CRISIS IN DARFUR, CRISIS IN DARFUR, HOPE FOR SUDANHOPE FOR SUDAN

CATHOLIC SOCIAL MINISTRY CATHOLIC SOCIAL MINISTRY GATHERINGGATHERINGFEBRUARY 21, 2005FEBRUARY 21, 2005

* El Geniena

LRA

Zaghawa/Janjaweed

Beja

Overview of Sudan and DarfurOverview of Sudan and Darfur

Geography: 2.376 million sq. km. – 25% the size of United StatesGeography: 2.376 million sq. km. – 25% the size of United States– Darfur: Size of France – 3 States: North, South, West Darfur: Size of France – 3 States: North, South, West

Population: over 38 million; 6 million in DarfurPopulation: over 38 million; 6 million in Darfur Life Expectancy: 58 yearsLife Expectancy: 58 years

Religions: 70% Sunni Religions: 70% Sunni MuslimMuslim; 22% Indigenous Traditional; 8% ; 22% Indigenous Traditional; 8% ChristianChristian

Ethnic Groups: 52% Ethnic Groups: 52% Black AfricanBlack African; 39% ; 39% ArabArab; 6% ; 6% BejanBejan; 2% ; 2% ForeignersForeigners

Economy: 80% of Sudanese work in Economy: 80% of Sudanese work in AgricultureAgriculture; Oil production ; Oil production equals equals 250,000 barrels/day; $ 250,000 barrels/day; $2 billion/20042 billion/2004

– Major Oil Players: Major Oil Players: ChinaChina, Malaysia, India, , Malaysia, India, RussiaRussia, other minor , other minor players; players;

– Gum Arabic: Coke-Cola; other companiesGum Arabic: Coke-Cola; other companies

Prospects for Peace between North – SouthProspects for Peace between North – South

More than 21 years of civil war – southern Sudan completely More than 21 years of civil war – southern Sudan completely devastateddevastated– Over 2 million people diedOver 2 million people died– Over 4 million people were forcibly displaced within Sudan or fled to Over 4 million people were forcibly displaced within Sudan or fled to

neighboring countries (refugees)neighboring countries (refugees)

Naivasha Comprehensive Peace Accords: 4 Protocols dealing with:Naivasha Comprehensive Peace Accords: 4 Protocols dealing with:A.A. Peace and SecurityPeace and SecurityB.B. Governance: National Government of Unity (Khartoum); Government of Governance: National Government of Unity (Khartoum); Government of

Southern Sudan (Rumbek)Southern Sudan (Rumbek)C.C. Oil Revenue Sharing: North/South = 50/50Oil Revenue Sharing: North/South = 50/50D.D. Legal System: North – Shari’a Penal Laws; South – Secular JudiciaryLegal System: North – Shari’a Penal Laws; South – Secular JudiciaryE.E. Nuba Mountains, Southern Blue Nile, Abeyei – Special ArrangementNuba Mountains, Southern Blue Nile, Abeyei – Special ArrangementF.F. 6 Year Interim Period – Referendum on Independence for South6 Year Interim Period – Referendum on Independence for South

United Nations Peace-observing Mission to North/South: 10,130 United Nations Peace-observing Mission to North/South: 10,130 strong, with mandate to monitor ceasefire violations and protect their strong, with mandate to monitor ceasefire violations and protect their own staff – upcoming UNSC Resolution.own staff – upcoming UNSC Resolution.

RETURN OF IDPs/REGUGEESRETURN OF IDPs/REGUGEES

Over 4 million people forcibly displaced during 21 years in Over 4 million people forcibly displaced during 21 years in north/south conflictnorth/south conflict

More than 200,000 Refugees have already returned to More than 200,000 Refugees have already returned to South (2004/5)South (2004/5)

500,000 – 1,200,000 will seek return in 2005-06500,000 – 1,200,000 will seek return in 2005-06– How will they return? How will they return? – Need for short-term and mid-term relief Need for short-term and mid-term relief – Land issues – could pose serious problems and sew seeds of new Land issues – could pose serious problems and sew seeds of new

conflictsconflicts– UNHCR: $60 million for 2005 (has only received $3 million)UNHCR: $60 million for 2005 (has only received $3 million)

IDPs living in/around Khartoum:IDPs living in/around Khartoum:– Over 2 millionOver 2 million– Will they remain or return? What guarantees will be provided Will they remain or return? What guarantees will be provided

should they remain in the north (civil, religious, land rights)should they remain in the north (civil, religious, land rights)– Complications with return home: no land, no farms, no jobsComplications with return home: no land, no farms, no jobs

