CRUSADES

First Crusade: 1095-1099

• (also Peter the Hermit’s Poor People’s Crusade of 1096)

• Byzantine Emperor, Alexius wrote a letter to Robert, Count of Flanders asking for help defending Byzantine Christians from Muslim Turks.

• Pope Urban II to help solve the violence between brothers. Younger brothers of the Kings went.

• (Also Peter and his fanatical peasants)

• Vs. unorganized Turkish fighters.

First Crusade: 1095-1099

• 1st Crusaders surprised Muslims and they were able to take Jerusalem and created a Kingdom of Jerusalem with European Knights in charge.

• (Peter and his peasants were all killed)

Second Crusade:1147-1149

• Muslims took trade center, Edessa, a Byzantine city.

• Louis VII of France and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, Conrad III Holy Roman Emperor (Germany)

• Muslim forces (No one leader has emerged yet)

• Most of Conrad's soldiers were killed as they marched through Turkey. When Louis and Conrad reached Jerusalem, they decided to attack Damascus (which failed), which would have made up for the loss of Edessa.

• Muslims ended up taking Jerusalem.

Third Crusade:Kings’ Crusade

1189-1192• Muslim leader Saladin

took Jerusalem • Richard the

Lionhearted, King of England; Philip II, King of France; Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

• Saladin, hero of the Arab World

• Crusaders took port city of Jaffa in the Holy Lands, but decided not to even try and take Jerusalem.

• Richard kidnapped on way home by Austrian Duke Leopold and had to be ransomed out by his mom, Eleanor.

Fourth Crusade:1200- 1204

• Muslims have Jerusalem

• Pope Innocent III called for this crusade: crusaders were Christians looking for opportunity.

• Saladin, hero of the Arab World

• Crusaders sacked Constantinople

Children’s Crusade:1212

• Muslims have Jerusalem

• Stephen the Shepherd organized 37,000 children

• None: never got there

• If they weren’t Shipwrecked, starved to death or sold into slavery, they had a 1/1000 chance of making it home

Fifth Crusade:1217 - 1221

• Muslims have Jerusalem;

• The Pope was in charge instead of European kings. (Friedrich II of the Holy Roman Empire wanted to come along, but the Pope said no, this crusade was for the Pope, not for kings.

• Sultan al-Kamil, nephew of Saladin and the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt

• The Crusaders tried to take over more of Egypt, but the Muslims used the Nile to flood all the roads, trapping the Crusaders.

• The Crusaders had to make peace in order to get out. They gave Damietta back to the Ayyubids and went home.

Sixth Crusade:1228 - 1229

• Muslims have Jerusalem;

• Friedrich II, the Holy Roman Emperor, decided he would try his luck on Crusade, since he hadn't been allowed to go on the last one.

• Sultan al-Kamil, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, nephew of Saladin

• Frederick took Jerusalem but only a few months later he had to go home to because of problems there. He left Jerusalem without an army to protect it. The truce held for a while,

Seventh Crusade:1248 - 1254

• As the Ayyubids got weaker and weaker and in 1244, the Mamluks, (army of slaves) who were rising into power in West Asia, took Jerusalem.

• The Knights Templer

• Khwarezmians (from modern Iran & Iraq)

• Knights Templer stormed Jerusalem and were totally defeated.

Eighth Crusade: 1270

• Jerusalem still in hands of Muslims

• Louis IX of France

• Muslim fighters • Free Trade routes

established with Tunis (in N. Africa), priests and pilgrims allowed to go to Jerusalem

Ninth Crusade:1271 - 1272

• Because the 8th Crusaders needed help

• Edward I of England

• Muslim Mongols • All Christians were

either killed or enslaved

II. The Crusades Impact on European Culture

Western Europeans found Greek and Roman culture preserved in Moorish Spain (Islamic) & Southern Italian

AND Constantiople

Western Europeans learn from the Muslims

• During the Crusades western Europeans were introduced to the Muslim habits of Bathing regularly, food & Literature

The Crusades change Western European culture

• Increased interest in Eastern Culture.

• The Great Schism in the church

Crusades outcome?

• Instead of taking Jerusalem from the Muslims, the Crusaders occupied Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine empire.

