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Eleventh Annual Radiation Measurement Cross Calibration Workshop (RMCC XI)
Applications to Nuclear Safeguards and Security
Amman, Jordan Dec 12-14, 2016
CTBTO Verification Regime
Radionuclide Monitoring
Wacel Hamani
Monitoring Facilities Support Section
IMS Division
Preparatory Commission for the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization
Provisional Technical Secretariat
Vienna International Centre
P.O. Box 1200, A-1400 Vienna, AUSTRIA
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 2December 2016
1. CTBTO Verification Regime
2. Radionuclide Monitoring (Why? What is measured? )
3. Particulate Monitoring
4. Noble Gas Monitoring
5. Radionuclide laboratories
6. Data and CTBTO products
Plan
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 3December 2016
• Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
Opened for signature on 24 September 1996
Signature 183 countries; Ratification 166 ( Annexe2: 36).
• CTBT prohibits all nuclear test explosions in all environments.
1. CTBTO Verification Regime –Treaty
Atmospheric TestsUnderwater Tests Underground Tests
• Establishes the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) to
achieve its object and purpose and ensure implementation of its provisions.
• The On-Site Inspections: after the entry into force of the Treaty, might be
requested by States and will have the purpose to clarify whether a nuclear
explosion has been carried out in violation of the Treaty
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 4December 2016
Four Monitoring Technologies
Seismic
Primary Seismic station
Auxiliary Seismic stations
Infrasound
Infrasound stations
Hydro acoustic
Hydro acoustic station
Radionuclide
RN Particulate Stations
Noble Gas Monitoring capability
321 stations and 16 laboratories
1. CTBTO Verification Regime –IMS
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 5December 2016
1. CTBTO Verification Regime –Synergy
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 6December 2016
1. CTBTO Verification Regime –IMS -IDC
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 7December 2016
1. CTBTO Verification Regime - Requirements
Requirements?
At EIF, data availability is set to 98% for waveform and
95% for RN technologies - which means:
Down time per station in one year NO MORE THAN
7 DAYS total (waveform)
15 DAYS total and 7 DAYS consecutive (RN)
Page 7
Amman – 20-
22 October
2014
Ninth Annual Radiation
Measurements Cross Calibration
(RMCC-9) Workshop
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 8December 2016
Primary
Seismic
Auxiliary
SeismicRadionuclide Hydroacoustic Infrasound
1. CTBTO Verification Regime - IMS Network
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 9December 2016
List of certified IMS monitoring facilities
Technology Certified
To Date
Certified
This Year
Primary Seismic Stations (50) 42 0
Auxiliary Seismic Stations (120) 107 0
Infrasound Stations (60) 49 1
Hydroacoustic Stations (11) 10 0
Radionuclide Stations (80) 64 1
All IMS Monitoring Stations (321) 272 2
Radionuclide Laboratories (16) 12 0
All IMS Monitoring Facilities (337) 284 2
Radionuclide Noble Gas systems at Stations (40) 25 1
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 10December 2016
The ability to discriminate between nuclear and non-nuclear events is unique
among the other verification technologies.
What makes the Radionuclide Monitoring Distinguished?
Provide unambiguous evidence of a nuclear explosion through the detection and
identification of fission products.
2. Radionuclide Monitoring: Why?
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 11December 2016
- Ratios of various fission products
- Meteorological data
- AT Modeling,
15%
85%Air blast, shock
Thermal radiation
Heat
Radiation:
5% Initial
10% Residual
2. Radionuclide Monitoring: Why?
Provide information on the timing
and location of a suspicious event.
