information should your letter of application contain?

Reading 1 Read the following CV. Can you find any improvements? Work with your mates and report your findings to the rest of the class:

CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL DETAILS Name: Mihaela Vlad Address: 23 Bvd. Bucureti Ploieti 2000 Prahova Telephone: 044165342 Date of birth: 1 January 1974 Nationality: Romanian Languages: Fluent English; Conversational French Computer literacy: Wordperfect, Lotus 1-2-3, Windows 2000, Math-Cad; Math-Lab. EDUCATION 2000-2002: Master of Business and Administration - Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieti- CNAM Paris 1995-2000: Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieti- Faculty of Economic Sciences A levels: Mathematics, Economy WORK HISTORY Sept. 2000-Sept. 2001: accountant at GPS Arad Summer 1999-Summer 2000: college position: required to prepare accounts Summer 1998: Bucharest Chemical Services - assistant INTERESTS: cinema, theatre, reading REFERENCES: available on request.

Ways with words 1 1. Here are some pieces of advice for you when you write your CV:

a. Bold is used selectively. Your name is obviously important, so you should make sure it stands out. b. When you state the languages you can speak, conversational and fluent are the only words to use about them. Dont use qualifications such as well, very well, etc. If they really want to find out about your language skills, they will surely test you. c. Education and qualifications should be listed together. The A levels are important, as they may show that you are suitable for that job, as you had the best degrees in those objects which are of major importance for your future job.

d. For the Work History section, it is vital to highlight your student activities. e. Dont make up a list of names and addresses in your reference section. You should mention references only if they are very impressive.

Reading 2 Here is the letter of application Mihaela Vlad has written. Skim through the letter and see what information the applicant is conveying about himself:

23 Bvd Bucureti Ploieti 200 Prahova

Mr A. D. Vlad Personnel Manager Petrom Bucureti Ref.: chief accountant vacancy Dear Mr. A. D. Vlad I am writing to apply for the position of chief accountant that you advertised in Bursa on 5 October 2001, as I believe it offers the career challenge which I am seeking. As you will see from my enclosed Curriculum Vitae, I graduated from Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieti last year, and then I have had a successful year working in a scientific environment with GPS Arad. I would like to highlight the following skills which I believe would add value to your organization: Organizational skills - developed in my current job with GPS Arad. Accounting skills - developed in my role as university officer where I prepared annual reports and accounts and I was responsible for a budget of 1,000,000,000 lei per annum. Interpersonal skills - developed through working in a team environment in my current role and through a number of holiday positions when I was a student. I have a keen interest in accountancy and would appreciate the opportunity of an interview to discuss why I believe I am good match for your requirements. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, Mihaela Vlad

Ways with words 2 1. Here are some lines from different letters of application of several candidates for this job. Choose the most appropriate and convincing sentence in each group. What do you think is wrong with some of the sentences listed below?

a. I am familiar with this type of work./ I am totally knowledgeable about this type of work./ I know this type of work. b. I am well-liked by everybody and I am very convincing./ I can maintain friendly relationships with people./ I am a friendly and tactful person. c. I can make decisions when it is really necessary and I am very responsive./ I always make the best decisions in my office, as I am a reliable person./ I am not afraid to make decisions if necessary. d. I feel sure my studies recommend me for this job./ I hope I am right for this sort of work./ I am sure I am the most suitable person for this job. e. I am quite interested in this kind of work./ I have a genuine interest in this kind of work./ I am extremely interested in this type of work.

2. Here is an advertisement which was published in Bursa on 4 April 2001. Look at it and write your CV. Then write the letter to cover your CV applying for the vacancy:

CONSTRUCT Ltd. Romanian-Canadian company providing

expertise, human resources and equipment for the construction industry

requires Human Resource Officers

Applications are accepted from recent graduates of Sociology or Business Studies with some background in income tax laws and computer literacy, or company management. Applicants should be willing to work in teams and should be able to meet deadlines. Applicants should be fluent in English and French. Please enclose a current CV and your letter of application addressed to Mr Ion Pop, Human Resources Manager, Construct (Romania) Ltd., 13, Piaa Roman, Bucharest. 3. Vocabulary building An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another. For example, the opposite of short is long, the opposite of old is young. Complete the following sentences with words opposite in meaning to the words in italics. e.g. interesting He does not like his job because it is uninteresting.