CHALLENGES TO PEACE IN SUDANCHALLENGES TO PEACE IN SUDAN

North/South struggleNorth/South struggle: : IdentitiesIdentities (ethnic, religious, (ethnic, religious, regional); regional); ResourcesResources (oil located in south); Political (oil located in south); Political ParticipationParticipation (Politics of Exclusion/Inclusion) (Politics of Exclusion/Inclusion)

North/North struggleNorth/North struggle: National Democratic Alliance, other : National Democratic Alliance, other opposition groups in North; Beja peoples to East; Darfur to opposition groups in North; Beja peoples to East; Darfur to West; Western Kordofan (new rebel groups) [Eritrea]West; Western Kordofan (new rebel groups) [Eritrea]

Khartoum CrisesKhartoum Crises: Hardliners; Military/Intelligence : Hardliners; Military/Intelligence establishment; Political Opponents (*Turabi), Al Mahdi; establishment; Political Opponents (*Turabi), Al Mahdi; ‘Negotiators’.‘Negotiators’.

CRISIS IN DARFURCRISIS IN DARFUR

February 2003 – Black African farmers February 2003 – Black African farmers conduct an attacks on police and conduct an attacks on police and military headquarters in El Fashir. military headquarters in El Fashir.

Government in Khartoum conducts air Government in Khartoum conducts air and ground strikes against villages and ground strikes against villages throughout Darfur’s three provinces.throughout Darfur’s three provinces.

Government forces incapable of Government forces incapable of stopping the two rebel movements: stopping the two rebel movements: Sudan Liberation Army (SLM) – Justice Sudan Liberation Army (SLM) – Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)and Equality Movement (JEM)

Government arms Arab militias and Government arms Arab militias and employs them against rebels and employs them against rebels and civilian populations [Janjaweed, civilian populations [Janjaweed, Popular Defense Forces –PDF, other Popular Defense Forces –PDF, other armed groups]. armed groups].

DARFUR:-Size of FRANCE-Over 6 million people-Fur, Zaghawa, Maseleit, other Ethnic Groups

Conflicts: Arab Herders Black African Farmers Water, land access flush with arms politicization of previous conflicts

CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCECONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCE

More than 100,000 people have died in More than 100,000 people have died in Darfur as result of fighting, displacement, Darfur as result of fighting, displacement, disease and hunger (Reeves – 300,000+)disease and hunger (Reeves – 300,000+)

More than 1.7 million Internally Displaced.More than 1.7 million Internally Displaced.

3 - 4 million in need of immediate food 3 - 4 million in need of immediate food assistance in 2005.assistance in 2005.

200+ people dying each day in Darfur.200+ people dying each day in Darfur.

200,000 Refugees in Chad.200,000 Refugees in Chad.

““We’re getting nowhere with respect to We’re getting nowhere with respect to Darfur. We’ve tried everything. We’ve Darfur. We’ve tried everything. We’ve tried the carrot approach, we’ve tried tried the carrot approach, we’ve tried the stick approach and we’re getting the stick approach and we’re getting nowhere…”nowhere…” (Amb. Danforth, December (Amb. Danforth, December 7, 2004)7, 2004)

REBEL MOVEMENTS IN DARFURREBEL MOVEMENTS IN DARFUR

SUDAN LIBERATION ARMY/MOVEMENT (SLM/A)SUDAN LIBERATION ARMY/MOVEMENT (SLM/A)Comprised of Fur, Zaghawa, Masaleit and other tribesComprised of Fur, Zaghawa, Masaleit and other tribesAgenda: Regional development, protection of citizens, Agenda: Regional development, protection of citizens,

participation in Sudanese political life and share in oil proceedsparticipation in Sudanese political life and share in oil proceeds

JUSTICE AND EQUALITY MOVEMENT (JEM)JUSTICE AND EQUALITY MOVEMENT (JEM)Comprised of Zaghawa Fur, and other tribesComprised of Zaghawa Fur, and other tribes

Agenda: Concerns larger than Darfur; suspected of Agenda: Concerns larger than Darfur; suspected of collaborating collaborating withTurabi’s political group in KhartoumwithTurabi’s political group in Khartoum

NATIONAL MOVEMENT FOR REFORM AND NATIONAL MOVEMENT FOR REFORM AND DEVELOPMENT (NMRD)DEVELOPMENT (NMRD)