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 12December 2016
Radionuclides relevant as nuclear test indicators
Nuclide Half-life Nuclide Half-life95Zr 64 d 134Cs 2.1 y95Nb 35 d 136Cs 13.2 d97Zr 17 h 137Cs 30 y
99Mo/ 99mTc 2.75 d 140Ba 12.8 d103Ru 39 d 140La 40.2 h106Ru 1.008 y 141Ce 31.5 d
131I 8 d 143Ce 1.4 d132Te 3.3 d 144Ce 284.3 d133I 20 h 147Nd 10.99 d
Particulate
2. Radionuclide Monitoring: What is measured?
Gas 131mXe 11.9 d 133Xe 5.24 d133mXe 2.19d 135Xe 9.10 h
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 13December 2016
DECAY
CHAMBER
2. Filter handling and Decay
GAMMA
DETECTOR
IDC
VSAT
ANTENNA
COMPUTER &
ELECTRONICS
Inlet
Outlet
Filter
Motor/Pump
1. Sampling
3. Measurement
3. Particulate Monitoring: Station Design
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 14December 2016
Characteristics Minimum requirements
Measurement mode HPGe High resolution gamma
spectrometry
HPGe relative efficiency 40 %
HPGe resolution < 2.5 keV at 1332 keV
Base line
sensitivity [5] [6]
10 to 30 µBq m-3 for 140Ba
Calibration range 88 to 1836 keV
Data format for gamma
spectra
and auxiliary data
RMS (Radionuclide Monitoring System)
format [7]
State of health Status data transmitted to IDC
Communication Two-way
Auxiliary data Meteorological data
Flow rate measurement every 10 minutes
Data availability 95 %
Down time [8] 7 consecutive days
15 days annually
Characteristics Minimum requirements
System Manual or automated
Air flow 500 m-3 h-1
Collection time [1] 24 h
Decay time[2] 24 h
Measurement time [3]
20 h
Time before
reporting
72 h
Reporting frequency Daily
Filter Adequate composition for
compaction, dissolution and
analysis
Particulate collection
efficiency
For filter : 80 % at = 0.2 µm
Global [4]: 60 % at = 10 µm
Minimum Requirements
3. Particulate Monitoring
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 15December 2016
3. Particulate Monitoring - IMS Station
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 16December 2016
RASA
Radon Decay 2
nd 24 Hr period
Nuclear Detection 3
rd 24 Hr Period
Sample Acquisition 1
st 24Hr Period
Detector Shielding
Detector
Radionuclide Automated Sampler/Analyzer
3. Particulate Monitoring
Cinderella
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 17December 2016
3. Particulate Monitoring: Network
Design elements of the Radionuclide network
90% capability to detect within ~14 days for a 1 kt nuclear explosion
in the atmosphere or from venting by an underground or underwater
detonation.
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 18December 2016
3. Particulate Monitoring: Network
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 19December 2016
Characteristics Minimum requirements
Total Volume of sample 10 m3
Air flow 0.4 m3 h-1
Collection time 24 h
Measurement time 24 h
Time before reporting 48 h
Reporting frequency Daily
Measurement mode Beta gamma coincidence
or High resolution gamma spectrometry
Isotopes measured 131mXe, 133mXe , 133Xe, 135Xe
Minimum Detectable 1 mBq m-3 for 133Xe
Minimum Requirements
4. Noble Gas Monitoring
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 20December 2016
Principle of Xenon Sampling and Analysis
Air
Collection
of Air
Activity Measurement (HPGe or beta-gamma coincidence)
Gas Processing & Sample Preparation- Removal of water, O2, CO2, Rn (freeze
traps, molecular sieves and/or activated charcoal)
- Creation of final Xe-sample
- Gas transport via carrier gas (He, N2)
Volume Measurement sampled air equivalent of Xenon
(GC, TCD)
III III
IV
Measurement Result:
Atmospheric Radioxenon Concentration [Bq/m3]
4. Noble Gas Monitoring
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 21December 2016
3 NG Systems
ARIX(Russia)
SAUNA
(Sweden)
SPALAX
(France)
4. Noble Gas Monitoring
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 22December 2016
Oven A
Oven B
Control Unit
PLC
Xenon P. Unit
SOH
Detector
Electronics
GC
P. Ovens
Detectors
Sample Transfer Unit
PC
UPS
(Swedish Automatic Unit for Noble Gas Acquisition)SAUNA
Detection
Beta gamma detectors
Sampling Processing
;
4. Noble Gas Monitoring
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 23December 2016
Système de Prélèvement Atmosphérique en Ligne avec l’Analyse du Xénon
SPALAX
.
