CSS 432 1

CSS432 FoundationTextbook Ch1

Professor: Munehiro Fukuda

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Building Blocks

Nodes: PC, special-purpose hardware… hosts switches

Links: coax cable, optical fiber… point-to-point

multiple access …

length

#nodes

limitations

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Clouds - Networks

A set of nodes, each connected to one or more p2p link

Switched network Circuit switch Packet switch

A set of independent clouds (networks) interconnected to forma an internetwork

Internet

A network can be defined recursively as...

Switch: forwarding message Router/gateway:forwarding message

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Strategies

Circuit switching: carry bit streamsoriginal telephone network

Packet switching: store-and-forward messages Internet

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Addressing and Routing

Address: byte-string that identifies a node usually unique

Routing: process of forwarding messages to the destination node based on its address Forwarding: local, static, and implemented by h/w Routing: dynamic, complex, and implemented by s/w

Types of addresses unicast: node-specific broadcast: all nodes on the network multicast: some subset of nodes on the network

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Multiplexing Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing (STDM) Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

L1

L2

L3

R1

R2

R3Switch 1 Switch 2

Two limitations: If a host has no data to send, the corresponding time slot or

frequency becomes idle. The maximum number of flows, (#time slots and #different

frequencies) are fixed.

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Statistical Multiplexing On-demand time-division Schedule link on a per-packet basis Packets from different sources interleaved on link Buffer packets that are contending for the link Buffer (queue) overflow is called congestion

…

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Inter-Process Communication Turn host-to-host connectivity into process-to-process

communication. Fill gap between what applications expect and what

the underlying technology provides.

Host HostApplication

Host

Application

Host Host

Channel

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IPC Abstractions

Connection-Oriented Examples

FTP Web (HTTP) NFS

Requirements At most one message

delivery FIFO order Security

Connectionless Examples

On-demand video Video conferencing

Requirements One/two-way traffic Bulk data transfer: 60Mbps Some data may be dropped

off. FIFO order in most cases Security

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What Goes Wrong in the Network?

Bit-level errors (electrical interference) Packet-level errors (congestion) Link and node failures

Messages are delayed Messages are deliver out-of-order Third parties eavesdrop

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Layering Use abstractions to hide complexity Abstraction naturally lead to layering Alternative abstractions at each layer

Connection-Orientedchannel

Connectionlesschannel

Application programs

Hardware

Host-to-host connectivity

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Protocols and Interfaces Protocol: Building each layer of a network architecture Each layer’s protocol has two different interfaces

service interface: operations on this protocol peer-to-peer interface: messages exchanged with peer (only direct at

H/W level)Host

1

Protocol

Host 2

Protocol

High-levelobject

High-levelobject

Serviceinterface

Peer-to-peerinterface

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OSI Architecture

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

End host

One or more nodeswithin the network

Network

Data link

Physical

Network

Data link

Physical

Network

Data link

Physical

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

End host

Network

Data link

Physical

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Internet Architecture Defined by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Hourglass Design Application vs Application Protocol (FTP, HTTP)

…

FTP HTTP NV TFTP

TCP UDP

IP

NET1 NET2 NETn Ethernet, FDDI, etc.

Internet Protocol

Reliable byte-stream channel Unreliable datagram delivery

Focal point for the architecture

Netscape, IE, Mosaic, etc.

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Socket APICreating a socket: int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol)

domain = PF_INET, PF_UNIXtype = SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM

Active Open (Client) Connectionless: UDP (SOCK_DGRAM)

sendto( sd, buf, sizeof( buf ), flag, struct sockaddr *name, socklen_t namelen );

recvfrom( sd, buf, sizeof( buf ), flag, struct sockaddr *addr, socketlen_t, *addrlen );

Connection-oriented: TCP (SOCK_STREAM)

connect( int sd, struct sockaddr *name, socklen_t namelen ) write( sd, buf, sizeof( buf ) ); writev( sd, struct iovec *iov, int

iovcnt ); read( sd, buf, sizeof( buf ) );

Passive Open (Server) Connectionless: UDP (SOCK_DGRAM)

bind( int sd, struct sockaddr *name, socklen_t namelen ); recvfrom( sd, buf, sizeof( buf ), flag, struct sockaddr *addr,

socketlen_t, *addrlen ); sendto( sd, buf, sizeof( buf ), flag, struct sockaddr *name,

socklen_t namelen );

Connection-oriented: TCP (SOCK_STREAM)

bind( int sd, struct sockaddr *name, socklen_t namelen ); listen( sd, 5 ); accept( sd, struct sockaddr *addr, socket_t *addrlen ); read( sd, buf, sizeof( buf ) ); readv( std, struct iovec *iov,

int iovcnt) write( sd, buf, sizeof( buf ) );

Connection request

Stream data

packets

HW1 uses these.