Splinter group of JEMSplinter group of JEMZaghawa tribe – probable support from forces inside ChadZaghawa tribe – probable support from forces inside Chad

Attacking Arab villages only (support from either Chad or GOS)Attacking Arab villages only (support from either Chad or GOS)

AL SHAHAMAH MOVEMENT (ASM)AL SHAHAMAH MOVEMENT (ASM)Western Kordofan regional movementWestern Kordofan regional movement

Political agenda: not clearPolitical agenda: not clear

UNITED STATES’ ROLE IN SUDANUNITED STATES’ ROLE IN SUDAN

PROMOTION OF PEACE:NORTH/SOUTHPROMOTION OF PEACE:NORTH/SOUTH 2002-04: Peace Agreement 2002-04: Peace Agreement

– 1/9/2005 –Government and SLM/A 1/9/2005 –Government and SLM/A sign agreementsign agreement

Implementation of Peace Agreement – Implementation of Peace Agreement – – FY2005: $111 millionFY2005: $111 million– FY2006: $90 million (proposed); FY2006: $90 million (proposed);

Supplemental: $100 million Supplemental: $100 million

HUMANITARIAN RELIEF for DARFUR (Chad)HUMANITARIAN RELIEF for DARFUR (Chad) FY2004:$256 millionFY2004:$256 million FY2005: $303 million (allocated)FY2005: $303 million (allocated) FY2006: $100 millionFY2006: $100 million Supplemental: $242.4 million – plus $55 Supplemental: $242.4 million – plus $55

million for War Crimes Tribunalmillion for War Crimes Tribunal *50% of Food/Non-Food Aid (Darfur and *50% of Food/Non-Food Aid (Darfur and

Southern Sudan)Southern Sudan)

DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS FOR DARFURDIPLOMATIC EFFORTS FOR DARFUR $40 million in 2004 for African Union$40 million in 2004 for African Union Support for Political Dialogue in AbujaSupport for Political Dialogue in Abuja

AFRICAN UNIONAFRICAN UNION

Mission: Monitor Ceasefire Agreement (April Mission: Monitor Ceasefire Agreement (April 2004; May 2004; Nov./Dec. 2004)2004; May 2004; Nov./Dec. 2004)

Strength: 1,700 (Observers and Protection Strength: 1,700 (Observers and Protection Forces (of monitors)Forces (of monitors)

– 3,320 Promised by AU for Darfur3,320 Promised by AU for Darfur Logistical problemsLogistical problems Lack of Qualified SoldiersLack of Qualified Soldiers Lack of Political Will on part of Lack of Political Will on part of

KhartoumKhartoum

Role of AU in Darfur: Ch. VI type mandateRole of AU in Darfur: Ch. VI type mandate– Monitor Ceasefire agreementsMonitor Ceasefire agreements– No right to intervene and protect civilians No right to intervene and protect civilians – No right to disarm militias (government-No right to disarm militias (government-

sponsored)sponsored)

Abuja Political Discussions:Abuja Political Discussions:– Government and 2 Rebel GroupsGovernment and 2 Rebel Groups– Meeting with 3Meeting with 3rdrd Rebel Movement in Rebel Movement in

Addis AbabaAddis Ababa– No serious progress to date.No serious progress to date.

UNITED NATIONS AND SUDANUNITED NATIONS AND SUDAN Lack of Consensus within UN Lack of Consensus within UN

Security Council (UNSC)Security Council (UNSC)– International System comprised of International System comprised of

states with own geopolitical states with own geopolitical interestsinterests

– Resolutions without any ‘Bite’Resolutions without any ‘Bite’– US – Calling for Targeted US – Calling for Targeted

Sanctions.Sanctions.

Economic and Political concerns of Economic and Political concerns of UN Security Council Members:UN Security Council Members:– China: 25% of domestic oil from China: 25% of domestic oil from

Africa; major investments in Africa; major investments in Sudan; human rights Sudan; human rights

– Russia: major supplier of arms to Russia: major supplier of arms to Sudan; oil activitiesSudan; oil activities

– Pakistan, Algeria: concerns about Pakistan, Algeria: concerns about Arab League and ‘united front’; Arab League and ‘united front’; keep Sudan from humiliation.keep Sudan from humiliation.