a. satisfied Workers become if their jobs offer no challenge. b. conclusive Since the report was so no recommendations were made. c. responsible behaviour by staff can be costly to an organisation. d. popular Managers become if they fail to pay bonuses. e. respect No manager likes a subordinate to be . f. secure A worker who feels. in his job will probably not be committed to the firm he works for. g. social People who work hours, for example at night-time, generally receive extra pay. h. efficient Nowadays, it is not easy to get rid of an employee who is

4. Complete the following sentences with one suitable word meaning the opposite of the word in capital letters:

a. Jack much prefers being EMPLOYED to being .... b. Alex did a number of TEMPORARY jobs before he managed to find a .... position. c. The first shop he opened was a big SUCCESS but the second was a total .... d. Many people would rather work .than FULL-TIME. e. The management said salaries had INCREASED, but official reports showed that as a matter of fact they had ..

Grammar Reference

Classification of nouns Countable nouns Uncountable nouns a girl a man a tool a cup an apple a guitar a pound a car a well

water sugar milk music weather money oil/ petroleum coal gas

We can say two cups, four girls, ten pounds, twenty cars. We can count them. We cannot count sugar, water or oil. Countable nouns can be singular or plural: This cup is empty. These cups are full. Uncountable nouns can only be singular: The water is cold. The weather is fine.

The coal has a good quality.

Number of nouns Form Variable nouns form the plural in the following way: -s is added to the singular: books-books, tool-tools -es is added to the singular nouns ending in -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh, nouns ending in -y preceded by a consonant (-y

changes to i), nouns ending in -o: bus-buses, box-boxes, match-matches, brush-brushes, city-cities; potato- potatoes (But: photo-photos) -(e)s is added to nouns ending in -f(e) (which changes to -v): knife-knives, leaf-leaves, shelf-shelves (But: roof-roofs) Irregular plural nouns: man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, louse-lice, mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen Foreign plurals stimulus-stimuli, larva-larvae, stratum-strata, basis-bases, criterion-criteria, phenomenon-phenomena, datum-data, etc.

The Genitive The analytical genitive is used with the preposition of, used with neuter nouns: the tower of London, the colour of oil, the cover of the book, etc. The synthetical genitive (s genitive) is used after: nouns denoting persons or other beings: Johns lecture, my parents advice nouns denoting measurement, time, space, quantity, value: a two months practice, yesterdays newspaper, a pounds worth of pears collective nouns: the governements decisions, the Parliaments laws geographical names, vehicles, natural phenomena, etc.: Englands mountains, the spaceships crew, the afternoons heat.

Controlled practice 1. Complete this newspaper article. Choose the correct singular or plural form in the brackets:

Johnson Factory for Milchester The Johnson Clothing Company is going to build a new factory in Milchester. (This/These) news (was/were) announced by company chairman Mr David Johnson yesterday. Mr Johnson spent the morning in Milchester before returning to the Johnson headquarters at Edinburgh. The Johnson company (has/have) been in existence for 100 years and (is/are) famous for its (product/products). The slogans Youre never alone with a pair of Johnson (trouser/ trousers) and Johnson (jean/jeans) (is/are) the (one/ones) for you are well known. The companys profit last year of two million pounds (was/were) the highest in the clothing business. Mr Johnson will not say how (much/many) new (job/jobs) there will be, but the information that there will be (work/works) (is/are) hard to find at the moment, and 2,000 unemployed people (is/are) a high figure for a small town.

2. Complete the following passage with the correct form of the words in the box below. strategy right venture personnel finance skill planning drawback expertise set up delegate innovative trust segment The problems of small high-tech firms have attracted a lot of attention recently. Research shows that many

of these firms are (1) by talented, creative scientists. Their owners have no trouble coming up with (2) products but they often cant build on their early success. One reason for this is that they dont have much management ..(3). Therefore, they are unable to develop the (4) which are necessary for their companys growth. They are in a rush to develop products, and dont think enough about how to market them. When they do try to sell their products, they spend too much time trying to gain the (5) of potential customers. Another mistake they make is to underprice their products so that they have no (6) for future development. Once the firms begin to grow, their owners underestimate the future costs of developing and marketing new products. Lack of financial (7) is a major weakness of such companies. It is difficult for the high-tech firm to attract the right (8) because it cannot offer the same job security as a large organisation. The high-tech firm can get round some of these problems by developing a specialist image. It can aim at a particular (9) of the market. Customers then start seeking out the firm, so its marketing costs are reduced. The only (10) is that it may take some time before customers accept the firms new technology. As soon as the high-tech business has reached a certain size, it will be a good idea to bring in professional management. The founder of the firm can then(11) responsibility for activities like marketing and finance. If a high-tech firm needs money very badly, it may arrange a link-up with a larger company. It will offer that company exclusive (12) to its technology. Enthusiasm, bright ideas (13) capital and technology are not enough to ensure success. Basic management. (14) - especially financial and marketing ones - are also vital. 3. Supply the blanks with suitable nouns from those in brackets. Use the plural forms:

