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Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs and Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro, Ph.D., Director of Training and Curriculum, Family Violence Institute, Northern Arizona University Funding for this project was made available through the US Department of Health and Human Services, Grant #90EV0440-01-00. The viewpoints contained in this document are solely the responsibility of the author(s) and do not represent the official views or policies of the department and do not in any way constitute an endorsement by the Department of Health and Human Services.

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Page 1: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs and

Implications for Policy

Kathleen J. Ferraro, Ph.D., Director of Training and Curriculum, Family Violence Institute, Northern Arizona University

Funding for this project was made available through the US Department of Health and Human Services, Grant #90EV0440-01-00. The viewpoints contained in this document are solely the responsibility of the author(s) and do not represent the official views or policies of the department and do not in any way constitute an endorsement by the Department of Health and Human Services.

Page 2: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Current Research on Batterer Intervention 

Programs & Implications for Policy

Kathleen J. FerraroDirector, Training & Curriculum, Family Violence 

InstituteProfessor, Sociology, Northern Arizona University

Page 3: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Topics

• Context of research & debates• Evidence based/informed practice movement• Reduction in government support for social programs• Beliefs about causes of IPV and treatment models, 

backlash against feminism• Language complications

• Research findings• Studies showing positive results• Studies failing to demonstrate positive results• Meta‐analyses• Problems with research

Page 4: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Topics, continued• Current trends

• Generalists v specialists• Risk Needs Response (RNR)• Motivational interviewing• Readiness to change• Supplemental specialized treatment• Risk assessment & typologies

• Social and community contexts of programs• Project Mirabel

• Alternative programs

• Circles of Evidence Based Practice

• Conclusion: Implications for policy

Page 5: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

What is our conception of truth?

Page 6: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

What causes IPV?• Individual psychological problems

• Gendered power imbalances

• Cultural & institutional support of male supremacy

• Racism, classism, colonialism, heterosexism

• Drugs and alcohol

• Biological determinants (eg., Traumatic Brain Injury)

• Childhood exposure to IPV

• Anger, hostility

• All of the above

Page 7: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

2 main theories of causation

Individualistic

Psychological distress

Internal, unconscious processes

Symptoms of trauma

Focus on psychological treatment

Psychodynamic programs

Critical of gendered explanations

Societal

Historical domination of women by men

Continuing individual & institutionalized sexism

Socialization & Culture

Focus on intervention

Psychoeducational & CBT

Critical of gender symmetry

Page 8: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Studies reporting positive results

• From 1986 (eg. Dutton) through 2016 (eg. Boots et al.) individual studies have reported reduced repeat violence among men who complete BIPs.

• Eg., Larry Bennett, et al., examined 899 men in a system of CCR BIPs in Cook Co.: 2.4 years after intake, completers less than half as likely as dropouts to be rearrested.

• Lila, Gracia, & Catala‐Minana, 286 men, completers showed improvements in all outcomes. 

Page 9: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Positive results, continued

• Gondolf’s 4 city study of 618 men; 4 year follow up; data from original & new partners + official records. All used CBT, cognitive behavioral program.• 49% of men re‐assaulted, most within first 6 mos. 

(75%)• Program completers had 36% recidivism rate v 55% 

for dropouts (44% reduction)• 2/3 of women reported lives improved; 85% felt very 

safe at 30 & 48 month follow up• 25% of men re‐assaulted more than once and were 

responsible for 80% of injuries to women

Page 10: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Gondolf continued

• “One size fits most”

• Doesn’t fit resistant, re‐assaultive 20‐25%

• This resistant group does not have high rates of psychopathy or any specific psychological profile

• Raises questions of how best to intervene with the most violent, resistant group

Page 11: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Russell Dobash & Rebecca Dobash

Scottish Violent Men Study• Comparison of 84 men in BIP to 229 in other CJ 

intervention

• After 1 year, no difference in arrests of men for subsequent violence

• But interviews with women revealed statistically significant differences• For “other” intervention group, 61% re‐assaulted at 3 

months and 69% at 1 year• For “program” group, 30% re‐assaulted at 3 months and 

33% at 1 year 

Page 12: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Dobash & Dobash(continued)

• Interviews with women whose partners underwent treatment also found statistically significant improvements in:• Sense of safety• Reduction in men’s controlling behaviors• Improvement in relationship• Overall happiness

