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ST. TERESA’S COLLEGE, ERNAKULAM (AUTONOMOUS)

CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS

BACHELOR’S PROGRAMME IN

BOTANY

CHOICE BASED CREDIT AND SEMESTER

SYSTEM (CBCSS)

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

Bachelor’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam


DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

BOARD OF STUDIES OF BACHELOR’S PROGRAMME IN BOTANY

Sl. No. Name Designation Position

1. Dr. Elsam Joseph Associate Professor & Head, Chairperson Department of Botany, St. Teresa‟s

College, Ernakulam.

2. Dr. Santhosh Nampy Professor, Dept. of Botany, Expert University of Calicut, Thenhipalam (Nominated by

P.O., Malappuram Dist., Kerala, Pin- University)

673635

3. Dr. A. A. Mohamed Professor & Head, Subject Hatha Department of Marine Biology, Expert

Microbiology & Biochemistry,

School of Marine Sciences, Lakeside

Campus, CUSAT, Kochi, Pin-

682016

4. Dr. C. M. Joy Associate Professor, Subject Dept. of Botany, Sacred Heart Expert

College, Thevara, Pin- 682013

5. Dr. Lizzy Mathew Associate Professor, Department of Member Botany, St. Teresa‟s College,

Ernakulam.

6. Dr. Alphonsa Vijaya Associate Professor, Department of Member Joseph Botany, St. Teresa‟s College,

Ernakulam

7. Dr. Romilly Margaret Associate Professor, Department of Member Mendez Botany, St. Teresa‟s College,

Ernakulam.

8. Dr. Liza Jacob Assistant Professor, Department of Member Botany, St. Teresa‟s College,

Ernakulam.

9. Dr. Sheela D. Associate Professor, Department of Member Botany, St. Teresa‟s College,

Ernakulam.

10. Sri. Subhash T. K. Head, Research & Development, Expert from Symega Savoury Technology Ltd., Industry

Synthite Taste Park No. XI 312 G

Pancode, Kolenchery, Pin - 682310

11. Dr. Meena Thomas Associate Professor, Dept. of Botany, Alumna Irimpan St. Joseph‟s College, Irinjalakuda,

Pin – 680121

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Chairperson of The Board of Studies of B. Sc. Programme in Botany of St. Teresa‟s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam would like to thank all the well wishers and

stakeholders who have rendered suggestions and comments in the preparation of the

curriculum and syllabus.

Heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Santhosh Nampy, Professor, Dept. of Botany, University of

Calicut and expert nominated by Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam for his valuable

contributions in the preparation of syllabus.

Sincere thanks to the subject experts, Dr. C. M. Joy, Associate Professor, Dept. of Botany,

Sacred Heart College, Thevara and Dr. A. A. Mohamed Hatha, Professor & Head,

Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, School of Marine

Sciences, CUSAT, for their valuable contributions.

Thanks to Sri. Subhash T. K., Head, Research & Development, Symega Savoury

Technology Ltd., Synthite Taste Park No. XI 312 G Pancode, Kolenchery and Dr. Meena

Thomas Irimpan, Associate Professor, Dept. of Botany, St. Joseph‟s College, Irinjalakuda

for their valuable suggestions.

Heartfelt thanks to Dr. Beena Job, Associate Professor, Department of English and IQAC

Co-ordinator and Dr. Latha Nair, Associate Professor, Department of English and member

of the Governing Council for the guidance and help given to shape the overall frame work

of the curriculum and syllabus.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. N. J. Rao, Visiting Professor, International

Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore and Dr. Rajan Gurukal, Former Vice-

Chancellor, M.G. University, currently Visiting Professor, Centre for Contemporary

Studies, Indian Institute of Science, for their selfless and timely services and help and

guidance.


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Bachelor’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam I would also like to thank Dr. Achuthshankar S. Nair, Professor & Head, Department of

Computational Biology and Bio Informatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram,

for his invaluable suggestions.

I am indebted to the Manager and the Principal of St. Teresa‟s College, Ernakulam for

their constant support and encouragement.

Thanks are also due to Dr. Lizzy Mathew, Dr. Alphonsa Vijaya Joseph, Dr. Romilly

Margaret Mendez, Dr. Liza Jacob and Dr. Sheela D., the members of Board of studies and

faculty of Department of Botany, St. Teresa‟s College, Ernakulam, for their sincere

cooperation and hard work in framing the curriculum and syllabus.

I fondly acknowledge all my colleagues at St. Teresa‟s College, Ernakulam for their warm

companionship.

Dr. Elsam Joseph Chairperson, Board of Studies & Head of the Department of Botany


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FOREWORD

The Higher Education environment is changing rapidly in India and particularly so in the

year 2014-15, when the Government of Kerala decided to give autonomy to13 educational

institutions in the state with the aim of improving quality. Quality in Higher education has

been a matter of high concern and priority in India especially after the National Policy on

Education 1986 has very categorically questioned the impact of education and suggested

many measures for bringing innovative practices in education.

The autonomous status asks for more responsibility and increased accountability to frame

a curriculum keeping in mind the ever changing academic environment and the plethora of

demands placed by the diversity of students who have a high literacy level when it comes

to choosing their course.

Keeping in mind that the purpose of Higher Education is the development of the people, society and environment, special care has been taken by the IQAC team at St. Teresa‟s College to give the necessary Orientation and to conduct Workshops related to curricula

and scientific syllabus design as part of the Faculty Development Programme. Curriculum

relates to the total experience of the student and it should contain knowledge that is

essentially valid. The Graduate and Post Graduate Departments have worked diligently to

frame curricula and develop programmes that foster analytical ability and critical thinking

and enable the students to acquire the skills required by employers. The pedagogy adopted

within the context of curriculum is to facilitate valid transmission of knowledge and

proper evaluation of the same. The Courses designed at the Graduate and Post Graduate

Levels have defined the competencies to enable effective teaching/learning of all the

modules of the courses, both Core (compulsory) and Designate (elective). The blueprint of

the final assessment of every course guarantees that all modules are taught and furthers

integrity. The details of the course curriculum and structure are set in accordance with the

course specifications of the affiliating university.

With sincere gratitude I acknowledge the efforts of Dr. N. J. Rao and Dr. Rajan Gurukkal

who extended to us their academic expertise, astute guidance and unstinting support. I also

thank Dr. Achuthshankar S. Nair for his timely guidance. I specially thank all the faculty

members and the IQAC coordinator Dr. Beena Job for their diligence, commitment and

exceptional contribution towards this endeavour. Dr. Sr. Celine E Principal Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page

Number

1. Preamble 7

2. Structure of Bachelor‟s Pprogramme in Botany 10

3. Detailed Distribution of Courses For Bachelor‟s Programme 12 In Botany

4. Course Coding 15

5. Examination and evaluation 15

6. Scheme of Examinations 21

7. Syllabus of courses – Core courses 25

8. Choice based core courses 104

9. Open course 118

10. Complementary courses 123


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BACHELOR’S PROGRAMME IN BOTANY

PREAMBLE

The Board of Studies of Bachelor‟s Programme in Botany recognizes that the curriculum,

course content and assessment of scholastic achievement play mutually complementary

roles in education. The restructured Curriculum for the Undergraduate Programme of

Botany envisages Undergraduate Education as a combination of general and specialized

knowledge, simultaneously introducing the concepts of breadth and depth in learning. It

stresses on learning to learn rather than going through bland specific lessons. We attempt

to prepare students for a life-long learning experience by drawing attention to the vast

world of knowledge of plants and introducing them to the methodology of systematic

academic enquiry. With this in mind, we aim to provide not only a firm foundation in

every aspect of Botany but also to explain a broad spectrum of modern trends and to

develop experimental, observational and computational skills which mould them as

ambassadors of sustainable development for our country.


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GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES The Bachelors Programme in Botany seeks to develop graduates of high distinction by

providing high quality education. The programme aims to encourage students to take

responsibility for developing themselves throughout their studies at our institution. It

encourages students to reflect on the broader purpose of their education. The students who

are completing B. Sc. Programme in Botany will reflect the following graduate attributes.

1. Comprehensive knowledge and understanding about the importance of the discipline 2. Capacity to apply the achieved basic objectives of education in practical life 3. Open minded and curious attitude 4. Ability to work hard and be outstanding members of the society 5. Factual and functional knowledge about the diversity amongst life forms 6. Skill in practical work, experiments, use of advanced biological tool and techniques 7. Expertise in statistical analyses of biological data for better interpretations 8. Critical thinking and problem solving capacity 9. Spirit of teamwork and effective communication skills 10. Confidence to apply the acquired knowledge in practical life so as to make our

country self reliant 11. Curiosity and enthusiasm in Botany and related biological sciences 12. Interest in seeking higher studies in this discipline 13. Ability to appreciate and practice ethical principles in research and studies in

the field of biological science 14. Awareness about the natural environment and realization of the importance of its

conservation. 15. Ability to suggest innovative programme to care for nature and life for sustainable

development. 16. Concern for fellow beings and care for the marginalized 17. Self-awareness and emotional intelligence


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OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME The curriculum for the B. Sc. Programme in Botany has been designed with an aim of

encouraging the broad instructional goals and to support the growing demands and

challenging trends in the educational scenario. It targets at providing an environment that

encourages, promotes and stimulates the intellectual, professional and personal

development of the student. The curriculum caters to the all-round development of the

student, rolling out globally ready individuals into the fast pacing world. The specific

objectives of the program are as follows:

Know the importance and scope of the discipline

Inculcate interest in and love of nature with its myriad living forms

Impart knowledge of Science as the basic objective of Education

Create a scientific attitude to make students open minded, critical and curious

Develop the ability to work hard and make students fit for society

Expose students to the diversity amongst life forms

Develop skill in practical work, experiments, equipments and laboratory use along

with collection and interpretation of biological materials and data

Make them aware of natural resources and environment and the importance of

conserving it.

Develop the ability for the application of acquired knowledge in various fields of

life so as to make our country self sufficient

Appreciate and apply ethical principles to biological science research and studies


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STRUCTURE OF BACHELOR’S PROGRAMME IN BOTANY The B.Sc. programme in Botany includes (a) Common courses, (b) Core courses, (c)

Complementary Courses, (d) Open Courses and (e) Project. No course shall carry more

than 5 credits. The student shall select any one of the Choice based core course offered by

the department, depending on the availability of teachers and infrastructure facilities, in

the institution. Open course shall be offered in any subject and the student shall have the

option to do courses offered by other departments. The programme contains 33 courses in six semesters. The total credit of the programme is

120. The programme should contain 12 compulsory core courses and 1 choice based

course from the frontier area of the core courses, 8 complementary courses from the

relevant subjects for complementing the core of study, 1 open course and a project. There

should be 10 common courses which includes the first and second language of study. OPEN COURSES OFFERED FOR OTHER STREAMS

All students are expected to do one open course of their choice from any discipline other

than Botany. Department of Botany offers the open course “Horticulture and Nursery

Management” to other streams during the fifth semester.

CORE CHOICE BASED COURSE

The students of Botany Programme can select any one of the three choice based core

courses offered by the Department in the sixth semester, subject to the availability of

facility and infrastructure in the Department. The choice based core courses offered by the

Department of Botany are 1. Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy, 2. Agribusiness and 3.

Plant Genetic Resources Management.

PROJECT WORK

All students have to do a project work and must submit the dissertation for evaluation in

the sixth semester. Project work shall be completed by working outside the regular

teaching hours. Project work shall be carried out under the supervision of a teacher in the

concerned department. A candidate may, however, in certain cases be permitted to work

on the project in an industrial/research o rganization on the recommendation of the

supervisor. The Programme also includes test papers, assignments, seminars and Viva voce. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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CURRICULUM FOR B. Sc. DEGREE BOTANY PROGRAMME

Total Credits 120

Total instructional hours 150

Courses Number Credits

Common Courses 10

38

Core Courses 12

46

Project 1

1

Choice based core 1

3

Complementary 8

28

courses I& II

Open Courses 1 4

50 (Core)

Total 33

28 (Complementary)

4 (Open course)

38 (Common)

Grand Total 33

120


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DETAILED DISTRIBUTION OF COURSES FOR BACHELOR’S

PROGRAMME IN BOTANY Semester l

No Course Title Hrs/ Total Credit week Hours/Sem

1 Common Course English -1 5 90 4


3 Common Course Sec. language -1 4 72 4

4 Core Course -1 Plant Diversity, Microbiology 2 36 2 and Phycology

Core Course -1 Practical 2 36 1

5 1st

Complementary – Chemistry 2 36 2

6 1st

Complementary – Chemistry- l Practical 2 36 1

7 2nd

Complementary- Zoology -1 2 36 2

8 2nd

Complementary- Zoology - 1 Practical 2 36 1

Total 25 20

Semester 2

No Course Title Hrs/ Total Credit

week Hours/Sem

1 Common Course -English -3 5 90 4

2 Common Course -English -4 4 72 3

3 Common Course - Second language -2 4 72 4

4 Core Course -2 2 36 2

Mycology, Lichenology and Plant Pathology

Core Course - 2 Practical 2 36 1

5 1st

Complementary – Chemistry - 2 2 36 2

6 1st

Complementary – Chemistry - 2 Practical 2 36 1

7 2nd

Complementary -Zoology -2 2 36 2

8 2nd

Complementary Zoology – 2 Practical 2 36 1

Total 25 20

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Semester 3

No Course Title Hrs/ Total Credit Week Hours/Sem


2 Common Course Sec. language -3 5 90 4

3 Core Course -3 – Anatomy and Embryology 3 54 3 of Angiosperms

Core Course -3 Practical 2 36 1

4 1st

Complementary - Chemistry - 3 3 54 3

5 1st

Complementary - Chemistry - 3 Practical 2 36 1

6 2nd

Complementary -Zoology -3 3 54 3

7 2nd


Total 25 20

Semester 4

No Course Title Hrs/ Total Credit Week Hours/Sem

1 Common Course -English – 6 5 90 4

2 Common Course Sec. language - 4 5 90 4

3 Core Course- 4 - Bryology and 3 54 3

Pteridology

Core Course- 4 Practical 2 36 1

4 1st

Complementary – Chemistry - 4 3 54 3

5 1st

Complementary - Chemistry - 4 2 36 1 Practical

6 2nd

Complementary –Zoology - 4 3 54 3

7 2nd


Total 25 20



Semester 5

No Course Title Hrs/ Total Credi Week Hours/Sem t

1 Core Course -5 Gymnosperms, Palaeobotany and 3 54 3 Evolution

Practical 2 36 1

2 Core Course -6 Cell Biology and Genetics 3 54 3

Practical 2 36 1

3 Core Course -7 Angiosperm Morphology, 3 54 3

Taxonomy and Economic Botany

Practical 2 36 1

4 Core Course - 8 Research Methodology and 3 54 3 Statistics

Practical 2 36 1

5 Open Course 4 72 4

6 Project/Library 1 18 -

Total 25 20

Semester 6

No Course Title Hrs/ Total Credit

Week Hours/S

em

1 Core Course – 9 Environmental Studies and 3 54 3

Ecotourism

Practical 2 36 1

2 Core Course -10 Plant Breeding and 3 54 3

Horticulture

Practical 2 36 1

3 Core Course -11 Plant Physiology and 3 54 3

Biochemistry

Practical 2 36 1

4 Core Course-12 Biotechnology and 3 54 3

Bioinformatics

Practical 2 36 1

5 Core Choice based – 13 Phytochemistry and 4 72 3

Pharmacognosy/ Agribusiness / Plant Genetic

Resource Management

6 Project/Seminar/Library 1 18 1

7 Total 25 20



COURSE CODING Every course in the programme is coded according to the following criteria.

a. The first two letter from the Programme ie., BO

b. One digit to indicate the semester, ie., BO4 (Botany, 4th

semester) c. One letter to indicate the type of course, such as common course (which includes

English and Languages*) - A, Core Courses (Including Choice Based Core

Course) - B, Complementary Courses - C, Open courses – D.

d. Two digits to indicate the number of the course. All the courses are to be numbered

continuously ie., Core courses 01, 02, 03, etc., Common courses, 01, 02, etc.,

across the six Semesters. e. One letter to indicate Theory/Practical, T or P. ie., BO4B04P (Botany, 4

th

Semester, Core Course, No 04, Practical).

f. One letter to indicate the Programme, ie., Bachelor‟s – B ie., BO4B04TB (Botany,

4th

Semester, Core Course, No 04, Theory, Bachelor‟s Programme).

EXAMINATION AND EVALUATION

The evaluation of each course shall contain two parts – Sessional Assessment and Final

Assessment. The Sessional and Final Assessments shall be made using a Mark- based

Grading system based on a 7-point scale. Overall Sessional : Final ratio will be

maintained as 20:80.

A. SESSIONAL EVALUATION

The Sessional evaluation is to be done by continuous assessment of the following components. The components of the evaluation for theory and practical and their marks are as below.

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR SESSIONAL ASSESSMENTS

For theory courses without practical For theory courses with practical

(Open course and Choice based core course)

Attendance 5 marks Attendance 3 marks

Assignment 5 marks Assignment 2 marks

Test paper 10 marks Test paper 5 marks

Total 20 marks Total 10 marks


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DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR SESSIONAL ASSESSMENTS OF PRACTICAL

COURSES (Even semesters only) Attendance 5 marks

Record 10 marks

Lab Involvement 5 marks

Total 20 marks

ATTENDANCE

A student should have a minimum of 75% attendance. Those who do not have the

minimum requirement for attendance will not be allowed to appear for the Final

Examinations.

MARKS FOR ATTENDANCE

For courses without practical For courses with practical

90% - 100% 5 marks 90% - 100% 3 marks

85% - 89% 4 marks 80% - 89% 2 marks

80% - 84% 3 marks 75% - 79% 1 marks

75% - 79% 2 marks Below 75% 0 marks

ASSIGNMENT/SEMINAR/VIVA

Students are expected to do an assignment or seminar lecture for each course during the

first to fifth semesters. They should do a seminar lecture for each course in the sixth

semester. TEST PAPER

Students have to appear for two test papers in each semester. Average mark of two sessional examinations shall be taken. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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PRACTICAL RECORD

Every student should have to submit a bound certified laboratory record of practical for

evaluation. All the experiments of each practical course should be recorded properly with

the experiment results.

The evaluation of all components shall be published by the Department and shall be

acknowledged by the candidate. All documents of assessments shall be kept in the

institution for 2 years and shall be made available for verification. The responsibility of

evaluating the assessments is vested in the teacher(s) who teach the course. GRACE MARKS Grace marks will be given as per Mahatma Gandhi University norms and regulations.

B. FINAL EVALUATION

The final theory examination of all semesters shall be conducted on the close of each

semester. Practical examinations are conducted annually. There will be no supplementary

exams. For reappearance/ improvement, students can appear along with the next batch.

PATTERN OF QUESTION PAPER FOR THEORY EXAMINATION Questions shall be set to assess knowledge acquired, application of knowledge in life

situations, critical evaluation of knowledge and the ability to synthesize knowledge. The

question setter shall ensure that questions covering all skills are set. He/She shall also

submit a detailed scheme of evaluation along with the question paper. A question paper shall be a judicious mix of very short answer type, short answer type,

short essay type / problem solving type and long essay type questions spanning the entire

syllabus.

The pattern of questions for core courses and complementary courses are listed below.

1. The duration of examination is 3 hours.

2. Each question paper has four parts A, B, C & D.

3. Part A contains 5 questions of 1 mark each which the candidate has to answer all.

4. Part B contains 8 short answer type questions and the candidate has to answer 5 questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

5. Part C contains 8 problem type questions and the candidate has to answer 5

questions. But, for open courses, Part C contains short essay type questions only.

Each question carries 5 marks.

6. Part D contains 4 essay type questions and the candidate has to answer 2 questions. Each question carries 10 marks.



7. The total marks of each core course other than choice based core course in B. Sc. Botany programme is 60.

Courses such as common courses, open course and choice based core course do not

contain practical courses. The pattern of questions for the courses without practical are

listed below.

1. The duration of examination is 3 hours. 2. Each question paper has four parts A, B, C & D.

3. Part A contains 6 questions of 1 mark each, all of which the candidate has to answer.

4. Part B contains 10 short answer type questions and the candidate has to answer 7

questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

5. Part C contains 8 problem type questions / short essays and the candidate has to

answer 5 questions. Each question carries 6 marks. But, for open courses, Part C

contains short essay type questions only.

6. Part D contains 4 essay type questions and the candidate has to answer 2 questions. Each question carries 15 marks.

7. The total marks for final examination of courses without practical is 80.

PRACTICAL EXAMINATION The practical examinations for the core and complementary courses are to be conducted

at the end of even semesters by the institution. All the experiments listed in the practical

course syllabus should be done and recorded. A candidate submitting a certified record

alone is eligible for appearing for the Practical Examination.

The examinations shall be conducted by two examiners, one internal and one external.

The external examiner shall be selected by the institution. It is the duty of the external

examiner to provide the specimens for the examination. The score sheet should be sent to

the Controller of Examinations on the same day soon after the evaluation. The scheme of

evaluation of the practical examination will be decided by the Board of Studies. Student strength for practical examination: The practical examination shall be conducted as batches of not more than 18 students in each laboratory session.

PROJECT EVALUATION All students have to begin working on the project in the fifth semester and must submit the dissertation for evaluation in the sixth semester. The project can be done individually Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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Bachelor’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam or as a group of maximum three students. However, the presentation and viva voce on the project should be conducted individually.

The ratio of Sessional to Final evaluation components of the project is 1:4. A Viva voce for 10 marks on the project work should be conducted along with the final evaluation. The mark distribution of various components of project for assessment is shown below.