Pope Benedict XII extorts the Byzantines

• Pope Benedict XII wanted the Byzantine Eastern Orthodox Church to merge into the Roman Catholic Church before he world help them defend themselves against the Turks

Byzantines’ Attitude:

• The Byzantine attitude towards the Latins (the Roman Catholics)? They felt alienated

Western Europeans come in contact with the Islamic culture

Spain, Italy, Mediterranean shores (N. Africa); Holy Land

Western Europeans adopted Eastern culture

• They Imitated Arabic Script;

• use of bronze, ivory relics;

• architecture; • mausoleums; • TEXTILES

Romanesque to Gothic

• Was developed after the Crusades

Byzantine culture changed from contact with Western Europeans

• Western administration methods in their government; established monasteries; gothic architecture

New products/ideas that Crusaders brought back home

• New foods: rice, lemons, SPICES, coffee

Crusades, success or failure?

• They failed to take Jerusalem, but because of the exposure to the advances of the Islamic culture, it was a success in improving the culture of Western Europe.

III. The Commercial Revolution

Commercial Revolution

• Period of economic expansion

• Transformation from an economic system based on agriculture & land as wealth (Manoralism) to one based on trade and manufacturing (Capitalism)

The Commercial Revolution began

• The Crusaders brought goods to Europe such as silk & spices and trade developed for these goods.

New international trade networks

• In the European’s quest for luxury goods from the East, they developed trade networks

Financial Institutions developed

• They needed to manage the new wealth and challenges the trade voyages created so Banking, insurance companies & Joint stock companies were invented

Silk Road is Closed until further notice

• Ottoman Turks 1453 shut down Constantinople as a place of trade for the Western Europeans.

Spain: ready to search for new trade routes

• Because of the Reconquista, the Spanish had a warrior culture ready to conquer more people and places.

We want more Colonies than the other guy!

• Rivalry between the European powers produced intense competition for colonies

We need more gold and silver!

• Gold and silver was in short supply in Western Europe because silver and gold were spent for trade to the Middle and Far East.

• European mines were exhausted of silver and gold ore

Why Manoralism after Roman Empire’s capitalism?

• After the fall of the Roman Empire, money became scarce trade was dangerous and expensive;

money not needed

• Money not needed in Western Europe during the Medieval Europe because there were not many traders, and not much trade

Peasants go on strike!

• The peasants were able to demand, and get higher wages because there were Labor shortages caused by the Black Plague which drove wages up.

Nobility in a recession, not pretty

• The landed aristocracy were forced to sell pieces of their land in order to maintain their style of living and to meet increased expenses.

New class: Bourgeois

• Middle class traders bought the land and became the rich Bourgeois (from "burghers", the city-dwelling middle class),

Enclosure

• The “common lands” were now fenced in by the new landlords, the landed bourgeois.

"enclosure" forced the peasants out

• The “enclosure” movement resulted in peasants out of rural areas and into the cities, urbanization

Enclosure Industrial Revolution

• The “enclosure” movement led to the Industrial Revolution (factories) because it created available labor to work in the factories

Inflation = rising prices

• Inflation means there is more money, and so becomes less valuable. The increase in the availability of silver coin allowed for commerce to expand

Banks developed

• Banks developed in northern Europe because of the extra available money.

Where to build a Bank:

• Banking offices were usually located near centers of trade

Insurance companies and Joint Stock Ventures

• Because of the risk and expense associated with trade, insurance and Joint Stock Ventures were created.

• Trade was risky: war, weather, and other uncertainties. To lessen risk, people would own shares of a venture,

Mercantalism

The accumulation of precious metals by governments to increase the power of a modern nation.

Mercantilism was the theory that trade existed for the good of the state.

Capitalism:

Free Trade/ the private ownership of the means of production (businesses) and distribution.

IV. The Guild System

Guild

• A hierarchy of people who make up the work force or play an important role in the economy of a trade or trades

the Hierarchy of the Guild

• Master: owned his own shop, tools, and raw materials.

• Journeyman: required to work under a master. A journeyman was basically like an employee because he was able to work for any master how wanted to hire him

• Apprentice: young boys who were starting to learn the trade. They lived with the master and worked for the master without pay.

