CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT OF CANADA & JAPAN

Submitted By

Emila DeyEnroll. No. A30101909131 Sec. A

CULTURE OF CANADACanadian culture is a term that explains the. artistic, musical, literary, culinary, political and social elements that are representative of CANADA. Canadian culture has been strongly influenced by that of its linguistic, economic, and cultural neighbour the United States. Canada's federal government has influenced Canadian culture with programs, laws and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), and promotes many events which it considers to promote Canadian traditions. It has also tried to protect Canadian culture by setting legal minimums on Canadian content in many media using bodies like the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)

Development of Canadian culturey Canada's territory was inhabited and developed later than

other European colonies in the America. y The British conquest of Canada in 1759 brought a large Francophone population under British rule, creating a need for compromise and accommodation. y The migration of United Empire Loyalists from the 13 Colonies brought in strong British and American influences. y Canadian nationalismCanadian nationalists are highly concerned about the protection of Canadian sovereignty and loyalty to the Canadian State, placing them in the civic nationalist category. It has likewise often been suggested that anti-Americanism.

Bilingualism and multiculturalism Bilingualism is the ability to speak or write fluently in 2 languages. In Canada the term has taken on a more particular meaning: the ability to communicate in both of Canada's official languages, English and French. Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government during the premiership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s. The Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration.

Aboriginal influences Aboriginal peoples in Canada

interacted with Europeans as far back as 1000 AD, but prolonged contact came only after Europeans established permanent settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries

Cultural protectionismy Cultural protectionism in Canada has, since the mid-20th

century, taken the form of conscious, interventionist attempts on the part of various Canadian governments to promote Canadian cultural producion. y Canada tries to maintain its cultural differences, it also must balance this with responsibility in trade arrangements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). y Canada faces a difficult position in regard to American culture, be it direct attempts at the Canadian market or the general diffusion of American culture in the globalized media arena.

Symboly Official symbols of Canada include the maple leaf, beaver,

and the Canadian Horse.

y Many official symbols of the country such as the Flag of

Canada.

Artsy The arts have flourished in Canada since the 1900s, and

especially since the end of World War II in 1945. y The works of most early Canadian painters followed European trends. During the mid 1800s, Cornelius Krieghoff, a Dutch born artist in Quebec, painted scenes of the life of the habitants (French-Canadian farmers)

Literature , Music & Sporty Canadian literature is often divided into French and English-

language literature, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively. y The Music of Canada has reflected the multi-cultural influences that have shaped the country. First Nations people, the French, and the British have all made large contributions to the musical heritage of Canada. y The sporting culture of Canada is different from that of many other countries. Ice hockey referred to as simply hockey in the country, Association football known in Canada as soccer in both English and French,

CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT OF JAPAN

CULTURE OF JAPANy The culture of Japan has

evolved greatly over millennia, from the country's prehistoric J mon period to its contemporary hybrid culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. y the inhabitants of Japan experienced a long period of relative isolation from the outside world during the Tokugawa shogunate until the arrival of "The Black Ships" and the Meiji period.

Japanese languagey The Japanese language has

always played a significant role in Japanese culture. The language is spoken mainly in Japan but also in some Japanese emigrant communities around the world. y Early Japanese is known largely on the basis of its state in the 8th century, when the three major works of Old Japanese were compiled.

Traditional clothingy Traditional Japanese clothing

distinguishes Japan from all other countries around the world. The Japanese word kimono means "something one wears" and they are the traditional garments of Japan. y The kimono of a woman who is married (Tomesode) differs from the kimono of a woman who is not married (Furisode). The Tomesode sets itself apart because the patterns do not go above the waistline.

Arts of Japany Calligraphic art is often too

esoteric for Western audiences and therefore general exposure is very limited. y Traditional Japanese sculptures mainly consisted of Buddhist images, such as Tathagata, Bodhisattva and My - . y Ukiyo-e "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of woodblock prints that exemplifies the characteristics of pre-Meiji Japanese art.

Cuisiney Through a long culinary past,

the Japanese have developed sophisticated and refined cuisine. y Japanese food has become fashionable and popular in the U.S., Europe and many other areas. y Dishes such as sushi, tempura, and teriyaki are some of the foods that are commonly known. The healthy Japanese diet is often believed to be related to the longevity of Japanese people.

Architecturey Japanese architecture has as

long a history as any other aspect of Japanese culture. y Japan heavily influenced by Chinese architecture. y It also develops many differences and aspects which are indigenous to India.

Sportsy In the long feudal period

governed by the samurai class, some methods that were used to train warriors were developed into well-ordered martial arts. y Baseball, football (soccer) and other popular western sports were imported to Japan in the Meiji period. y The most popular professional sports in today's Japan are Sumo.

Emila Dey