CSD 2230HUMAN COMMUNICATION

DISORDERS

Topic 3Introductory Anatomy and

Physiology of the Speech, Voice and Auditory System

The Respiratory System

Anatomical Terms

Anterior toward the front Posterior/Dorsal toward the back

Superior upper Inferior lowerExternal toward the outside Internal toward the

insideMedial toward or near the midline Lateral toward the sideDeep away from the surface Superficial toward the

surface

Anatomical Terms Relating to Musculature

Origin a muscle’s point of attachment that’s relatively fixed

Insertion a muscle’s point of attachment that’s relatively movable

Action the movement of a structure that occurs during muscle contraction. Usually occurs at the insertion point

Respiratory System

primary biological function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen to the blood and remove excess carbon dioxide from the body

Supplying the power source for speech is a secondary function

Structural Framework of the Respiratory System

1. Vertebral column2. Thorax3. Pectoral girdle4. Pelvic girdle

Vertebral Column

Comprised of 32 separate bony vertebrae joined together by ligaments or fibrous connective tissue

Vertebrae

Body Spinal processes

Vertebral Column

Cervical (7) Sacral (5) Thoracic (12) Coccygeal

(5) Lumbar (5)

Thorax

12 thoracic vertebrae

Sternum 12 pairs of

ribs

Thorax

True Ribs Costal

cartilages Sternum False ribs Floating ribs

Pectoral Girdle

Clavicle Scapula

Pelvic Girdle

Ilium Ischiu

m Pubis

Pulmonary System

Trachea Lungs

Trachea

Cartilaginous and membranous tube

20 horseshoe-shaped rings of cartilage that extends downward from the larynx

Pulmonary System

Musculature

1. Muscles of inhalation• Above the diaphragm

2. Muscles of exhalation• Below the diaphragm

3. Paired

Muscles of Inhalation

Diaphragm A thin, dome-shaped

structure composed of muscle fibers and a broad tendon on its superior surface.

As the diaphragm contracts, it pulls the lungs downward increasing lung volume

Other Muscles of Inhalation

external intercostals

11 pairs of muscles located in the

spaces between the ribs

assist in increasing the size of the thoracic cavity during inhalation

Other Muscles of Inhalation

internal intercostals

paired with the externals and lie just deep to them.

help control the descent of the rib cage during exhalation

Pectoralis Major and Minor

Major is the upper view; minor is the lower view

Both assist in elevation of the ribs and in thoracic expansion during inhalation

Levatores Costarum

12 pairs located on the

posterior aspect of the rib cage

serve to elevate the ribs and expand the thorax during inhalation.

Sternocleidomastoid and Scalene Muscles

Found primarily in the neck

Pull up on the sternum and first 2 ribs during inhalation

Muscles of Exhalation

External Obliques

Muscles of Exhalation

Internal Obliques

Muscles of Exhalation

Transverse Adominis

Muscles of Exhalation

Rectus Abdominis

Physiology for Respiration and Breathing for Speech

Tidal Breathing Rate and depth depends on the

body’s oxygen needs and amount of CO2 in the blood

Physiology for Respiration and Breathing for Speech

Inhalation Rib cage elevates, causing the lungs

to expand

Exhalation Thorax decreases, reducing lung

volume Air pressure in the lungs increases Air rushes out Passive recoil forces

Speech Breathing

Respiration during speech differs from quiet, tidal, breathing in a number of ways:

1. during speech breathing, inhalations occur only at major linguistic boundaries like between phrases and sentences

2. during speech breathing, the time spent inhaling is shortened greatly and the time spent exhaling is greatly increased

3. during quiet breathing, the air exchange during one respiratory cycle is about 1/2 liter whereas one may inhale as much as 2 liters of air during speech breathing, depending on the utterance

4. speech breathing frequently requires active muscle contraction during exhalation

Life-Span Issues Regarding Respiration

Tidal breathing rate Maximum lung capcity Factors affecting lung function

1. Age2. Exercise3. Health4. Smoking