Sessional Evaluation of Dissertation Final Evaluation of Dissertation

Components Marks Components Marks

Punctuality 2 Innovation of topic 5

Experimentation/Data 4 Objectives 3

collection

Compilation 2 Review 2

Originality of the work 2 Materials & Methods 5

Result & Discussion 5

Total Marks 10

Presentation 10

Viva voce 10

Total Marks 40

C. COMPUTATION OF CCPA Grade and Grade Point given to each course based on the percentage of marks obtained are as follows:

Percentage of Marks Grade Grade

Point

90 and above A+ - Outstanding 10

80-89 A – Excellent 9

70-79 B - Very Good 8

60-69 C - Good 7

50-59 D – Satisfactory 6

40-49 E – Adequate 5

Below 40 F - Failure 4

Note: Decimals are to be rounded to the nearest whole number



CREDIT POINT AND CREDIT POINT AVERAGE Credit Point (CP) of a course is calculated using the formula

CP = C x GP

Where C = Credit for the course; GP = Grade point Semester Credit Point Average (SCPA) is calculated as

SCPA =

Where TCP = Total Credit Point; TC = Total Credit

Grades for different semesters / programme are given based on the corresponding SCPA on a seven point scale as shown below:

SCPA Grade

Above 9 A+ - Outstanding

Above 8, but below or equal to 9 A - Excellent

Above 7, but below or equal to 8 B -Very Good

Above 6, but below or equal to 7 C - Good

Above 5, but below or equal to 6 D - Satisfactory

Above 4, but below or equal to 5 E - Adequate

4 or below F - Failure

Cumulative Credit Point Average for the programme is calculated as follows:

CCPA =

Where (TCP)1 …….. , (TCP)6 are the Total Credit Points in each semester and

TC1…….., TC6 are the Total Credits in each semester

Note: A separate minimum of 30% marks each for Sessionals and Finals (for both theory

and practical) and an aggregate minimum of 40 % is required for the pass of a course. For

pass in a programme, a separate minimum of Grade E is required for all the individual

courses. If a candidate secures F Grade for any one of the courses offered in a

Semester/Programme only F grade will be awarded for that Semester/Programme until

he/she improves this to E grade or above within the permitted period. Candidates who

secure E grade and above will be eligible for higher studies. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS

Theory Examinations will be conducted in the respective semester in which the course is conducted.

SCHEME OF THEORY EXAMINATION -CORE COURSES

semester Code Course Hours Sessional Final Credits

1 BO1B01TB Plant Diversity, 3 20% 80% 2

Microbiology and Phycology

2 BO2B02TB Mycology, Lichenology and 3 20% 80% 2

Plant Pathology

3 BO3B03TB Anatomy & Embryology of 3 20% 80% 3

Angiosperms

4 BO4B04TB Bryology and Pteridology 3 20% 80% 3

BO5B05TB Gymnosperms, Paleobotany 2 20% 80% 3

and Evolution

5

BO5B06TB Cell Biology and Genetics 3 20% 80% 3

BO5B07TB Angiosperm Morphology, 3 20% 80% 3

Taxonomy and Economic

Botany

BO5B08TB Research Methodology and 3 20% 80% 3

Statistics

BO5D01TB Open Course - Horticulture 4 20% 80% 4

and Nursery Management

BO6B09TB Environmental Science and 3 20% 80% 3

Ecotourism

BO6B10TB Plant Breeding and 3 20% 80% 3

Horticulture

BO6B11TB Plant Physiology and 3 20% 80% 3

6 Biochemistry

BO6B12TB Biotechnology and 3 20% 80% 3

Bioinformatics

BO6B13TB Choice Based Core Course - 4 20% 80% 3

Phytochemistry and

Pharmacognosy / Agribusiness /

Plant Genetic Resource

Management



SCHEME OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS - CORE COURSES

The practical examinations are carried out at the end of each year (Even semesters only)

SEMESTER Practical COURSE TITLE DURATION OF SESSIONAL FINAL

EXAMINATION

Plant Diversity, Microbiology, 3 hours 20% 80%

1&2 Practical 1 Phycology, Mycology and

Plant Pathology

Practical 2 Anatomy, Embryology of 3 hours 20% 80%

3&4 Angiosperms, Bryology and

Pteridology

5&6 Practical 3 Gymnosperms, Palaeobotany, 3 hours 20% 80%

Evolution, Cell Biology and

Genetics

Practical 4 Angiosperm Morphology, 3 hours 20% 80%

Taxonomy, Economic Botany,

Research Methodology and

Statistics

Practical 5 Environmental Studies, 3 hours 20% 80%

Ecotourism,

Plant Breeding and Horticulture

Practical 6 Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, 3 hours 20% 80%

Biotechnology and

Bioinformatics

Project 20% 80%



COMPLEMENTARY COURSES OFFERED FOR B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION – THEORY COURSES

Theory Examinations will be conducted at the end of the respective semester in which the course is conducted.

SEME COURSE

TITLE OF THE

PAPER HOURS SESSIONAL FINAL TOTAL

STER CODE CREDIT

1 BO1C01T Cryptogams and 3 20% 80% 2

B Gymnosperms

2 BO2C02T

Plant Physiology and

Crop Pathology 3 20% 80% 2

B

3 BO3C03T Angiosperm Taxonomy 3 20% 80%

B and Economic Botany 3

4 BO4C04T Anatomy and Applied 3 20% 80% 3

B Botany

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION - PRACTICAL COURSES

The practical examinations are conducted at the end of each year (Even semesters only).

SEMES COURSE TITLE OF THE DURATION OF SESSIONAL FINAL

TER CODE PAPER EXAMINATION

1 BO2C01PB Cryptogams, 3 Hours 20% 80% Gymnosperms, Crop

Pathology & Plant

Physiology

2 BO4C02PB Angiosperm 3 Hours 20% 80% Taxonomy,

Economic Botany,

Anatomy and

Applied Botany


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COMMON COURSES

ENGLISH

Semester Title of the Number of Number of Total Duration of Course Hours/week credits hours/ examination semester

1 English I 5 4 90 3 hours

English/Comm 4 3 72 3 hours on course I

English II 5 4 90 3 hours 2

English/Comm 4 3 72 3 hours

on course II

3 English III 5 4 90 3 hours

4 English - IV 5 4 90 3 hours

SECOND LANGUAGE

Semester Title of the Number of Number Total Duration of Course Hours/ of Hours/ examination Week Credits Semester

1 Second 4 4 72 3 hours Language I

2 Second 4 4 72 3 hours Language II

Second 5 4 90 3 hours 3 Language III

Second 5 4 90 3 hours 4 Language IV

SYLLABUS OF COURSES The detailed syllabus of the Core courses, Open course, Choice based core courses and

Complementary courses are added in the following sections. Blue prints of model question

papers are also appended.


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SEMESTER I


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CORE COURSE 01

BO1B01TB: PLANT DIVERSITY, MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY

COURSE CODE BO1B01TB

TITLE OF THE COURSE PLANT DIVERSITY, MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE COURSE IS 1 TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS THEORY- 2

PRACTICAL-1

NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY- 36

PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the diversity existing in the plant world and to develop in them a keen interest in hidden treasures of the plant world

To make them competent in the various aspects of microbiology and phycology

so that they will develop a research aptitude, which in turn will enable them to

stride towards wider application of the learned subjects for the betterment of

human life OBJECTIVES

The course will help the learners to understand the development of complexities

gradually in the plant world from the lower organisms to the highly evolved

forms

Will enable them to develop an awareness regarding the unique features of different groups of microorganisms and various classes of algae

COURSE OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT

This course introduces the learners to the general features and diversity of the plant

world. It explores the world of microbes, their unique features, genetic

recombination in them, industrial and other economic importance of microbes and

the common diseases caused by them. The course also gives emphasis to the study of

different classes of algae giving importance to their characteristic features, diversity

and economic importance. In the practical classes of this course, all the types studied

will be made available to the learners so that they will get opportunity for hands-on

training about what they learned in the theory class


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CORE COURSE 01

BO1B01TB: PLANT DIVERSITY, MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY

PLANT DIVERSITY 1 hour MODULE 1 1 hour

Introduction, concept; Diversity in plant kingdom – habit, habitat, duration of life; Position of plants in five kingdom system- Whittaker

MICROBIOLOGY 17 hours

MODULE 2 14 hours Diversity of microbes and Scope of Microbiology; Branches of Microbiology Bacteria - Morphology and classification based on staining, morphology and flagellation Genetic recombination - Conjugation, transformation & transduction Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma- General characters Virus- General composition and properties; Structure of Bacteriophages and life cycle; Structure and mode of transmission of TMV and HIV

MODULE 3 3 hours Applied microbiology: Soil microbiology:- Nitrogen fixation: symbiotic and nonsymbiotic, Biofertilizer Industrial microbiology:- Bakery (Bread) Wine, Vinegar, Milk products- (curd, cheese, yogurt) and Single cell proteins Use of microbes as Biopesticides

PHYCOLOGY 18 hours

MODULE 4 16 hours

Introduction - General characters of algae and an outline of the classification (Fritsch F.E, 1935; 1945) General characters of the following major groups with special reference to the structure, reproduction and life cycles of the following types.

a. Cyanophyceae: Nostoc

b. Chlorophyceae: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Oedogonium, Cladophora, Chara, Caulerpa


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c. Xanthophyceae: Vaucheria d. Bacillariophyceae: Pinnularia e. Phaeophyceae : Sargassum f. Rhodophyceae :Polysiphonia

MODULE 5 2 hours

Applied phycology: Commercial products: Agar, Alginates, Carrageenin,

Diatomaceous earth a. Sources of food b. Role of algae in biofuel

c. Harmful effects – Water bloom, eutrophication, fouling algae, parasitic algae and

fish poisoning.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Preparation of bacterial smear and Gram‟s staining 2. Streak plate method (Demonstration only) 3. Study of microbes involved in fermentation of foods- bread, wine, vinegar, curd

4. Make micro preparation of vegetative and reproductive structures of the types

mentioned in the syllabus. 5. Identify the algal specimens up to the generic level by noting their key characters. 6. Make labeled sketches of the specimens observed.

COMPETENCIES OF THE COURSE

1. The course will help in acquainting the students with the diversity in the plant world.

2. Aid to relate the application of microbiology in different fields of science 3. Develop awareness regarding the industrial importance of microorganisms 4. The learners will develop knowledge regarding the characters of the lower

groups of plants and their diversity

5. It will enable the learners understand the characteristics of different classes of algae

6. Help them to acquaint with the economic importance of Algae and their role in our

daily life REFERENCES

1. Amy Stewart 2014. The Drunken Botanist: The Plants That Create the World's Great Drinks. Algonquin Books (division of Workman), New York

2. Aneja K. R. 1996. Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology, Tissue culture

and Mushroom cultivation. Vishwa Prakasan, Delhi.

3. Bilgrama K. S & Saha L. C 1996, Text Book Of Algae, C B S Publishers & Distributors


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4. Carpenter P. L., 1967. Microbiology. W. B. Saunder & Co, Philadelphia 5. Chapman V. J. 1962. The Algae. Macmillan & Co. Ltd, London 6. Cynthia McKenney, Amanda Chau and Ursula Karoline Schuch 2014.

Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World. Mixed media product, UK

7. Fritsch F. E. 1945. Structure and Reproduction of Algae. Vol.1: Cambridge

University Press, London.

8. Hans G. Schlegel 1995. General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, London.

9. Jane Goodall and Gail Hudson 2014. Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from

the World of Plants. Grand Central Publishing Company, New York

10. Krishnamurthy K. V. 2004. An Advanced Text Book on Biodiversity Principles and Practice. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

11. Mamatha Rao, 2009, Microbes and Non flowering plants- impact and

application Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

12. Norman H. Russell 1958. An Introduction to the Plant Kingdom. Southwestern Association of Naturalists, USA

13. Prescott S .C. 2009. Industrial Microbiology. Agrobios, Meerut. 14. Robert Edward Lee 2008. Phycology. Cambridge university press, London 15. Round F. E. 1996. The ecology of algae. UMI books on demand, USA 16. Sharma O.P. 2004, Text Book of Algae, Tata Mc. Graw Hill Co.

17. Sharma P. D. 2005. Microbiology and Plant Pathology. Rastogi publications

Meerut.

18. Valtre Evangelista, Laura Barasanti, Anna Maria Frassanito, Passarelli

Vincenzo, Paolo Guatieri (Eds.) 2008. Algal toxins: nature, occurrence, effects

and detection. Springer- Verlag New York Inc., New York

19. Vasishta B. R., Sinha A.K , and Singh V.P. 2004. Botany For Degree Students . Algae, S. Chand& Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

20. Wonders 2013. Wonders of the Plant-World. Rarebooksclub.com, USA


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BO1B01TB: BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks - 60)

Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No.

Module Hours (1 Mark) (2 Marks) (5 Marks) (10 Marks) of

(5/5) (5/8) (5/8) (2/4) Questions

1 1 1 1 2

2 14 1 2 2 2 7

3 3 1 1 2

4 16 2 3 4 1 10

5 2 1 1 1 1 4


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B. Sc. BOTANY (C.B.C.S.S.) DEGREE EXAMINATION SEMESTER I CORE COURSE 01

(Model Question Paper) BO1B01TB - PLANT DIVERSITY, MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY

Time: Three Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

PART A

I. Answer all questions (1 mark each)

1. What are plasmids?

2. Name a nitrogen fixing alga.

3. What is evection?

4. Distinguish between habit and habitat

5. Give the name of a toxin producing alga. (5 x1 = 5)

PART B

II. Answer any five of the following (2 marks each)

6. What is a coenobium? Give an example.

7. Differentiate between isogamy and anisogamy.

8. What is HIV? Name a disease caused by HIV.

9. What is Gram staining?

10. Write a note on single cell protein.

11. Give an account of diatomaceous earth

12. Describe the thallus of Sargassum.

13. Give the outline of the five kingdom classification of Whittaker (5 x 2 = 10)

PART C

III. Answer any five of the following (5 marks each)

14. Describe the asexual reproduction in Volvox. 15. Write an account on the industrial application of microorganisms 16. Write a note on the cell structure of bacteria. 17. Differentiate macrandrous and nannandrous species in Oedogonium. 18. Describe with diagram the structure of a bacteriophage. 19. Write notes on the asexual reproduction in Chlamydomonas. 20. Describe the sex organs in Chara. 21. Give a brief account of fouling algae (5 x 5 = 25)



PART D

IV. Answer any two of the following (10 marks each)

22. With suitable diagrams, describe the life cycle of Polysiphonia. 23. Explain with diagrams, the structure and life cycle of bacteriophage 24. With suitable examples, elaborate the economic importance of alge. 25. Describe in detail the mechanism of genetic recombination in bacteria.

(2 x 10 = 20)


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SEMESTER II


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CORE COURSE 02

BO2B02TB: MYCOLOGY, LICHENOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY


TITLE OF THE COURSE MYCOLOGY, LICHENOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE COURSE 2

IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the diversity existing in fungal kingdom and make them understand the unique features of the different classes of fungi

To unveil the fascinating world of lichens and enlighten them regadrding the role

they play in environmental monitoring

To make the learners aware of the different types of plant disease prevalent in our

country, the agroeconomic loss caused by these diseases, and acquaint them with

the effective ecofriendly control measures of the diseases

To introduce them to the common fungal diseases that affect man and the preventive and remedial measures

OBJECTIVES

The course will help the learner to understand the rich diversity in fungi and their economic importance which will be of value in daily life

They will become competent in identifying different types of fungi and lichens

using their unique features

It will enable the students to identify various common fungal diseases and understand their effective control measures


This course is focused on the diversity in the world of fungi and lichens. It also

deals with the various types of common plant diseases, their causative organisms

and effective control measures. Ecological and economic significance of fungi and

lichens are also included in the course. All aspects dealt in this course is having

importance in the daily life situation



CORE COURSE 02

BO2B02TB: MYCOLOGY, LICHENOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY

MYCOLOGY 22 hours MODULE 1 19 hours Introduction. Classification based on Ainsworth (1973) Distinguishing characters of different classes of fungi with special reference to reproductive structures and life history of the genera mentioned in each group.

a. Myxomycotina – General Characters b. Mastigomycotina – Albugo c. Zygomycotina - Rhizopus d. Ascomycotina: Hemiascomycetes – Saccharomyces. e. Plectomycetes - Pencillium f. Pyrenomycetes – Xylaria. g. Discomycetes - Peziza h. Basidiomycotina: Teliomycetes – Puccinia; Hymenomycetes- Agaricus i. Deuteromycotina : Fusarium

MODULE 2 3 hours Applied mycology: Economic importance of Fungi –useful and harmful aspects. Mycorrhiza –diversity, function and significance. Mushrooms : Cultivation of Oyster mushroom.

LICHENOLOGY 2 hours MODULE 3 2 hours General account, economic and ecological importance of lichen. Structure, reproduction and life cycle of Parmelia. PLANT PATHOLOGY 4 hours MODULE 4 4 hours

History of plant pathology, Classification of plant diseases on the basis of causative

organism and symptoms, Host parasite interaction, Defense mechanism in host,

Mechanism of infection, Transmission and dissemination of diseases. MODULE 5 8 hours Control of plant diseases, Prophylaxis - quarantine measures, seed certification. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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Therapeutics – physical therapy, chemotherapy, biological control

Study of following diseases with emphasis on pathogen, symptoms, disease cycle and control

a. Bunchy top of Banana. b. Bacterial blight of Paddy. c. Root wilt of Coconut. d. Abnormal leaf-fall of Rubber.

Fungicides

a. Bordeaux mixture, b. Tobacco decoction c. Neem decoction (Brief account only)

Medical mycology- Fungal allergens, Athelet‟s foot, aspergillosis, candidiosis, aflatoxin

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Students are expected to identify the following types by making suitable

microprepartions and make labeled sketches Rhizopus , Albugo , Saccharomyces,

Pencillium , Xylaria, Peziza, Puccinia, Fusarium and Parmelia. 2. Oyster mushroom cultivation

3. Identification of the diseases mentioned in the syllabus with respect to causal

organisms and symptoms 4. Students should be trained to prepare the fungicides mentioned in the syllabus


1. The course will help the students in acquiring knowledge about the diversity of fungal world and its significance.

2. It will familiarize the students with the cultivation practices of oyster mushroom

and will relate the importance of edible mushrooms to the wellbeing of man

3. Makes them aware of the diversity of lichens and their significance in environmental monitoring

4. Creates awareness regarding the various plant diseases prevalent in Kerala, the

mechanisms of infection, transmission and dissemination, various measures

adopted to control plant diseases and the impact of plant diseases on agriculture.

5. Helps them to develop knowledge about the common types of fungal diseases affecting human beings and their prevention and control measures


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REFERENCES

1. Alexopaulos C. J., Mims, C. W. and C.W. Blackwell M. 1996. Introductory

Mycology. John Willy and sons, Inc., New York.

2. Bilgrami K. S. and Dube H. C. 1976. A Text book of Modern Plant pathology ,: Vikas publishers, New Delhi

3. Campbell R . 1987. Plant Microbiology. ELBS Edward Arnold, London . 4. Frank Randall 2012. The mushroom book for beginners. Pub. Createspace 5. Geoffrey Clough Ainsworth 2009. Introduction to the history of mycology.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

6. Greth Jones D. 1989. Plant Pathology –Principles and Practice. Aditya books, New Delhi.

7. Gupta V. K. and Paul T. S. 2004. Fungi & Plant diseases. Kalyani publishers ,

New Delhi

8. Hale M. E. 1983. The Biology of Lichen, 3rd

edition. Edward Arnold, London. 9. Heritage J., E. G. V. Evans and R. A. Killington 2014. Microbiology in action.

Cambridge University Press 10. Jim Deacon 2007. Fungal Biology , 4

th edition , Blackwell Publishing, Ane Books

Pvt. Ltd. 11. Malhotra and Agarwal Ashok 2003. Plant Pathology. Tata Mc Graw Hill Pub. Co. 12. Mamatha Rao 2009. Microbes and Non flowering plants- impact and application

Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

13. Mangala Rai and Paul B. Bridge (Eds.) 2010. Applied mycology. CABI publishing company, Wallingford

14. Nair M. C. (Eds.) 1990. Mushroom Technical Bulletin 17. Kerala Agricultural

University, Mannuthy

15. Nita Bahl 2002. Hand book on Mushrooms. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

16. Sharma P. D. 2004. The Fungi , 2nd

Edition , Rasthogi publication, Meerut

17. Thomas S. Nash 2008. Lichen biology. Cambridge university press, Cambridge

18. Tripati D. P. 2005. Mushroom Cultivation, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

19. William W. Yotis 2012. Fundamentals of medical microbiology and immunology.

Outskirts Press Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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BO2B02TB: BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks- 60) Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No.