4. Noble Gas Monitoring
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 24December 2016
ARIX
Analyser of Radioactive Isotopes of Xenon
4. Noble Gas Monitoring
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 25December 2016
ARX01
FRX27
NOX49
CAX16
DEX 33
CAX05
CAX17
RUX61SEX63
PAX50
CNX20 JPX38
MNX45
AUX09
CNX22
FRX31
NZX46
BRX11
RUX60
FRX29
USX75
RUX58
USX74
AUX04
CMX13GBX66
USX79
RUX55
THX65
GBX68
CLX19
MRX43USX77
FRX30
MXX44
IRX36
ETX25
NEX48
ZAX62
GBX69
4. Noble Gas Monitoring
SPALAX
10
ARIXSAUNA
15National Systems
…Systems under installation
not started
25 systems certified, 31 installed
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 26December 2016
SPALAX
10
ARIX
3
SAUNA
15National Systems
…Systems under installation
not started
5. IMS Radionuclide Laboratories Network
25 systems certified, 30 installed
CAL05USL16
BRL04
ARL01ZAL14
ITL10
ATL03
ILL09
FRL08
GBL15FIL07
RUL13
AUL02
NZL12
JPL11CNL06
16 radionuclide laboratories:
12 certified, 4 not certified
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 27December 2016
Characteristics Minimum requirements
Detector type High resolution HPGe
Detector relative efficiency ≥ 40 %
Efficiency calibration measurement range 46.5–1836 keV
Efficiency calibration range (extrapolated) 30–2700 keV
Channels in spectrum ≥ 8192
MDA for 140Ba
Decay correction to start of spectral acquisition, acquisition time no
longer than 7 days - For a cylindrical sample geometry with a
diameter of 70 mm and height of up to 6 mm
≤ 24 mBq
FWHM at 1332.5 keV ≤ 2.3 keV
FWHM at 122.1 keV ≤ 1.3 keV
FWTM/FWHM at 1332.5 keV ≤ 2.0
Minimum Requirements
5. IMS Radionuclide Laboratories
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 28December 2016
Confirm the presence of fission and/or activation products
( all Level-5 samples are re-analysed at laboratories)
Provide more accurate and precise
Clarify the presence or absence of fission and/or activation products
Support role of 16 Radionuclide Laboratories
5. IMS Radionuclide Laboratories
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 29December 2016
Re-analyse samples selected for QA/QC (4 samples per year)
Station back-up samples when a station is down
Proficiency test exercise samples.
5. IMS Radionuclide Laboratories
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 30December 2016
Types of radionuclides in the atmosphere
6. Data and CTBTO products
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 31December 2016
Categorization scheme for particulatessamples
83 CTBT relevant nuclides:
6. Data and CTBTO products
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 32December 2016
Categorization scheme for Noble gas
6. Data and CTBTO products
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 33December 2016
The Radionuclide pipeline
6. Data and CTBTO products
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 34December 2016
Equal access to IMS data and IDC products
is provided to all Member States
Authorised users are officially designated by CTBTO States
Parties.
Secure websites migrated to Single Sing-On
system (released)
RN/NG made available to States signatories:
- all types of raw spectral data as transmitted byIMS stations,
- IDC automatic and reviewed radionuclide reports (ARR,
RRR, SSREB, …)
6. Data and CTBTO products - Access
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 35December 2016
Access to the scientific community
Contractual arrangements are in place within vDEC (virtual
Data Exploitation Centre) agreements for accessing CTBTO
data and products (all monitoring technologies).
6. Data and CTBTO products - Access
Framework for emergency
situations
CTBTO is member of IACRNE
(Inter-Agency Committee on
Radiological and Nuclear
Emergencies)
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 36December 2016
6. Data and CTBTO products - Access
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Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 37December 2016
Radionuclide software in DC-in-a-BOX package
Input program
Secure ebsites migrated to Single Sing-On
system (released)
6. Data and CTBTO products - Access
Provisional Technical Secretariat Page 38December 2016
Thank you