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Sockets (Code Example)int sd, newSd;sd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

sockaddr_in server;bzero( (char *)&server, sizeof( server ) );server.sin_family =AF_INET;server.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl( INADDR_ANY )server.sin_port = htons( 12345 );bind( sd, (sockaddr *)&server, sizeof( server ) );

struct hostent *host = gethostbyname( arg[0] );sockaddr_in server;bzero( (char *)&server, sizeof( server ) );server.sin_family = AF_INET;server.s_addr = inet_addr( inet_ntoa( *(struct in_addr*)*host->h_addr_list ) );server.sin_port = htons( 12345 );

connect( sd, (sockaddr *)&server, sizeof( server ) );

sockaddr_in client; socklen_t len=sizeof(client);while( true ) { newSd = accept(sd, (sockaddr *)&client, &len);

write( sd, buf1, sizeof( buf ) );write( sd, buf2, sizeof( buf ) ); if ( fork( ) == 0 ) {

close( sd ); read( newSd, buf1, sizeof( buf1 ) ); read( newSd, buf2, sizeof( buf2 ) );

} close( newSd );}

read() read()

socket()

connect()

write()

socket()

connect()

write()

listen( sd, 5 );

socket()

bind()

listen()

accept()

buf2, buf1

buf2, buf1close( newsd);exit( 0 );

int sd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

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Socket Implementation

Active Open (Client) connect( int sd, struct sockaddr *name, socklen_t namelen )

Passive Open (Server) bind( int sd, struct sockaddr *name, socklen_t namelen ); listen( sd, 5 ); accept( sd, struct sockaddr *addr, socket_t *addrlen );

Creating a socket: int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol)domain = PF_INET, PF_UNIXtype = SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM

Client process Server process

01234

User file descriptor table File structure table

inode

typeprotocolso_pcbso_rcvso_snd

Socket data structure

l_addrl_portf_addrf_portsocket

inpcb: Internet protocol control block

file

01234

User file descriptor tableFile structure table

typeprotocolso_pcbso_rcvso_snd

Socket data structure

typeprotocolso_pcbso_rcvso_snd

Socket data structure

l_addrl_portf_addrf_portsocket

inpcb: Internet protocol control block

copiedcopied

int fd = open( “fileA”, O_RDONLY, 0 );

packetpacket

packet

packetpacket

packet

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TCP Communication

write/read Send and receive a

message in buf

writev/readv Gather and scatter

messages in a single pair of writev/readv

Blocking write/read Write( ) is blocked until a

message is sent. Read( ) is blocked until a

message is received Non-blocking

Write( ) returns without confirming a message send

Read( ) returns null without waiting for a message.

default

1001400

1500

1500

Memory buffersBuffer descriptor list

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Non-Blocking CommunicationC/C++ Example

Polling Periodically check if a socket is ready to read data: Example:

sd = socket( AF_INET, SOCKET_STREAM, 0);set_fl(sd, O_NONBLOCK); // set the socket as non-blockingstruct pollfd pfd;pfd.fd = sd;poll( &pfd, 1, timeout ) // poll the socket status

Interrupt Notified from the system when a socket is ready to read data; Example:

sd = socket(AF_INET, SOCKET_STREAM, 0);signal(SIGIO, sigio_func); // set a future interrupt to call sigio_func( )fcntl(sd, F_SETOWN, getpid( )); // ask OS to deliver this fd interrupt to mefcntl(sd, F_SETFL, FASYNC); // set this fd asynchronousint sigio_func( ) { // invoked upon an interrupt }

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Protocol Implementation Issues Process Model

Process per protocol Process per message

avoid context switches

Buffer Model Copy from Application buffer to network buffer Zero copy / pin-down communication

avoid data copies

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(a) (b)

Process Model

Process-per-Protocol

• Simple message passing mechanisms between processes

• A context switch required at each layer

Process-per-Message

• For sending, functions are called down from top to bottom.

• For receiving, functions are called up from bottom to top.

Applications

Presentation

Transport

Session

Process 1

Process 2

Process 3

Static piece of code

Static piece of code

Static piece of code

Network

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Buffer Model

Avoid data copies Avoid OS interventions

message message message

message

copied

message

copied

message

passed

message

passed

message

bypassed

Conventional buffer transfer Zero copy communication Pin downed communication

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Performance Metrics Bandwidth (throughput)

data transmitted per time unit link versus end-to-end notation

Mbps = 106 bits per second Gbps = 109 bits per second

Latency (delay) time to send message from point A to point B one-way versus round-trip time (RTT) components

Latency = Propagation + Transmit + QueuePropagation = Distance / SpeedOfLightTransmit = Size / Bandwidth Even in the same distance, latency varies depending on the size of

message.

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Ideal versus Actual Bandwidth

RTT dominates Throughput = TransferSize / TransferTime TransferTime = RTT + 1/Bandwidth x TransferSize RTT:

a request message sent out and data received back

Example: 1-MB file across a 1-Gbps network with RTT=100ms. 1MB / 1Gbps = 8Mb / 1000Mbps = 8msec TransferTime = 100 + 8 = 108msec Throughput = 1MB / 108msec = 74.1 Mbps

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Delay x Bandwidth Product

Amount of data “in flight” or “in the pipe” Example: 100ms x 45Mbps = 560KB Receiver must prepare a buffer whose

size is at least 2 x Delay x Bandwidth

Bandwidth

Delay

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Reviews Components: hosts, links, switches, routers and networks Switching (circuit and packet) and multiplexing (STDM,

FDM, and statistical) OSI and Internet architectures Socket Performance metrics: Bandwidth and latency

Exercises in Chapter 1 Ex. 3 (RTT) Ex. 10 and 29 (STDM and FDM) Ex. 16 (Latency) Ex. 30 (Packet Sequence)