How Businesses were organized

• organized groups of occupations by street;

• This would eventually lead to extremely low prices that would be bad for the producers

The Guild System an improvement for the crafts people

• Each guild was a monopoly

• had strict rules for their members.

• Craftsmen had to join a guild.

• established a uniform price

• restricted foreign trade. • Thus, the guild had a

monopoly

Guilds regulate their industry

• The strict rules helped the buyers be sure of what kind of quality they would receive for their money

the 13 regulations for the White Tawyers of London (tanners)

• 1. Keep candle lit in church

• 2. Pay dues poor members

• 3. Only local labor allowed in Guild

• 4. Don’t steal labor (workers) from each other

• 5. Help each other finish big jobs

• 6. Go to Guild members’ funerals & give $$ widows

• 7. Don’t hire disobedient labor

• 8. Don’t trade with tradesmen who support disobedient workers

• 9. Fines are placed on members not following Guild rules

• 10. Annual meetings held for all guild members: required to attend

• 11. Overseer of Guild will be fined for being lax or corrupt

• 12. Only Masters can ply trade: having gone thru Apprentice & Journeyman levels

• 13. Labor must pass exam to be in trade

• 14. No member of the trade shall charge higher prices than is set by Guild

V. Rise of Towns & the Middle Class

• Until the 12th Century, what had been the state of trade and towns in Western Europe since the Fall of the Roman Empire? towns and trade in Western Europe, which had long been in decay since the end of the Roman Empire

the 4 factors that led to an increase in renewed energy in trade and expansion of

towns• 1. cities in Italy

evolved from centers of defense into thriving towns b/c of trade and manufacturing.

the 4 factors that led to an increase in renewed energy in trade and expansion of

towns• 2. Flanders (modern

Belgium), trade based on the wool industry started by a new monastic order, the Cistercians. 

the 4 factors that led to an increase in renewed energy in trade and expansion of

towns3. the agricultural

revolution that increased food production to support town populations. 

the 4 factors that led to an increase in renewed energy in trade and expansion of

towns4. The end of

Viking and Arab raids made the roads safer for trade. 

Champagne• started six annual

trade fairs held in four rotating locations that helped spawn the increase in trade and towns

Why aristocrats like trade fairs

• They taxed the traders!• They could buy goods too.

Other towns want trade fairs

• Other nobles learn about taxing traders and wanted easy money too.

• People wanted more goods.

Why towns developed

• People wanted permanent trade fairs towns

Towns were near castles

• Nobles gave protection to traders (b/c they taxed them)

Towns are better than serfs

• Make more money with towns, better than baskets of wheat.

More money from towns

• Meant more knights could be hired

More knights means safer towns

• Traders like safety. They move to safe towns.

Towns increase

• Money based economy develops

• Kings become more powerful

Nobles sold towns & serfs

• Inflation made nobles poor so they needed to raise money.

Manoralism/Feudalism ended

• When Nobles sold serfs they lost their power.

Church is especially hurt by inflation

• The Church had all its wealth mostly in land and fixed rents. 

Church make up for the decrease in real income due to inflation

• Simony: sold church offices

• Sold indulgences (reprieves from punishment in Purgatory before being admitted into Heaven). 

Selling indulgences led to

• abuses which led to the Protestant Reformation, (which would destroy the Catholic Church's religious dominance in Western Europe).

The King

• Supported towns in their quest for freedom from nobles

“Cleric, Knight, and Workman": the three estates in medieval Europe

Kings competed with for power

• With the Nobles & the Church (the Pope)

King had authority over the Church and Nobles

• The King was viewed as God’s appointed ruler. (God wanted him to be ruler = Divine right)

towns and the money economy lead to

• the decline of the medieval Church and nobles. (i.e. Feudalism)

The Great Schism, 1378-1415

leadership in the 14th Century

There was a general failure of leadership in 14th-century Europe.