Module Hour (1 Mark) (2 Marks) (5 Marks) (10 Marks) of

(5/5) (5/8) (5/8) (2/4) Questions

1 19 2 4 2 2 10

2 3 1 2 3

3 2 1 1 1 3

4 4 1 1

5 8 2 3 2 1 8


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B. Sc. BOTANY (C.B.C.S.S.) DEGREE EXAMINATION

SEMESTER II CORE COURSE 02

(Model Question Paper)

BO2B02TB – MYCOLOGY, LICHENOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY

Time: Three Hours Maximum: 60 Marks PART A

I. Answer all questions (1 mark each)

1. Name an edible fungus 2. Name the fungus from which Penicillin is obtained 3. Which of the following is black mold

(a) Puccinia (b) Pencillium (c) Albugo (d) Rhizopus 4. Abnormal leaf fall of rubber is caused by ------ 5. Name a copper fungicide (5 x 1 = 5)

PART B

II. Answer any Five of the following (2 marks each) 6. Which is the causative organism of White rust disease? What are its symptoms? 7. Describe Heterothallism 8. What is meant by Athlete‟s foot? 9. What are Slime moulds? 10. What are Heteroceious fungi? 11. Why lichens are considered as ecological indicators? 12. Differentiate between ascospores and basidiospores 13. What is meant by quarantine? (5 x 2 = 10)

PART C

III. Answer any Five of the following (5 marks each) 14. With the help of labelled diagram explain the sexual reproduction in

Rhizopus. 15. Explain the ecological and economic importance of lichens 16. What is the significance of biological control of plant diseases ? 17. Explain the mechanism of pathogenic infection in a host plant 18. Give an account on the economic importance of fungi 19. Explain the mechanism of infection by a pathogen into a host plant. 20. Describe the different asexual methods of reproduction in Fungi 21. What is meant by mycorrhiza? Explain the different types of mycorrhiza

(5 x 5 = 25) Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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PART D

IV. Answer any two of the following (10 marks each )

22. Describe the life history of Puccinia with suitable diagrams.

23. Describe the causative organism, symptoms and control measures of

bacterial blight of paddy and root wilt of coconut 24. Give an account of the structure, reproduction and life cycle of Parmelia

25. With the help of schematic sketches explain different types of life cycles in

Saccharomyces? (2 x 10 = 20)


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SEMESTER II CORE PRACTICAL COURSE 01


BO2B01PB - PLANT DIVERSITY, MICROBIOLOGY, PHYCOLOGY,

MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY Time: Three Hours Maximum: 40 Marks

1. Make suitable micro preparation of reproductive structure of A and B giving diagnostic characters (Preparation - 2; Diagram - 1; Characters - 1)

(2 x 4 = 8)

2. Comment on the role of C in Oyster mushroom cultivation (2 x 1 = 2)

3. Write critical notes on D and E (2 x 2 = 4)

4. Spot at sight F, G ,H and I (Write the generic name and part displayed).

(Major group- 0.5; Generic name – 1; Part displayed – 0.5) (4 x 2 = 8)

5. Identify the disease , causative organism and add notes on symptoms/ control measures of J and K (Name of the disease- 1 ; Causative organism- 1; Symptoms / Control measures- 1) (2 x 3= 6)

6. Identify the bacteria L based on Gram staining and write the flow chart/ procedure

(Preparation- 2; Identification- 1; Flow chart/ Procedure- 2) (1 x 5 = 5)

7. Comment on the fermentation process and name the microorganism involved in the preparation of M (Fermentation process- 1; Microorganism-1)

(1 x 2 = 2)

8. Practical Record (1 x 5 = 5) Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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KEY TO THE QUESTIONS:

1. A, B- One specimen each from Algae and Fungi ( Phycomycetes/ Ascomycetes

/Basidiomycetes) mentioned in the syllabus may be provided

2. C- Material for oyster mushroom bed preparation to be provided ( poly bag/ paddy

straw/ spawn)

3. D, E- Fungicide/ pesticide to be provided

4. F, G, H, I- Any material from algae, fungi, lichens mentioned in the syllabus with

vegetative/ reproductive part to be provided

5. J, K- Plant pathology material mentioned in the syllabus to be given

6. L- Bacterial culture may be provided

7. M- Any one of the fermented food/beverage items given in the syllabus


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SEMESTER III


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CORE COURSE 03 BO3B03TB - ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS


TITLE OF THE COURSE ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF

ANGIOSPERMS

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE COURSE 3 IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS THEORY – 3

PRACTICAL - 1

NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY – 54

PRACTICAL – 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To educate the learners on the internal structure of vascular plants and its functional significance in the development and phylogeny of the plant tissues and organs.

To enable students understand the life cycles and mode of reproduction in plant

groups.

OBJECTIVES

To impart an insight into the internal structure and reproduction of Angiosperms.

To help in differentiating plant groups based on anatomical features To aid analysis of the life cycle pattern of Angiosperms To understand the morphology and development of reproductive parts To be aware of the mechanism of seed formation and germination


This course provides a detailed account on the structure, development and

functions of the different tissues and organs in plants. It emphasizes on the need

for anatomical studies as an identification tool aiding phylogenetic and

evolutionary analyses of plants. It also covers the aspects of plant reproduction

and development enhancing the ability of the student to analyze the relationship

between structure and function in plants at different organizational levels.



CORE COURSE 03 BO3B03TB - ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS

ANATOMY 36 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Introduction, objectives and scope of plant anatomy. General structure of cells of higher

plants. Study of cell wall: Gross structure of primary and secondary cell walls, simple and

bordered pits. Structure and function of plasmodesmata. Submicroscopic structure of cell

wall- cellulose, micelle, micro fibril and macro fibril. Growth of cell wall- apposition and

intussusception. Extra cell wall thickening materials: - Lignin, cutin, suberin and callose. Cavities & ducts, schizogenous & lysigenous developments Non living inclusions in plant cell: - Reserve food materials -carbohydrate (starch), protein (aleurone grain); lipids and fats. Metabolic byproducts: - tannin, gums, resins, essential oils, mucilage, latex, mineral crystals

MODULE 2 15 hours

Tissues: Meristematic tissue- definition, structure, function and classification Apical organization and theories; Shoot apex- Apical cell theory, Histogen theory and Tunica-Corpus theory. Root apex - Histogen theory and Korper- Kappe theory. Permanent Tissue: - Simple tissues – parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, - fibres and sclereids- structure occurrence and function; Plant fibres- economic importance. Complex tissues – structure and function of xylem & phloem Epidermal tissue system- epidermis, cuticle, trichome, stomata, bulliform cells, cork and silica cells. Ground tissue system- cortex, endodermis, pericycle, pith Vascular tissue system- different types of vascular bundles and their arrangement in root and stem Secretory tissues: - a) External secretory tissue- glands and nectaries b) Internal secretory tissues- laticifers.

MODULE 3 12 hours Primary structure – root, stem and leaf (Monocot and Dicot); normal secondary growth in

dicot stem and root. Formation of vascular cambial ring - structure and activity of

cambium - storied and nonstoried, fusiform and ray initials. Periderm- structure and development- phellum, phellogen, phelloderm, bark, polyderm, rhytidome and lenticel. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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Bachelor’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam Wood anatomy- basic structure, heart wood, sap wood, hard wood, soft wood, growth

rings and dendrochronology, porous and non porous wood, ring porous and diffuse porous

wood, tyloses, knots. Anomalous secondary structure: Bougainvillea stem, Bignonia stem and Dracaena stem. EMBRYOLOGY 18 hours

MODULE 4 9 hours

Introduction: - General account and interdisciplinary relevance of embryology Life cycle of Angiosperms Floral morphology- parts of flower; androecium-morphology and types of anthers; gynoecium- morphology and types of carpel and types of placentation. Structure and development of anther, microsporogenesis, development of male

gametophyte, dehiscence of anther, structure of pollen. Pollination mechanisms and

agencies of pollination, pollen germination, pollen tube entry and pollen viability. MODULE 5 9 hours

Structure and development of ovule, megasporogenesis, embryosacs-

monosporic(Polygonum type), bisporic(Allium type) and tetrasporic(Peperomia type)

development. Structure of mature embryo sac. Fertilization- syngamy, double fertilization

and triple fusion. Development and types of endosperm. Development of embryo – Dicot

(Capsella); Monocot (Sagittaria) . Polyembryony, apomixis. Seed germination.

PRACTICAL 36 hours 1. Cell types and tissues. 2. Non living inclusions – starch grains, cystolith, raphides, aleurone grains. 3. Primary structure of stem, root and leaf- Dicots and Monocots. 4. Stomatal types: - anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic and grass type. 5. Normal secondary structure of dicot stem and root. 6. Anomalous secondary structure of Bougainvillea stem, Bignonia stem and Dracaena

stem. 7. Identification of section of anther and embryo. 8. Identification of anther types-monothecous, dithecous 9. Identification of placentation types. 10. Observation of pollen 11. Pollen germination study


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1. Students understand the structure of the plant cell and the cell wall and nature and importance of the non-living inclusions in the cell.

2. Enables students to identify the various tissues and tissue systems in plants and

recognize their role in plant growth and development.

3. Students are able to identify and differentiate monocots, dicots and plants with normal and anomalous secondary growth based on the anatomical features.

4. The students gain knowledge on the reproductive development and life cycle of

plants, the methods of pollination, fertilization, development of embryo and seed

germination.

REFERENCES

1. Beck C. B. 2010. An introduction to plant structure and development: plant anatomy for the twenty-first century. Cambridge University Press.

2. Bell A. D. 1991. Plant form. An illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology.

Oxford University Press.

3. Bhojwani S. S. & Bhatnagar S. P.1978. The embryology of angiosperms. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.

4. Bhojwani S. S. & Soh W. Y. (Eds.). 2001. Current trends in the embryology of

angiosperms. Springer Science & Business Media.

5. Cronquist A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press.

6. Dickison W. C. 2000. Integrative plant anatomy. Academic Press. 7. Eames A.J. 1961. Morphology of Angiosperms Mc. Graw Hill, New York.

8. Eames A. J. & MacDaniels L. H. 1947. An introduction to plant anatomy. (2nd ed).

Mc. Graw Hill, New York.

9. Evert R. F. 2006. Esau's Plant anatomy: meristems, cells, and tissues of the plant body: their structure, function, and development. John Wiley & Sons

10. Fahn A. 1982. Plant Anatomy (3rd

edition) Pergamon Press Oxford. 11. Foaster A.S and Giffad E.M. 1962. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants,

Allied Pacific Pvt. Ltd., Bombay

12. Foster A. S. & Gifford E. M. 1989. Morphology and evolution of vascular plants. San Francisco, USA: WH Freeman and Company.

13. Johri B. M.Ed.. 1984. Embryology of angiosperms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

14. Larson P. R. 1994. The vascular cambium: development and structure. Springer-Verlag.

15. Lersten N. R. 2008. Flowering plant embryology. John Wiley & Sons.

16. Maheshwari P. 1971. An introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. Tata Mc Graw- Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.

17. Metcalfe C. R. & Chalk L. 1950. Anatomy of the dicotyledons, Vols. 1 & 2. John Wiley & Sons.



18. Naumova T. N. 1992. Apomixis in angiosperms. CRC press.

19. Romberger J. A., Hejnowicz Z. & Hill J. F. 1993. Plant structure: function and

development. A treatise on anatomy and vegetative development with special

reference to woody plants. Springer-Verlag GmbH & Co. KG.

20. Shivanna K.R. & Joshi B.M. 1985. The Angiosperm Pollen Structure & Function. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

BO3B03TB : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks - 60) Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No.


(5/5) (5/8) (5/8) (2/4) Questions

1 9 1 1 1 1 4

2 15 1 2 2 1 6

3 12 1 2 2 1 6

4 9 1 1 2 - 4

5 9 1 2 1 1 5


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SEMESTER IV


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CORE COURSE 04

BO4B04TB - BRYOLOGY AND PTERIDOLOGY


TITLE OF THE COURSE BRYOLOGY AND PTERIDOLOGY

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE 4 COURSE IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL – 1


PRACTICAL - 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To familiarize students on the lower plant groups, the Bryophytes and Pteridophytes based on their morphology, anatomy and reproduction and understand their ecological and economic importance.

To enable students understand the interrelatedness and phylogenetic

relationships of these lower forms.

OBJECTIVES

To identify and understand the diversity, classification, distribution, morphology, anatomy and life cycle of Bryophytes with special reference to Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros and Funaria

To help explore the economic and ecologic importance of Bryophytes.

To identify and understand the diversity, classification, distribution, morphology, anatomy and life cycle of Pteridophytes with special reference to Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Equisetum, Pteris and Marselia

To understand the evolutionary relationships and economic aspects of

Pteridophytes


This course familiarizes the lower groups of plants, the Bryophytes and

Pteridophytes, their classification, phylogenic and evolutionary analyses and

interrelatedness. It aids in identification of these plants and its effective utilization for

various economic purposes. The context is to enable the students identify the

Bryophytes and Pteridophytes in their natural habitats and recognize their ecological

and economic significance. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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CORE COURSE 04

BO4B04TB - BRYOLOGY AND PTERIDOLOGY BRYOLOGY 27 hours MODULE 1 16 hours Introduction, general characters, diversity, distribution and classification of Bryophytes. Morphology, anatomy, reproduction and life cycle of the following types:

1. Riccia 2. Marchantia 3. Anthoceros 4. Funaria.

MODULE 2 11 hours

Origin of bryophytes- Relationship with algae and pteridophytes. Evolution of bryophytes- progressive and retrogressive evolution theories Importance of bryophytes- prevention of soil erosion, pollution monitoring and control, source of antibiotics, horticultural importance.

PTERIDOLOGY 27 hours

MODULE 3 3 hours Introduction, general characters, diversity, distribution and classification of Pteridophytes.

MODULE 4 18 hours Structural organization of sporophyte and gametophyte (development of sex organs not necessary) of the following types:

1. Psilotum 2. Lycopodium 3. Selaginella 4. Equisetum 5. Pteris 6. Marsilea

MODULE 5 6 hours

Apogamy and apospory; stelar evolution; heterospory and seed habit; economic importance of pteridophytes with special reference to biofertilizers. Affinities of pteridophytes.


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PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Study of the morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of the bryophyte types mentioned in the syllabus.

2. Study of the morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of the pteridophyte

types mentioned in the syllabus.


1. The learner understands the diversity in habit, habitat and organization of the Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.

2. Analyzes the anatomical features of the various parts of these plants 3. Learns the ecological adaptations of Bryophytes and Pteridophytes to their habitats 4. Gains knowledge on the reproductive features of these lower groups 5. Relates the evolutionary trends among these groups of plants.

REFERENCES

1. Bower F.O. 1935. Primitive Land Plants. Cambridge, London.

2. Chopra R.N & Kumar P. K.1988. Biology of Bryophytes.Wiley Eastern Ltd.,New Delhi.

3. Chopra R. N. & Bhatla S. C. 1990. Bryophyte development: physiology and

biochemistry. CRC Press.

4. Crum H. A. 2001. Structural diversity of bryophytes. University of Michigan Herbarium.

5. Hallingbäck T. (Ed.). 2000. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts: status survey and

conservation action plan for bryophytes (Vol. 53). World Conservation Union.

6. Nayar B. K. & Geevarghese K. K. 1993. Fern flora of Malabar. Indus Publishing Company.

7. Parihar N.S. 1965. An Introduction to Bryophyta. Central Book Depot, Allhabad.

8. Rasheed A. 1999. An Introduction to Pteridophyta, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.

9. Rasheed A. 2000, An Introduction To Bryophyta, Vikas Publishing House, New

Delhi. 10. Schneckenburger S. 2003. Systematics of the Pteridophytes. In Progress in Botany

(pp. 323-346). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 11. Shaw J.A. & Goffinet B. 2000. Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University Press. 12. Singh V. 2010. A text book of Botany. Rastogi Publications.

13. Smith G.M. 1938. Crytogramic Botany Vol.II. Bryophytes and pteridophytes. Mc

Graw Hill Book Company, London. 14. Smith A. J. E. (Ed.). 1982. Bryophyte ecology. Chapman & Hall.

15. Tuba Z. Slack N. G. & Stark L. R. (Eds.). (2011). Bryophyte ecology and climate

change. Cambridge University Press. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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16. Vanderpoorten A. & Goffinet B. (Eds.). (2009). Introduction to bryophytes (Vol. 1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

17. Vashista B. R. 1993. Bryophyta. S Chand & Company, New Delhi. 18. Vashista B. R. 1993. Pteridophyta. S Chand & Company, New Delhi.

BO4B04TB : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER(Maximum Marks - 60)

Module Hours Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No.

(1 Mark) (2 Marks) (5 Marks) (10 Marks) of

(5/5) (5/8) (5/8) (2/4) Questions

1 16 1 2 2 1 6

2 11 1 2 2 - 5

3 3 1 1 - - 2

4 18 1 2 3 2 8

5 6 1 1 1 1 4


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B. Sc. BOTANY (C.B.C.S.S.) DEGREE EXAMINATION SEMESTER IV CORE PRACTICAL COURSE 02

(Model Question Paper) BO4B02PB -ANATOMY, REPRODUCTIVE BOTANY OF ANGIOSPERMS,

BRYOLOGY AND PTERIDOLOGY Time: Three Hours Maximum: 40 Marks

1. Make micro preparations of A and B

Preparation 2

Labelled diagram 1

Key characters 1

Identification 1 (2 x5 = 10)

2. Make micropreparations and compare stelar types of C and D.

Identification of stelar type 0.5

Labelled diagram 1

Comparison 0.5 (2 x 2 = 4)

3. Make a micropreparation and comment on the reproductive structure of E

Preparation 1

Comment 2 (1 x 3 = 3)

4. Spot at sight F and G

Generic name 0.5

Part displayed 0.5 (2 x 1 = 2)

5. Identify and write critical notes on the cell inclusion H (1 x 2 =2)

6. Take a T.S of the given material I, stain and mount in glycerine, identify giving reasons

Preparation 2

Diagram 1

Identification with reason 1 (1 x 4 = 4)

7. Take a T.S of the given material J , stain and mount in glycerine. Identify giving reasons. Preparation 1

Diagram 1

Identification with reason 2 (1 x 4 = 4)

8. Identify and explain the stomata type of the material K (1 x 2 = 2)

9. Describe the Placentation type/ anther type/ embryo type of the given material L (1 x 2 = 2)

10. Estimate the pollen viability (germination/staining method) of M

Preparation 1

Calculation 1 (1 x 2 = 2)


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KEY TO THE QUESTIONS

1. A and B: Materials from Bryophyta and Pteridophyta. Vegetative parts only

2. C and D: Stem or petiole of Pteridophytes.

3. E: Reproductive structure of Bryophytes or Pteridophytes

4. F and G: Materials from Bryophytes and Pteridophytes

5. H : Raphids, cystoliths, starch, aleurone grain

6. I : Primary structure of dicot or monocot stem, monocot root, dicot or monocot leaf

7. J. Secondary structure of dicot stem, anomalous secondary thickening- Bougainvillea,

Bignonia, Dracaena

8. K. Stomatal type

9. L. Placentation/ Anther type/ Embryo type

10. M. Pollen viability Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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SEMESTER V


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CORE COURSE 05

BO5B05TB - GYMNOSPERMS, PALEOBOTANY AND EVOLUTION


TITLE OF THE COURSE GYMNOSPERMS,PALAEOBOTANY

AND EVOLUTION


IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To Introduce the learners to the world of gymnosperms and make them

understand their origin, diversity, distribution, classification, evolutionary

role, characteristic features and economic importance of the group.

To create an awareness regarding the formation of fossils, processes of fossilization and importance of fossil study.

To make understand the principles and processes of evolution. OBJECTIVES

To help students to develop proper awareness regarding the origin and significance of the primitive group Gymnosperms.

To enable them to realize the importance of extinct plants, the geological

periods and the line of evolution.

To understand the various theories and processes of formation of life and the pattern of evolution.


The course deals with the detailed study of gymnosperms, a primitive group of

plants that connect the lower and higher plant forms. It also includes the science of

extinct plants, the processes of fossilization and the significance of fossil studies.

The process of origin of life, theories, evidences, methods and aspects of formation

of new species by the process of evolution is also discussed in detail.


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CORE COURSE 05

BO5B05TB - GYMNOSPERMS, PALEOBOTANY AND EVOLUTION

GYMNOSPERMS 36 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Introduction, general characters, diversity, distribution, classification, origin and

evolutionary trends of gymnosperms. Affinities of Gymnosperms with Pteridophytes and

Angiosperms. Economic importance and ecological significance of Gymnosperms.

MODULE 2 18 hours

Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive features with special reference to the following types:

Cycadales - Cycas Coniferales - Pinus Gnetales - Gnetum

PALAEOBOTANY 9 hours

MODULE 3 9 hours

Introduction. Study of geological time scale. Theories of fossilization. Fossil types.

Techniques of fossil study. Fossil fuels. Detailed study of fossils – Rhynia (Pteridophyte), Williamsonia (Gymnosperm) and Palmoxylon (Angiosperm) Indian contribution to palaeobotany.

EVOLUTION 18 hours

MODULE 4 9 hours

Introduction of evolution. Progressive, retrogressive, parallel and convergent evolution. Theories of evolution - Lamarck‟s theory, Darwin‟s theory, Weismann‟s theory & DeVries theory. MODULE 5 9 hours

Neo-Darwinism. Reproductive Isolation. Mutation. Genetic Drift. Speciation. Variation, Hybridization, Polyploidy and Mutation in relation to Evolution.


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Bachelor’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum.

2. Study of fossils mentioned in the syllabus.

3. Study of important evolutionary processes and contributions of relevant Evolutionarists.


1. Introduce students to the diversity and features of the primitive group Gymnosperms.

2. Helps to study the morphological, anatomical and reproductive characters of

various types, their phylogeny and affinities. 3. Enables students to learn the aspects of fossils, their formation and significance. 4. Helps to understand the various theories that explain the processes of evolution.

5. Makes students aware about the modern theories and aspects of evolutionary

process. REFERENCES 1. Agashe S.N. 1995. Palaeobotany. Oxford and IBH Publishing House, New Delhi. 2. Arnold H.N. 1967. Introduction to Palaeobotany, Tata Mc Graw-Hill, New Delhi. 3. Andrews H.N. 1961. Studies in Palaeobotany. John Wiley and Sons. 4. Bhatnagar S.P. & Moitra A. 2000. Gymnosperms. New Age International Ltd. 5. Biswas C. & John B.M. 2004 Gymnosperms. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

6. Coulter J.M. & Chamberlein C.J. 1958. Morphology of Gymnosperms. Central Book

Depot, Allahabad. 7. Delevoryas T. 1962. Morphology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Holt, Rinehart and

Winston. 8. Dutta S.C. 1991. An Introduction to Gymnosperms. Kalyan Publishing Company,

New Delhi. 9. Vashista B.R. 1993. Gymnosperms. S. Chand & Company, New Delhi.

