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Construction Technology - B SEMESTER - 2

BTEC HND IN QUANTITY SURVEYING PAGE - 1

Task-1:4

Solid waste management

Many types wastes are in the apartment we want disposal are used in cities they are

1 Waste generation2 Onsite storage3 Collection4 Disposal

In our building has apartments and shops therefore is suitable for our case

Disposal

Disposal is the ultimate stage of all solid waste there are three different methods

1 Sanitary land filling2 Incineration3 Composting

Solid waste disposal system

Solid wastes are all waste (arising from human and animal activities) that are

normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. In urban area waste is

heterogeneous. In rural area waste is homogeneous.

On site handling

Activities associated with the handling of solid wastes until they are placed in the

containers. Residents should place their solid waste into storage containers at different

locations.

High Rise Building

Wastes are picked by the maintenance people from various floors and taken to the

basement. Wastes are taken to the basement by residents. Waste are usually bagged are

placed by tenants in specially designed chutes. Chutes for using apartment buildings are

available in diameters from 12 inch-36 inch most common size is 24 inch diameter.

Disposal Principal Methods

Sanitary land fillings: - sanitary land fill is a placed where wastes are buried in a

manner that minimizes the impact on the environment. Dump the waste. Spread and

compacted inlayers 10

15

deep. Cover the waste with 6

- 12

soil layer at the end of eachday.

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Advantages

Simple to construct and operate. Low in cost. Quick.

Problems

Availability of land. Soil and water condition & Distance from waste sources.

Septic tank

Septic tank installations can vary from being little better than a leaky cesspool, to

providing an unobtrusive and efficient means of domestic sewage disposal. In a properly

designed and constructed septic tank installation, the natural bacteriological processes ofdecomposition take place under controlled conditions to produce a clean and inoffensive

effluent.

Septic is device to deal with the sewage from water to closets in areas where municipal

sewerage system has not been installed .septic tank may be constructed by an individual or by

an group of families .septic tank is a water tight single storied underground tank in which

sewage is retained sufficiently long to permit sedimentation solids and partial degustation of

settled sludgy by anaerobic bacterial action.

Design septic tank

The size of a septic tank is governed by the following factors

1) The floor area of the grit chamber has to be adequate to reduce the velocity of flowand permit sedimentation.

2) Capacity should be adequate to provide detention period varying from 12 hours to 3days 24 hours period is usually considered satisfactory.

3) The depth below part ion wall opening should be sufficient to permit sludge.Accumulation for predetermined period. A minimum area 0.07m per user in grit

chamber and minimum volumetric content of grit chamber and minimum volumetric

content of the grit chamber 0.02m per user are required.

4) Septic tank should have minimum width of 0.75 m and minimum depth of the onemetric below water level .it should be of minimum 1 m capacity. Length of the tank

should be 2 to 4 times the width.

5) Every septic tank should be provided with ventilating pipe of at least 5cm diameter.

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Factors:-

1) Sufficing storage capacity.2) Diameter of pipes.3) No blockage.4) Ventilation.5) Liquid depth. Normally 5 feet.6) Length and width. Normally 4-5 feet

When we select the land for septic tank construction. We must consider the following details

they are

1) Water table level for proposed land.2) Population.3) Cost.

The underground tank

The septic tank itself is only the first part of the purification process. It is a watertight

underground chamber designed to retain sewage for at least twenty four hours, to allow

anaerobic bacteria to carry out the initial stages of decomposition.

Most existing septic tanks are rectangular in plan, about three times as long as they

are wide, and between 5ft and 6ft deep. The building regulations require new septic tanks to

have a capacity of at least 2.7 cubic metres (600gal) but, as with cesspools, most septic-tank

installations were provided long before the advent of the building regulations. Dip-pipes are

provided at both inlet and outlet of the septic tank. These ensure that sewage enters and

effluent flows away from beneath the surface of the liquid in the tank, leaving the scum that

will form on the surface undisturbed. Flow through the tank should take place as slowly as

possible. The outlet is therefore only a few inches lower than the inlet.

Providing a septic tank system

Most septic tank installations are built in situ of bricks on a concrete base. There is

however sectional precast concrete and one piece glass reinforced plastic, septic tanks on the

market. Always consult the environmental health officer of the local district council before

incurring any expends very much upon local conditions. An installation that might be

perfectly acceptable for a remote Mooreland cottage could present a serious danger to health

if it were provided on the outskirts of a populous village.

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Maintaining a septic tank system

Septic tank systems are self-activating and will usually function satisfactorily for years

with minimal attention. The tank will need to be dislodged, by the councils or private

contractors cesspool emptier, very occasionally. Six-monthly dislodging has been

recommended, but most septic tank owners would agree that six months is a ridiculously

short period. Provided that the system is otherwise satisfactorily installed, dislodging on

alternate years should be sufficient.

If we have septic tank drainage never forget that septic action is bacterial action.

Dont overdo the use of disinfectants when cleaning the drains, for disinfectants are quite

incapable of distinguishing between benign and harmful bacteria. Dont allow the brine wash

from a water softener to flow into the septic tank. Salt has a strong antiseptic action.

Septic tank and soakage pit.