• Interviews with women whose partners got no treatment found statistically significant deteriorations in quality of life

Page 13: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Studies failing to demonstrate significant positive results

• Eckhardt (2004), Dallas, of 199 men ordered to treatment, 27% rearrested, 62% self‐reported repeat violence

• Puffett and Gavin (2004), N=439 people in treatment, Bronx, 62% rearrested within 2 years; 78% of 870 other sentence rearrested

• Herman et al. (2014), N=156, Northwest Fla., % of rearrests not different for program completers and drop outs, 37.8% 

Page 14: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Experimental studies

• Dunford (2000), San Diego Navy Base, N=861 couples, 4 types, no differences• Men’s group, conjoint, rigorously monitored, 

control

• Feder & Dugan (2000), Broward County, Fla., N=404, no differences• Duluth v. probation only

• Haggard et al. (2017), Sweden, N=340, no differences, Duluth v. no treatment

Page 15: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Experimental studies (continued)

• Davis, Taylor & Maxwell (2001), Brooklyn, N=376, no differences based on victim reports• Duluth v. community service

• Gordon (2003), Chesterfield Co., Virginia, N= 248, no differences• Duluth v. probation

• Labriola et al. (2008), Bronx, N=420,  no differences• Duluth model, v probation with varying monitoring

Page 16: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Problems with experiments

• Violation of random assignment• Practitioners override• High rates of attrition• Low rates of response from victims & offenders

• Intention to treat problem: use only men who complete, or include drop‐outs, and how many sessions = drop‐out?

• Completers just different than non‐completers (creaming)

• Reporting bias, inconsistencies between police, victim and batterer reports

• Not clear distinctions between treatment types

Page 17: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Meta‐analyses

• Combines results of experimental & quasi‐experimental studies to get average number representing combined evidence of effectiveness from individual studies• Include only studies that attempt random 

assignment to control and treatment groups• Or use statistical techniques to attempt 

equalization of groups (quasi‐experimental)• Excludes post‐test only and comparisons of 

completers and non‐completers

Page 18: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Failure to identify positive impact of BIPs

• Babcock, Green & Robie (2004): 22 studies; small effect; 5% difference in changes of recidivism between treated and untreated = 42,000 women/year not battered

• Feder & Wilson (2005): 10 studies; no significant effect of treatment; issue warnings re the studies

• Smedslund et al. (2007): 6 randomised controlled trials; small or no effects; can’t draw conclusions & results should be interpreted with caution.

Page 19: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

• Arias, Arce, Vilarino, 2013, 19 studies, small positive effect, but also some with negative effect and no difference between treatments.

• Birkley & Eckhardt, 2015, 61 studies of role of anger; IPV perpetration moderately associated with anger, hostility, & internalizing negative emotions; stronger for moderate to severe IPV; recommend I3 theory (instigation, impellance, inhibition) 

Page 20: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Government mandated reports

• Miller, Drake, Nafziger (2013): 9 studies, conclude non‐Duluth models more effective.• Include Dunford Naval study twice• Include very small studies, Easton’s 78 men in 

alcohol treatment; Palmer’s 30 men in Ontario; Waldo’s 60 people in “relationship enhancement therapy” all described as methodologically weak in other reviews

• All other reviews caution against drawing conclusions

Page 21: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Gold, bronze or pyrite standard?

Page 22: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Generalists v Specialists?

• Majority of male DV offenders engage in other crimes• 2/3 have prior arrests for other crimes & 

continue future violent & non‐violent crimes• Suggests relevance of crime control strategies• Possible to apply knowledge of what works 

with other offenders to batterers

Page 23: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Principles of Effective Treatment (PIE)

• Risk: match risk to intensity of treatment

• Need: address criminogenic needs (eg., attitudes, substance abuse).

