Critics of Capitalism Utopian Socialism

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

New Lanark, 1799-1824

New Harmony, 1824-8

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, 1832-4

Critics of Capitalism Utopian Socialists, cont.

Charles Fourier (1772-1837)

Phalanstery or phalanx

Claude Saint-Simon (1760-1825)

Charles Fourier

Marx and Engels

The Communist Manifesto, 1848 Materialist

dialectic Bourgeoisie and

proletariat Theory of class

struggle

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Revolutions of 1848

The Rise of Mass Politics: The Legalization of Trade Unions, 1790-1917

The Rise of Mass Politics, 1870-1920: The Franchise

Country Universal Manhood Suffrage

Female Suffrage

United Kingdom

1918 1928

Austria-Hungary

1907 1919

France 1848 1944Germany 1876 1919Italy 1912 1945Russia/USSR 1917 1917U.S.A. 1870 1920

The Rise of Mass Politics: Working-Class Political Parties German Social

Democratic Party (SPD), 1875

Federation of the Socialist Workers’ Party(1879) + French Workers’ Party (1883) = S.F.I.0., 1905

Labour Party (U.K.), 1901

L’Internationale (1871) Arise ye starving workers from

your slumbersArise ye criminals of wantFor reason in revolt now thundersand at last ends the age of cant.Now away with all your superstitionsServile masses arise, arise!We'll change from now on the old conditionsAnd spurn the dust to win the prize.

CHORUS

Then come comrades rallyAnd the last fight let us faceThe InternationaleUnites the human race. (repeat).

We peasants, artisans and others,Enrolled amongst the sons of toilLet's claim the earth henceforth for brothersDrive the indolent from the soil.On our flesh for too long has fed the ravenWe've too long been the vultures prey.But now farewell to spirit craven The dawn brings in a brighter day.

CHORUS No saviour from on high delivers

No trust we have in prince or peerOur own right hand the chains must shiverChains of hatred, greed and fear.Ere the thieves will out with their booty And to all give a happier lot.Each at his forge must do his dutyAnd strike the iron while its hot.

The Rise of Mass Politics: Radical Movements of the Left and Right Anarchism

Michael Bakunin (1814-1876): “Destruction is a creative passion.”

Syndicalism Georges Sorel

(1847-1922) Racism

H.S. Chamberlain (1855-1927)

Michael Bakunin

Romanticism: J.-A.-D. Ingres

Louis-François Bertin (1766-1841)1832

Odalisque

Romanticism: J.M.W. Turner

Procession of Boats with Distant Smoke, Venice circa 1845

J.M.W. Turner

A Wreck, with Fishing Boats circa 1840-5

J.M.W. Turner

Sunrise with Sea Monsters circa 1845

Realism after the Revolutions

Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans (1849)

The Age of Nationalism, 1850-?

Expressions of Nationalism: Language Symbols Culture Nationalism & Stat

e-building

Eugene Delacroix, Liberty LeadingThe People, 1830

Languages and Nationalism in the 19th Century

Symbols of Nationalism, I

Spain, 1785-1927

France, 1794

United Kingdom, 1801

Italy, 1861-1946

Germany, 1871-1918

Symbols of Nationalism, II

Germany, 1919-1933

Germany, 1933-1945

E. Germany, 1949-90

W. Germany, 1949-90

Germany, 1990-pres

Nationalism and Music

Franz Liszt, 1811-1886 Giuseppe Verdi, 1813-1901

Hungarian Rhapsody No. 12(1853)

“Va, pensiero…” from Nabucco (1842)

“Va, Pensiero…” from NabuccoVa, pensiero, sull'ali dorate; Go, my thoughts on golden wings; Va, ti posa sui clivi, sui colli Go, settle on the slopes, the hills Ove olezzano tepide e molli, Where, soft and warm, the sweet breezesL'aure dolici del suolo natal! Of our native land are fragrant!Del Giordano le rive saluta, Greet the banks of the Jordan, Di Sionne le torri atterrate. And, Zion’s razed towers…. Oh, mia patrie si bella e perduta! Oh, my country so lovely and lost!Oh, Membrenza si cara e fatal! Oh remembrances, so dear and ill-fated! Arpa d'or del fatidici vati, Golden harp of the prophetic bards, Perché muta dal salice pendi? Why do you hang mute on the

willows? Le memorie nel petto raccendi, Re-kindle the memories in our breasts, Chi favella del tempo che fu! Speak to us of the times of yore! O simile di Solima ai fati Just as for the cruel fate of Jerusalem, Traggi un suono di crudo lamento, Intone a strain of bitter lamentation,O t'ispiri il Signore un concento Otherwise, let the Lord inspire you withChe ne infonda al patire virtu! With a melody to give us strength to suffer!