– France: interests in Chad and France: interests in Chad and Sudan’s oil fields; concern over Sudan’s oil fields; concern over possible NATO role in Sudanpossible NATO role in Sudan

International Commission of InquiryInternational Commission of InquiryJanuary 25, 2005 ReportJanuary 25, 2005 Report

Mandate of ICI:Mandate of ICI: (UNSC Resol. 1564 – Sept. 18, 2004) (UNSC Resol. 1564 – Sept. 18, 2004)1.1. Investigate Reports of Violations of International Humanitarian Law/HR Law in Darfur;Investigate Reports of Violations of International Humanitarian Law/HR Law in Darfur;

2.2. Determine whether acts of Genocide have occurred;Determine whether acts of Genocide have occurred;

3.3. Identify Perpetrators of ViolationsIdentify Perpetrators of Violations

4.4. Suggest Means to ensure those responsible will be held accountableSuggest Means to ensure those responsible will be held accountable

Findings of Findings of ICI: (176 page report)ICI: (176 page report)– Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed (armed Arab militias) Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed (armed Arab militias) are are

responsibleresponsible for violations of International Human Rights/Humanitarian Law for violations of International Human Rights/Humanitarian Law amounting to International Crimes (killing of civilians, torture, kidnapping, rape) amounting to International Crimes (killing of civilians, torture, kidnapping, rape)

LIST OF PERPETRATORS (Government, Janjaweed, Rebels, Chadian soldiers)LIST OF PERPETRATORS (Government, Janjaweed, Rebels, Chadian soldiers)

– Government of Sudan has Government of Sudan has not pursued a policy of Genocidenot pursued a policy of Genocide – but the ICI – but the ICI report also states that “report also states that “international offences such as the crimes international offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocideDarfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide.” (Jan. 25, .” (Jan. 25, 2005, p. 4, section III)2005, p. 4, section III)

International Commission of Inquiry International Commission of Inquiry (3)(3)

January 25, 2005 ReportJanuary 25, 2005 Report Accountability Mechanisms:Accountability Mechanisms:

– ICI Recommendation:ICI Recommendation: The Commission strongly recommends The Commission strongly recommends that the Security Council immediately refer the situation in that the Security Council immediately refer the situation in Darfur to the International Criminal Court.” Darfur to the International Criminal Court.” (p.5, IV)(p.5, IV)

– Opposition to ICI Referral to ICC:Opposition to ICI Referral to ICC: United States strongly opposed to referral to ICC – United States strongly opposed to referral to ICC – “that this court “that this court

could be used to pursue politically motivated cases against the could be used to pursue politically motivated cases against the U.S.”U.S.”

Europe, African Countries (26), Other Security Council Members Europe, African Countries (26), Other Security Council Members strongly support referralstrongly support referral

China, Russia: would probably abstain if SC Resolution were China, Russia: would probably abstain if SC Resolution were submitted for votesubmitted for vote

**US might be encouraged to compromise on ICC – if France and EU **US might be encouraged to compromise on ICC – if France and EU would increase their engagement in Darfur; if they would allow NATO would increase their engagement in Darfur; if they would allow NATO to play stronger role of support to African Union.to play stronger role of support to African Union.

Vatican/USCCB: no official position on whether ICC referral should Vatican/USCCB: no official position on whether ICC referral should move forward, but that a credible and effective mechanism be move forward, but that a credible and effective mechanism be established as soon as possible to deal with impunity. established as soon as possible to deal with impunity.

POLICY PRIORITIES/OPTIONS POLICY PRIORITIES/OPTIONS

DARFUR:DARFUR:US must pressure Khartoum toUS must pressure Khartoum to::1.1. Disarm Janjaweed and other Disarm Janjaweed and other

armed militias;armed militias;2.2. Cease all attacks (aerial, Cease all attacks (aerial,

ground) against innocent ground) against innocent civilians;civilians;

3.3. Provide protection for Provide protection for unimpeded humanitarian unimpeded humanitarian access;access;

4.4. Bring to justice Perpetrators of Bring to justice Perpetrators of crimes against humanity (ICI crimes against humanity (ICI report);report);

5.5. Pressure Government and Pressure Government and Rebel Groups to respect Rebel Groups to respect ceasefire agreements, commit ceasefire agreements, commit to political solution; andto political solution; and

6.6. Work with AU,UN, NATO to Work with AU,UN, NATO to create multinational security create multinational security force for Darfur.force for Darfur.