a. He threw a stone at the rock and ..... came back. (piano, volcano, echo) b. The ship was sunk by well-aimed ..... (potato, torpedo, dynamo) c. Winter fodder for cattle is kept in ..... (calico, casino, silo) d. The opera company was advertising for ..... (octavo, soprano, cuckoo) e. The delegates carried their ..... (portfolio, photo, piano) f. The ..... hit the island with tremendous force.(tornado, hobo, albino) g. They threw rotten ..... to show their disgust. (tomato, canto, halo) h. He was bitten by ..... and got malaria. (hero, soprano, mosquito) i. There are hundreds of ..... along the Mediterranean coast. (hero, casino) j. How many...(hero, cargo, kilo) of ..... (tomato, piano, photo) do you need to make 1 liter of juice?

4. Fill in the correct forms of the nouns in brackets:

a. The (deer) have left their usual pastures. b. They dont even try to hunt (lion); it is too dangerous. c. There is no (mean) of learning what is happening. d. They say (fish) are good for the brain. e. They raise lots of (duck) on their farm. f. Despite their size (giraffe) are harmless creatures. g. The (Navaho) were almost completely destroyed. h. He made a living by raising (goose). i. A (series) of unexpected events prevented him from going on holiday to Scotland. j. Its not allowed to hunt (bear). But still many (bear) are killed.

5. Fill in the correct plural form of the words in brackets:

a. Do other planets revolve on their ..... like the Earth? (axis) b. It can be dangerous if chemists make mistakes in their ..... (analysis). c. ...... are rare in the desert. (oasis) d. A great deal of ..... was collected by the scientist. (datum) e. All good reference books contain ..... (index). f. The consul sent several ..... back to London. (memorandum) g. He spent his time playing with mathematical ..... (formula). h. Geologists search the rock ..... for valuable minerals. (stratum) i. There are not many types of ..... around the British coast. (alga)

j. There have been many international ..... since the war. (crisis) k. The ..... of these lenses are perfect for distance photography. (focus) l. What are the ..... of success? (criterion) m. Ive always found the idea of ..... in algebra rather difficult.(index) n. There are many ..... of animals. (genus) o. ..... are exact positions of things. (locus) p. The ..... of theorists must conform to the real world. (hypothesis) q. Post-graduate students have to write ..... to obtain their Ph.D.s (thesis) r. The optician found that both his patients eyes had defective .....(retina) s. They were all well trained and so they responded like ..... (automaton) t. Two ..... to the resolution were proposed. (addendum)

6. Decide which of the two verb forms should be used in the following sentences:

a. Physics (was/were) my most difficult subject in high school. b. Ballistics (is/are) the study of the motion of projectiles. c. Athletics (has/have) been virtually abolished from smaller schools. d. His motives may be good, but his tactics (is/are) deplorable. e. In every group, politics (is/are) a subject that arouses interest. f. Radical politics (was/were) offensive to the Federalists. g. Acoustics (is/are) a branch of science that is growing fast. h. The acoustics of this room (is/are) not all they might be. i. Economics (doesnt/dont) require extensive knowledge of mathematics. j. His ethics (leave/leaves) a lot to be desired. k. Classics (take/takes) a back seat these days. l. Einsteins mathematics (was/were) a revelation. m. Tactics (is/are) really short term strategy. n. Your heroics (is/are) worthy of a better cause. o. Her hysterics (does/do) not move anybody that knows her.

Unit 5

In this unit you will learn: Business letters Past Simple Past Continuous Expressions of quantity The Adjective

Pre-reading tasks Have you ever written a business letter? What are the basic rules in composing a business letter?

