crimes in india
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Crime in IndiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Crime in India exists in various forms taking note of drug
trafficking, gunrunning, money laundering, extortion, murder for hire, fraud, human
trafficking, poaching and prostitution. Many criminal operations engage in black
marketeering, political violence, religiously motivated violence, terrorism, and
abduction. Other crimes are homicide, robbery, assault etc. Property crimes include
burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. Corruption is a significant problem.
Crime over time[edit source | editbeta]
Incidence of cognisable crimes in India 1953 – 2007[1]
A report published by the National Crime Records Bureau compared crime rate from
1953 to 2006. The report noted that burglary declined over a period of 53 years by
38% (from 147,379 in 1953 to 91,666 in 2006), whereas murder has increased by
231% (from 9,803 in 1953 to 32,481 in 2006).[2] Kidnapping has increased by 356%
(from 5,261 in 1953 to 23,991 in 2006), robbery by 120% (from 8,407 in 1953 to
18,456 in 2006) and riots by 176% (from 20,529 in 1953 to 56,641 in 2006).[2]
In 2006, 5,102,460 cognisable crimes were committed including 1,878,293 Indian
Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 3,224,167 Special & Local Laws (SLL) crimes, with an
increase of 1.5% over 2005 (50,26,337).[3] IPC crime rate in 2006 was 167.7 compared
to 165.3 in 2005 showing an increase of 1.5% in 2006 over 2005.[3] SLL crime rate in
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2006 was 287.9 compared to 290.5 in 2005 showing a decline of 0.9% in 2006 over
2005.[3]
Year[2]
Total cog.
crimesunder IPC
Murder Kidnapping Robbery Theft Burglary Riots
1953 6,01,964 9,802 5,261 8,407 147,379 20,529
2006 18,78,293 32,481 23,991 18,456 91,666 56,641
% Changein 2006
over 1953212.0 231.0 356.0 120.0 −38.0 176.0
SOURCE: National Crime Records Bureau[2]
Crime by locale[edit source | editbeta]
Location has a significant impact on crime in India. In 2006, the highest crime rate
was reported in Puducherry (447.7%) for crimes under Indian Penal Code which is 2.7
times the national crime rate of 167.7%.[3]
Kerala reported the highest crime rate at312.5% among states.[3] Kolkata (71.0%) and Madurai (206.2%) were the only two
mega cities which reported less crime rate than their domain states West
Bengal (79.0%) and Tamil Nadu (227.6%).[3] Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore have
accounted for 16.2%, 9.5% and 8.1% respectively of the total IPC crimes reported
from 35 mega cities.[3] Indore reported the highest crime rate (769.1%) among the
mega cities in India followed by Bhopal (719.5%) and Jaipur (597.1%).[3]
Jammu and Kashmir (33.7%), Manipur (33.0%), Assam (30.4%) and Daman and
Diu and Puducherry (29.4%) reported higher violent crime rate compared to 18.4% atnational level.[3] Uttar Pradesh reported the highest incidence of violent crimes
accounting for 12.1% of total violent crimes in India (24,851 out of 2,05,656)
followed by Bihar with 11.8% (24,271 out of 2,05,6556).[3]Among 35 mega cities, Delhi
reported 31.2% (533 out of 1,706) of total rape cases.[3] Madhya Pradesh has reported
the highest number of rape cases (2,900) accounting for 15.0% of total such cases
reported in the country.[3] Uttar Pradesh reported 10% (5,480 out of 32,481) of total
murder cases in the country and 18.4% (4,997 out of 27,230) total attempt to murder
cases.[3]
2011 Murder Rate by State in India, per 100,000 persons
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State/UT Murder Rate
Andhra Pradesh 3.3
Arunchal Pradesh 4.7
Assam 4.2
Bihar 3.1
Chhattisgarh 4.3
GOA 3.3
Gujarat 1.9
Haryana 4.2
Himachal Pradesh 1.9
Jammu & Kashmir 1.3
Jharkhand 5.3
Karnataka 3.0
Kerala 1.1
Madhya Pradesh 3.5
Maharashtra 2.5