10. Dobzhansky B. 1961. Genetic and Molecular Origin of Species. Columbia Uty Press,

New York. 11. Jha A.P. 1993. Genes and Evolution, MacMillan India Ltd., New Delhi. 12. Paul Ames Moody 2002. Introduction to Evolution, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 13. Sharma O.P. 2002 Gymnosperms. Pragathi Prakashan, New Delhi. 14. Sporne A.R. 1974. The Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson Uty. 15. Stebbins G.L. 1965. Variation and Evolution in Plants. Oxford Book Co, New Delhi.


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BO5B05TB : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks - 60)

MODULE HOURS PART A PART B PART C PART D Total No. of (1 Mark) (2 Marks) (5 Marks) 10 Marks Questions 5/5 5/8 5/8 2/4

1 9 - 1 1 1 3

2 18 2 3 3 1 9

3 9 1 2 2 1 6

4 9 1 1 1 1 4

5 9 1 1 1 - 3


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CORE COURSE 06

BO5B06TB - CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS


TITLE OF THE COURSE CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

SEMESTERINWHICHTHE 5

COURSE IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL – 1


PRACTICAL – 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To familiarize the students on the cell as the basic unit of life and its structural and functional importance

To enable students understand and analyze the genetic aspects of heredity and

variation in organisms

OBJECTIVES

To understand the ultra structure and functioning of cell at the sub-microscopic and molecular level.

To be aware of the cytological aspects of growth and development.

To understand the basic principles of heredity and DNA as the basis of heredity and variation.

To familiarize with Mendelian principles and its modified versions To understand the inheritance pattern of nuclear and extra nuclear genes


This course provides an insight into the relationship between structure and function of

cell organelles at the molecular level and how organisms grow, develop, and

differentiate during their lifetime based on interplay between genetics and the

environment. It elucidates the principles of genetics and describes the structure and

functions of DNA as the source of heredity and variation in living systems. This course

also enables the learner to understand that physical and behavioral characteristics of an

organism are influenced to varying degrees by heritable genes.


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CORE COURSE 06

BO5B06TB - CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS CELL BIOLOGY 33 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours Historical account of cell biology, cell theory, protoplasm theory. Prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells. The ultra structure of plant cell, the physio-chemical nature of plasma

membrane and cytoplasm; brief description of the following organelles-endoplasmic

reticulum, plastids, mitochondria, ribosomes, dictyosome, microbodies, lysosomes,

vacuole and nucleus.

MODULE 2 12 hours Chromosomes: Morphology and fine structure; karyotype and idiogram. Special type of

chromosomes - Polytene, Lampbrush and B chromosome. Cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis:

significance. Numerical aberrations of chromosomes -Aneuploidy and Euploidy.

Structural aberrations of chromosomes: deletion, duplication, inversions and

translocations. Mutations: Spontaneous and induced. Mutagens- physical and chemical mutagens.

Chromosomal and point mutations. Molecular mechanism of mutation - Transition,

Transversion and Substitution.

MODULE 3 12 hours

Nucleic acids - structure of DNA and RNA - basic features, alternate forms of DNA -

types and structure of RNA. Replication of DNA - Meselson-Stahl experiment;

semiconservative replication of DNA. Gene expression - concept of gene, definitions - the

central dogma; transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; RNA processesing;

translation; genetic code features. Control of gene expression; positive and negative control;operon model–lac operon, trp operon.

GENETICS 21 hours MODULE 4 11 hours Origin of Genetics- Mendelian era; basic laws of inheritance, Mendelian ratios; Modified

Mendelian ratios; incomplete dominance-flower color in Mirabilis: Interaction of genes-

comb pattern in poultry (9:3:3:1): Epistasis- Dominant epistasis- fruit color in summer


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Bachelor’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam squash (12:3:1): complementary genes- flower color in Lathyrus (9:7). Multiple alleles-ABO blood group in man Quantitative inheritance - kernel color in wheat Linkage - complete and incomplete linkage; importance of linkage

MODULE 5 10 hours Sex determination- sex chromosomes and autosomes- chromosomal basis of sex

determination; XX-XY, XX-XO mechanism; sex determination in higher plants

(Melandrium album); sex chromosomal abnormalities in man- Down‟s syndrome, Klinefelter‟s syndrome, Turner‟s syndrome- Sex linked inheritance- eye color in Drosophila, Haemophilia in man; Y-linked inheritance. Extra nuclear inheritance- general account- maternal influence- plastid inheritance in Mirabilis, cytoplasmic male sterility in plants

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Make acetocarmine squash preparation of onion root tip to identify mitotic stages.

2. Study the Mitotic Index of onion root tip cells

3. Demonstration of meiosis in any flower bud by smear preparation of PMC‟s

4. Work out elementary problems based on DNA structure and replication

6. Work out the problems on monohybrid, dihybrid and back crosses.

7. Work out problems related to modified Mendelian ratios mentioned in the syllabus.

8. Study of human karyotype and study of characteristic karyotypes and symptoms of

the syndromes mentioned in the syllabus


1. The student understands the ultra structure and functioning of cell at the submicroscopic and molecular level.

2. Recognizes the cytological aspects of growth and development. 3. Identifies DNA as the basis of heredity and variation. 4. Demonstrates Mendelian principles and analyzes the basic principles of heredity. 5. Understands the inheritance pattern of nuclear and extra nuclear genes


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REFERENCES

1. Alberts B., Bray D., Hopkin K., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M. & Walter P. 2013. Essential cell biology. Garland Science.

2. Avinash & Kakoli U. 2005. Basic Molecular Biology. Himalaya Publishing

House, Mumbai. 3. Cohn N.S.1964. Elements of Cytology. Brace and World Inc., New Delhi.

4. De Robertis E.D.P. and Robertis E.M.P.1991. Cell and molecular biology.

Scientific American books.

5. Gardner E.J. and Snustad D.P. 1984. Principles of Genetics. John wiley, New York.

6. Gerald Karp 1985. Cell Biology. Mc Graw Hill company. 7. Gupta P.K. 1994. Genetics. Rastogi Publications. 8. Jha A.P. 1993. Genes and evolution. Macmillan, India Ltd. 9. Lewin B. 1999. Genes. Oxford University Press, New York 10. Lodish H. (2008). Molecular cell biology. Macmillan, India Ltd. 11. Roy S.C. & Kalayan K. D. 1997. Cell biology. New central Boos Calcutta. 12. Sandhya M. 1998. Elements of Molecular biology. Macmillan, India Ltd. 13. Sharma A.K. & Sharma A. 1980. Chromosome technique theory and practice

Aditya Books, New York. 14. Twymann R.M. 1998. Advanced molecular biology. Viva books New Delhi. 15. Rastogi V.R. 2008. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

16. Wayne M., Beecker L.J, Klein S. & Jeffharden. 2004. The World of Cell.

Pearson Education.

BO5B06TB : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER(Maximum Marks - 60) Module Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No.

Hours (1 Mark) (2 Marks) (5 Marks) (10 Marks) of

(5/5) (5/8) (5/8) (2/4) Questions

1 9 1 1 1 - 3

2 12 1 2 2 1 6

3 12 1 2 2 2 7

4 11 1 1 2 - 4

5 10 1 2 1 1 5


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CORE COURSE 07

BO5B07B - ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

COURSE CODE BO5B07B

TITLE OF THE COURSE ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC

BOTANY

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE 5

COURSE IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL-1

THEORY- 54

NO. OF CONTACT HOURS PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

Acquaint the students to identify the common species of plants growing in Kerala and their systematic position.

To master the technique of herbarium preparation. To develop awareness of the plants having immense economic importance. To create an interest in students on the ethno botanical uses of plants.

OBJECTIVES

To acquaint the students to with the aims, objectives and significance of taxonomy.

To help the students to develop inductive and deductive reasoning ability COURSE OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT

This course finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names the plants, thus making it

one of the main branches of botany. The context is the study of identification,

taxonomy and nomenclature of plants, with regard to their natural relationships and the

study of variation and the evolution of taxa, and also to study the medicinal properties

of plants having immense economic importance. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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CORE COURSE 07

BO5B07B - ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY, SYSTEMATIC BOTANY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY 45 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Morphology of leaf: Leaf types, phyllotaxy, venation Inflorescence:

a) Racemose types-simple raceme, panicle, corymb, umbel, spike, spadix and head. b) Cymose types-simple cyme, monochasial- scorpoid and helicoid, dichasial c) Special type- cyathium, hypanthodium, verticillaster, thyrsus.

Morphology of flower:

a) Flower as modified shoot b) Description of flower and its parts in technical terms, aestivation types. c) Hypogyny, perigyny and epigyny, actinomorphy, zygomorphy. d) Placentation types. e) Floral Diagram and Floral Formula.

Fruits: Simple-Fleshy, dry- dehiscent, indehiscent, aggregate, multiple (sorosis and syconus) SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 36 hours

MODULE 2 36 hours

Aim, scope and significance. Types of Classification- artificial (brief account), natural – Bentham and Hooker (detailed account), phylogenetic (brief account) and APG system.

Binomial Nomenclature, ICN, interdisciplinary approach in taxonomy- cytotaxonomy and chemotaxonomy (brief account).

Herbarium technique- Preparation of herbarium, preservation methods. major herbaria, (national and international), Botanical gardens and BSI. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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Bachelor’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam Study of the following families according to Bentham and Hooker‟s system of

classification. Special attention should be given to common and economically important

plants within the families . Annonaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Anacardiaceae, Leguminosae ( Mimosaceae,

Caesalpiniaceae and Fabaceae), Myrtaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae,

Compositae (Asteraceae), Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Solanaceae, Convolvulaceae,

Scrophulariaceae, Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Amarantaceae, Euphorbiaceae,

Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, Graminae (Poaceae)

ECONOMIC BOTANY 9 hours

MODULE 3 7 hours

Study of the following groups of plants based on their uses with special reference to the botanical name, family and morphology of the useful part

Cereals- Rice, Wheat

Millets- Ragi

Pulses- Green gram, Bengal gram, Black gram

Sugar yielding plants – Sugarcane

Fruits- Apple, Pineapple, Orange, Mango and Banana

Vegetables- Bittergourd, Ladies finger, Carrot and Cabbage.

Timber yielding plants- Teak wood and Jack wood

Beverages- Tea, Coffee

Fibre yielding plants- Coir, Jute, Cotton

Oil yielding plants- Ground nut, Gingelly

Rubber yielding plants- Para rubber

Gums and Resins- White damer, Gum Arabic, Asafoetida

Spices – Cardamom, Pepper, Cloves, Ginger, Cumin, Coriander.

Insecticide yielding Plants- Tobacco and Neem

MODULE 4 2 hours Ethnobotany and its significance: Study of the following plants used in daily life by tribals and village folks for food, shelter and medicine. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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Food - Artocarpus hirsutus, Spondias mangifera, Setaria italica.

Shelter – Bamboosa arundinacea, Ochlandra travancorica. and Calamus rotang.

Medicine – Curcuma longa, Ocimum sanctum and Alpinia galanga.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Identify the following inflorescence and fruits:-

a. Inflorescence - Simple raceme, Spike, Corymb, Head, Dichasial cyme and Cyathium.

b. Fruits - Simple: - Nut, Legume, Berry and Drupe; Multiple and Aggregate

2. Identify the families mentioned in the syllabus by noting their key, vegetative and floral characters.

3. Description of the floral parts, diagram of the L.S., floral diagram and the floral

formula of at least one flower from each family.

4. Study the finished products of plants mentioned in the syllabus of economic botany with special reference to the morphology, botanical name and family.

5. Prepare herbarium of 25 plants representing families included in the syllabus with

field notes. 6. Conduct field trip for a minimum of 2 days under the guidance of a teacher

7. Identify and describe the ethnobotanical uses of the plants mentioned in the

syllabus.


1. The learner understands the aims, objectives and significance of taxonomy.

2. Identifies the common species of plants growing in Kerala and their systematic position.

3. Demonstrates skill in the preparation of herbarium. 4. Relates the economically important products from the plants with their source.

5. Students are able to explore the hidden potentialities of various underutilized

plants by applying the principles of ethnobotany.

REFERENCES

1. Ashok Bendra and Ashok Kumar, 1980. Economic botany. Rastogi publications,

Meerut. 2. Cornquist A. 1968. The evolution and classification of flowering plants.

3. Davis P.H and Heywood V.H. 1967. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Oliver

and Boyl, Edinburgh.


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4. Eames A.J. 1961. Morphology of Angiosperms. Mc Graw Hill, New York.

5. Foaster A.S. and Giffad E.M. 1962. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants. Allied Pacific Pvt. Ltd. Bombay.

6. Henry and Chandra Bose 2001. An Aid to the International Code of Botanical

Nomenclature. Botanical Survey of India. Coimbatore. 7. Heywood V.H. 1967. Plant Taxonomy. London: Edward Arnold. 8. Hill A.F. 1982. Economic Botany. Mc Graw Hill ,New York. 9. Jain S K. 2004. A Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, India 10. Jain S. K. 1981. Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany. Oxford and IBH. New Delhi 11. Jain S. K. 1987. A Manual of Ethnobotany. Jodhpur Scientific Publishers. 12. Jain S.K. and Rao R.R. 1976. A hand book of field and herbarium technique.

Today and Tomorrow‟s Publishers, New Delhi. 13. Jeffery C. 1968. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy, J and A Churchill. London.

14. Maheshwari P. and Umaro Singh. 1965. Dictionary of Economic Plants in India,

ICAR. New Delhi.

15. Naik V.N. 1984. Taxonomy of angiosperms. Tata Mc Graw- Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.

16. Pandey & Misra. 2008. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Ane Book Pvt. Ltd

17. Rendle A.B. 1979. Classification of flowering plants. Vikas Publishing House, U.P. Vols. I & II.

18. Singh V. and Jain D. K. 1989. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Rastogi Publication,

Meerut.

19. Sivarajan V.V. 1982. Introduction to Principles of Taxonomy, Oxford and IBH Publication. New Delhi

20. Sreemali J.L. 1979. Economic Botany. Kitab Mahal, Allahabad.

BO5B07TB: BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks- 60) Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No.


(5/5) (5/8) (5/8) (2/4) Questions

1 9 2 2 2 1 7

2 36 1 4 4 2 11

3 7 1 1 1 1 4

4 2 1 1 1 0 3


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CORE COURSE 08

BO5B08TB - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STATISTICS


TITLE OF THE COURSE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND

STATISTICS



PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To study the methodology of scientific research. To develop awareness of the basic biophysical instrumentation.

To create awareness about computer application

To help the students to know the various statistical tools.

To develop skills in statistical analysis of biological data

OBJECTIVES

To acquaint the students to with the aims and objectives of research methodology. To make familiar with various biophysical instruments To develop skill in data handling using computers To help the students to develop inductive and deductive reasoning ability To analyze data using statistical tools and techniques


This course finds, identifies and describes various methodologies of scientific research

and statistics. The context is to study of stages of researches to solve a biological

problem and also to study various tools and techniques for research and data analysis.


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CORE COURSE 08

BO5B08B - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STATISTICS

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 27 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Concepts of research: Introduction, definition and need for research. Types of research

Research methods – identifying and defining research problem, formulation of objectives and research hypothesis, experimentation, analysis and interpretation of results. Scientific literature: Library - structure of a scientific library, Journals - research journals, e-journals. INFLIBNET, INSDOC. Scientific documentation and communication: Reporting of research findings – structure of

scientific paper, scientific style of writing research reports, outline of dissertation and

thesis- (i) Preliminaries - title page, certificates, acknowledgements, and contents page; (ii)

The text - introduction, review of literature, materials and methods, results, discussion,

summary (iii) Bibliography - methods of citing references.

MODULE 2 9 hours Biophysical Instrumentation: Parts of microscope, principles applications of different

types of microscopes - Simple microscope, Compound light microscope, Phase contrast

microscope, Fluorescent microscope and Electron microscope.

Basic principles and applications of the following:

pH meter, Colorimeter, spectrophotometer, Centrifuges, Chromatography – paper

chromatography, thin layer chromatography and column chromatography.

MODULE 3 9 hours Computer applications: Types of computers, Digital number systems- binary, octal and hexadecimal. Computer organization. Hardware basics: Functional components of a computer – Input unit, central processing unit(CPU), output unit, the memory. Software basics: (a) System software - operating system- windows, language processor-

assembler, interpreter, compiler. Machine and high level languages. (b) Application

software - customized, general. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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Bachelor’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam Introduction to windows based programmes, M. S. word, Excel, Power point, Internet and Email.

BIOSTATISTICS 27 hours

MODULE 4 9 hours Introduction and definition of Biostatistics, statistical terms and symbols, Classification of data, Presentation of data- Frequency distribution tables, graphs and diagrams.

Population and sampling techniques: Methods of collection of data - Census and sampling methods.

MODULE 5 18 hours Frequency distribution- Definition and characteristic features.

Measures of central tendency: Mean (b) Mean (c) Mode. Measures of dispersion: Range, Quartile deviation, Mean deviation and Standard deviation. Variance, co-efficient of variation, standard error. Probability - Definition, mutually exclusive events – sum rule, independent events – product rule. Probability of unordered combination of events.

Tests of significance – Formation of a hypothesis, test of hypothesis - t-test.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Prepare an outline of a dissertation

2. Preparation of molar, molal and percentage solutions and their dilutions

3. Measurement of pH using pH meter

4. MS Excel: Preparation of table

5. MS Excel: Preparation of graph

6. MS Power point: Preparation of a presentation with minimum 5 slides based on

topics related to the syllabus of the programme

7. Classify a given data based on frequency and represent it graphically. 8. Analyze data for mean, median, mode, and standard deviation

9. Work out problems of probability.

10. Test the significance of a given data using t-test.


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1. Understand the importance and scope of Scientific research

2. Develop interest in scientific research

3. Skill in practical work, experiments, handling equipments and laboratory tools

4. Expertise in computer applications

5. Attain knowledge in collection and interpretation of biological data

REFERENCES

1. Anderson J., Durston B. and Poole H. 1970. Thesis and assignment writing. Wiley Eastern, USA.

2. Anitha Goel 2010. Computer fundamentals, Pearson Education, India.

3. Chandel S.R.S. 1999. A handbook of agricultural statistics. Anchal Prakashan mandir, Kanpur.

4. Cotteril R. 2002. Biophysics an Introduction. John Wiley and Sons, USA. 5. Dany S. A. 2004. Lab Math. I.K. International Private Limited, New Delhi.

6. Day R. A. 1998. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, University Press

Cambridge, UK.

7. Dhanapalan and Biju 2012. Scientific research methodology, Narosha publishing house, New Delhi.

8. Gupta S. P. 2014. Statistical methods. Sultan Chand and sons educational

publishers, New Delhi. 9. Holmes D. Moody P. and Dine D. 2006. Research Methods for the Biosciences.

Oxford University Press, London.

10. Jasra P. K. and Gurdeep Raj 2000. Biostatistics. Krishna Prahkashan media private limited, Meerut.

11. Joseph Gibaldi 2000. MLA Handbook for writers of research papers. Affiliated

east west press private limited.

12. Kothari C.R. 2010. Research methodology- Methods and techniques, New Age International publishers, New Delhi.

13. Krishnakumar K. 1981. An introduction to cataloguing practiceI. Vikas

publishing house, New Delhi.

14. Norman T. J. and Bailey 2008. Statistical Methods in Biology, University press, Cambridge.

15. Pradeep Sinha and Priti Sinha 2010. Ccomputer fundamentals. BPB Publications,

New Delhi. 16. Prasad S. Elements of Biostatitics. 2003. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

17. Subramanian N. 1986. Introduction to computers: Fundamentals of computer

science. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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18. Subramanian N. and Chithra S., 1995. Computers:Genesis, programming and

applications in fortran77, basic and cobol. Wheeler publishing company limited,

New Delhi.

19. Sundar Rao P.S.S. and Richard J. 2008. Introduction to Biostatistics and research methods, Prentice Hall of India private limited, New Delhi.

20. Thiravia Raj S. 2005. Biophysics. Saras publications, Nagercoil.


Part A Part B Part C Part D

Module Hours (1 Mark) (2 Marks) (5 Marks) (10 Marks) Total No. of

(5/5) (5/8) (5/8) (2/4) Questions

1 9 1 2 1 1 5

2 9 1 1 2 1 5

3 9 1 2 1 - 4

4 9 1 1 2 1 5

5 18 1 2 2 1 6


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SEMESTER VI


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CORE COURSE 09

BO6B09TB- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTOURISM


TITLE OF THE COURSE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

AND ECOTOURISM


COURSE IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the significance of environmental science and make

them understand the various anthropogenic activities which degrade the

environment

To create an awareness regarding the importance of environmental protection, conservation of nature, natural resources and biodiversity as a whole.

To make them understand the necessity of sustainable development OBJECTIVES

The course will help the students to develop a proper awareness regarding the significance of a healthy environment for the very existence of human beings

It will enable them to identify the various anthropogenic causes of environmental

depletion and the measures to curb such activities

Through this course they will learn to respect nature and natural resources and how these can be sustainably utilized and managed for the future generation

Awareness creation regarding environmental protection is the most important

objective of the course COURSE OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT

This course deals with the significance of environment. Proper protection and

management of nature and natural resources is dealt in detail. How a stabilized ecosystem

controls the proper functioning of the whole biosphere is explored in the course.