Reading Read this text about composing business letters. Look at the tenses of the verbs. Translate the text into Romanian: Business letters Business letters are usually typed on notepaper bearing a specially designed heading which provides the reader of the letter with the essential information about the organisation sending it. Normally the heading will include the companys name and address, its telephone numbers and telegraphic addresses, the type of business it is engaged in, its telex code and V.A.T. number, and in many cases the names of the directors. It is becoming increasingly common for firms to print an emblem or trademark on their stationery. Read the following business letter and try to distinguish the parts it contains:

a. GRAJO LEEDS Leeds 978653 GRADEN &JONES LIMITED Home and Overseas Merchants

Directors: Upper Bridge Street L. L. Graden, P.G. Jones Leeds 2 b. JAS/DS c. 13 June 2003 d. Oliver Green and Co., Limited\25 King Edward VII. St. Manchester M24 5 BD e. Dear Sirs We understand from several of our trade connections in Bolton that you are the British agents for Petrou and Galitopoulous AE of Athens. Will you please send us price-lists and catalogues for all products manufactured by this company, together with details of trade discounts and terms of payment, We look forward to hearing from you. f. Yours faithfully, Graden and Jones Ltd. g. J.A. Stevens Chief buyer

Ways with words 1. The parts of the letter

a. The heading. b. The reference This is typed on the same line as the date, but on the left, and consists of the initials of the person who signs the letter and those of the typist. Sometimes other initials or figures are added, according to whatever may suit the

filling system of the firm in question. It is usual to quote the reference initials of the addressee company in a reply. c. The date The form in which the date is written in this letter -13 June 2003 is probably the simplest and clearest of all the current forms used in the English-speaking world, but there are alternative ways of writing the date:

June 13 20003 13th June 2003, and June 13th 2003

d. The inside address A few points concerning the name and address of the firm written to need to be made. Firstly, they are typed on the left, normally against the margin. The diagonal granding of the name and address is rare nowadays, and the style shown in the example is neater, as well as being quicker for the typist. e. The salutation Below the address a double space at least is left, and the words Dear Sirs are typed. This is the usual salutation in British business letters addressed to a company rather than to an individual within the company. Very often a comma is typed after the salutation, but an increasing number of firms are eliminating this, considering the spacing to fulfil the function of traditional punctuation. f. The complimentary close This is typed above the name of the firm sending the letter, then a space is left for the signature. If the salutation is Dear Sirs or Dear Sir, the complimentary close will read Yours faithfully or, less commonly, Yours truly. If the correspondent is addressed by his or her name, Dear Mr. Brown, Dear Miss Prism etc. the complimentary close will take the form Yours sincerely. g. The signature It often happens that the person who has dictated a letter is unable to sign it as soon as it has been typed. Since it is often essential to send a letter as soon as possible, the typist or some other employee connected with the letter in question will sign it instead: in such cases he or she will write the word for or the initials p.p. immediately before the typed name of the employee responsible for the letter, The name of the person signing the letter is typed below the space left for the signature, and is followed on the next line by his position in the company or by the name of the department he represents. Traditionally the complimentary close and signature have been typed in the middle of the page, but it is becoming more and more common for firms to place them against the left-hand margin. If an enclosure accompanies the letter, this fact is indicated both in the text itself and by the word Enclosure (often reduced to Enc. or Encl.) typed against the left-hand margin some distance below the signature. There are other ways of referring to enclosures the use of adhesive labels, for instance, or the typing of lines in the left-hand margin beside the reference in the text to the document or documents enclosed but typing the word Enclosure at the bottom of the letter is by far the most common.

Now look at the following letters and try to write a reply.

Grammar Reference

Past Simple Past Simple is used to express a finished action in the past (it is often used with past time expressions: last year/ month/ week/, five years/ two

days/ four weeks ago, yesterday, yesterday morning/ evening, in 1985, etc): They protested against that law in the late eighteenth century. The chemists reported the results obtained yesterday. habitual, repeated actions in the past (with verbs denoting a permanent characteristic); She always wore red. I met him every day on my way to the office. Past Simple is used to describe a series of actions which follow one another in a story (narrative past) Tom came into the room. He took off his shirt, put on a T-shirt and sat down in the armchair. Suddenly he remembered something. He stood up and went out of the room. The form of the Past Tense Simple is the same for all persons. Affirmative The positive of regular verbs ends in -ed. There are many common irregular verbs. In order to create this tense you need the second form of the verb (see the list on page 239 Appendix 1)

I You He/She We You They

arrived went to Sinaia

yesterday.