Households not served by public sewers usually depend on a septic system to dispose of

wastewater. There are many different types of septic systems designed to fit a wide range of

soil and site conditions. These include mound systems, sand filter systems and pressure

distribution systems.

Soakage pit.

A main purpose of soakage pit is filter water and allows the ground it has granular soil

partials and more water.

Evaluation

In this task analysis different types of Solid waste disposal systems and principals of

Disposal methods and its advantages.

Conclusion

Sufficient information has been gained on different types of Solid waste disposal systems,

Septic tank,Maintaining a septic tank system and its Principals.

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Task1:4

Electrical Work

A new Four-storey residential building to international quality and the electrical work forms a

major portion of the project.

In building construction a considerable portion of work belongs to the area ofelectrical engineering. This work goes hand in hand with the civil work and a basic

understanding would definitely facilitate the smooth progress of the project as a

whole.

Most of the services and equipment in a site requires the use of electricity and themeans of arrangements involved in this regard has to be arranged in managing a site.

The electricity is a service daily consumed by us and a proper understanding wouldbenefit a lot.

Basic Features and Details of the System

According to the design the main power supply is from the CEB supply lines. An

additional power plant consisting of three 100kv standby generators will also be installed for

any emergency supply. All the houses are provided with three phase electricity (30A / 230A/50 MHz) and are air conditioned with individual A/C units fixed inside the house. The houses

are sold with fully furnished condition and with the intention of minimizing subsequent work

the outlet points are provided in all the possible points demanding electricity. Also the supply

lines are capable of supplying some additional power requirements if the customer decides to

refurbish.

Typical supply points of a house

Power supply points Washing Machine 15A Dish Washer15A Garbage Grinder 15A Cooker 15A Refrigerator 15A Shaver Socket 5A Geyzer15A Air Conditioners 15A Fans 5A

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Wires used in work

All the wires used in the site are from ALUCOP CABLES. The properties are as follows

The sizes of the cable and their applications available in the market are

Table1 cable details

Cable diameter (mm) Application

1 Lighting

2.5 Earth wire, 5A power lines,

4 Air conditioner lines

6 Cooker lines

The wires are available in coils of 30m length. Standard colors used in wiring

Live wire - Red Neutral wire - Black Earth wireGreen

Conduits fittings used in work

The UPVC conduits and fittings from ANTON are used in the work. The advantagesof using these are Single conductor wiring eliminating magnetic effects Multi conductor wiring Retardant to fire and does not support combustion Non-corrosive, Light and tough

The properties of a pipe are marked on the surface of it at regular intervals (1m) in a standard

method similar to pipes used in plumbing.

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Commonly conduit sizes and length available in the market

Table2 pipe diameter

Procedure of Wiring

As in any large construction project in this project also the circuits consists of a set of lines

going through the slab and reaching down the outlet points through the brick walls or

concrete walls. Initially the conduits are laid with junction boxes wherever necessary. The

laying of conduits is done prior to the concreting. To ensure that the junction boxes could be

opened properly we fix a wire nail to the bottom of the box with its edge pointing outward

and place it on a regiform piece which is the n placed on the form board. After removing theform board we open the box by pulling down the bottom with the nail previously fixed.

By inserting a flexible rod from a junction point and checking the point from which it

comes back we can check the correctness of the conducting arrangement. Thereafter the

wires are drawn inside the conduits with or without the aid of a rod.

Once the brickwork is completed the conduits in bricks is fixed. After the plastering is

done those conduits would be wired and the sun boxes are fixed to walls by nailing. It is

important to do a setting out in fixing sun boxes.

In certain conduits several lines would be drawn. In order to prevent any confusion the

electricians use a coding method by which they would mark the details of that wire by

making temporary marks on it.

Testing the Wiring System

Once the wiring of a house is completed the system has to be tested for its correctness and

the capacity. Two basic tests are done in our site in this regard.

Pipe Diameter Length Available

25mm3/4//

13/

32mm1//

13/

40mm1 1/4//

13/

50mm 1 1/2//

13/

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Insulation Test

When wires are drawn in the conduits the process of drawing may result in wires being

elongated. If the amount of elongation is too much it affects the capacity of the wire to

transmit electricity. With the aid of a special meter all the lines are checked with taking the

insulation values as the testing parameter. If any of the lines fails this test the lines would be

redrawn.

Power Test

This is the most important test for electrical work. This is used to check the accuracy of

wiring as well as the capacity of the outlets. In this test the lines are supplied with the rated

power and the performance is checked. Generally, a house is tested as one unit at once.

Evaluation

In this task describes Power supply points, Conduits fittings used in work, Commonly

conduit sizes, Procedure of Wiring, Testing the Wiring System, Insulation Test, Power Test

and its connecting methods.

Conclusion

I was gained a lot of knowledge for electrical work and its Procedure of Wiring.

Air-conditioning

Air-conditioning today has acquired great importance. Modern air conditioning

consists of self-contained units with compressor, evaporation fan and cooling condenser.

Such unit (room air conditioner) is suitable for a single room having limited occupancy, such

as bed rooms, office rooms and other places where demand for air conditioning is nominal.

These should be installed near a source of out side air to prevent heat injection.

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