Environmental degradation caused by human beings, global environmental problems and

climate change are also dealt in detail. The need for proper management of natural

recourses for sustainable development is clearly revealed through this course Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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CORE COUSE 09

BO6B09TB- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTOURISM

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 54 hours

MODULE 1 15 hours Environmental science: Introduction, definition, relevance and its multidisciplinary nature.

Ecosystems: Structure and function of ecosystem. Ecosystem components: abiotic and

biotic. Productivity: primary, secondary, gross and net. Decomposition in nature.

Homeostasis in ecosystems. Ecological energetics: energy flow, trophic levels, food

chain and food web, ecological pyramids. Nutrient cycles: Water cycle, biogeochemical

cycles of C, N and S Natural Resources: Types of resources: renewable and non renewable. Forest resources:

over exploitation, deforestation, MFP (Minor Forest Products). Water resources: surface

and ground water. Dams: benefits and problems. Rain water harvesting, water shed

management. Food resources: Causes of food shortage, food security and world food

problems. Energy resources: Energy plantation: Jatropha. Land resources: Land use, land

degradation, desertification,

MODULE 2 11 hours Population and Community ecology: Population characteristics: density, natality,

mortality, growth, age. Community characteristics: species diversity and species richness,

dominance, stratification. Association of communities: plant association, ecotypes,

ecotone, edge effect, ecological indicators. Ecological succession: types: primary,

secondary, autogenic, allogenic. Causes: climatic, topographic, biotic. Processes:

migration, ecesis, colonization, stabilization and climax community. Hydrosere, xerosere,

lithosere. Plants and environment: Ecological complexes and factors affecting plant

growth and response: Climatic factors: temperature and pressure; water: precipitation,

humidity. Light.Topographic factors. Edaphic factors: soil profile, physical and chemical

properties of soil, water holding capacity of soil. Biotic factors: interactions: positive and

negative. Habitat, ecological niche, microclimate. Adaptation of plants to environment:

Morphological and anatomical adaptive features of xerophytes, hydrophytes, epiphytes and halophytes

MODULE 3 13 hours Environmental pollution and Management: Definition and general introduction. Air

pollution: Causes and sources, types of pollutants-particulates-aerosol, mist, dust, smoke,

fume, plume, fog, smog. Effect of air pollution on plants and animals, Bhopal Gas Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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Bachelor’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam Tragedy. Water pollution: Sources and types of pollutants. Water quality standards, water

quality assessment. Ground water pollution-blue baby syndrome. Eutrophication, BOD,

Minamata disease, Biological magnification. Soil pollution: Causes and sources-waste

dumps, solid waste management-vermi composting. Noise pollution: Sources, standards

and measurements, effect on health, control techniques. Thermal pollution: Sources and

effects.Nuclear hazards: Sources and impacts. Ecological foot print

MODULE 4 12 hours

Social issues and the environmental conservation: Climate change, green house gases and global warming Acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and nuclear holocaust. Environmental legislation and laws (brief study): Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Air

(Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981, Water (Prevention and control of

pollution) Act, 1974, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Endemism: Definition, types, hotspots of endemism, hotspots in India, western ghats.

IUCN threat categories. Red data book. Biodiversity loss: causes, alien species: negative

and positive impacts. Conservation measures: In situ and ex situ conservation methods.

Rio Earth Summit.

Organizations, movements and contributors of conservational efforts: Organizations:

BNHS, WWF, CSE, NEERI, , MoEF. Famous contributors of Ecology in India: Salim Ali,

M.S. Swaminathan, Madhav Gadgil, M.C. Mehta, Anil Agarwal, Medha Patkar, John C.

Jacob, Sunderlal Bahuguna

ECOTOURISM 3 hours

MODULE 5 3 hours

Ecotourism: Definition, concept, introduction, history, relevance and scope. Components of ecotourism, forms and types of ecotourism, ecotourism resources:

biological, historical, cultural, and geographical. Positive and negative impacts of

ecotourism. Ecotourism centers in Kerala. PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Estimation of CO2 content, chloride content and salinity of water samples

(Titremetry)

2. Determination of pH of water


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3. Assessment of abundance and density of plant species by quadrat method

4. Identification of the impact of anthropogenic activities on the environment.

5. Study of the anatomical and morphological adaptations of plants to the

environment (xerophytes, hydrophytes, epiphytes, halophytes). COMPETENCIES OF THE COURSE

1. Through this course the students will be acquainted with the significance of

Environmental Science.

2. It will help the students to develop an awareness regarding the structure and functions of ecosystem, ecological energetics and various biogeochemical cycles

3. It will help to create awareness regarding the importance of conservation of nature

and natural resources, the threat of depletion of natural resources and to design novel mechanisms for the sustainable utilization of natural resources.

4. Enables the students to learn about the types of interactions among populations in

the ecosystems

5. It will help the students to identify various types of plant groups, the environmental factors affecting their growth performances and their adaptive features

REFERENCES

1. Bharucha, Erach 2003. The Biodiversity of India. Mapin Publishing Co., New Delhi

2. Bhatacharya, A.K. 2005. Ecotourism and Livelihoods. Concept Publishing Co.,

New Delhi

3. Botkin Daniel and Keller, Edward 2010. Environmental Science: A global concern. McGraw Hill Company, New York

4. Ceballos-Lascurian Hector 1996. Tourism, Ecotourism and Protected areas.

IUCN, Cambrige, UK.

5. Darold P. B. and Rebecca R. Sharitz (editors) 2015. Ecology of fresh water and estuarine wetlands. University of California Press, Berkley

6. Enger Eldon and Smith Bradley 2009. Environmental science: A study of

interrelationships. Mc Graw Hill Company, New York

7. Garg M. R., Bansal V. K. and Tiwana N. S. 2007. Environmental Pollution and Protection. Deep and Deep Publishers, New Delhi

8. IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org.

9. Khopkar S. M. 1995. Environmental Pollution Analysis. New Age International

(P.) Ltd., New Delhi

10. Kreg Lindberg and Deonal E. Hawkins 1999. Ecotourism: A guide for planners and managers. Natraj Publishers, Dehradun.



11. McConnell Robert and Abel Daniel 2008. Environmental issues: An introduction to sustainability. Pearson Prentice Hall

12. Miller G. Tyler and Spooliman Scott 2012. Sustaining the earth: An integrated

approach. Cengage Learning, USA

13. Nayar M.P. and Sastry A. R. K. 1987, 1988, 1990. Red Data Book of Indian Plants, Vols. I-III. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.

14. Odum, E. P. 2005. Fundamentals of Ecology.(5th

edition). Cengage learning, USA

15. Rachel Carson 2002. Silent Spring. Boston : Houghton Mifflin, USA, 40th

anniversary edition

16. Ravikumar K., Ved, D. K. 2000. 100 Red-Listed Medicinal Plants of Conservation Concern in Southern India. FRLHT, Bangalore.

17. Ravindranath N. H. and Sudha P. 2004. Joint Forest Management: Spread

performance and Impact. Universities Press, Delhi

18. Richard Wright 2009. Environmental Science Towards a Sustainable Future. Pearson Prentice Hall Education. New Jersey

19. Shizuyo Sutou 2015. Fukushima Nuclear Accident. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

New York

20. Wright Richard and Boorse Dorothy 2011. Environmental science: Toward a sustainable future. Pearson Prentice Hall Education, New Jersey

BO6B09TB: BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks:60) Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No


(5/5) (5/8) (5/8) (2/4) Questions

1 15 1 2 2 1 6

2 11 1 1 2 1 5

3 13 1 2 2 1 6

4 12 1 2 1 1 5

5 3 1 1 1 - 3


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COURSE 10

BO6B10TB - PLANT BREEDING AND HORTICULTURE


TITLE OF THE COURSE PLANT BREEDING AND

HORTICULTURE


IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL - 1

NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY - 54

PRACTICAL 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the objectives of plant breeding and to give

them a proper understanding of the important methods of breeding and to

make the learners competent in plant breeding techniques.

To introduce the learners to the disciplines of horticulture, make the learners

competent in plant propagation and cultivation techniques of horticultural

plants.

OBJECTIVES

The course will enable the learner to understand the principles and techniques

of plant breeding and develop the skill to carry out different types of

propagation methods.

Develop competency not only in the cultivation strategies of vegetables, fruits

and ornamental plants but also to understand the principles underlying the

propagation of horticultural plants.


This course examines the core concepts, objectives of plant breeding and

methods of breeding self and cross pollinated plants. It goes on to explore

achievements of breeding methods for crop improvement. The learner is

introduced to the various disciplines of horticulture, gardens, cultivation of

vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants and its prospects.


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COURSE 10

BO6B10TB - PLANT BREEDING AND HORTICULTURE PLANT BREEDING 18 hours

MODULE 1 4 hours

Introduction and objectives of plant breeding. Centres of origin and diversity of crop

plants, primary and secondary centres, Vavilovian concept. Plant introduction - procedure

of plant introduction, quarantine regulations, acclimatization, agencies of plant

introduction in India, major achievements. Maintenance of germplasm (gene bank, pollen

bank, seed bank, NBPGR) agencies in India.

MODULE 2 5 hours Methods of breeding self and cross pollinated plants - Selection, mass, pure line and clonal. Genetic basis of selection - achievements.

Hybridization – procedure - intergeneric, interspecific and intervarietal hybridization with

examples - composite and synthetic varieties - heterosis in plant breeding, inbreeding

depression; single cross, pedigree method, bulk population method, multiple cross, back

cross. Role of distant hybridization in plant breeding.

MODULE 3 9 hours

Mutation breeding - definition, spontaneous and induced mutations, physical and chemical mutagens, methods - achievements of mutation in crop improvement. Polyploidy breeding - euploidy and aneuploidy, autopolyploids and allopolyploids, Applications of polyploidy breeding in crop improvement. Use of apomixis in plant breeding. Breeding for pest, disease and stress resistance.

HORTICULTURE 36 hours MODULE 4 14 hours Introduction to horticulture - definition, classification and disciplines of horticulture.

Garden tools and implements. Irrigation methods - surface, sub, drip and spray irrigations,

mist chambers - advantages and disadvantages.

Soil - Classification of soil, soil types, soil pH, soil liming, soil preparation, soil treatment, soil amendments, role of micro organisms and humus.


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Bachelor’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam Propagation of horticultural plants: Seed age seed viability, seed dormancy, seed testing

and certification, seed bed preparation, seedling transplanting, hardening of seedling;

advantages and disadvantages of seed propagation. Vegetative propagation - organs used

in propagation - natural methods artificial vegetative propagation methods - cutting,

layering, grafting and budding. Advantages and disadvantages of vegetative propagation. MODULE 5 22 hours Gardening : ornamental gardens, indoor gardens, kitchen gardens - terrestrial and aquatic

gardens - garden adornments; garden designing - garden components - lawns, shrubs and

trees, borders, hedges, edges, walks, drives - famous gardens of India. Landscape

architecture - home landscape design, parks. Physical control of plant growth - training

and pruning; selection of plant for bonsai, bonsai containers and method of bonsai

formation.

Cultivation of vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants: Olericulture - Types of vegetable

growing - home gardens and market gardens; cultivation practices of leafy vegetable

(Amarathus), tuber (potato), fruit (tomato), flower (cauliflower). Packing and transporting

of vegetables. Pomology - organic farming of fruit crops – packing and transporting of

fruits. Importance of fruits, cultivation of banana, pineapple and mango. Floriculture -

concept, components, scenario and advantages in India, production and post harvest

practices for tuberose, gladiolus and rose. Problems and prospects of floriculture in Kerala.

Induction of flowering and weed control.

Manures and Fertilizers - Organic manures and fertilizers, composition of fertilizers.

common organic manures – bone meal, cow dung, poultry waste, oil cakes, organic

mixtures and compost. Preparation of compost. Vermicompost - preparation. Biofertilizers

– definition and preparation of different types – Trichoderma, Rhizobium, PGPR, PSB,

mycorrhiza. Application of biofertilizers. Biopesticides – tobacco and neem decoction.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Emasculation and bagging.

2. Comparison of percentage of seed germination and the effect of any one chemical on the rate of elongation of radicle in any three crop seeds.

3. Pollen studies – pollen viability/pollen germination.

4. Practice different types of grafting/budding/layering (approach and tongue grafting, T and patch budding, air layering).

5. Identification of different garden tools and their uses. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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6. Identification of common pesticides and insecticides. 7. List out the garden components in the photograph of the garden. 8. Preparation of potting mixture in the given proportion.


1. Understand the basic principles of plant breeding. 2. Identify the breeding methods of crop improvement for sustainable development.

3. Acquire the theoretical knowledge and practical skills about plant breeding

techniques. 4. Understand the importance of horticulture in human welfare. 5. Implement the knowledge of horticulture in their career prospects.

REFERENCES

1. Adams C. R. Early M .P. 2004. Principles of Horticulture. Elsevier, N. Delhi.

2. Baker, R. J. 1986. Selection indices in plant breeding. CRC Press, Inc. 3. Barton West. R. 1999. Practical Gardening in India. Discovery Pub. House, New

Delhi. 4. Chahal, G. S., & Gosal, S. S. (2002). Principles and procedures of plant breeding:

Biotechnological and conventional approaches. Alpha Science Int'l Ltd. 5. Edmond J.B. Senn T.L. Andrews F.S. Halfacre P.G. 1975. Fundamentals of

6. Horticulture. 4th

Edn.TMH. N. Delhi. 7. Fageria, N. K., Baligar, V. C., & Clark, R. B. (2006). Physiology of crop

production. Haworth 8. Press Inc. 9. Hayward, M. D., Bosemark, N. O., & Romagosa, I. (1993). Plant breeding:

principles and 10. prospects. Chapman and Hall Ltd. 11. John Weathers 1993. Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Discovery Pub. House. New

Delhi. 12. Jules Janick 1979. Horticultural Science. Surjeet publications, Delhi.

13. Kumar N. 1994. Introduction to Horticulture. Rajalakshmi Pub. Nagercoil. 14. Manibhushan Rao K. 2005. Text Book of Horticulture. Macmillan India pvt. Ltd,

New Delhi. 15. Randhawa G.S. and Mukhopadhyay. A. 1986. Floriculture in India. Allied

Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Ahamedabad.

16. Sadhu M. K. 1996. Plant propagation. New age international publishers, N. Delhi. 17. Schilletter J.C. Richey H.W. 1999. Text Book of General Horticulture. Biotech

Books, New Delhi. 18. Shukla R.S. and Chandel P.S. 2004. Cytogenetics Evolution and Plant breeding. S.

Chand & Co. Ltd, New Delhi. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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BO6B10TB: BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER ( Total Marks:60)

Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No of

Module Hours (1 Mark) (2 Marks) (5 Marks) (10 Marks) Questions (5/5) (5/8) (5/8) (2/4)

1 4 1 1 1 - 3

2 5 1 1 1 - 3

3 9 1 1 1 1 4

4 14 1 2 2 1 6

5 22 1 3 3 2 9


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CORE COURSE 11

BO6B11TB - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY


TITLE OF THE COURSE PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY



PRACTICAL - 1


PRACTICAL- 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to basic functions in plants and to give them a proper understanding of the important cell components and its functions.

To make the learners competent in carrying out experiments in physiology.

OBJECTIVES

The course will enable the learner to understand the various metabolic

pathways underlying the cell functioning, aspects of plant growth and

development, the techniques underlying it and chemistry of biological

molecules.

Develop competency not only to understand the various bio-chemical pathways

and the organic molecules involved but also to infer their importance in the

operation of physico - chemical system in the cell. It enables the student to

acquire practical skills to detect and estimate the presence of major organic

compounds.


This course examines the core concepts of, mineral nutrition, photosynthesis,

translocation of solutes, respiration and mechanism of absorption. It goes on to

explore the physiology of growth and development. The context is also to introduce

the students to chemistry and role of biological molecules, water and pH. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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CORE COURSE 11

BO6B11TB - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 36 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Water relations - Physical aspects of absorption - diffusion, imbibition, osmosis, OP, DPD, TP, WP, concept of water potential, solute potential.

Absorption of water (active & passive), ascent of sap - cohesion adhesion theory. Transpiration – types – mechanism – theories - (starch - sugar, proton - K+ ion exchange) -significance – anti transpirants, guttation. Factors affecting transpiration. Mineral nutrition - essential and non essential elements – macro and micro – role and

deficiency symptoms. Absorption of minerals– active & passive-ion exchange, carrier

concept.

MODULE 2 18 hours Photosynthesis - History - photosynthetic pigments, photo excitation - fluorescence,

phosphorescence - absorption and action spectra, red drop and Emerson enhancement effect, concept of photo systems, cyclic & non cyclic photophosphorylation, carbon

assimilation pathways - C3, C4, CAM. Photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis. Translocation of solutes - Pathway, phloem transport – mechanism - pressure flow - phloem loading and unloading. Respiration - aerobic and anaerobic, glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport system &

oxidative phosphorylation, ATPases - chemi osmotic hypothesis - RQ – significance -

factors affecting respiration.

MODULE 3 9 hours

Plant responses to environment – allelochemicals – herbivory.

Physiology of growth and development - Physiological effects and practical application of hormones - auxins, giberillins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene.

Physiology of flowering – phytochrome, photoperiodism, vernalisation.


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BIOCHEMISTRY 18 hours

MODULE 4 4 hours

Water & pH: Physical and chemical properties of water, acid and bases, pH definition, significance, measurement, pH indicators, buffer action, pH and life. MODULE 5 14 hours Chemistry of biological molecules:

Carbohydrates - structure and function of mono, di & polysaccharides, common sugars seen in plants.

Proteins - peptide bond, essential and non essential amino acids, primary structure, physiologically important proteins.

Lipids - general features and their role, types and structure of fatty acid, glycerol, fatty acid derivatives, fats and oils - structure and functions , compound lipids.

Enzymes - nomenclature, characteristics, mechanism and regulation of enzyme action, enzyme kinetics, factors affecting enzyme action. PRACTICAL 36 hours

Core Experiments 1. Determination of osmotic pressure of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method. 2. Compare the stomatal indices of hydrophytes, xerophytes and mesophytes. 3. Separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography. 4. Measurement of photosynthesis by Wilmott‟s bubbler. 5. Estimation of plant pigments by colorimeter.

Demonstration experiments 1. Plant membrane osmoscope. 2. Demonstration of tissue tension. 3. Relation between transpiration and absorption.

4. Necessity of chlorophyll, light and CO2 in phytosynthesis. 5. Simple respiroscope. 6. Respirometer and measurement of R.Q. 7. Fermentation. 8. Measurement of transpiration rate using Farmer‟s Potometer. 9. General test for carbohydrates- Molischs test, Benedicts‟s tests, Fehling‟s test. 10. Colour test for starch – lodine test 11. Colour tests for proteins in solution. Biuret test, Xanthoproteic test. 12. Detect the presence of any one major organic compounds in the given sample.


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COMPETENCIES

1. Understand the basic principles and metabolism related to various physiological

functions in plant life. 2. Familiarize with the basic skills and techniques related to doing experiments in plant

physiology. 3. Understand the role, structure and importance of the bio molecules associated with

plant life. 4. Familiarize with the recent trends in the field of plant physiology.

5. Apply the knowledge of physiology in other fields like agriculture and career

prospects.

REFERENCES 1. Datta S.C.1989. Plant Physiology. Central book depot, Allahabad.

2. Dayananda B. 1999. Experiments in Plant Physiology. Narosa Publishing House,

New Delhi. 3. De Robertis E.D.P. and De Robertis E.M.F.Jr. 2002. Cell and Molecular Biology,

Lipponcott Williams and Wilkins, USA. 4. Hopkins W.G. 1999. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and sons, New

York. 5. Jain J., L. Sanjay Jain & Nitin Jain 2005. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S. Chand

& Company Ltd, New Delhi. 6. Jain V. K. 1996. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. S Chand and Company, Delhi . 7. Kochar P. L. 1964. A Text Book of Plant Physiology. Atmaram & Sons, Delhi. 8. Lehninger A. L. 1961. Biochemistry. Kalyan Publishers, Ludhiana.

9. Leopald A.C. and Kriedemann P.E. Plant Growth and Development. Tata McGraw

Hill, New Delhi. 10. Malik P.C. 1990. Plant Physiology, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

11. Nelson D.L. and Cox M. M. 1993. Principles of Biochemistry. MacMillan Worth

Publications, UK. 12. Pandey S. N. and Sinha B. K. 1986. Plant Physiology. Vikas Publishing house Pvt.

Ltd, New Delhi. 13. Plummer D.T. 1988. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata Mc Graw-Hill

Publishing Company, New Delhi. 14. Sadasivam S & Manickam A. 1996. Biochemical Methods. New Age

International (P) Ltd, New Delhi. 15. Salisbury F.B. & Ross C.W. 1985. Plant Physiology, CBS Publishers and

Distributers, Delhi. 16. Srivastava H.S. 2005. Plant Physiology. Rastogi Publications, Meerut. 17. Taiz L and Zeiger E. 2003. Plant Physiology (3

rd Edition). Panima Publishing

Corporation, New Delhi. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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BO6B11TB: BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER ( Maximum Marks: 60) Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No of


1 9 1 1 1 - 3

2 20 1 3 3 2 9

3 7 1 1 1 - 3

4 4 1 1 1 - 3

5 14 1 2 2 2 7



CORE COURSE 12

BO6B12TB - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS


TITLE OF THE COURSE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND

BIOINFORMATICS


IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS THEORY - 3

PRACTICAL - 1


PRACTICAL- 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the concept of biotechnology, bioinformatics and to

give them a proper understanding into the scope, underlying technology and its relevance.

