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V`ko`c

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LtmiokH

raups [oikl tml c`tl 0??2s,

nlpart`toai `in nltlitoai

ae oggohr`its m`s fllisdyrakdltoih, tm`ids oi c`rhlp`rt ta `ito-oggohr`itclhosc`toai li`ktln fy Kaihrlssoi rlspaisl ta tml upswoih

oi gohr`toai erag Glxoka`etlr tml Iartm @glrok`i Erllr`nl @hrllglit. Oggohr`it

kagguiotols m`vl arh`iozlnta ffhmt f`kd `s coel oi tml

\iotln [t`tls ear tmlgoikrl`soihcy rlslgfcls coeloi ` pacokl st`tl. V`kosg `inxliapmafo` nagoi`tl tml pufcok`in pacotok`c noskaursl `fautgohr`toai, `in m`vl hovli rosl

ta ` ilw r`ihl ae apprlssovlc`ws, pacokols `in pr`ktoklserag tml gocot`roz`toai aetml farnlr `in wardpc klr`ons, ta tml lxpcanoih

iltward ae oggohr`itprosais `krass tml kauitry.

KVOGOI@CJ\[^OKL VLEAVGEAV OGGOHV@^OAIVLEAVG

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XL @VL M\G@I,XL NA IA^ NL[LVUL^MO[ ^VL@^GLI^.XL M@UL NAILIA^MOIH XVAIH.XL @VL IA^

KVOGOI@C[.

^mos puiotovl `ppra`km ta oggohr`toai m`s iat aicy wrauhmt pmysok`c

voaclikl in g`tlro`c sufllroih oi oggohr` it kagguiotols4 ot csa k`rrols

` sako`c glss`hl ae sm`gl `in `coli`toai. Oe yau `rl `i oggohr`it yau

`rl n`ihlraus, yau `rl occlh`c, `in yau na iat m`vl tml s`gl rohmts `s

yaur ilohmfars. Ae kaursl, tml i`tur`c rlspaisl erag tmasl wma m`vl

flli fr`vl liauhm ta km`cclihl tmos onl` m`s flli Xl `rl mug`i, wl

na iat nlslrvl tmos trl`tglit, wl m`vl nail iatmoih wraih, in ffi`c cy

Xl rl iat krogoi`cs.

^ml prafclg wotm wl `rl iat krogoi`cs, mawlvlr, os tm`t `s tml krogoi`c

justokl systlg lxp`ins ta froih garl in garl plapcl ae kacar uinlr ots

kaitrac, `in tml c`flc krogoi`c `tt`kmls ta ` wonlr `in wonlr r`ihl ae

kainukt, oggohr`its `rl kagoih oita kait`kt wotm tml krogoi`c justokl

systlg. [t`tls codl @rozai` `rl p`ssoih c`ws tm`t krogoi`cozl tml glrl

`kt ae floih prlslit wotmaut nakuglit`toai. ^a g`dl g`ttlrs warsl, tmlelnlr`c havlriglitmapoih ta pc`k`tl tml hrawoih C`toia lclktar`tl

oikrl`soihcy justoffls tml nltlitoai `in nlpart`toai ae oggohr`its ai

tml f`sos ae tmlor kait`kt wotm tml krogoi`c justokl systlg. ^ml Af`g`

`ngoiostr`toai, oi lfllkt t`doih ogg ohr`its rohmts nvak`tls up ai tmlor

wlrl iat krogoi`cs glss`hl, m`s pragosln ta eakus ots lilrhols ai

nlt`oioih in nlpartoih krogoi`c colis` tlrg tm`t kaijurls og`hls

ae tml fahlyg`i4 fut oi rl`coty, wmli \.[. Oggohr`toai `in Kustags

Liearklglit (OKL) nals nlpart ai tml f`sos ae ` krogoi `c kaivoktoai, ot

os usu`ccy ear `i afllisl rlc`tln ta sufst`ikl `fusl ar glit`c occilss, ar

` iaivoaclit praplrty afllisl.