• Responsivity: match treatment to type of offender

• Treatment: respectful & uses cognitive‐behavioral & social learning methods

• Fidelity: employ well‐trained staff & evaluate

Page 24: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Research on RNR programs demonstrating positive effects

• Stewart, Gabora, Kropp & Lee (2014): change in attitudes about violence against women; pro‐social beliefs; reduction in IPV and other violent crime

• Scott, et al. (2015): 12% arrested in 2 years following treatment v 41.5% in untreated group

• Jewell & Wormith (2010): meta‐analysis of attrition, program completion linked to matching program to offender

Page 25: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Batterer Typologies

• Holtzworth‐Munroe: family only, borderline/dysphoric, generally violent

• Carbajosa et al. (2017) Spanish study found typology accurately identified 210 batterers; generally violent least likely to complete & most likely to recidivate; no recidivism in family only group after 9 months

• Johnson’s typology (2008) comports with Holtzworth‐Munroe. Situational couple offenders may need different treatment

Page 26: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Cultural Specificity

• Specialized programs tailored to experiences, needs and cultures of different groups• American Indian• African American• Latino• Asian• Gender variant• LGBTI• Immigrant

• Little research on effectiveness, but note Gondolf(2008)

Page 27: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Readiness to change v. swift consequences

• Change is a lengthy process and is only successful when people recognize problem & want to change (eg. smoking)

• Debate about permitting repeat attempts• Scott (2013): 53.7%dropped out on first attempt; 

43.7% more completed after repeats, raising total to 64.6%

• Costs very high: successful reinstatements took an average of 7.55 phone calls to clients, 3.82 calls to referrals, 1 letter & .73 in person meetings for cost of $2,094.

Page 28: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Motivational interviewing

• Brief session to increase motivation• Address ambivalence, men’s own benefit

• Increases attendance and participation

• Not demonstrated to decrease recidivism

Page 29: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Risk assessment

• Validated tools: APRAIS, LAP, DA, SARA

• Tool to identify most dangerous offenders• Decisions about supervision• Frequency & length of treatment

• Not a stand‐alone tool• Regular case updates• Ongoing victim feedback• Professional judgment• Risk management

Page 30: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Individualized v Group Treatment

• Those who adopt an individualist model recommend individualized therapy

• Some men suggest preference for individual therapy

• Other men emphasize importance of the group context

• Research supports benefits of group (Murphy et al., 2017)

Page 31: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Qualitative studies

• “What works” requires both quantitative & qualitative knowledge

• Provides context and information from people experiencing & providing the programs

• Offers insight into why programs work or don’t work

• Expands “success” beyond criminal recidivism

Page 32: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

What do women say?

• McGinn et al. (2005): 5 qualitative studies; Themes:• Safety• Belief systems• Perpetrator behavior• Negative changes• Barriers to changes• Facilitators of change

Page 33: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Safety

• Feel safer due to changes in themselves, awareness of resources, and changes in men

• Still not completely safe, & can’t rule out future violence

• “I HAVE INCREASED FEELINGS OF SAFETY. I AM DEFINITELY MORE COMFORTABLE WITH HIM, BUT THAT COULD BE BECAUSE OF ME.” (from Hayward, Steiner, & Sproule 2007)

Page 34: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Beliefs

• Changes in beliefs more elusive

• “HE REALIZES THAT EVEN THOUGH I MIGHT START A FIGHT WITH HIM BY ASKING HIM TO HELP ME WITH STUFF AROUND THE HOUSE WHEN HE’S TIRED…HE KNOWS THAT EVEN THOUGH I DON’T ALWAYS ACT THE WAY HE WANTS ME TO, IT ISN’T RIGHT TO PUSH ME AROUND AND STUFF.”

• “HE STILL THINKS IT’S MY FAULT. HE BELIEVES THAT IF I WOULDN’T HAVE ACTED IN A CERTAIN WAY—WE DON’T EVEN TRY TO TALK ABOUT STUFF LIKE THAT.”

Page 35: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Communication

• Positive changes in communication skills

• “HE HAS LEARNED TO OPEN UP AND TALK INSTEAD OF JUST LASHING OUT—TALKS TO ME ABOUT HOW HE FEELS.”

• “HE DRINKS LESS AND HE THINKS ABOUT THINGS FIRST AND HE LISTENS TO WHAT I HAVE TO SAY.”• From Todahl et al. (2012) & R.P. Dobash et al. 

(1999)

Page 36: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Interruption techniques

• Men adopt the skill of interrupting high‐risk interactions

• “He made a decision to avoid situations where he may become violent because he walks away when we fight. He will come back the next day or the next night.” 

• From Gregory & Erez (2002)

Page 37: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Negative changes

• A minority of women described negative changes:

• “It was just one more thing he resented doing.”

• “You just taught him new manipulative tactics. You made him angry at us.”