To make the learners competent in carrying out practical related to plant tissue

culture.

OBJECTIVES

The course will enable the learner to understand the principles and techniques in biotechnology and acquire skill with which tools in bioinformatics is exploited.

Develop competency to apply techniques in biotechnology in human welfare.

Understand the application of bioinformatics in Information retrieval from biological database and sequence alignment types and tools


This course examines the core concepts of biotechnology. It goes on to explore the

principles and techniques plant tissue culture , recombinant DNA technology. The

context also introduces the recombinant DNA technology, application of

biotechnology, relevance of the following technologies and their ethical issues

,genomics , proteomics and biological data bases.



CORE COURSE 12

BO6B12TB - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS

BIOTECHNOLOGY 36 hours MODULE 1 20 hours

Introduction – The concept of biotechnology, landmarks in biotechnology. Plant tissue culture – Principles and techniques. Cellular totipotency, in vitro differentiation – de differentiation and re - differentiation, callus induction, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Tissue culture medium – basic components in tissue culture medium – solid and liquid

medium – suspension culture. Murashige and Skoog medium – composition and

preparation. Aseptic techniques in tissue culture – sterilization – different methods –

sterilization of instruments and glass wares, medium, explants, working principle of

laminar air flow and autoclave; preparation of explants – surface sterilization.

Inoculation, incubation, subculturing. Micropropagation - different methods – axillary bud proliferation, direct and indirect

organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Different phases of micropropagation –

hardening, transplantation and field evaluation – advantages. Methods and applications of tissue culture - brief account of meristem culture, synthetic

seed production, embryo culture, protoplast isolation, culture and regeneration, somatic

cell hybridization- cybrids. In vitro production of haploids – anther and pollen culture, In

vitro preservation of germplasm.

MODULE 2 11 hours Recombinant DNA technology: Gene cloning strategies – recombinant DNA construction – cloning vectors – plasmids pBR322, bacteriophage based vectors, Ti plasmids.

Restriction endonucleases and ligases – ligation techniques, transformation and selection

of transformants – using antibiotic resistances markers, southern blotting, PCR.

Different methods of gene transfer – chemically stimulated DNA uptake by protoplast,

transduction, electroporation, microinjection, microprojectiles, Agrobacterium mediated

gene transfer gene library, gene banks.

MODULE 3 5 hours

Application of Biotechnology as (a) Medicine - Production of human insulin, human

growth hormone and vaccines, gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies, biopharming.

Forensics -DNA finger printing. (b) Agriculture -Genetically modified crops – BT crops,

Golden rice, Flavr Savr, Tomato, Virus herbicide resistant crops, Edible vaccines. Social

and ethical issues, biosafety , biowar, patenting and IPR issues. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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BIOINFORMATICS 18 hours

MODULE 4 7 hours

Introduction to bioinformatics, scope and relevance, genome, transcriptome, proteome.

Biological data bases. Nucleotide sequence database – NCBI, GenBank, DDBJ. Protein

sequence database – PDB, SWISS PROT. Organismal database – Saccharomyces genome

database. Biodiversity database – Species 2000. Information retrieval from Biological

database, sequence alignment types and tools- multiple sequence alignment, use of

BLAST, FASTA.

MODULE 5 11 hours

Genomics: DNA sequencing - Sanger,s procedure - automation of DNA sequencing,

genome sequence assembly, Genome projects – Major findings of the following genome

projects – Human, Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, Haemophilus influenza, application of

genome projects.

Proteomics - protein sequencing - Edman degradation method, automation of sequencing, protein structure prediction and modeling (Brief account only) A brief account on

Molecular phylogeny and phylogenetic trees. Molecular visualization – use of Rasmol. Molecular docking and computer aided drug design.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Preparation of nutrient medium – Murashige and Skoog medium, sterilization,

preparation of explants, inoculation. 2. Extraction of DNA from plant tissue. 3. Immobilization of whole cells or tissues in sodium alginate.

4. Determination of appropriate flower bud containing uninucleate pollen for anther

culture using cytological techniques

5. Study of genetic engineering tools and techniques using photographs/diagram (Southern blotting, DNA finger printing, PCR)

6. Visit a well equipped biotechnology lab and submit a report along with the

practical record. 7. Familiarizing with the different data bank mentioned in the syllabus. 8. Molecular visualization using Rasmol. 9. Blast search


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1. Understand the fundamental principles of biotechnology, various developments

in biotechnology and potential applications.

2. Make aware that the life forms and activities can be exploited for human advancement.

3. Impart an introductory knowledge about bio informatics to the students. 4. Use computers to handle biological data base. 5. Familiarize with the different data banks mentioned in the syllabus.

REFERENCES

1. Attwood T.K. & Parry Smith D.J. 2003. Introduction to Bioinformatics. Pearson Education. New Jersey.

2. Balasubramanian D., Bryce C. F. A., Dharmalingam K., Green J., Kunthala

Jayaraman 2007. Concepts in Biotechnology. University Press India Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi.

3. Becker J. M., Coldwell G.A. and Zachgo E.A. 2007. Biotechnology – A Laboratory Course Academic Press.

4. Brown T.A. 2010. Gene cloning and DNA analysis. Black Well publishing Ltd.,

UK.

5. Colin Ratledge and Bjorn Krishansen. 2008. Basic Biotechnology, Cambridge University Press, UK.

6. Dixon R.A. 2003. Plant Cell Culture. IRC Press, Oxford.

7. Dubey R.C. 2006. A Text Book of Biotechnology. S.Chand and Company, New Delhi.

8. Gupta P.K. 2006. Biotechnology and Genomics. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

9. Jeremy W. Dale and Malcolm Von Schantz 2003. From Genes to Genomes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., New York.

10. Jin XIong 2009. Essential Bioinformatics, Cambridge. 11. John E. Smith. 2006. Biotechnology, Cambridge University Press, UK.

12. Kalyan De Kumar 2006. Plant Tissue Culture. New Central Book Agency,

Calcutta. 13. Lewin B. 2008. Gene IX. Jones and Barlett Publications, US.

14. Narayana Swami S. 2005. Plant Cell & Tissue culture. Mc Graw Hill

Company,New York. 15. Prasad S. 2004. Impact of Plant Biotechnology on Horticulture. Agrobios, India 16. Purohit. S. S. 2004. A Laboratory Manual of Plant Biotechnology. Agro bios

India.

17. Rastogi S. C., Mendiratta M. and Rastogi P. 2004. Bioinformatics: concepts, Skills and Application. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delh

18. Singh B. D. 2007. Biotechnology. Expanding Horizon, Kalyani Publications, Ludhiana.



19. Sobti R.C and Suparna S. Panchauri 2009. Essentials of Biotechnology, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

20. Timir Baran Jha and Biswajith Ghosh 2007. Plant Tissue Culture, University

Press, New Delhi.

BO6B12TB: BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks: 60) Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No


(5/5) (5/8) (5/8) (2/4) Questions

1 20 1 2 2 2 7

2 11 1 2 2 1 6

3 5 1 1 1 - 3

4 7 1 1 1 - 3

5 11 1 2 2 1 6


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SEMESTER VI CORE PRACTICAL COURSE 03


BO6B03PB - GYMNOSPERMS, PALAEOBOTANY, EVOLUTION, CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

Time: Three hours Maximum: 40 Marks

1. Prepare a neatly stained micropreparation of materials A & B. Write the identifying characters and draw neat labeled diagrams.

Preparation - 1, Characters - 2, & Diagram – 2 (2 x 5 = 10)

2. Spot at sight C & D

Generic name – 1 & Part displayed - 1 (2 x 2 = 4)

3. Describe the fossils E (1 x 2 = 2)

4. Identify the scientist F and write an account on his contribution.

Identification – 1, contribution – 2 (1 x 3 = 3)

5. Prepare a squash of the given material G and identify two stages.

Preparation – 1, Identification with diagram – 2 (2 x 3 = 6)

6. Identify and write critical notes on the chromosomal anomaly in H.

Identification – 1 & Critical notes – 2 (1 x 3= 3)

7. Work out the problems I and J

Problem I- 3, Problem J - 4 (7 marks)


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1. A & B: Materials from vegetative parts of Gymnosperms.

2. C and D: Reproductive Structures of Gymnosperms.

3. E : Slide or pictures of Fossils.

4. F : Pictures of important evolutionarists.

5. G : Mitosis - any two important stages.

6. H : Pictures of Chromosomal anomalies

7. I & J : Genetics Problems. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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SEMESTE VI CORE PRACTICAL COURSE 04


BO6B04PB - ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY, SYSTEMATIC BOTANY,

ECONOMIC BOTANY, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STATISTICS


1. Identify the family of specimens A&B

Identification 1

Reasons 2 (2 x 3=6)

2. Draw the L.S. of the flower C. Construct the floral diagram and write its floral formula

Flower L.S. 2

Floral diagram 2

Floral formula 1 (1 x 5 = 5)

3. Identify and comment on D (fruit /inflorescence) (1 x 2 = 2)

4. Identify the Herbarium specimens E&F

Family 1

Binomial 1 (2 x 2= 4)

5. Idenify the given materials G&H (Economic botany/Ethno Botany)

Family 0.5

Binomial 0.5

Morphology of useful part 1 (2 x 2 =4)

6. Find out the arithmetic mean and standard deviation of I & J

(Mean= 4 marks, SD = 5 marks) (9 marks)

7. Adjust the pH of the given solution K. (1 x 5 = 5)

8. Practical Record (1 x 5 = 5)


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1. A & B: Materials from taxonomy

2. C: Flower and bud

3. D: Any one from the syllabus

4. E & F : Herbarium.

5. G & H : Material having economic /ethnobotanical importance, mentioned syllabus

6. I & J : Statistic Problems.

7. K: Solution for adjusting pH Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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BO6B05PB - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, ECOTOURISM, PLANT BREEDING AND HORTICULTURE


1. Estimate the CO2/ Cl2/ Salinity in the given water sample A

Procedure- 1

Experiment- 1

Calculation - 1

Result- 1 (1 x 4 = 4)

2. Find out the density/ abundance from the given data B (2 marks)

3. Prepare a neat hand section of the given material C. Write the anatomical

adaptation and draw a neat labeled diagram

Preparaion - 2

Labeled diagram - 2

Adaptation- 1 (1 x 5 = 5)

4. Conduct emasculation in the given material D

Preparation- 2

Diagram - 1

Procedure - 3 (1 x 6 = 6)

5. Conduct budding/grafting/layering in the given material E

Preparation- 2

Diagram - 1

Procedure - 3 (1 x 6 = 6)

6. Identify the garden tools F and G and write its uses

Identification- 1

Uses - 1 (2 x 2 = 4)

7. Identify and comment on the garden components H and I

Identification - 1

Comments - 3 (2 x 4 = 8)

8. Record (5 marks)


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1. A- Pond/tap water 2. B- Data table 3. C- Hydrophyte/ Xerophyte/Epiphyte material 4. D- Inflorescence of Caesalpina or Crotalaria 5. E- Suitable plant material 6. F, G- Any garden tools given in the syllabus 7. H, I- Photograph of any garden components given in the syllabus


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BO6B06PB - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS


1. Conduct the experiment A and calculate the results

Requirement 1

Setting the experiment 3

Labelled diagram 1

Result and inference 2 (1 x 7 = 7)

2. Comment on the experiment setup B

Aim 1

Procedure 2 (1 x 3 = 3)

3. Detect any one compound (carbohydrate/protein) in the given sample C

Identification test 1

Confirmatory test 4 (1 x 5 = 5)

4. Immobilize the given material D (whole cells / plant tissue) in alginate beads

Procedure 2

working 1

Results 1 (1 x 4 = 4)

5. Sterilize the given explant (E) and inoculate in to the medium supplied. Write down the

sequential steps you have followed including the concentration of sterilant and time of

sterilization and finial size of the inoculum used.

Steps followed 2

Working 2

Procedure 2 (1 x 6 = 6) 6. Using molecular visualization tool Rasmol show the information of

given protein F (Insulin/ Haemoglobin Set up the colour of background 1

Display H2 bond /Disulphide bond 1

Display the labels specified (amino acids) 1

Display the protein structure in model specified 1 (1 x 4 = 4)

7. Comment in G,H & I (3 x 2 = 6)


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1. A- determination of OP by plasmolytic method/comparison of stomatal indices of

2 plants/ paper chromatographic separation of chloroplast pigments/measurement

of rate of photosynthesis/estimation of pigments by colorimeter

2. B- any experiment for demonstration

3. C- Students should be supplied with samples containing non- reducing

sugar/reducing sugar/protein at random

4. D- Yeast cells /any plant tissue (meristem) can be provided

5. E- Shoot tip/ Stem/Leaf, Nodal segment can be given as explants.

6. F- Tool for Rasmol has to be installed in the computer provided to the students.

7. G,H &I- Equipment used in Genetic Engineering, Photographs or chemicals ,Tools

in Genetic Engineering procedures or protocols, Home page of NCBI, Icon of

Rasmol.


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CHOICE BASED CORE

COURSES


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CHOICE BASED CORE COURSE 13

BO6B13(a)TB - PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOGNOSY

COURSE CODE BO6B13(a)TB

TITLE OF THE COURSE PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND

PHARMACOGNOSY


IS TAUGHT



PRACTICAL - 0

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the principles of phytochemistry and to give them

a proper understanding of the important components of officinal drugs in

medicinal plants.

To make the learners competent to apply the knowledge of ayurveda as an effective form of medicine.

OBJECTIVES

The course will enable the learner to understand the principle compounds in medicinal plants used to prepare drugs.

Develop competency in the common separation and characterization techniques used in phytochemistry.


This course examines the core phytochemical approaches, extraction procedures

and study of the drug and aromatic plants. It goes on to study the common

medicinal plants , its extraction and chacterisation techniques and the ayurvedic

formulations using these plants. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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BO6B13(a)TB - PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOGNOSY PHYTOCHEMISTRY 54 hours MODULE 1 18 hours

Introduction to phytochemical approaches – morphological – organoleptic – microscopic - to study drug and aromatic plants. Extraction and chacterisation techniques: cold extraction, hot extraction, steam distillation –soxhlet and clevenger apparatus; solvents - petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, water.

Separation techniques -TLC, column chromatography, HPLC and HPTLC.

Characterization techniques - GC, UV Spectra and IR Spectra.

MODULE 2 12 hours Study of active principles of drug plants:

Alkaloids – introduction, properties, occurrence, structure, classification, functions, and pharmacological uses.

Triterpenoids - Introduction, properties, occurrence, classification, functions and

pharmacological uses.

Phenolics - Quinines - benzoquinones, napthoquinones, anthraquinone, and coumarins.

MODULE 3 24 hours Study of the following plants with special reference to:

Habit, habitat and systematic position and morphology of the useful part. Organoleptic, anatomical and chemical evaluation of the officinal part. Phytochemistry and major pharmacological action of plant drugs. Ayurvedic formulations using the plants

Tinospora cordifolia, Papaver somniferum, Aegle marmelos , Punica granatum,

Plumbago rosea, Adhatoda vasica, Withania somnifera, Achyranthes aspera, Asparagus

racemosus, Kaempheria galanga, , Sida acuta, Carica papaya, Azadirachta indica,

Glycirrhiza glabra, Phyllanthus amarus, Datura stramonium, , Hemidesmus indicus,

Aloe veera, Tylophora indica, , Acorus calamus. Plant defense mechanism, role of surface protectants - cutin, suberin and waxes. Biopesticides - sources, chemical principles and uses Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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PHARMOCOGNOSY 18 hours MODULE 4

Introduction, tools for identifying adulteration; methods in pharmocognosy - microscopy,

phytochemical methods - study of starch grains of maize, wheat, rice, potato, curcuma.

Cultivation practices, active principles and medicinal properties of the following medicinal plants

Andrographis paniculata Bacopa monneiri Piper longum Rauwolfia serpentina Vinca rosea

Classification of crude drugs: morphological classification, chemical classification, pharmacological classification.

Study of the following aromatic plants – volatile oils and methods of extraction - Vetiveria

zizanoides, Cinnamomum zeylanica, Sysygium aromaticum, Santalum album, Eucalyptus,

Ocimum bacilicum, Rosa, Mentha piperita


1. Understand the structure and function of basic secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants.

2. Familiarize with the common separation and characterization techniques used in

phytochemistry.

3. Understand the basic officinal part present in the common medical plants and their use in ayurvedic formulations

4. Knowledge of Ayurveda as an effective form of medicine. 5. Preparation of a home garden with medicinal plants.

REFERENCES

1. Ashutosh Kar 2006. Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology, New Age

International, New Delhi.

2. Atal C.K. and Kapur B. M. 1982. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants.

Regional Research Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Jammu-

Tawi.

3. Bhattacharjee S. K. 2003. Hand Book of Medicinal Plants, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur

4. Daniel M. 1991. Methods in Plant Chemistry and Economic Botany, Kalyani

publishers, New Delhi. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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5. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants with Active Principles Part I & II. 1980. CSIR ,New Delhi.

6. Indian Medicinal Plants (5Vols) 1994. Arya Vaidya Sala Kottackal, Orient longman

,New Delhi.

7. Irfan Ali Khan 2008. Medicinal and Aromatic plants of India. Ukaaz Publishers, Hyderabad.

8. Jain S. K. 2004. A Manual Of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, India

9. Khory R. N. 1999. Materia Medica of India and their Therapeutics. Komal Prakashan, Delhi.

10. Krishnaswamy N. R. 2003. Chemistry of Natural Products, Universities press,

Hyderabad.

11. Pushpangaden P. Nyman U.L.F. and George V. 2008. Glimpses of of Indian Ethno

Pharmacology. The Royan Danish School of Pharmacy Copenhagen, Denmark.

12. Trivedi P. C. 2007. Medicinal Plants Utilisation and Conservation. Avishkar Publishers. Jaipur.

13. Upadhyaya R. C. 2008. The treatise on Aromatic plants, Anmol Publications, New

Delhi

14. Wallis T.E . 1997. Text Book of Pharmacognosy. CBS Publication & distribution,New Delhi.

15. Wealth of India. (XI Vol ). 1985. CSIR publication.

BO6B13(a)TB - : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks: 60) Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No. of


1 20 1 3 3 2 9

2 14 1 2 2 1 6

3 2 1 - - - 1

4 7 1 1 1 - 3

5 11 1 2 2 1 6


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BO6B13(b)TB - AGRIBUSINESS

COURSE CODE BO6B13(b)TB

TITLE OF THE COURSE AGRIBUSINESS

SEMESTERINWHICH THE 6

COURSE IS TAUGHT



PRACTICAL - 0

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the principles of agribusiness and to give them a

proper understanding of the need for sustainable development and organic

farming

To make the learners competent to apply the business opportunities in the field of plant sciences.

OBJECTIVES

Enable the learner to understand the basics of entrepreneurship

Develop competency in composting techniques and sustainable agriculture .


This course examines the core basic qualities of an Entrepreneur. Financial

assistance from banks, role of institutions like MSME training institute, Khadi and

village industries board, self help groups, co-operative sector, Kudumbasree

projects and microenterprises. It goes on to study the preparation and preservation

techniques of value added food products, cultivation of vegetables, fruits and

medicinal plants, floriculture and apiculture. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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BO6B13(b)TB - AGRIBUSINESS

MODULE 1 18 hours

Entrepreneurship: Types, basic qualities of an Entrepreneur. Financial assistance from

banks, role of institutions like MSME training institute, Khadi and village industries

board, self help groups, co-operative sector, Kudumbasree projects and microenterprises. Value added food products: preparation and preservation techniques. Causes of Spoilage

of. Food. Principles of preservation – asepsis, removal of microorganisms, anaerobic

situation and special methods – drying, thermal processing – pasteurization, sterilization

and canning – low temperature, use of chemical preservatives and food additives.

Preparation of wine, vinegar, pickles, jam, jelly, syrups, sauce, dry fruits, dairy products –

(cheese, butter, yoghurt, paneer), candies, chocolates, payasam, kondattum

MODULE 2 18 hours

Processing techniques: Processing of latex – Centrifuged latex products and galvanized

rubber products. Processing, storage and marketing of Cocoa, Coconut (Copra ,Coir and

Tender coconut), Rice (par boiled, raw rice and rice flour), Pepper, Cardamom, Ginger,

Arrowroot, Tapioca, Cashew, Mango, Jack fruit, Guava, Grapes, Lemon, Papaya, Musa,

Garcinia. Basic principles of preparation of Lehyam and Decoction.

Nursery management: Preparation of potting mixtures, polybags. Plant Growth structures – green houses, shaded houses, polyshed, mist chamber, sprinkling system, drip irrigation.

Modern strategies in propagation by root initiation of cutting, layering technique, budding

and grafting technique – Micropropagation; Planting, Transplanting and Hardening of

seedlings, After care of seedlings. Packing and transporting of seedlings.

MODULE 3 18 hours

Organic farming and composting techniques: Organic manures and fertilizers,

Composition of fertilizers. NPK content of various fertilizers and preparation of fertilizer

mixtures.Common organic manures – bone meal, cow dung, poultry waste, oil cakes,

organic mixtures and compost. Preparation of compost –aerobic and anaerobic-

advantages and limitations. Vermicompost – preparation - Vermiwash. – preparation.

Biofertilizers – Definition and preparation of different types – Trichoderma, Rhizobium,

PGPR, PSB, mycorrhiza. Application of Biofertilizers. Biopesticides – Tobacco and

Neem decoction. Biological control of disease and pests. Organic traps – Natural dyes.