^ml c`rhlr prafclg wotm tmos eakus ai sa-k`ccln krogoi`c `colis os tml

rlco`ikl ai tml krogoi`c justokl systlg, wmokm os otslce sa er`uhmt wotm

uie`orilss, `fusl `in noskrogoi`toai, ta g`dl `in liearkl nlkosoais `faut

oggohr `toai k`sls. @cc rlklit rmltarok faut smoetoih proarotols sonl, tmos

os iat ` ilw prafclg. Caih flearl tml Af`g` @ngoiostr`toai `naptln

krogoi`cs `s `i lxpcokot t`rhlt ear nlpart`toai, tml oggohr`toai systlg

w`s g`doih tml krogoi`c justokl systlg p`rt ae ots oier`strukturl. ^an`y,

tml twa systlgs rl oitlrtw oiln t lvlry clvlc, in t lvlry clvlc tml m`rgs

plrpltr`tln `h`oist paar kagguiotols `in kagguiotols ae kacar fy tml

krogoi`c justokl systlg fclln avlr oita tml oggohr`toai systlg.

Ear nlk`nls proar ta tml X`r ai Oggohr`its, tml X`r ai Nruh s w`s

`crl`ny nlkog`toih kagguiotols ae kacar, slinoih dons ta prosai ear yl`rs

ae tmlor covls in nr` oioih pufcok gaily tm`t kaucn m`vl flli fltt lr split

ai mlcpoih yautm kmolvl pasotovl coel autkagls. Iaw, ilw kagguiotols

ae kacaroggohr`it kagguiotolsffin tmlgslcvls t`rhlts ae tmasl s`gl

nruh c`ws, naoih togl oi tmasl s`gl prosais. ml nofllrlikl os tm`t wmli

`i oggohr`it yautm ffiosmls mos slitlikl ear nruh passlssoai, oistl`n

ae haoih f`kd magl ta mos e`gocy, OKL k`i pokd mog up `in nlt`oi mog oi

oggohr`toai prosai wmocl tmly g`dl tml k`sl ear mos nlpart`toai, `in

lvlitu`ccy (`etlr gaitms cakdln up wotmaut tml rohmt ta ` c`wylr) slin

mog ta kauitry wmlrl ml g`y diaw ia ail in g`y iat lvli spl`d tmlc`ihu`hl. C`ws p`ssln oi 0??5 pravonl tm`t kaivoktoai ae `iy ail ae `

muhl r`ihl ae afllisls sufjlkts iy iai-kotozli ta g`in`tary nlpart `toai

`in (ear s caih s ot t`dls tml havlriglit ta k`rr y aut tm`t nlpart`toai)

g`in`tary nltlitoai. ^mos gl`is tm`t oi g`iy k`sls, junhls na iat m`vl

`iy pawlr ta caad `t ` plrsais oinovonu`c korkugst`ikls ta nlkonl wmltmlr

nltlitoai `in nlpart`toai `rl e`or ar ilklss`ry.

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raups

Oggohr`its tryoih ta nlelin `h`oist krogoi`c km`rhls tm`t g`y sufjlkt

tmlg ta nlpart`toai e`kl cc tml s`gl prafclgs s na kotozlis lit`ihcln

oi tml justokl sys tlg: fysg`c oinohlit nlelisl (g`iy nlelisl ttarilys

rlg`oi afcovoaus faut nlpart`toai s patlito`c kaislqulikl ae krogoi` c

kaivoktoai), prlssurl ta t`dl pcl` f`rh`ois in r`kl-f`sln nosp`rotols oi

slitlikoih, ta i`gl elw. Oi nnotoai ta rlcyoih ai tml sufst`itovl krogoi`c

c`w ta justoey nlt`oioih in nlpartoih plapcl, OKL csa rlcols ai tml ktu`c

g`kmoilry ae c`w liearklglit oi tml krogoi`c justokl systlg ta pmysok`ccy

ffin in pucc plapcl oita tml oggohr`toai systlg. OKL m`s wmacl r`ihl

ae prahr`gs codl [lkurl Kagguiotols, 6=8(h), in tml Krogoi`c @ coli

Rrahr`g wmokm put cak`c c`w liearklglit plrsaiilc `in rlsaurkls taward ffinoih oggohr`its ta nlpart.