Negative The negative of the Past Tense Simple is formed with the auxiliary did+not (didnt).

I You He/She We You They

did not (didnt) arrive did not (didnt) go to Sinaia

yesterday.

Interrogative The question in the Past Tense Simple is formed with the auxiliary did.

When did Where did

I you he she we you they

arrive? go?

Short answer Did you go to work yesterday? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. Did she report the results obtained? Yes, she did. No, she didnt.

Past Continuous Past Continuous is used to express: an action in progress at some time in the past What were you doing at 10 oclock yesterday? I was calculating the balance sheet when you came. When she arrived, he was sleeping. past activity happening over a period of time I was reading from 4 to 6.30 yesterday. Form was/ were (past tense of to be)+ verb+-ing (present participle) Affirmative and negative

I He She

was was not (wasnt)

working.

You We They

were were not (werent)

Interrogative

What was I he she

doing?

were you we they

Short answer Were you working at this time yesterday? Yes, I was. No, I wasnt. Was she studying when you entered the room? Yes, she was. No, she wasnt.

Past Simple and Past Continuous I was doing my homework at 7 oclock last night. (I was in the middle of the activity.) I did my homework yesterday. (I started and finished.) She was looking at the pictures when her husband came into the room. ( looking is a long activity. Something happened in the middle to interrupt it).

Expressions of quantity some/any; much/many, a lot of/ lots of, few (a few)/ little (a little) 1. Countable nouns are used with some+ a plural noun in affirmative sentences, and any+ a plural noun in negative and interrogative sentences: Ive got some tools. Are there any books of Economy in the house? We dont need any apples for this pie. Uncountable nouns are used with some in affirmative sentences and any in interrogative and negative sentences, but only with a singular noun: There is some ink in this pen. Is there any paper in the printer? We havent got any butter in the house. 2. Countable nouns are used with many in interrogative and negative sentences: How many lawyers work for this company? We havent discovered many interesting data. Uncountable nouns are used with much in interrogative and negative sentences: How much money have you got? There wasnt much sugar left in the jar. 3. Both countable and uncountable nouns are used with a lot of and lots of: Weve got a lot of uniforms. There are lots of letters here. Theres a lot of paper in this printer. Hes got a lot of money. 4. Countable nouns are used with few/ a few, while uncountable nouns are used with little/ a little: Ive got a few problems at the moment. We only need a little money to buy this.

The Adjective Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. Position of adjectives Adjectives appear before the noun or noun phrase that they modify (e.g. an interesting course, a difficult exercise, a strange coincidence). Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order

according to category. As after you finish this course you may write articles on economy or management in English it is of major importance for you to know the correct order of adjectives in a sentence.

The order of adjectives in a series It would take a linguistic philosopher to explain why we say little yellow house and not yellow little house or why we say blue Italian sports car and not Italian blue sports car. The order in which adjectives in a series sort themselves out is perplexing for people learning English as a second language. It takes a lot of practice with a language before this order becomes instinctive, because the order seems quite arbitrary. There is however a pattern. The categories in the following table can be described as follows: Word order

Types of adjectives

Examples

I. Determiners articles and other limiters (numerals, possessive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, etc.)

four people, the sixth chapter, her story, this tool

II. Observation postdeterminers and limiter adjectives adjectives subject to subjective measure

real, perfect interesting, beautiful, gorgeous

III. Size and shape

adjectives subject to objective measure

large, small, short, round, square

IV. Age adjectives denoting age young, old, new, ancient

V. Colour adjectives denoting colour red, black, yellow, blue, green, brown, orange, violet

VI. Origin denominal adjectives denoting source of noun

French, English, American, Spanish, Polish, Romanian

VII. Material denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of

wooden, metallic, woolen

VIII. Qualifier final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun

hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover

Controlled practice 1. Decide which is the correct verb form:

a. I saw/was seeing a very good programme on TV last night. b. While I was learning/ learnt for my Economy exam, somebody was knocking/ knocked at the door. c. How did you hear/ were you hearing about their wedding? While I was listening/ listened to the news on the radio, it struck/ was striking me as odd to hear their names. d. I was listening/ listened to the news on the radio when the phone was starting/ started to ring. e. An American jet pilot was taking off/ took off from Washington, but the jets engines went/ were going wrong. f. We produced/ were producing 10 different types of leather jackets last year. g. Agriculture played/ was playing an essential part in the development of the Romanian economy 20 years ago. h. Our crew included/ was including an accountant, two quality supervisers and one soft engineer. i. When the programme was completed, the crew moved/ was moving in.

j. The first important commercial product from crude petroleum was kerosene, which quickly was replacing/ replaced whale oil in the kerosene stoves in the 50s.

