current trends in the power quality market february 28, 2006
TRANSCRIPT
Current Trends in the Power Quality Market
February 28, 2006
EPRI Power Quality Study in U.S.EPRI Power Quality Study in U.S.
93% of all Voltage sags and outages are less than 10
seconds in duration
Continuous Power System(CPS)
Critical Load
Diesel GensetFor continuous powerafter 10 seconds
Battery stringfor immediate power
UtilityPower
UPS Electronics
ATS
Applications: Data Center
• Brokerage Firms, Credit Card Processing, Airline/Ticket Reservation Firms, Order Processing, “Internet Presence”
• Average Cost per Outage: $200k - $6.5M
Applications: Healthcare/Hospital
• MRI, CT, Cath Lab, Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Lab
• Average Cost Per Outage: ???
Applications: Process Control
• Semiconductor Manufacturing, Refineries, Petrochemical, Bakeries, Plastic Extrusion…
• J.I.T. Shipments
• Average Cost Per Outage: $40,000 - $2.5M
Costly Downtime!
Industry Avg cost of downtime
($/hr)Brokerage $6,450,000Credit Card $2,600,000Pay Per View $150,000Home Shopping $113,000Catalog Sales $90,000Airline Reservations $90,000Tele-Ticket $69,000Package Shipping $28,000ATM Fees $14,400
Source: 7x24 Exchange
“Insurance” Considerations
• Cost of Outage vs. Cost of “Insurance”
• Consider 5 year to 10 year life cycle cost
• Do Not Forget Maintenance Costs
• Which Energy Storage Technology is Best Suited for the Application?
Battery Technologies:
• 10 Year “VRLA”
– A.k.a. “Maintenance Free”, “Gel Cell”, AGM
– 3 to 7 year life on most UPS’s
– Fails in “open” or “shorted” position
– Low cost, most prevalent
Conventional Grid Design
Improved High Rate Grid Design
Battery Technologies:
• 20 Year Sealed VRLA
– 12 to 18 year life (depending on number of outages; environment)
– Fails in “shorted” position
– About 2x initial cost of 10Year VRLA
Battery Technologies:
• 20 Year “Wet” Cell
– 17 to 20 year life
– Very reliable
– High maintenance, large footprint, eye wash station…
– About 3x initial cost of 10 Year VRLA
Battery Maintenance
• IEEE Std 1188 - Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Batteries for Stationary Applications
– Monthly: float voltage, charger output, temperature measurements
– Quarterly: cell/unit ohmic values; temperature value of each negative terminal; representative sample of intercell connection resistances
– Annually: cell-to-cell and terminal connection detail resistance of the entire battery; AC ripple current and/or voltage imposed on the battery
Battery Monitoring
• More Prevalent• “Real Time” Status of
Batteries• Monitors: Impedance,
Temperature, and Float Charging Voltage
• Cost = $6k to $10k per system (installed)
Other Energy Storage Technologies
• Flywheels
• Ultracapacitors
• Lithium Ion Batteries
• Thermal and Compressed Air Storage
UPS Electronics Trends
ACDC
6-Pulse Rectifier
AC
DCInverter
Static Bypass
Batteries
Input Filter
Typical Double Conversion UPS Oneline
DIODEDIODE
THYRISTORTHYRISTOR
IGBTIGBTIGBT:INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR
The Evolution of the Rectifier/Converter Device
The Evolution of the Converter (Rectifier) Circuit
6 PULSE CONV.6 PULSE CONV.
12 PULSE CONV.12 PULSE CONV.
PWM CONV.PWM CONV.PWM CONV.:PULSE WIDTH MODULATION CONVERTER
CONV.:CONVERTER
6 PULSE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND INPUT CURRENT WAVEFORM
Ic
図3 . 7(5) 12相サイリスタ整流回路と交流入力電流波形
Id
12 PULSE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND INPUT CURRENT WAVEFORM
Ic
図3 .18 PWM制御三相ブリッジコンバータ
THREE PHASE PWM CONVERTER CIRCUIT
L
C
P
N Sine Wave Form (pf=1.0)
AC Input Current
AC Input Voltage
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18%
INPUT CURRENT HARMONIC CONTENT
6-PULSE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER
12-PULSE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER
PWM IGBT CONVERTER
5f 7f 11f 13f 17f 19f
PWM CONVERTER (2)
• The input power factor is
UNITY (1.0) with PWM converter
0.8 – 0.85 with Thyristor rectifier
Results of IGBT Converter
• Generator Sizing Dependant Upon UPS Input Requirements
• Linear Current Draw = Smaller Generator
• IEEE 519 – Low Current Harmonics at Utility Source
INVERTER POWER DEVICE HISTORY
THYRISTORTHYRISTOR
G T OG T O
IGBTIGBT
BPTBPT
GTO:GATE TURN OFF THYRISTORBPT:BIPOLAR POWER TRANSISTOR
IGBT:INSULATED GATEBIPOLAR TRANSISTOR
High Speed PWM Inverter
• Improved output control characteristics resulting from the use of a high speed PWM inverter
• 16kHz Switching Frequency
• Supports nonlinear loads with minimal voltage distortion
IGBT CONV IGBT INV
“ALL IGBT UPS”
Industry Trends
Also…Improving Efficiencies
• UPS efficiencies are up 10% over the past 15 years
• Most large UPS systems are currently over 93% efficient
• In 3 - 5 Years, Most Large UPS Systems Will Be > 97% Efficient
Other Trends…
• Higher Output Power Factor on UPS– Match trends in the Computer Power Supply
Market
• Internal Redundancy/Scalability for High 9’s Applications– Avoid Single Points of Failure– Maintain High Efficiency
What does all this mean?
It’s dependant on your susceptibility.
Given the quality of supply do I
have to worry about problems with my equipment or systems?
What you should be asking…
What is my susceptibility to power problems?
What is my economic exposure to such problems?
$$$$$$
The big picture…
It’s the complete electrical environment, not just the quality
of supply.
What you should be asking…
Does my power system have the capacity for my
present needs? How about future growth?
Be proactive!
Thank you for your time!
Chuck Barry
Central Region Sales Manager
Toshiba UPS
8711 Burnet Road, Suite E-55
Austin, TX 78731
Tel. (512) 658-5267
Email: [email protected]