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Bachelor’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam Cultivation of vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants: Types – Home gardening, Market

gardening and Truck gardening, Packing and Transporting of Vegetables. Organic farming

of fruit crops – Packing and Transporting of fruits. Induction of flowering and weed

control. Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic plants of common use and great demand.

MODULE 4 18 hours

Floriculture and apiculture : Problems and prospects of Floriculture in Kerala. Scope of

growing Anthurium, Orchids and Jasmine in Kerala. Common cut flowers – Rose,

Gerbera, Gladiolus, Aster, Chrysanthemum, Daisys, Carnation, Golden rod, Anthurium,

Orchids, Lilium and Limolium. Common leaves used in flower arrangement – Cyprus,

Podocarpus, Asparagus, Palms, Cycads, Ferns and Eucalyptus. Apiculture – Scope and

Significance Structure, Installation and maintenance of an Apiarium. Extraction, Processing, preservation and Marketing of Honey. Flower arrangement: Types - Western, Eastern (Japanese/ Ikebana) and Modern. Wases,

Flower Holders and Floral Foam. Wase life of flowers and leaves. After care of flower

arrangements – Bouquets. Packing and Maintenance of flowers and leaves. Ornamental Garden designing: Use of different garden components. Lawn preparation by

seeds, seedling and turfing. Maintenance of garden by irrigation, Pruning, re-potting.

Disease and Pest control. Mushroom cultivation and Farming: Mushrooms – Significance – Nutritive value Types of Mushrooms – Button – Pleurotus, Volvorella. Spawn production, storage and

marketing. Growth of Mushrooms on Paddy Straw and Saw dust by Poly bag. Mushroom

growing structures and maintenance of humidity. Pests and defects of mushrooms. Storage, Transporting and Marketing of Mushrooms. COURSE COMPETENCIES

1. Inculcate and impart an idea about the business opportunities in the field of plant

sciences.

2. Develop an entrepreneurial mindset and also to stick on to the core subject among the botany students.

3. Give an idea about the need of sustainable development and organic farming.

4. Harness the opportunities and potentials in the field of ecotourism, processing technology and food sciences.

5. Help the student to explore the potentialities of organic farming in the current

scenario. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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REFERENCES

1. Adams M.R and M.O. Moss 1995. Food Microbiology. Panima Publishing.

2. Casida L.E. (Jr.). 2005. Industrial Microbiology. New Age International, New Delhi.

3. Chandha K.L. 2003. Handbook of Horticulture. ICAR. New Delhi. 4. Frazier and Westhoff 1988. Food Microbiology. Tata McGraw – Hill.

5. George Acquciah 2004. Horticulture – Principles and Practices. II Edn. Prentice

Hall. India.

6. George J. Banwant 2004. Basic Food Microbiology. CBS Publishers and Distributors.

7. Gopal Chandha De 2002. Fundamentals of Agronomy. Oxford and IBH

Publishing House, New Delhi.

8. Hudson T. Hartmann and Dale E. Kester 2001. Plant Propagation, Principles

and Practices. 6th

Edn. Prentice Hall. India. 9. James M. Jay 2005. Modern Food Microbiology. CBS Publishers and

Distributors, New Delhi.

10. Kalian Kumar De 1996. Plant Tissue Culture. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd., New Delhi.

11. Kaul T. N. 2002. Biology and Conservation of Mushroom. Oxford and IBH

Publishing Co. UK.

12. Kunte, Kawthalkar and Yawalker. 1997. Principles of Horticulture and Fruit Growing. Agri –Horticulture Co.

13. Neshamani S. 2000. Pazhangal, Pazhavibhavangal (Malayalam). Kerala Bhasha Institute.Trivandrum.

14. Pandey R. K. and S.K. Ghosh 1996. A Hand Book on Mushroom Cultivation.

Emkey Publications, New Delhi.

15. Prem Singh Arya 2004. Vegetable Seed Production Principles. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

16. Prince Alex, Rajani A. Nair. 2003. Ayurveda Avshodha Nirmanam –

Sidhanthavum Prayogavum Malayalam, Kerala Bhasha Institute, Trivandrum.

17. Purohit S.S. 2005. Plant Tissue Culture. Student Edition. ABD Publishers, Jaipur.

18. Razdan M.K. 1995. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. 2nd

Edn. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co, New Delhi.

19. Rema L.P. 2006. Applied Biotechnology. MJP Publishers, New Delhi.

20. Sharma, R.R. 2005. Propagation of Horticultural Crops. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.


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BO6B13(b)TB : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks - 60)

Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No. of


1 18 1 2 2 1 6

2 18 2 2 2 1 7

3 18 1 2 2 1 6

4 18 1 1 2 1 6




BO6B13(c)TB - PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

COURSE CODE BO6B13(c)TB

TITLE OF THE COURSE PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES

MANAGEMENT

SEMESTERINWHICH THE 6

COURSE IS TAUGHT



PRACTICAL - 0

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the principles of plant genetic resources

management and to give them a proper understanding of the important aspects

of conservation of genetic resources. To make the learners competent to apply the knowledge of ethnobotany its

significance and scope with respect to food, shelter and medicine.

OBJECTIVES

The course will enable the learner to understand ethnobotany in relation to conservation of genetic resources.

Develop competency in mushroom cultivation and cultivation of fruits and

vegetables as a part of organic farming


This course examines the core plantation crops– scope and importance of

plantation crops. It goes on to study the role of governmental and non-

governmental organizations in plant genetic resources Management, exploration

and collection of genetic resources, under - utilized plants and their importance,

importance of fruits its classification, role of fruits in Indian economy, taxonomy

and cultivation of banana, pineapple and mango. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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BO6B13(c)TB - PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 9 hours

Historical developments in crop botany. Centres of origin and diversity of crop plants, primary and secondary centres, Vavilovian concept.

Exploration and collection of genetic resources- importance of wild relatives of crop plants and their genetic diversity in crop improvement.

MODULE 2 9 hours

Conservation of genetic resources. (i) in situ: biosphere reserves, national parks and wild

life sanctuaries; (ii) ex situ- (a) in vivo: botanic gardens, field gene banks; (b) in vitro:

seed banks ( short term, medium term and long term storage of seeds), tissue culture

storage and cryopreservation.

Role of governmental and non-governmental organizations in plant genetic resources

Management: Governmental organisations– Regional – TBGRI and KFRI; National - BSI

and NBPGR; International – IPGRI (IBPGR) and ICRISAT. Non Governmental

Organizations – herbal gardens and nurseries.

MODULE 3 18 hours

Major threat to the genetic resources: human interference and deforestation, over

exploitation of resources. Endemism and hot Spots. Documentation of endangered and

threatened plants- red data book. Remote sensing : principle – concept of remote sensing

and components of remote sensing. Application of remote sensing in conservation of

endangered plants and habitat studies. IUCN- role and activities. Ethnobotany its significance and scope with respect to food, shelter and medicine.

Ethnobotany in relation to conservation of genetic resources: mythology and conservation

of eco-systems, sacred groves and their role in the conservation of gene pool; taboos for

conservation of selected plant species.

MODULE 4 18 hours

Important food, medicinal and aromatic plants of Kerala state – taxonomy, cultivation and

uses of rice, tapioca, elephant foot yam, cow pea, bitter gourd, ginger, black pepper,

nutmeg, cardamom, coffee, vasaka, Aloe and lemon grass.


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MODULE 5 18 hours

Plantation crops– scope and importance of plantation crops; taxonomy, cultivation and useful products of rubber, cashew, coconut and tea. Importance of fruits: classification of fruits, role of fruits in Indian economy, taxonomy and cultivation of banana, pineapple and mango. Under utilised plants and their importance - future food requirements. Botany and uses of the following under exploited edible plants.

Vegetable; winged bean, sword bean, cluster bean, ridge gourd, bottle gourd, little gourd,

lesser yam, Chinese potato. Fruits; Artocarpus heterophyllus , Artocarpus hirsutus, Anona,

Rambutan, Rose apple. Mushroom cultivation and spawn production – paddy straw, oyster and milky mushrooms.


1. Acquaint the student with the history and evolution of crop plants, and their diversity.

2. Familiarize the student with the available plant genetic wealth and the measures

adopted for the conservation of these resources. 3. Help the student to identify the crop plants and their wild relatives.

4. Help the student to explore the potentialities of various underutilized plants to

project as the future food prospects.

5. Understand the significance of modern technology to locate the distribution of endangered species.

REFERENCES

1. Amal Kumar Mondal. 2005. Advanced Plant Taxonomy-chapter XI. Remote

sensing Technology and Vegetation Classification pp.391 - 406, New Central Book Agency, Kolkata.

2. Arora R. K. & E. R. Nayar 1984. Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India, NBPGR,

New Delhi.

3. Chang S.T. & Miles P.G. 1979. Edible Mushrooms and their Cultivation, Boca Raton, CRC Press.

4. Erich Hoyt 1998. Conserving Wild Relatives of Crops, Rome, IPGRI.

5. FAO .1989. Plant Genetic Resources: their Conservation for Human use, Rome Italy.


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6. Frankel O.H. and E. Bennet 1970. Genetic Resources of Plants: their Exploration and Conservation, Oxford, Blackwell.

7. Guarino Ramanatha Rao & Reid (eds). 1995. Collecting Plant Genetic Diversity:

Technical Guidelines; CAB International. 8. Harlan J.R. 1975. Crops and Man. Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy. 9. ICAR .1969. Handbook of Agriculture, New Delhi. 10. Kirtikar K. R and B.D. Basu 1991. Indian Medicinal Plants, Dehra Dun.

11. Nair M. C. (ed). 1990. Mushrooms Tech. Bulletin 17, Kerala Agri. Univ. Pub.

Mannuthy. Thrissur.

12. Panda B. C. 2008. Remote Sensing- Principles and Applications, Viva Books. New Delhi.

13. Paroda R. S and R. K Arora 1991. Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and

Management, NBPGR , New Delhi.

14. Patel D. P., V. D. Verma., T.R. Loknathan, M.N. Koppar and K.P.S. Chandel (eds) 1997. Crop Improvement through Plant Genetic Resources (Evaluation, maintenance and documentation, NBPGR. New Delhi.

15. Peter K. V & Z. Abraham 2007. Biodiversity in Horticultural Crops Vol.1, Daya

Publishing House. New Delhi.

16. Purseglove J.W. 1974. Tropical Crops Dicotyledons, Longerman Group Ltd, London.

17. Purseglove J.W. 1975. Tropical Crops Monocotyledons, Longerman Group Ltd.,

London.

18. Rana R. S., R. K. Saxena, R. K Tyagi, S. Saxena and V. Mitter .1994. ex -situ conservation of Plant Genetic Resources, NBPGR, New Delhi.

19. Samba Murty A.V.S.S. and N.S. Subramanyam 1989. A text book of Economic

Botany. Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi. 20. Simmonds N. W. 1976. Evolution of Crop Plants, Longman Group Ltd, London.

BO6B13(c)TB : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks: 60) Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No.


(5/5) (5/8) (5/8) (2/4) Questions

1 9 1 1 1 - 3

2 9 1 1 1 1 4

3 18 1 2 2 1 6

4 18 1 2 2 1 6

5 18 1 2 2 1 6


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OPEN COURSE

(OFFERED FOR OTHER

BACHELOR’S PROGRAMME)


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OPEN COURSE 01

BO5D01TB - HORTICULTURE AND NURSERY MANAGEMENT

COURSE CODE BO5D01TB

TITLE OF THE COURSE HORTICULTURE AND NURSERY

MANAGEMENT


COURSE IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL-0


PRACTICAL- 0

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the art of gardening, soil management, plant propagation methods, irrigation and plant protection measures.

To make them competent in the various aspects of gardening, vegetable,

fruit and flower cultivation techniques, marketing procedures and enable

them to apply this science for the betterment of human life. OBJECTIVES

To help the learners to understand the importance of horticulture in human welfare.

To enable them to understand the impact of modern technologies of biology

on horticultural plants. COURSE OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT

This course is focused to understand the significance of horticulture and nursery industry

in human welfare. It provides deep knowledge regarding growing of plants on commercial

scale, processing and marketing of plant products. The course also gives emphasis to the

study the art and principles of establishing outdoor and indoor gardens, the various

components of gardening, landscaping and its significance and beautification of public

places and home gardens. The on hand training programme enables them to handle various

garden tools, know in detail about soil and its characteristics, planting and propagation

methods and develop practical skills to apply these techniques for betterment of society. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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OPEN COURSE 01

BO5D01TB - HORTICULTURE AND NURSERY MANAGEMENT

HORTICULTURE 54 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Introduction to horticulture - definition, classification of horticultural plants, disciplines

of horticulture. Soil - types, texture, pH and fertility. Garden tools and implements.

Preparation of nursery beds; manures and fertilizers - farm yard manure, compost,

vermicompost, biofertilizers;- chemical fertilizers, NPK. Foliar spray. Irrigation methods -

surface, sub, drip and spray irrigations - advantages and disadvantages. MODULE 2 9 hours

Propagation of horticultural plants – Seed propagation - Seed development and

viability, seed dormancy. Seed bed preparation and seedling transplanting. Advantages

and disadvantages of seed propagation. Vegetative propagation – Methods of natural

propagation. Methods of artificial vegetative propagation - cutting, layering, grafting and

budding. Advantages and disadvantages of vegetative propagation. MODULE 3 18 hours

Gardening - outdoor gardens, indoor gardens, kitchen gardens, aquatic gardens. Garden

components - lawn, shrubs, trees, climbers, foliage plants, flower beds, borders, hedges,

edges, drives, walks, topiary, trophy, rockery. Garden adornments. Landscape gardening.

Bonsai. Commercial floriculture – Cut flowers. Cultivation of Jasmine, Orchid and Rose.

Flower arrangement – Fresh flower arrangement and Dry flower arrangement. MODULE 4 18 hours

Olericulture - Types of vegetable growing - home gardens and market gardens.

Cultivation practices of leafy vegetable (Amarathus), tuber (Potato), fruit (Tomato), flower

(Cauliflower). Pomology- Cultivation of fruit crops - mango, banana and pine apple -

preparation of land, spacing, planting, irrigation, hormones, harvesting and storage.

Methods of vegetable and fruit preservation - temporary and permanent - agents for fruit

preservation. Preparation of pickles, jams, jellies and squashes using locally available

fruits.

Plant protection techniques – Plant pathogens and pests. Plant diseases - viral (bunchy

top of banana), bacterial (canker in citrus) and fungal (damping off in chilly). Chemical

means of disease control – common fungicides and pesticides. Biological means of disease


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Bachelor’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam control. biopesticides and biological control. Hazards of chemical pesticides. Methods of application – spraying and dusting. Weeds and weed control.

NURSERY MANAGEMENT 18 hours

MODULE 5 18 hours

Nursery - definition, types, management strategies - planning, layout, budgeting - production unit, sales unit.

Plant growing structures – concept of modified climate for cultivation of vegetables and garden plants. Green houses, fernery, orchidarium, arbetorium. Hands on Training

Preparation of potting mixture. Working knowledge and identification of garden tools and implements.

Practical knowledge in different plant propagation techniques listed in

syllabus. Visit a well established nursery and submit report.


1. Help in acquainting the students with scope and branches of horticulture, soil and management of soil

2. Develop knowledge regarding the various methods of plant propagation.

3. Create awareness regarding gardening techniques, cultivation of flowers on commercial basis, flower arrangement and principles of landscaping and its

importance in society.

4. Acquire knowledge regarding the cultivation, preservation and marketing of

vegetables and fruits and their products.

5. Know the various plant protection measures and application of agrochemicals.

REFERENCES

1. Adams C.R., Early M.P. 2004. Principles of Horticulture. Elsevier, New Delhi. 2. Baker, R. J. 1986. Selection indices in plant breeding. CRC Press, Inc.

3. Barton West R. 1999. Practical Gardening in India. Discovery Publishing

House, New Delhi.

4. Edmond J.B., Senn T.L., Andrews F.S., Halfacre P.G. 1975. Fundamentals of

Horticulture. 4th

Edn.TMH, New Delhi. 5. John Weathers. 1993. Encyclopaedia of Horticulture. Discovery Publishing

House, New Delhi Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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6. Jules Janick 1979. Horticultural Science. Surjeet publications, New Delhi.

7. Kumar N. 1994. Introduction to Horticulture. Rajalakshmi Publishers, Nagarcoil.

8. Linda William 2005. Ornamental Science - Demystified, Tata McGraw Hill

Company. 9. Manibhushan Rao K. 1991. Text Book of Horticulture. Macmillan India Ltd.

10. Mazundar B.C. and P.M. Mukhopadhyay 2006. Principles & Practices of

Herbal Garden. Daya Publishing House, Delhi. 11. Percy Lancasher 2004. Gardening in India. Oxford IBH Publishers, London.

12. Randhawa G.S., Mukhopadhyay A. 1986. Floriculture in India. Allied

Publishers, Ahamedabad.

13. Sadhu M.K. 1996. Plant Propagation. New Age International publishers, New Delhi.

14. Schilletter J.C., Richey H.W. 1999. Text Book of General Horticulture. Biotech

Books, New Delhi. 15. Vishnu Swarup 1997. Ornamental Horticulture. Mac. Millan India Ltd.

BO5D01TB : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks – 80)

Module Hours Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No. (1 Mark) (2 Marks) (6 Marks) 15 Marks of 6/6 7/10 5/8 2/4 Questions

1 9 1 2 1 1 5

2 9 1 2 2 - 5

3 18 1 4 3 1 9

4 18 2 1 1 1 5

5 18 1 1 1 1 4


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COMPLEMENTARY

COURSES

(OFFERED FOR B. Sc. ZOOLOGY

PROGRAMME)


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COMPLEMENTARY COURSE 01 BO1C01TB - CRYPTOGAMS AND GYMNOSPERMS

COURSE CODE BO1C01TB

TITLE OF THE COURSE CRYPTOGAMS AND

GYMNOSPERMS


IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the diversity existing in the plant world and to develop in them a keen interest in hidden treasures of the plant world.

To make them understand the various aspects of microbiology, phycology,

mycology, lichenology, bryology, pteridology and gymnosperms so that they will

develop a research aptitude, which in turn will enable them to stride towards

wider application of the learned topics. OBJECTIVES

To help the learners to understand the development of complexities in the plant world from the lower organisms to the highly evolved forms

To enable them to develop an awareness regarding the unique features of

different groups of lower plants.


This course is focused on revealing the features of the five kingdom classification of

plants by Whittaker. It introduces the learners to the general features and diversity of

the plant world. It explores the world of microbes, their unique features, genetic

recombination in them, industrial and other economic importance of microbes. The

course also gives emphasis on the study of different classes of algae, fungi, lichens,

bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms giving importance to their

characteristic features, diversity and economic importance. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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COMPLEMENTARY COURSE 01

BO1C01TB - CRYPTOGAMS AND GYMNOSPERMS MODULE 1 5 hours Viruses : General account, structure of Tobacco Mosaic Viruses ( TMV), Mode of infection - T phages. Bacteria: Classification, structure, nutrition chemosynthesis, respiration, reproduction (binary fission). Economic importance- agriculture, industry, & medicine. Archaebacteria. MODULE 2 18 hours Algae (Phycology) classification, main features of structure, and life history of the following groups Cyanophyceae : Nostoc Chlorophyceae : Volvox, Oedogonium, Cladophora Phaeophyceae: Ectocarpus Rhodophyceae : Polysiphonia. Economic importance of Algae.

Fungi (Mycology): Classification, main features of structure & life history of the

following groups. Phycomycetes: Phytophthora Ascomycetes: Peziza Basidiomycetes:

Puccinia. Economic importance of fungi. MODULE 3 9 hours

Lichens ( Lichenology ) : Classification & general account . Type: Usnea

Bryophytes ( Bryology ): General account. Type : Riccia

Pteridophytes ( Pteridology ): General account. Type : Selaginella

MODULE 4 4 hours

Gymnosperms : Classification and general account. Type: Cycas

PRACTICALS 36 hours

Study the diagnostic features and identification of the following genera based on morphological, anatomical and reproductive structures. Algae - Nostoc, Volvox, Oedogonium, Cladophora, Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia. Fungi – Peziza and Puccinia. Lichens – Usnea. Bryophyte – Riccia. Pteridophyte – Selaginella. Gymnosperms – Cycas. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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COURSE COMPETENCIES

1. Acquaintance of students to the world of microbes. 2. Understand the diversity and characters of algae and fungi. 3. Understand the diversity of lichens, bryophytes and pteridophytes. 4. Develop knowledge regarding the diversity and characters of gymnosperms. 5. Knowledge about the lower forms of life.

REFERENCES

1. Ahamadjan B., Vernon S. & Mason H.E. 1973. Lichens. New Your Academic

Press.

2. Alexopaulose C.J. & Mims C.W. 1993. Introductory Mycology. New York. Wiley Eastern.

3. Bhatia K.N. 1975. A Treatise on Algae. New Delhi. S. Chand & Company, New

Delhi. 4. Bhatnagar S.P. & Moitra A. 2000. Gymnosperms. New Age International Ltd.

5. Biswas C. & John B.M. 2004. Gymnosperms. Narosa Publishing House, New

Delhi.

6. Biswas S. B. & Biswas A. 1973. An Introduction to Viruses. Vikas Publishing

House. New Delhi. Bhatnagar S.P. & Moitra A. 2000. Gymnosperms. New Age

International Ltd.

7. Datta S.C. 2008. An Introduction to Gymnosperms. Kalyan Publishing Company, New Delhi.

8. Fristch F.B. 1945. Structure and Reproduction of Algae – Vol. I & II. Cambridge

Uty. Press, Cambridge. 9. Kanika Sharma 2009. Manual of Microbiology. New Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

10. Rashid A. 1999. An Introduction to Pteridophyta. Vikas Publishing House. New

Delhi. 11. Sharma O.P. 2002 Gymnosperms. Pragathi Prakashan, New Delhi.