• From Gregory & Erez (2002)

Page 38: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Barriers to change

• Alcohol or substance misuse

• Mental health challenges

• Family of origin

• Patriarchal culture

Page 39: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Facilitators of Change

• Survivor validation• “I know how valuable I am. What I am angry 

about is that it took so God damn long to find out.”

• Peer interaction & group facilitator effects• “It changed his attitude, made him talk in class, 

admit his behavior. He didn’t like to talk, but if he didn’t he would never have changed.”

Page 40: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Threat of sanctions

• “He needs a reminder now and again that he can’t do things like that.”

• “I supposed it would make him worse if he’s getting off with it all the time. He’ll get worse and worse because he knows he’s going to get off with it.”

Page 41: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

What the men say Holtrop, et al. 2017

• “I want you to know that you changed my life.” (from David Adams)

• Benefits of the group context: Realizing we’ve all got the same problem: “It’s really helpful to be in a group with guys that have the same kind of problems as me and talk about it.”• Learning from other men’s experiences• “Everything I’ve learned is mostly from other 

participants...especially related to when I get mad.”

Page 42: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Accountability

• “Some of the participants being really hard and nit‐picky on me I think helped a lot. Just as far as not letting me kind of slide through. Holding me accountable to everything…really helped me to not just bullshit my way through the program.”

• “You actually get feedback that is at times shocking and it makes you look in another way at things.”

Page 43: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Gaining Motivation

• Learning from others’ mistakes: “some had ended up in jail for quite a while. I sure don’t wanna go there. So it motivates you to change a bit…I know what kinda person I wanna be.”

• Reminders of progress: “You learn what an idiot you sounded like a year ago!”

• Positive changes: “You see guys improving and it motivates you to try and make those same improvements too.”

Page 44: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Value of diversity

• “It shows that no matter what background you come from that you’re subject to use violence.”

• “A guy working at McDonalds, a guy that’s a CEO, both of them go home and do domestic violence…domestic violence is still domestic violence…It doesn’t discriminate.”

• “We all have different reasons for why we abuse…with diversity we can educate each other.

Page 45: Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs …...2018/04/05  · Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs & Implications for Policy Kathleen J. Ferraro Director,

Changing from within

• You get out what you put in: “The only obstacle was myself. And once I got over myself, and started learning, then it made a big difference.

• Gaining insight: “I would describe this as a program that allows you to identify what drives your abusive behavior, rather than making excuses for it.”

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Changing from within, continued

• Learning tools for emotion regulation: “You get a lot of tools in your toolbox and you learn how to use them all, instead of the same tool that you use over and over which got us here.”

• Recognizing various forms of abuse: “The tools and education for me were very important—the Power and Control Wheel, for example. The different ways abusive behavior manifests itself. It’s not just what you would think being abusive is.”

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Changing from within, continued

• Moving toward admitting abuse: “The hardest thing to do I think, it was for me and it probably is for the other guys, is just to get them to let it out and be bluntly honest about stuff…Just to say, “This is what I did.”

• “It’s made me notice where I’ve been accountable in my life and where I haven’t, and how to be more accountable for my actions.”

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Supporting Factors

• Group Facilitators: “They want to know the truth. They don’t want you to…make things sound better than they are. And when you do that, you’ll definitely see hey, they’re right…Then it’s a lot easier to pinpoint your problem and to fix it.”

• But also‐‐“you say something and they interrupt you…It’s aggravating and a lot of times it makes you want to just shut down.”

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Supporting Factors

• Access to ongoing support: “You get out in the real world—that’s not ADA. So just in case you get stuck in a situation and you feel like you are going to revert back to your old ways, a little safety net, some help would be good.”• Drop‐in program; staying in contact• Parenting classes• Referrals for individual mental health or couples 

counseling

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Project Mirabel

• Participants from 5 UK DV perpetrator programs (DVPPs)

• Survey data on 99 women

• Interview data on• 22 men in or completed programs• 18 women partners/ex‐partners• 6 funders/commissioners of programs• 27 program practitioners• 73 total interviews• Men referred by family courts, child protection and self 

referred. No criminally mandated men

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Major findings

• At baseline, 61% (N=99) reported injury, 2% after 12 months (N=52)

• At baseline 80% of kids (N=82) exposed to violence; at 12 months, 8% (N=36)

• At baseline, 90% (N=96/97) reported being scared or intimidated; 41% at 12 months (N=61)