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State/UT Murder Rate
Manipur 2.9
Meghalaya 2.9
Mizoram 2.4
Nagaland 2.3
Odisha 3.5
Punjab 3.0
Rajasthan 2.1
Sikkim 2.3
Tamil Nadu 2.6
Tripura 4.4
Uttar Pradesh 2.5
Uttarakhand 1.8
West Bengal 2.3
Delhi 3.3
[4] [5]
Crimes against women[edit source | editbeta]
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Main article: Women in India
Police records show high incidence of crimes against women in India. The National
Crime Records Bureau reported in 1998 that the growth rate of crimes against women
would be higher than the population growth rate by 2010.[6]
Earlier, many cases werenot registered with the police due to the social stigma attached to rape and
molestation cases. Official statistics show that there has been a dramatic increase in
the number of reported crimes against women.[6]
Prostitution[edit source | editbeta]
Rape[edit source | editbeta]
Main article: Rape in India
Rape in India has been described by Radha Kumar as one of India's most common
crimes against women.[7] Official sources show that rape cases in India has doubled
between 1990 and 2008[8] In most of the Rape cases, the culprit is known to the
victim.
Gang Rape[edit source | editbeta]
In late December, 2012, international attention was called to a case of a 23-year-old
Indian woman (Also called as NIRBHAYA case/ AMANAT case) was assaulted and gang
raped on a bus(incident took place on 16 December,2012), resulting in her eventual
death in a hospital days later. Mass protests stemming from the case called intoquestion the cultural violence towards women and the failure of the government to
solve the problem. The problem was compounded by politicians making sexist and
misogynistic comments[9]
Sexual Harassment[edit source | editbeta]
Half of the total number of crimes against women reported in 1990 related to
molestation and harassment at the workplace.[6] Eve teasing is a euphemism used for
sexual harassment or molestation of women by men. Many activists blame the rising
incidents of sexual harassment against women on the influence of "Western culture".
In 1987, The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act was passed[10] to
prohibit indecent representation of women through advertisements or in
publications, writings, paintings, figures or in any other manner.
In 1997, in a landmark judgement, the Supreme Court of India took a strong stand
against sexual harassment of women in the workplace. The Court also laid down
detailed guidelines for prevention and redressal of grievances. The National
Commission for Women subsequently elaborated these guidelines into a Code of
Conduct for employers.[6]
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Dowry[edit source | editbeta]
Main articles: Dowry and Dowry law in India
In 1961, the Government of India passed the Dowry Prohibition Act,[11] making the
dowry demands in wedding arrangements illegal. However, many cases of dowry-
related domestic violence, suicides and murders have been reported. In the 1980s,
numerous such cases were reported. However, recent reports show that the number of
these crimes have reduced drastically.[12]
In 1985, the Dowry Prohibition (maintenance of lists of presents to the bride and
bridegroom) rules were framed.[13] According to these rules, a signed list of presents
given at the time of the marriage to the bride and the bridegroom should be
maintained. The list should contain a brief description of each present, its
approximate value, the name of whoever has given the present and his/her
relationship to the person.
A 1997 report[14] claimed that at least 5,000 women die each year because of dowry
deaths, and at least a dozen die each day in 'kitchen fires' thought to be intentional.
The term for this is "bride burning" and is criticised within India itself. Amongst the
urban educated, such dowry abuse has reduced dramatically.