2. Find the correct action for each person and make a sentence: Example: Copernicus- studying the planets Copernicus studied the planets.

People Actions Michael Jackson going to the moon Marlowe inventing the electric light Picasso writing Doctor Faustus Neil Armostrong singing pop music Americo Vespucci playing tennis Artur Aish discovering America Martin Luther King painting Guernica Charles Dickens working for Black peoples rights Edison creating novels

3. Supply the simple past tense or the continuous past tense of the verbs in brackets: I (walk) along Piccadilly when I (realize) that a man with a ginger beard, whom I had seen three times already that afternoon, (follow) me. To make quite sure, I (walk) on quickly, (turn) right, then left and (stop) suddenly at a shop window. In a few minutes the man with the beard (appear) and (stop) at another shop window. I (go) on. Whenever I (stop), he (stop), and whenever I (look) round he (be) still there. He (look) a very respectable type and (wear) very conventional clothes and I (wonder) if he was a policeman or a private detective. I (decide) to try and shake him off. A 74 bus (stand) at the bus stop just beside me. Then the conductor (come) downstairs and (ring) the bell; just as the bus (move) off, I (jump) on it. The man with the beard (miss) the bus but (get) into another 74, which (follow) the first. Both buses (crawl) very slowly along Knightsbridge. Every time the buses (pull) at a stop, the man (look) out anxiously to see if I (get) off. Finally, at some traffic lights, he (change) buses and (get) into mine. At Gloucester Road Underground, I (leave) the bus and (buy) a ticket at a ticket machine. As I (stand) on the platform waiting for a Circle Line train, my pursuer (come) down the stairs. He (carry) a newspaper and when we (get) into the same compartment, he (sit) in one corner reading it, and I (read) the advertisements. He (look) over the top of the newspaper at every station to see if I (get) out. I (become) rather tired of being shadowed like this, so finally I (go) and (sit) beside the man and (ask) him why he follow me. At first he (say) he (not follow) me at all but when I (threaten) to knock him down, he (admit) that he was. Then he (tell) me he (be) a writer of detective stories and (try) to see if it was difficult to follow someone unseen. I (tell) him he hadnt been unseen because I had noticed him in Piccadilly and I (advise) him to shave off his ginger beard if he (not want) his victim to know he (be) followed. Peter and Ann (decide) to redecorate their sitting-room themselves. They (choose) cream paint for the woodwork and apricot for the walls. When John (look) in to see how they (get) on, Ann (mix) the paint, and Peter (wash) down the walls. They (be) glad to see John and (ask) if he (do) anything special that day. He hastily (reply) he (go) to the theatre and (go) away at once, because he (know) they (look) for someone to help them. They (begin) painting, but (find) the walls (be) too wet. While they (wait) for the walls to dry, Ann (remember) she (telephone), and (do) a whole wall before Ann (come) back. He (grumble) that she always (telephone). Ann (retort) that Peter always (complain). They (work) in silence for some time. Just as they (start) the third wall, the doorbell (ring). It (be) a friend of Peters who (want) to know if Peter (play) golf in the following weekend. He (stay) talking to Peter in the hall while Ann (go) on painting. At last he (leave). Peter (return), expecting Ann to say something about friends who (come) and (waste) valuable time talking about golf. But Ann nobly (say) nothing. Then Peter (think) he would do the ceiling. He just (climb) the step ladder when the doorbell (ring) again. Ann (say) she (get) tired of interruptions but (go) and (open) the door. It (be) the postman with a letter from her aunt Mary, saying she (come) to spend the weekend with them and (arrive) that evening at 6:30. 4. Put the verbs in brackets in the simple or continuous past tense according to the meaning.

a. He (recognize) the voice that (shout) the loudest as that of the landlady. b. I (go) to ask you to help me, but you (sleep) so peacefully when I (look) into your room that I (decide) to do it alone.