• At baseline, 32% (N=96/97) not safe at all; 6% at 12 months & 51% very safe (compared to 8%at baseline)

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How women defined “success”

• Respectful/improved relationships

• Expanded space for action

• Support/decreased isolation

• Enhanced parenting

• Reduction or cessation of violence & abuse

• Man understanding the impact of IPV

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How men defined “success”

• Enhanced awareness of self and others

• Reduction or cessation of violence & abuse

• Improved relation with better communication

• “I’m not physically abusive to my wife and I never will be now. The verbal abuse is not there. I’m not perfect and if she annoys me I may say something I shouldn't, but it’s nowhere near what it used to be.”

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Interviews with kids

• Rayns (2010) 16 kids, 8‐18, thought mom safer, intervention appropriate, but not safer themselves

• Susan Alderson (2012, 2013): 13 kids, compared life before and after; felt sad, confused, annoyed, angry before & happy, hopeful, and thought it would help him after

• Safe, enjoyable activities, better relationship

• Importance of telling kids about the program

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Challenges in UK

• Austerity measures• Survival mentality• Competition

• Requirements for “evidence‐based interventions”

• Cynicism about ability to change violent men (& consequent emphasis on women’s need to change)

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CCRs

• Central to the “Duluth model”

• Drift away from truly coordinated system toward criminal justice only

• Funding & time limitations, high turnover

• High risk management systems, eg., Calgary

• Importance of including in evaluations

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Colorado’s Multidisciplinary Treatment Teams

• Colorado: Include Treatment Victim Advocates + probation/parole, batterer treatment providers

• TVAs generally feel respected & included in decision‐making; some noted power differentials and lack of communication

• Biggest difficulty is victim participation:  between 1% and 95% don’t continue; 20% said 80% of victims don’t continue

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Alternate Forms of BIPs

• Mind Body Bridging: uses mindfulness techniques and bodily awareness to identify and manage tension and thoughts leading to violence. Lower attrition (9%) & increase in health, but no evaluation of safety for women

• Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT): Iowa, compared 843 men in ACT with 2,631 in mixed Duluth/CBT program and found lower re‐arrest after 1 year for ACT group

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Problems with ACT evaluation

• Lack of equivalent comparison groups

• Program fidelity—Duluth/CBT last trained in ’97; both ACT and Duluth/CBT contained CBT, programs not clearly unique

• Results—small difference (4% v 7%), use of Chi Square, and ACT participants jailed

• Authors note preliminary, not conclusive, results—not a basis for policy

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• Restorative justice, eg., Circles of Peace. “No worse than Duluth” but on the ground reports dubious

• Couples counseling, eg., Creating Healthy Relationships Program. Compared with no treatment‐‐Self report of reductions in psychological abuse & increases in marital satisfaction, but no difference in reduction in violence

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Issues & innovations

• Too few programs• Teletherapy/Internet based delivery

• High turnover and inadequate training for facilitators• Internships, conferences, webinars

• Debate over state standards & how to monitor

• Lack of national communication forum

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Circles of evidence based practice

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Conclusion

• Batterers are diverse: nature of abuse, criminal history, motivation, co‐occurring problems, socio‐demographic and cultural characteristics

• Minority, 20%, intransigent & unlikely to be deterred by treatment only

• There is no “one size”—programs draw from multiple approaches and adapt over time

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• Evidence supports assessments and treatments designed for various needs—but no clear evidence re the best approach

• No clear evidence on most effective intervention and barriers to rigorous evaluations are significant

• Using 3 circles of EBP, combine qualitative & quantitative research, practitioner knowledge & community context in standards for programs

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Suggested reading

• Ferraro, Kathleen J. “ Current Research on Batterer Intervention Programs and Implications for Policy.” http://www.bwjp.org/resource‐center/resource‐results/current_research_on_batterer_intervention_programs_and_implications_for_policy.html

• Gondolf, Edward W. The Future of Batterer Programs. Northeastern University Press, 2012

• Gondolf, Edward W., ed., Gender‐Based Perspectives on Batterer Programs. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.

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Contact

• Kathleen J. Ferraro, Ph.D.

• Director, Training & Curriculum, Family Violence Institute

• Professor, Sociology

• Northern Arizona University

• Flagstaff, AZ

[email protected]

• (928) 523‐9412