14th Century War:

• The 100 Years War: between France and England

new weapons allowed peasants to kill aristocrats

• longbows, crossbows, pikes and gunpowder.

the leaders of the peasant rebellions wanted

• uprooting of the entire feudal system

Bubonic Plague killed so many people

• Which is why were laborers in short supply

the 4 stages during which the Church lost its power and prestige

1. The Avignon Papacy (1305-1378): The Roman Catholic Church moved the seat of the Pope from Rome to Avignon, France in 1305.

the 4 stages during which the Church lost its power and prestige

2. The Church in Avignon was seen as a French puppet, was corrupt, failed to provided sacraments to all the dead and dying during the Black Death

the 4 stages during which the Church lost its power and prestige

3. Some demanded that the Church give up its wealth and property because Jesus and the Apostles were without property.

Others claimed that the state should police the Church.

the 4 stages during which the Church lost its power and prestige

4. The papacy attacked its critics. It, used the Inquisition to silence them, & accused many of its detractors of heresy.

Those French!

• Pope Urban VI was chosen and he decided the Pope and Papacy should return to Rome,

• But the French Cardinals return to Avignon, they were mad b/c they were unable to control their new pope as they had hoped, the French cardinals fled Rome.

They declared Pope Urban VI’s election invalid

• The French cardinals assembled and declared that the election of Urban was invalid and void because they had acted under duress.

How Many Popes Are there supposed to be?

• There were 2 popes!• There should be 1

Having 2 Popes expensive!

• There were two entire papal administrations to be maintained in a style befitting their dignities.

• The two papal claimants began competing with each other in matters such as pomp, lavish gifts, patronage, and bribery.

There can’t be 2 Popes!

• Each papal administration declared the other heretical. So half the population might be receiving the sacraments from a heretic and so were dying excommunicated and descending directly into Hell to suffer the unspeakable torments of the damned for all eternity.

The Council of Pisa

• the Church agreed to get rid of both Popes and selected a new pope.

The Council of Pisa

• This Council broke Church rules (overstep their authority) because they had assumed the right to dethrone a true pope.

Now there are 3 Popes!

Finally, the Schism ended!

• They lots of meetings, but nothing was solved until 1417.

• The establishment of the church councils, with the power to decide over the position of Pope

VII. Hanseatic League

Hanseatic League

• Was a league of merchant associations within the cities of Northern Germany and the Baltic.

Trade was Dangerous & Risky

• For merchants in the Middle Age trade was a dangerous and risky business

Salt began it all! (Sound familiar?)

• Salt was so needed that the Hanseatic League was begun

Why is Salt so Important?

• The diet of Christian Europe was made of fish since there were many fast days and the church forbade the eating of meat on Friday.

Hamburg and Luebeck

Copycats

• Hamburg and Luebeck inspired other German cities to create merchant associations

Everyone wanted in

• London, Bergen, Danzig (Gdansk), Novgorod and Cologne.

Goal of the League: create a monopoly

• Protectionism: each city would specialize in one good, and be the only city making that good. Thus each city was guaranteed a monopoly in that good.

Luebeck

Lubeck: The most important city in the Hanseatic League

Lubeck’s importance made merchants in other cities annoyed

• Other member cities often complained that the merchants from Luebeck were given advantages over their own merchants.

Holsten Gate built by Hanseatic Merchants to protect Lubeck

Advantage Luebeck had that the other cities did not have

• Luebeck was one of the few "free cities", without a feudal lord to have to pay taxes to.

• It was an imperial city which owed its allegiance to the emperor alone.

The Cog

• These ships had a flat bottom and so were well fitted for sailing in shallow waters. They were rugged, held a lot of cargo.

Why buy/sell shares?

• To spread your investment over several cargos and shipping them on several ships the risk of a catastrophic loss was reduced.

Risks with Ships:

• Piracy, sinking, storms

The pirate Klaus Stoertebeker

Valdemar Atterdag, King of Denmark

• Became envious of the profit the Hanseatic League was making

Valdemar Atterdag holding Visby to ransom, 1361

Magnus Erikson, King of Sweden

• The Hanseatic League expected the King of Sweden to help them fight the Danes, but instead he stood them up.

Hanseatic League have to give up to the Danish King

• most of its revenues from the herring fisheries.

The decline of the Hanseatic League

• privateers were given letters of marque (official permission to capture enemy merchant ships).

• The herring spawning ground suddenly and unexpectedly moved to the North Sea where the Dutch ships could move into the market.

• The English began to take over the shipping the Germans had previously monopolized