L’Internationale (1871) Arise ye starving workers from

your slumbersArise ye criminals of wantFor reason in revolt now thundersand at last ends the age of cant.Now away with all your superstitionsServile masses arise, arise!We'll change from now onthe old conditionsAnd spurn the dust to win the prize.

CHORUS

Then come comrades rallyAnd the last fight let us faceThe InternationaleUnites the human race. (repeat).

We peasants, artisans and others,Enrolled amongst the sons of toilLet's claim the earth henceforth for brothersDrive the indolent from the soil.On our flesh for too long has fed the ravenWe've too long been the vultures prey.But now farewell to spirit craven The dawn brings in a brighter day.

CHORUS No saviour from on high delivers

No trust we have in prince or peerOur own right hand the chains must shiverChains of hatred, greed and fear.Ere the thieves will out with their booty And to all give a happier lot.Each at his forge must do his dutyAnd strike the iron while its hot.

Nationalism and State-Building: Italy

Il Risorgimento, 1859-70

Camilio di Cavour, Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia (1852-61)

King Victor Emmanuel III (r. 1861-78)

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)

Bismarck and German Unification, I: Background Holy Roman Empire,

962-1806 Confederation of

the Rhine, 1806-1815

German Confederation, 1815-1866

Zollverein, 1834 Frankfurt

Parliament, 1848Franz von Lehnbach, Otto von Bismarck, 1879. German Historical Museum, Berlin.

Bismarck and German Unification, II: Realpolitik Wars of

Unification Danish War,

1864 Austro-Prussian

War, 1866 Franco-Prussian

War, 1870-1

Decree establishing Paris Commune, 1871

German Unification, 1862-71

Constitution of the 2nd Reich

BundesratS ta te R ep resen ta tion

ReichstagP op u la tion

R ep resen ta tion

ChancellorO tto von B ism arck

KaiserW ilh e lm I

Signature of Otto von Bismarck

Problems of Unification Kulturkampf,

1871-1878 Anti-Socialist

Laws, 1878-1890 The State as

Provider: Accident Insurance Disability

Insurance Old Age Insurance SPD Banner, 1863

Germany’s Drive to World Power Kaiser Wilhelm II

(r.1888-1918) Dismissal of

Bismarck, 1890 The ‘New Course’

‘A Place in the Sun’ The Navy Plan The Schlieffen Plan

Krupp Naval Armaments Production, Essen, 1906. German Historical Museum, Berlin

The Schlieffen Plan

‘The Scramble for Africa’, 1890-1914

Imperialism in Asia, 1894-1914

Anglo-German Arms Race

German cruiser, ca. 1918.German Historical Museum,Berlin

HMS Marlborough.WWI Document Archive.

International Arms Production, 1890-1914

Imperialism and World Crisis

Conflicts: 1st Moroccan Crisis,

1905 The Bosnian Crisis,

1908-1909 2nd Moroccan Crisis,

1911 1st Balkan War, 1912 2nd Balkan War,

1913

The Alliance System

Austria-Hungary

1867 : Creation of Dual Monarchy under Emperor Franz Joseph

Population: 50 Million People 11 Nationalities

The Balkans & Central Europe 1389-1878: Ottoman

rule 1908: Austro-

Hungarian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina

Creation of Narodna Odbrana (National Defense) and Black Hand

1912-13: Serbian victories in Balkan Wars

The July Crisis, 1914 June 28: Assassination

of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

July 5-6: The Blank Check

July 23 : Austrian 48- Hour Ultimatum

July 28 : Austrian declaration of war with Serbia

August 1: German declaration of war with Russia

Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austrian Ultimatum & Reply To suppress any publication which incites to hatred and

contempt of the Monarchy . . .

To dissolve immediately the society styled Narodna Odbrana . . and to proceed in the same manner against the other societies . . which engage in propaganda against [Austria]

To eliminate without delay from public instruction in Serbia, both as regards the teaching body and the methods of instruction, all that serves or might serve to foment the propaganda against Austria-Hungary

To remove from the military service and the administration in general all officers guilty of propaganda against [Austria--names to be given over by the Austrian govt.]

To accept the collaboration in Serbia of organs of [A-H govt.] in the suppression of the subversive movement directed against the territorial integrity of the Monarchy

To take judicial proceedings against the accessories to the plot of 28 June who are on Serbian territory; Organs delegated by [A-H] will take part in the investigations relating thereto

To proceed without delay to the arrest of [two named persons implicated according to the preliminary investigation undertaken by Austria]

To prevent by effective measures the cooperation of [Serbia] in the illicit traffic in arms and explosives across the frontier . . . .

To furnish [Austria] with explanations regarding the unjustifiable utterances of high Serbian officials both in Serbia and abroad, who . . .have not hesitated since the outrage of 28 June to express themselves . .in terms of hostility towards [Austria]

To notify [Austria] without delay of the execution of the[se] measures . .