12. Sharma P.D. 2003. Microbiology and Plant Pathology. Rastogi Publications.

Delhi. 13. Sharma P.D. 2003. The Fungi. Rastogi Publications. Delhi. 14. Sporne K.R. 1982. Morphology of Pteridophytes. Hutchinson University Press.

15. Vashishta B.R. and Sinha A.K. 2003. Bryophyta. S Chand & Company, New

Delhi. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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BO1C01TB : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks - 60)

Module Hours Part A Part B Part C Part D Total No. (1 Mark) (2 Marks) (5 Marks) (10 Marks) of 5/5 5/8 5/8 2/4 Questions

1 5 1 1 1 1 4

2 18 2 4 4 1 11

3 9 1 2 2 1 6

4 4 1 1 1 1 4


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SEMESTER I COMPLEMENTARY COURSE 01


BO1C01TB - CRYPTOGAMS AND GYMNOSPERMS

Time: Three Hours Maximum: 60 Marks PART A

I. Answer all questions (1 mark each).

1. Describe corolloid roots. 2. Explain archebacteria . 3. What is an apothecium? 4. Comment on economic importance of Lichens. 5. What are pyrenoids? (5x1=5)

PART B

II. Answer any five of the following (2 marks each).

6. Differentiate nannandrous and macrandrous species. 7. Explain the structure of Cycas microsporophyll. 8. What is alternation of generations? Give an example. 9. Describe the process chemosynthesis. 10. What are the methods of vegetative reproduction in Lichens? 11. Explain the morphology of Selaginella rhizophore. 12. Describe the thallus structure of Cladophora. 13. Comment on the different types of spores in Puccinia. (5x2=10)

PART C

III. Answer any five of the following (5 marks each).

14. Comment on the economic importance of algae. 15. Describe the cell structure of Cladophora. 16. Describe the thallus structure of Riccia. 17. Explain the structure of a bacteriophage. 18. What are the salient features of Selaginella? 19. Describe with diagram the structure of Cycas ovule. 20. Explain the asexual methods of reproduction in algae. 21. Write on the structure of apothecium in Peziza. (5x5=25)



PART D

IV. Answer any two of the following (10 marks each).

22. Describe with diagrams the anatomical features of Selaginella stem and rhizophore.

23. Explain the life cycle of Cycas. 24. Describe the economic importance of bacteria. 25. With suitable diagrams explain sexual reproduction in Oedogonium.

(2x10=20) Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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COMPLEMENTARYCOURSE 02

BO2C02TB - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND CROP PATHOLOGY


TITLE OF THE COURSE PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND CROP PATHOLOGY

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE 2 COURSE IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the various physiological processes in lower and higher plants.

To introduce them to the common plant diseases that affect crops and their

preventive and remedial measures. OBJECTIVES

To help the learner to understand the different physiological phenomena occurring in plants.

To understand the significance of various physiological processes to biosphere

as a whole.

To enable the students to identify common plant diseases and understand their effective control measures.


This course is focused on the various physiological aspects occurring in lower and

higher plants and the significance of each. It also deals with the common plant

diseases, their causative organisms and effective control measures. All topics dealt

in this course are having importance in the daily life situations and has scope for

research.


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COMPLEMENTARYCOURSE 02

BO2C02TB - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND CROP PATHOLOGY PLANT PHYSIOLOGY MODULE 1 9 hours

Water relations of plants: (a) Physical aspects of water absorption – imbibition, diffusion

and osmosis. Plant cell as an osmotic system. Diffusion pressure deficit, water potential,

plasmolysis. (b) Mechanism of absorption of water. Active and passive absorption.

Transpiration – types, structure and mechanism of stomatal transpiration, (theories),significance and factors affecting transpiration, antitranspirants, Guttation. MODULE 2 9 hours

Photosynthesis : structure of chloroplast, Pigments, Red drop and Emerson‟s enhancement

effect, Two pigment systems, Light and dark reactions, C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms.

Factors affecting photosynthesis – external and internal. Photorespiration.

MODULE 3 14 hours

Translocation of organic solutes : Path and mechanism of Translocation, Munch mass flow hypothesis. Nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen cycle.

Seed dormancy, factors causing seed dormancy, photoblsatism, techniques to break seed

dormancy, mechanism of seed germination, factors affecting seed germination, fruit

development and process of fruit ripening.

Growth and Movements : Sigmoind curve, measurement of growth, growth hormones.

Scenescence and abscission. Tropic and nastic movements. Photoperiodism and

Vernalization.

CROP PATHOLOGY MODULE 4 4 hours Classification of plant diseases based of causative organisms and symptoms.

Study of the following diseases - name of disease, causative organisms, symptoms and control measures.

Leaf mosaic of Tapioca. Bacterial blight of Rice. Nut fall of Arecanut.



PRACTICALS 36 hours Students should be trained to carry out or demonstrate the following experiments Core Experiments

1. Determination of osmotic pressure by plasmolytic method. 2. Separation of chlorophyll pigment by paper chromatography.

3. Effect of Carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis by Hydrilla

plants. 4. Demonstration of osmosis using plant membrane.

Demonstration Experiments

1. Determination of transpiration under different environmental conditions using Ganong‟s /Farmer‟s Potometer.

2. Relation between transpiration and absorption. 3. Evolution of O2 during photosynthesis. 4. Ganong‟s light screen experiment. 5. Mohl‟s half leaf experiment. 6. Experiment with variegated leaf. 7. Measurement of growth using Arc Auxanometer. 8. Experiment with Klinostat.


1. Familiarize with the fundamental physiological processes occurring in plants. 2. Familiarize the process of plant metabolism and role of plants in sustaining nature.

3. Aware of the physiology of growth and development and relate the application of plant physiology in different fields of science.

4. Awareness regarding the various plant diseases, their mechanism of infection,

transmission and dissemination, measures adopted to control plant diseases and

impact of plant diseases on agriculture. 5. Knowledge about the plant diseases and their control measures.

REFERENCES

1. Bilgrami K.S. Dube H.C. 1976. A Text Book of Modern Plant Pathology. Vikas

Publishing House, New Delhi. 2. Devlin P. Withan S. 1984. Plant Physiology. CBS Publications, New Delhi. 3. George N. Agrios 1988. Plant Pathology. Academic Press Ltd., London.

4. Gupta V.K. & Paul T.S. 2004. Fungi and Plant Diseases. Kalyani Publishers. New

Delhi.


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5. Jain V.K. 2008. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.

6. Kochhar P.L. & Krishnamoorthy H.N. 1982. Plant Physiology. Atmaram & Sons.

Lucknow. Delhi. 7. Malik C.P. 2002. Plant Physiology. Kalyani Publishers, Delhi.

8. Noggle G.R. & Fritz G.J. 1978. Introductory Plant Physiology. Prentice Hall.

India.

9. Pandey S.N. & Sinha B.K. 1989. Plant Physiology. Vikas Publishing House. New Delhi.

10. Rangaswamy A.M. 1982. Diseases of Crop Plants in India. S.Chand and Co,. New

Delhi.

11. Salisbury F.B. & Ross C.W. 1984. Plant Physiology. Wadsworth Publishing Co., New Delhi.

12. Sinha A.K. 2004. Modern Plant Physiology. Narasa Publishing House, New Delhi. 13. Srivasthava H.S. 2004. Plant Physiology. Rastogi Publications. 14. Taiz L and Zeiger E. 2003. Plant Physiology (3

rd Edition). Panima Publishing

Corporation, New Delhi. 15. Verma V. 2007. Text Book of Plant Physiology. Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

BO2C02TB : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks - 60)

Module Hours Part A Part B Part C Part D Total (1 Mark) (2 Marks) (5 Marks) (10 Marks) No. 5/5 5/8 5/8 2/4 Questions

1 9 1 2 2 1 15

2 11 2 2 2 1 26

3 12 1 3 3 1 32

4 4 1 1 1 1 18


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SEMESTER II COMPLEMENTARY COURSE 02


BO2C02TB - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND CROP PATHOLOGY Time: Three Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

PART A I. Answer all questions (1 mark each).

1. Describe a sigmoid curve.

2. Explain diffusion.

3. What is RUBISCO?

4. What are CAM plants?

5. What are epidemic diseases? (5x1=5)

PART B II. Answer any five of the following (2 marks each).

6. Briefly explain the plant as an osmotic system.

7. Explain the role of hormones in abscission.

8. What is Emerson‟s enhancement?

9. Describe the changes and process of fruit ripening.

10. What are the control measures for Bacterial blight in Rice?

11. What is photorespiration?

12. Describe the structure of stomata with neat labeled diagram.

13. What is symbiotic nitrogen fixation? (5x2=10)

PART C

III. Answer any five of the following (5 marks each).

14. Comment on seed dormancy.

15. Describe the role of antitranspirants.

16. What is seed dormancy? What are the methods to break seed dormancy?

17. Explain the structure of a chloroplast with neat diagram.

18. What are the factors affecting transpiration?


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19. Describe the symptoms and control measures of Nut fall of Arecanut.

20. Explain Munch hypothesis.

21. What is photoperiodism? Explain.

(5x5=25)

PART D Answer any two of the following (10 marks each).

22. Describe the various physical aspects of water absorption.

23. Explain the process of phloem translocation.

24. Describe the classification of plant diseases based on causative organisms and

symptoms.

25. Explain carbon fixation in C3 and C4 plants.

(2x10=20)


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SEMESTER II COMPLEMENTARY PRACTICAL COURSE 01


BO2C01PB – CRYPTOGAMS, GYMNOSPERMS, CROP PATHOLOGY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY`

Time: Three Hours Maximum: 40 Marks

1. Make suitable micro preparations of A and B, stain and mount in glycerine, draw, label the parts and identify giving reasons. (Preparation - 2, Labeled diagram - 2, Identification - 0.5 & Reasons - 1.5)

(2 x 6 = 12)

2. Identify C with reasons and draw diagram.

(Identification - 1, Reason – 1 & Labeled diagram – 2) (1 x 4 = 4)

3. Identify at sight D, E, F and G

(Parts displayed – 0.5& Genus – 0.5) (4 x1 = 4)

4. Write note on pathological interest of H.

(Name of disease - 1, Causative organism - 1 & Symptoms -1) (1 x 3 = 3)

5. Conduct the experiment I. Write the requirements, aim and procedure.

(Requirements - 1, Aim – 1, Working – 3 & Procedure – 2) (1 x 7 = 7)

6. With suitable diagram, write the aim and working of experiment J.

(Diagram - 1, Aim – 1 & Working -3) (1 x 5 = 5)



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1. A & B - Materials from vegetative parts of Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes or Gymnosperms.

2. C - Algae with reproductive structures.

3. D, E, F & G - Vegetative and Reproductive structures of Fungi, Bryophyte, Pteridophyte and Gymnosperms

4. H - Plant Disease.

5. I - Physiology core experiments.

6. J - Physiology demonstration Experiments. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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BO3C03TB – ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY


TITLE OF THE COURSE ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY AND

ECONOMIC BOTANY


IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

Acquaint the students to identify the common species of plants growing in

Kerala and their systematic position. To learn the preparation of herbarium. To help them to know the plants having immense economic importance.

To study the plants of ethno botanical interest. OBJECTIVES

To acquaint the students to with the aims, objectives and significance of taxonomy.

To help the students to develop inductive and deductive reasoning ability COURSE OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT

This course finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names the plants, thus making

it one of the main branches of botany. The context is the study of identification,

taxonomy and nomenclature of plants, with regard to their natural relationships and

the study of variation and the evolution of taxa, and also to study the medicinal

properties of plants having immense economic importance.




BO3C03TB – ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

MODULE 1 36 hours

ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY 18 hours

Importance of plant classification, types of classification, binomial nomenclature,ICN, Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy.

Herbarium techniques: Field study, field note, vasculum, plant press, disinfecting and mounting, labeling, importance of herbarium.

Bentham and Hooker‟s system of classification.

Morphology of Angiosperms – flowers, inflorescence, fruits

Study of the following families according to Bentham and Hookers system of

classification with special reference to major identifying characters and economic

importance : Annonaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Leguminosae, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae),

Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Euphorbiaceae, Arecaceae (Palmae), Poaceae (Gramineae).

ECONOMIC BOTANY 14 hours MODULE 2 14 hours

Classification of economic important plants based on their uses. (Cereals, legumes and pulses, tuber crops, spices, beverages etc.)

Study of the following plants with special reference to their botanical name, family, morphology of useful parts and economically important products.

Cereals : Paddy, Wheat.

Pulses : Green gram, Bengal gram.

Tuber crops : Tapioca.

Spices : Pepper, Cardamom.

Beverages : Tea, Coffee.

Oil yielding plants : Coconut, Groundnut Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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Fibre yielding plants : Cotton, Coir.

Timber yielding plants : Teak, Rose wood.

Latex yielding plants : Para rubber.

Bio pesticides : Neem, Tobacco.

Ornamental plants : Rose, Orchids, Anthurium.

ETHNOBOTANY 4 hours

MODULE 3 4 hours

Study of the following medicinal plants with special reference to their binomial, family, morphology of useful parts and uses.

1. Adhatoda, 2. Aloe, 3. Brahmi (Bacopa), 4. Catharanthus, 5. Eclipta, 6. Neem,7. Ocimum, 9.Phyllanthus amarus, 9. Rauvolfia, 10. Sida. PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Students should be able to identify typical plants belonging to the families

prescribed in the syllabus. They should be able to describe the floral parts in

technical terms.

2. Students should study the botanical name, family, morphology of the useful part

and the uses of the plants listed in the syllabus.


1. Acquaint with the objectives and components of Taxonomy. 2. Understand the systems of classification of angiosperms. 3. Identify the common angiosperm species of Kerala. 4. Study the herbarium techniques 5. Aware of Bentham and Hooker‟s system of classification

REFERENCES

1. Ashok Bendra and Ashok Kumar ,1980. Economic botany.: Rastogi publications, Meerut.

2. Cornquist A. 1968. The evolution and Classification of FloweringPlants.

3. Davis P.H and Heywood V.H. 1967. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyl.

4. Eames A.J. 1961. Morphology of Angiosperms. New York: Mc Graw Hill.


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5. Foaster A.S. and Giffad E.M. 1962 . Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants. Allied Pacific Pvt. Ltd. Bombay.

6. Henry and Chandra Bose 2001. An Aid to the International Code of Botanical

Nomenclature. Botanical Survey of India. Coimbatore. 7. Heywood V.H. 1967. Plant Taxonomy. London: Edward Arnold. 8. Hill A.F. 1982. Economic Botany.: Mc Graw Hill ,New York. 9. Jain S. K. 1981. Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany.: Oxford and IBH. New Delhi 10. Jain S. K. 1987. A Manual of Ethnobotany. Jodhpur Scientific Publishers.

11. Jain S.K. and Rao R.R. 1976. A hand book of field and herbarium technique.

Today and Tomorrows Publishers, New Delhi. 12. Jeffery C. 1968. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy, J and A Churchill. London.

13. Maheshwari P. and Umaro Singh. 1965. Dictionary of Economic Plants in India,

ICAR. New Delhi.

14. Naik V.N. 1984. Taxonomy of angiosperms. Tata Mc Graw- Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.

15. Pandey & Misra. 2008. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Ane Book Pvt.




(5/5) (5/8) (5/8) (2/4) Questions

1 18 3 4 4 2 13

2 14 1 2 2 2 7

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BO4C04TB - ANATOMY AND APPLIED BOTANY


TITLE OF THE COURSE ANATOMY AND APPLIED BOTANY


IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To make the students aware of different types of plant tissues.

To Understand the internal structure of different plant organs with reference to their functions

Understand the applications of botanical knowledge in the field of crop

improvement for human prosperity

OBJECTIVES

To learn about different plant tissues To understand normal and abnormal patterns of thickenings in stems and roots. To help them to know about different agricultural practices.


This course explores different tissues, anatomy of stems, roots and about secondary

thickening, and ecological anatomy of different plant groups. Applied botany

emphases on crop improvement methods. Laboratory practices reinforce lecture

material by taking section of plant materials and by doing agricultural practices

like budding, layering and grafting to learn about crop improvement programmes.


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BO4C04TB - ANATOMY AND APPLIED BOTANY

ANATOMY 18 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Cell types, electron microscopic studies on plant cell – living and non living inclusions,

cell wall ultra structure of cell wall (brief account only)

Tissues: simple and complex; meristems, secretary tissues.

Cambium: origin, structure, function, role in budding and grafting.

Primary structure of stem and root in dicots and monocots.

Anatomy of monocot and dicot leaves.

MODULE 2 9 hours

Secondary thickening in dicot stem and dicot root; growth rings, heart wood and sap

wood; hard wood and soft wood; ring porous wood and diffuse porous wood, Anomalous

secondary thickening in Bignonia. Ecological anatomy: Study of the morphological and anatomical adaptations of the

following groups; Hydrophytes (Nymphaea), Xerophytes (Nerium), Epiphytes (Vanda)

and Halophytes (Avicinia/ Rhizophora).

APPLIED BOTANY 18 hours MODULE 3 12 hours

Plant breeding: Objectives, sexual and asexual reproduction; apomixis, apogamy, apospory, amphimixis, parthenogenesis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony.

Methods of plant improvement: Plant introduction, acclimatization plant quarantine.

Selection: Mass selection; pureline selection and clonal selection.

Hybridization; inter varietal, inter specific and inter generic; procedure of

hybridization. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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Special methods of plant breeding:

Mutation breeding. Polyploidy breeding.

MODULE 4 6 hours Horticultural practices- Propagation through cutting, layering, budding and grafting Tissue

culture - Principles, techniques and applications; culture media, asepsis, callus,

organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, anther culture, artificial seeds.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Types of tissue – simple and complex. 2. Primary structure of stem and root of dicots and monocots. 3. Structure of dicot stem and dicot root after secondary thickening. 4. Anomalous secondary thickening in Bignonia. 5. Anatomy of monocot and dicot leaf.

6. Morphological and anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes (Nymphaea petiole),

Xerophytes (Nerium leaf), Epiphytes (Velamen root of Vanda), Halophyte

(Pneumatophore and vivipary of Avicinia or Rhizophora). 7. Emasculation of pea or Caesalpinia flower. 8. „T‟budding, approach grafting, air layering.

9. Demonstration of tissue culture techniques: culture media, callus induction and

organogenesis. COMPETENCIES OF THE COURSE

1. Student become aware of cell types 2. Understands Electron microscopic features of plant cells and tissues 3. Study the primary structure of stem, root and leaves of plants 4. Learn about the secondary thickening in dicot stems and dicot roots 5. Students are familiarized with the techniques of plant breeding and horticulture.

REFERENCES

1. Bhojwani,S.S., Bhatnagar,S.P. (1999). The Embryology of Angiosperms (IV Edn).

Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd. 2. Christopher E.P. 1958. Introductory Horticulture. McGraw – Hill, New York. 3. Elizabeth ,G Cutter (1978). Applied Plant Anatomy. Clive and Arnald Lt 4. Esau K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants. Wiley and sons. 5. Esau K. 1965. Plant Anatomy. Wiley, New York.


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6. Esau, K. 1960. Anatomy of seed plants. Soil Science, 90(2), 149. 7. Esau, K. 196). Vascular differentiation in plants. Rirehant and Winston Inc. 8. Fah 1985. Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 9. Fahn ,A. 1997. Plant anatomy. Aditya Publishers. 10. Foster, A. S. 1950. Practical plant anatomy. 11. Geoffrey, A. Meek .1976. Practical electron microscopy. John Willey and sons. 12. Hartman H.T. and D.E. Kester. 1991. Plant Propagation – Principles and

Practices. Prentice – Hall of India, New Delhi.

13. Kumar N. 1994. Introduction to Horticulture. Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil.

14. Pandey B.P. 1984. Plant Anatomy. S. Chand and Company , New Delhi. 15. Vasishta V.C. 1978. Plant Anatomy. S. Nagin and Company, Jallundhur.




(5/5) (5/8) (5/8) (2/4) questions

1 9 1 1 1 1 4

2 9 2 3 3 2 10

3 9 1 3 3 1 8

4 9 1 1 1 0 3


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B. Sc. ZOOLOGY (C.B.C.S.S.) DEGREE EXAMINATION

SEMESTER IV COMPLEMENTARY PRACTICAL COURSE 02


BO4C02PB - ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY, ECONOMIC BOTANY,

ANATOMY AND APPLIED BOTANY Time: Three hours Maximum: 40 Marks

1. Identify the family of specimens A

Identification- 2

Reasons 3 (1 x 5 = 5)

2. Draw the L.S. of the flower B. Construct the floral diagram and write its floral formula

Flower L.S. 2

Floral diagram 2

Floral formula 2 (1 X 6 = 6)

3.Idetify and comment on C.( fruit /inflorescence) (1 x 1 = 1)

4. Idenify the given materials D & E (Economic botany)

Family 1

Binomial 1

Morphology of useful part 1 (2 X 3 = 6)

5. Identify the given material F & G (F-primary/secondary/anomalous thickening, G- Ecological anatomy)

Preparation 3

Identification 1

Diagram 3 (2 x 6 = 12)

6. Emasculate the given material H 2 (1 x 2 = 2)

7. Do budding/grafting/layering using the given material I

Conduct 2

Procedure 1 (1 x 3 = 3)



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1. A : Materials from taxonomy

2. B: Flower and bud

3. C: Any one from the syllabus

4. D & E:Material having economic /ethnobotanical importance, mentioned syllabus

5. F & G : Material from syllabus of anatomy

6. H : material for emasculation

7. I : material for budding Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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