Child Marriage[edit source | editbeta]
Child marriage has been traditionally prevalent in India and continues to this day.Young girls live with their parents until they reach puberty. In the past, the child
widows were condemned to a life of great agony, shaving heads, living in isolation,
and shunned by the society.[15] Although child marriage was outlawed in 1860, it is
still a common practice.[16]
According to UNICEF's “State of the World's Children-2009” report, 47% of India's
women aged 20 – 24 were married before the legal age of 18, with 56% in rural
areas.[17] The report also showed that 40% of the world's child marriages occur in
India.[18]
Female infanticides and sex selective abortions[editsource | editbeta]
Main article: Sex-selective abortion and infanticide
India has a highly masculine sex ratio, the chief reason being that many women die
before reaching adulthood.[6] Tribal societies in India have a less masculine sex ratio
than all other castegroups. This, in spite of the fact that tribal communities have far
lower levels of income, literacy and health facilities.[6] It is therefore suggested by
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many experts, that the highly masculine sex ratio in India can be attributed to female
infanticides and sex-selective abortions.
All medical tests that can be used to determine the sex of the child have been banned
in India, due to incidents of these tests being used to get rid of unwanted femalechildren before birth. Female infanticide (killing of girl infants) is still prevalent in
some rural areas.[6] The abuse of the dowry tradition has been one of the main reasons
for sex-selective abortions and female infanticides in India.
Domestic violence[edit source | editbeta]
The incidents of domestive violence are higher among the lower Socio-Economic
Classes (SECs). There are various instances of an inebriated husband beating up the
wife often leading to severe injuries. Domestic violence is also seen in the form of
physical abuse. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 came
into force on 26 October 2006. THE DOSME SDC
Illegal drug trade[edit source | editbeta]
India is located between two major illicit opium producing centres in Asia –
the Golden Crescent comprising Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran and the Golden
Triangle comprising Burma, Thailand and Laos.[19] Because of such geographical
location, India experiences large amount of drug trafficking through the
borders.[20]
India is the world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceuticaltrade.[21] But an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international
drug markets.[21]
India is a transshipment point for heroin from Southwest Asian countries like
Afghanistan and Pakistan and from Southeast Asian countries like Burma, Laos, and
Thailand.[22] Heroin is smuggled from Pakistan and Burma, with some quantities
transshipped through Nepal.[22] Most heroin shipped from India are destined for
Europe.[22] There have been reports of heroin smuggled fromMumbai to Nigeria for
further export.[22]
In Maharashtra, Mumbai is an important centre for distribution of drug.[23] The most
commonly used drug in Mumbai is Indian heroin (called desi mal by the local
population).[23] Both public transportation (road and rail transportation) and private
transportation are used for this drug trade.[23]
Drug trafficking affects the country in many ways.
Drug abuse: Cultivation of illicit narcotic substances and drug trafficking affects
the health of the individuals and destroy the economic structure of the family and
society.[24]
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Organized crime: Drug trafficking results in growth of organised crime which
affects social security. Organised crime connects drug trafficking with corruption
and money laundering.[24]
Political instability: Drug trafficking also aggravates the political instability
in North-West and North-East India.[25]
A survey conducted in 2003 – 2004 by Narcotics Control Bureau found that India has
at least four million drug addicts.[26] The most common drugs used in India
are cannabis, hashish, opium and heroin.[26] In 2006 alone, India's law enforcing
agencies recovered 230 kg heroin and 203 kg of cocaine.[27] In an annual government
report in 2007, the United States named India among 20 major hubs for trafficking of
illegal drugs along with Pakistan, Afghanistan and Burma. However, studies reveal
that most of the criminals caught in this crime are either Nigerian or US nationals.[28]
Several measures have been taken by the Government of India to combat drug
trafficking in the country. India is a party of the Single Convention on Narcotic
Drugs (1961), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971), the Protocol
Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1972) and the United Nations
Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances (1988).[29] An Indo-Pakistani committee was set up in 1986 to prevent
trafficking in narcotic drugs.[30] India signed a convention with the United Arab
Emirates in 1994 to control drug trafficking.[30] In 1995, India signed an agreement
with Egypt for investigation of drug cases and exchange of information and a
Memorandum of Understanding of the Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Drugs
with Iran.[30]
Arms trafficking[edit source | editbeta]
According to a joint report published by Oxfam, Amnesty International and
the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) in 2006, there are around 40
million illegal small arms in India out of approximately 75 million in worldwide
circulation.[31] Majority of the illegal small arms make its way into the states of Bihar,
Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.[31] In India, a
used AK-47 costs $3,800 in black market.[32] Large amount of illegal small arms are
manufactured in various illegal arms factories in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and sold on
the black market for as little as $5.08.[31]
Chinese pistols are in demand in the illegal small arms market in India because they
are easily available and cheaper.[31] This trend poses a significant problem for the
states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Maharashtra, West
Bengal, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh which have influence of Naxalism.[31] The
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porous Indo-Nepal border is an entry point for Chinese pistols, AK-47 and M-16
rifles into India as these arms are used by the Naxalites who have ties to Maoists in
Nepal.[31]
In North-East India, there is a huge influx of small arms due to the insurgent groupsoperating there.[33] The small arms in North-East India come from insurgent groups in
Burma, black market inSouth-East Asian countries like Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka, black market in Cambodia, the People's Republic of
China, insurgent groups like the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, the Communist
Party of India (Maoist), the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), Indian states
like Uttar Pradesh and pilferages from legal gun factories, criminal organisations
operating in India and South Asian countries and other international markets
like Romania, Germany etc.[33] The small arms found in North-East India are M14
rifle, M16 rifle, AK-47, AK-56, AK-74, light machine guns, Chinese hand
grenades, mines, rocket-propelled grenades, submachine guns etc.[33]
The Ministry of External Affairs and Ministry of Home Affairs drafted a joint proposal
to the United Nations, seeking a global ban on small-arms sales to non-state users.[31]
Poaching and wildlife trafficking[edit source | editbeta]
Illegal wildlife trade in India has increased.[34] According to a report published by
the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) in 2004, India is the chief target for
the traders of wildlife skin.[35]Between 1994 and 2003, there have been 784 cases
where the skins of tiger, leopard or otter have been
seized.[35] Leopards, rhinoceros, reptiles, birds, insects, rare species of plants are
being smuggled into the countries in Southeast Asia and the People's Republic of
China.[34] Between 1994 and 2003, poaching and seizure of 698 otters have been
documented in India.[35]
Kathmandu is a key staging point for illegal skins smuggled from India bound
for Tibet and PRC.[35] The report by EIA noted there has been a lack of cross-border
cooperation between India,Nepal and the People's Republic of China to coordinate
enforcement operations and lack of political will to treat wildlife crime
effectively.[35] The poaching of the elephants is a significant problem in Southern
India[36] and in the North-Eastern states of Nagaland and Mizoram.[37] The majority of
tiger poaching happen in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, West
Bengal, Assam andArunachal Pradesh.[38] Following is a comparison of reported cases
of tiger and leopard poaching from 1998 to 2003:
Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
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Reported cases of tiger poaching[39] 14 38 39 35 47 8
Reported cases of leopard poaching[39] 28 80 201 69 87 15
Samir Sinha, head of TRAFFIC India, the wildlife trade monitoring arm of the World
Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN), told Reuters in
an interview "The situation regarding the illegal trade in wildlife parts in India is very
grim. It is a vast, a varied trade ranging from smuggling of rare medicinal plants to
butterflies to peafowl to tigers and it is difficult to predict how big it is, but the
threats and dimensions suggest that the trade is increasing".[34]
Project Tiger, a wildlife conservation project, was initiated in 1972 and was launched
by Indira Gandhi on 1 April 1973.[40] With 23 tiger reserves, Project Tiger claimed to