[Serbia will] introduce . . a provision into the press law providing for the most severe punishment of incitement to hatred and contempt of the [A-H] Monarchy . . .

[The Serbian govt.] possesses no proof . . that the Narodna Odbrana and other similar societies have committed up to the present any criminal act of this nature . . Nevertheless, [Serbia] will . . dissolve the Narodna Obrana and every other society which . . .

[Serbia will] eliminate without delay from public instruction . . everything that serves or might serve to foment the propaganda against [A-H], whenever [Austria] furnish them with facts and proofs . .

[Serbia] also agree to remove from the military service all such persons as the judicial inquiry may have proved to be guilty of acts directed against the integrity of the territory of [A-H], and they expect [Austria] to communicate . .the names and acts of these officers for the purpose of the proceedings which are to be taken against them

[The Serbian govt. does] not clearly grasp the meaning or the scope of the demand . . that Serbia shall undertake to accept the collaboration of the representatives of [A-H], but they declare that they will admit such collaboration as agrees with the principle of international law, with criminal procedure, and with good neighborly relations

. . . As regards the participation in this inquiry [which Serbia intends to hold] of Austro-Hungarian agents.......... [Serbia] cannot accept such an arrangement, as it would be a violation of the Constitution . . .

[states it has not yet been possible to arrest one of the persons named; request proofs of guilt from Austria]

[ agrees to reinforce measures against illegal trafficking of arms and explosives across the frontier with Bosnia-Herzegovine]

[offers explanations of anti-Austrian comments by Serb officials if Austria sends examples of their actually having been made]

[Serbia will duly notify the measures taken, but if Austria is not satisfied with the reply] the Serbian government . . are ready . . to accept a pacific understanding, either by referring this question to the decision of the International Tribunal of the Hague [i.e., the World Court], or to the Great Powers . .

World War I Begins August 1: German

Declaration of War on Russia

August 2-3: German invasion of Luxembourg and Belgium

August 3: German declaration of War on France

August 4: British declaration of war with Germany Belgian Refugees, 1914

The Western Front

Animated Map of theWestern Front

Stalemate, 1914

1st Battle of the Marne, September 1914 French & German

Losses = 400,000 dead

600,000 wounded Trench Warfare

Somme Trenches, 1916

The Birth of Propaganda

Belgian Atrocities Propaganda Posters Censorship and

misinformation Songs

It’s A Long Way to Tipperary

You’re a Grand Old Flag

Over There

Out of Stalemate?

Nationalisms Lawrence of Arabia Balfour Declaration Irish Independence

British Naval Blockade

Submarine Warfare

German submarine U-14

European Fronts, 1914-18

U.S. Propaganda Posters

British Propaganda Posters, 1

Propaganda Posters, 2

Propaganda Posters, 3

Second Year of the War, 1915 Gallipoli Campaign

55,000 killed Battle of Neuve Chapelle

+1,000 yds - 13,000 casualties

Battle of Artois-Champagne

565,000 German & French killed or wounded

Eastern Front 1,792,000 Russian killed

or wounded Sinking of the Lusitania Imperial soldiers come

ashore at Gallipoli

Third Year of the War, 1916 Battle of Verdun

970,000 French & German casualties

Easter Rising Battle of the

Somme 400,000 French &

German casualties Restricted

submarine warfare Remains of a town near the Verdun battlefield

Fourth Year of the War, 1917 Battle of

Passchendale 400,000 casualties

US entry Resumption of

unrestricted submarine warfare (31 January)

Cessation of US-German diplomatic relations (3 February)

1st Russian Revolution (15 March)

Zimmerman Telegram Declaration of War (6 April

The Zimmerman Telegram

Zimmerman Telegram

Russian Revolutions 1905 Revolution

Russo-Japanese War Father Gapon Duma (National

Assembly) February

Revolution, 1917 Abdication of the Tsar Dual Power (soviets) Alexander Kerensky Gen. Kornilov’s Coup

Tsar’s abdication letter, 1917

The Bolshevik Revolution The Bolsheviks

Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)

Lev Bronstein (Trotsky)

Storming of the Winter Palace

Lenin

The War’s End, 1918 The 14 Points

(January)

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March)

German ‘Spring Offensive’ (March-July)

Armistice with Turkey (October)

Austro-Hungarian Armistice (3 November)

Remains of Cathedral at St. Quentin, France

The November Revolution, 1918 Naval Mutinies (3-5

Nov) Räte Movement

Bavarian Republic (7 Nov)

Abdication of the Kaiser (9 Nov)

German (Weimar) Republic founded (9 Nov)

Armistice Signed (11-11-11)

Philipp Scheidemann announces the founding of theGerman Republic in Berlin, November 9, 1918.