CSD 2230HUMAN COMMUNICATION

DISORDERS

Topic 6Language Disorders

Adult DisordersCentral Nervous System

Anatomy, Physiology, and Damage

Neurons Basic building

block of the nervous system

Landmarks Cell body Nucleus Dendrites Axons

Neurons Functions

Efferent neurons-carry information away from the brain to the periphery

Motor neurons Afferent neurons-carry information

from the periphery to the brain Sensory neurons

Interneurons

Neural Communication Neurotransmitters

Excitatory Inhibitory

Action Potential

Central Nervous System Major landmarks

Cerebrum Brainstem Cerebellum Spinal cord

Meninges Cerebrospinal

fluid

Cerebrum Left and right

hemispheres four lobes

frontal temporal parietal occipital

gyri sulci

Cerebrum Longitudinal

fissure Corpus callosum

CD ROM Ch 9.01 & Ch 9.02

Lateral fissure Central fissure

Brainstem Center of the

Cerebrum Basal Nuclei Thalamus

Brainstem midbrain pons medulla

CerebellumConnects to the brainstem by

three pathways that allow for1. Input of sensory info from

the body2. Output of signals for

motor execution to the muscles3. Input from the cerebrum

for control of cerebellar function

The cerebellum is important for balance and for coordinating various body movements.

Spinal Cord Peripheral

Nervous System Cranial Nerves

12 pair Specialized for

sensory and/or motor functions

Spinal Nerves 31 pair Sensory and motor

functions

Hemispheric Specialization Left hemisphere sequential functioning

Speech and language Broca’s area is important for the programming and

movements for speech production. Damage results in problems in the planning and execution of speech movements

Wernicke’s area is critical for processing and understanding auditory information. Damage results in marked problems in auditory comprehension

Right hemisphere holistic functioning

Facial recognition, comprehending and expressing emotion, musical ability

Four Major Causes of Brain Damage1. Stroke2. Head injury3. Infections and growths4. Progressive degenerative

diseases

Stroke Cerebrovascular accident

Embolus Thrombosis Hemorrage

Effects are immediate but there is a period of recovery

Head Injury Open head injuries Closed head injuries Severity and type of damage is

variable

Tumors Space occupying lesions

Malignant Benign Interior or exterior surface of the brain

Symptoms usually include dizziness, headache, memory deficits, and generalized sensory and/or motor problems

Progressive Degeneration Multiple sclerosis Parkinson’s disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Alzheimer’s disease