c. He (not keep) his appointment with you last Tuesday morning because at the time of the appointment he (be seen) by the Personnel Manager about a new job. d. When the dog (bite) Mary again, mother (prepare) dinner and we (listen) to the radio. Mary (shout) blue murder and (have) hysterics again. e. We (have) to go round the back door because Grandfather (have) his front door painted. f. I (see) that the Browns (have) a lot of alterations made to their house, but I (not know) if the parents (go) to pay for them. g. I (walk) down the street some minutes ago when I (see) a curiously dressed man. He (wear) a sports-coat with black trousers, and one of his shoes (be) black and the other (be) brown). h. When they (get married) he (find) a job as a caretaker on a large estate. i. She (wear) green and it (suit) her very well. Her face (be) mildly pretty but, because she (cry) and mascara (run) down her cheeks, she (not seem) as attractive as I (expect). j. The person who (drive) the car on the day of the accident (no be) insured. k. While she (wonder) whether to buy the suit or not, someone else (come) and (buy) it. l. Ann (work) in the branch where the big robbery (take) place. She actually (work) there at the time of the raid? m. While the schoolmaster (write) on the blackboard, he (not notice) that the boys in the back row (steal out) of the room on tiptoe. n. He (come) into the room, (light) a cigarette, (open) the window and (lean) out. o. A traffic warden just (stick) a parking ticket to my windscreen when I (come) back to the car. I (try) to persuade him to tear it up but he (refuse).

5. Put the verbs in the brackets into the simple past and the past continuous: a. I lit the fire at 6:00 and it (burn) brightly when Tom came in at 7:00. b. When I arrived the lecture had already started and the professor (write) on the overhead projector. c. I (make) a cake when the light went out. I had to finish it in the dark. d. I didnt want to meet Paul so when he entered the room I (leave). e. Unfortunately when I arrived Ann just (leave), so we only had time for a few words. f. He (watch) TV when the phone rang. Very unwillingly he (turn) down the sound and (go) to answer it. g. He was very polite. Whenever his wife entered the room he (stand) up. h. The admiral (play) bowls when he received news of the invasion. He (insist) on finishing the game. i. My dog (walk) along quietly when Mr. Pitts Pekinese attacked him. j. When I arrived she (have) lunch. She apologized for starting without me but I said that she always (lunch) at 12:30. k. He always (wear) a raincoat and (carry) an umbrella when he walked to the office. l. I (like) it very much. m. I (share) a flat with him when we were students. He always (complain) about my untidiness. n. He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction. o. He (play) the guitar outside her house when someone opened the window and (throw) out a bucket of water. p. I just (open) the letter when the wind (blow) it out of my hand. q. The burglar (open) the safe when he (hear) footsteps. He immediately (put) out his torch and (crawl) under the bed. r. When I (look) for my passport I (find) this old photograph. s. You looked very busy when I (see) you last night. What you (do)? t. The boys (play) cards when they (hear) their fathers steps. They immediately (hide) the cards and (take) out their lesson books.

6. Complete the following sentences with some or any:

a. Would you like .. more tea? b. Could you give me .. information about the train times? c. If you have .. trouble, just give me a ring. d. Have you attended .. good conferences recently? e. I tried to buy .. Rotring pencils, but I couldnt find ...... 2. Put much, many, or a lot of into each gap: a. Have you got ... homework?

b. We dont need . oil. c. There are .. economy books in our library. d. I want .. pencils because Im going to draw a helix. e. Is there .. petrol in the car?

7. Complete the following sentences with the correct word or phrase (a, b or c). 1 People work harder if they know that someone is in their progress. a enthusiastic b interesting c interested 2 Nothing has been announced but weve heard that the Company Secretary has resigned. a formally b officiously c unofficially 3 Friendly . no longer exist between members of the sales department because some got bonuses and others didnt. a relations b contacts c connections 4 in the Production Department is low because the workers have heard about the plans to reduce the work-force. a morale b feeling c moral 5 This is a useful . a equipment b machine c machinery 6 We have carried outinto the effect of lighting on our workers productivity. a a research b some research c researches 7 Strikes can be avoided if managers are to the feelings of their employees. a aware b sensible c sensitive 8 Some people like to work at their own . a beat b motion c pace 9 We have several proposals for increasing sales. We must the merits of each of them. a cost b value c evaluate 10 Has the change in exchange rates had any on the cost of your raw materials? a result b affect c effect

8. Insert the indefinite article in the blank spaces, if necessary: a. There is ...... letter for you on the desk. b. We had ...... fish and ...... chips for lunch.