WHAT YOU AND I CAN DOWHAT YOU AND I CAN DO

Write President Bush and ask that:Write President Bush and ask that:A.A. Thank Administration for Great Job thus far.Thank Administration for Great Job thus far.B.B. Sudan be at top of US international agendaSudan be at top of US international agenda

A Special Envoy be named for Darfur (with full support of A Special Envoy be named for Darfur (with full support of Administration, relevant government departments)Administration, relevant government departments)

C.C. Further diplomatic pressure be put on Khartoum to Further diplomatic pressure be put on Khartoum to end its attacks against innocent civilians (both end its attacks against innocent civilians (both government and militias)government and militias)

D.D. Greater support be given to the African Union in Greater support be given to the African Union in Darfur including the possibility of an international Darfur including the possibility of an international peacekeeping force (e.g. NATO) to join with African peacekeeping force (e.g. NATO) to join with African UnionUnion

E.E. End Impunity in Darfur – Bring Perpetrators to Justice End Impunity in Darfur – Bring Perpetrators to Justice – ICC, or another appropriate mechanism that would – ICC, or another appropriate mechanism that would be effective and could start immediatelybe effective and could start immediately

WHAT YOU AND I CAN DO WHAT YOU AND I CAN DO )2))2)

Write Members of Congress and ask that:Write Members of Congress and ask that:1.1. Support President’s budget for Sudan in 2006 and the Support President’s budget for Sudan in 2006 and the

Supplemental for SudanSupplemental for Sudan

2. Call on US to bring additional pressure on the UN 2. Call on US to bring additional pressure on the UN Security CouncilSecurity Council End impunity and violence – International Legal ProcessEnd impunity and violence – International Legal Process Employ targeted sanctions (travel bans, assets freeze)Employ targeted sanctions (travel bans, assets freeze)

3. Express support for the naming of a Special Envoy to 3. Express support for the naming of a Special Envoy to Darfur (with full authority, support of Administration)Darfur (with full authority, support of Administration)

WHAT YOU AND I CAN DO WHAT YOU AND I CAN DO (2)(2)

Get Parishes, Church groups, others to focus on one or two key Get Parishes, Church groups, others to focus on one or two key action items action items

A.A. Learn about conflictLearn about conflict -- websites: USCCB, CRS, International -- websites: USCCB, CRS, International Crisis Group, International Committee of the Red Cross, CAFOD, Crisis Group, International Committee of the Red Cross, CAFOD, etc.etc.

B.B. Include People of Darfur in Include People of Darfur in Intentions/Prayers (MassIntentions/Prayers (Mass))C.C. Letter writing campaignLetter writing campaign – need one or two ‘advocates’ – need one or two ‘advocates’D.D. Consider joining Consider joining Save Darfur CoalitionSave Darfur Coalition – order wristbands, – order wristbands,

educate youth, adults, seniors in community (educate youth, adults, seniors in community (savedarfur.orgsavedarfur.org))E.E. Contribute financiallyContribute financially to humanitarian relief efforts – to humanitarian relief efforts – CRSCRS

(Darfur)(Darfur)

PERSEVERANCE is needed – Darfur is long-term problem PERSEVERANCE is needed – Darfur is long-term problem requiring long-term commitmentrequiring long-term commitment

USCCB/CRS and SUDAN (Darfur)USCCB/CRS and SUDAN (Darfur)

PUBLIC ADVOCACYPUBLIC ADVOCACY:: Bishop John H. Ricard, SSJ, Bishop John H. Ricard, SSJ, A Milestone for Peace in A Milestone for Peace in

Southern Sudan, A Call for Peace in DarfurSouthern Sudan, A Call for Peace in Darfur (1/13/2005) (1/13/2005)

Bishop Wilton D. Gregory, Bishop Wilton D. Gregory, Cry of the People of DarfurCry of the People of Darfur (11/17/2004)(11/17/2004)

Sudan UpdateSudan Update (2/2005) (2/2005)

HUMANITARIAN RELIEF:HUMANITARIAN RELIEF: CRSCRS in Darfur (Western, assistance to Southern): $10 mil. in Darfur (Western, assistance to Southern): $10 mil. Websites: Websites: www.usccb.org/sdwp/international; ;

www.catholicrelief.org

““The social order requires constant improvement: it The social order requires constant improvement: it must be founded in truth, built on justice, and enlived by must be founded in truth, built on justice, and enlived by

love…” (love…” (Gaudium et Spes, par. 26)Gaudium et Spes, par. 26)