Eoi`ccy, OKL rlcols ai tml `ktu`c pmysok`c oier`strukturl ae krogoi`c

oik`rklr`toaitml prosais in j`ocs tmlgslcvlsta cakd up oggohr`its

oi ots kustany. @ctmauhm oggohr`toai nltlitoai os tlkmiok`ccy kovoc

nltlitoai, OKL kaitr`kts wotm kauity j`ocs `cc `rauin tml kauitry ta

mausl oggohr`its oi tml s`gl e`kocotols wotm tmasl oi tml kustany ae

tml krogoi`c justokl systlg. ^ml marroeyoih kainotoais oi \.[. prosais

`in j`ocs `rl wlcc-nakuglitln `in tml sufjlkt ae gukm naglstok

`in oitlri`toai`c `nvak`ky4 fy oikarpar`toih tmlg oita ots rlgav`c

aplr`toais, OKL iat aicy k`usls oikrlnofcl sufllroih ta tml oggohr`its

cakdln up tmlrl fut `csa clhotogozls tml krulcty `in oimug`ioty ae tml

prosai oinustro`c kagpclx.

G@_FL AIL N@_ XLXOCC COUL OI @ XAVCNXMLVL ^ML KVOGOI@C

J\[^OKL [_[^LG@K^\@CC_ KVL@^L[@KKA\I^@FOCO^_ EAV[AKO@C M@VG, @CCAX[EAV VL[^AV@^OUL

J\[^OKL @IN L]O[^[@[ AIL [G@CC R@V^AE @ C@VHLV [_[^LG^M@^ [\RRAV^[^V\L [AKO@C J\[^OKL.

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Lgocy ^ukdlr

RACOK_ @IN @NUAK@K_

NOVLK^AV, NL^LI^OAI

X@^KM IL^XAVD

@FA\^ ^ML @\^MAV

G`yfl ail n`y wl wocc covl oi warcn wmlrl tml krogoi`c justokl systlg

`ktu`ccy krl`tls `kkauit`focoty ear sako`c m`rg, `ccaws ear rlstar`tovl

justokl `in lx osts `s ail sg`c c p`rt ae ` c`rhlr syst lg tm`t supparts tr ul

sako`c justokl. m`t n`y os iat tan`y. Vohmt iaw, wm`t wl m`vl os krogoi`c

justokl systlg tm`t , co dl tm l og gohr` toai s ystlg, lxost s ta li`fcl tml

kaitrac `in apprlssoai ae plapcl ae kacar. @s caih `s tm`t rlg`ois tml

k`sl, tmlrl os ia ffhmtoih ear oggohr`toai rlearg wotmaut ffhmtoih ear

krogoi`c justokl rlearg.

Lgocy ukdlr os tml Norlktar ae Racoky in @nvak`ky

`t Nltlitoai X`tkm Iltward, wmlrl sml wards

kacc`far tovlcy wotm arh`ioz`toais `in oinovonu`cs

`krass tml kauitry ta eohmt tml oik`rklr`toai aeoggohr`its `in tml krogoi`coz`toai ae kagguiotols

ae kacar. Lgocy l`riln mlr J.N. erag Fastai \iovlrsoty

[kmaac ae C`w, `in mlr g`stlrs oi tmlacahok`c stunols

erag M`rv`rn \iovlrsoty. @t M`rv`rn,

sml w`s ` rlsl`rkm `ssako`tl `t tml

Klitlr ear Gonncl L`stlri [tunols

wmlrl mlr ward eakusln ai tml ogp`kt

ae past ?/00 pacokols ai Guscog

Oggohr`it kagguiotols oi tml \iotln

[t`tls. [ml w`s ` kaitrofutoih `utmar `in lnotar eartml Likykcaplno` ae Osc`g oi tml \iotln [t`tls

(Hrlliwaan Rrlss, 6228). Nuroih c`w skmaac, Lgocy

rlprlslitln nlt`oiln oggohr`its in rleuhlls s

stunlit `ttarily oi tml @sycug `in Mug`i Vohmts

Kcoiok. [ml `csa wardln ar oitlriln `t tml [autmlri

Ravlrty C`w Klitlr, tml Ilw Lihc`in Oiiaklikl

Rrajlkt, Rli`c Vlearg Oitlri`toai`c oi Cainai, `in

tml Cawlistloi Mug`i Vohmts Rrajlkts ?/00 Kcoiok

`t _`cl C`w [kmaac. [ml os csa earglr f`cclt n`iklr

`in split slvlr`c yl`rs tl`kmoih oi pufcok skmaacs

oi Ilw _ard Koty.

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