have succeeded.[40] But according to critics like conservationist Billy Arjan Singh,
temporary increases in tiger population were caused by immigration due to
destruction of habitat in Nepal, not because of the widely acclaimed success of
wildlife policy in India.[40]
Cyber crime[edit source | editbeta]
Cases of spam, computer hacking, cyber stalking and email fraud are rampant in
India.[41] The Information Technology Act 2000 was passed by the Parliament of
India in May 2000, aiming to curb cyber crimes and provide a legal framework for e-
commerce transactions.[42] However Pavan Duggal, lawyer of Supreme Court of
India and cyber law expert, viewed "The IT Act, 2000, is primarily meant to be a
legislation to promote e-commerce. It is not very effective in dealing with several
emerging cyber crimes like cyber harassment, defamation, stalking and so
on".[41]Although cyber crime cells have been set up in major cities, Duggal noted the
problem is that most cases remain unreported due to a lack of awareness.[41]
In 2001, India and United States had set up an India-US cyber security forum as part
of a counter-terrorism dialogue.[43] In 2006, India and the US agreed to enhance
cooperation between law enforcement agencies of the two countries in tackling cyber
crimes as part of counter-terrorism efforts.[43] A joint US-India statement released in
2006 after talks between US President George W. Bush and Indian prime
minister Manmohan Singh stressed that in view of the importance of cyber security
and cyber forensic research, the two countries are also carrying out discussions on a
draft protocol on cyber security.[43]
Corruption and police misconduct[edit source | editbeta]
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Main article: Corruption in India
Corruption is widespread in India. It is prevalent within every section and every level
of the society.[44] Corruption has taken the role of a pervasive aspect of Indian
politics.[45]
In India, corruption takes the form of bribes, evasion of tax and exchangecontrols, embezzlement, etc.
Despite state prohibitions against torture and custodial misconduct by the
police, torture is widespread in police custody, which is a major reason behind deaths
in custody.[46][47] The police often torture innocent people until a 'confession' is
obtained to save influential and wealthy offenders.[48] G.P. Joshi, the programme
coordinator of the Indian branch of the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative in
New Delhi comments that the main issue at hand concerning police violence is a lack
of accountability of the police.[49]
In 2006, the Supreme Court of India in a judgment in the Prakash Singh vs. Union of
India case, ordered central and state governments with seven directives to begin the
process of police reform. The main objectives of this set of directives was twofold,
providing tenure to and streamlining the appointment/transfer processes of
policemen, and increasing the accountability of the police.[50]
In 2006, seven policemen were charge sheeted and eleven were convicted [3] for
custodial misconduct. Jan Lokpal Bill is being planned to reduce the corruption.[51]
Crimes against foreigners in India[edit source | editbeta]
There are some instances of violent crime against foreigners in India.[52] Scams
involving export of jewels occur in India, which target foreign citizens.[52] Traveling
alone in remote areas after dark is of particular risk to foreigners.[53]
Because the American, Canadian and British citizens' purchasing power is relatively
large compared to the general Indian population, they are the preferred target for
robbery and other serious crime.[54]
In April 1999, Swaraj Damree, a tourist from Mauritius was befriended by a group of
Indians who later held him in 25 days of captivity. They robbed him of cash
amounting to US $1,500, took his travellers' cheques, wrist watch, gold chain,
bracelet, two bags and suitcase.[55] In 2000, two German trekkers were shot
in Himachal Pradesh. A few weeks later, two Spanish tourists were killed in Himachal
Pradesh by robbers.[56] Many foreign tourists are victims of violent crime
in Kolkata.[57] In September 2006, criminals robbed the wallet of a British woman in
Kolkata.[57] The same month, a Japanese tourist was robbed on his way to Sudder
Street.[57] In October 2006, a foreigner was robbed in daylight on Park Street.[57]
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Petty crime[edit source | editbeta]
Petty crime, like pickpocketing, bag snatching etc. is widespread in India. Theft of
foreigners' valuables from luggage on trains and buses is common. Travelers who are
not in groups become easy victims of pickpockets and purse snatchers. Pursesnatchers work in crowded areas.[58]
Passport theft[edit source | editbeta]
In India, stealing passports of foreigners from their luggage on trains and buses is
widespread.[52] Theft of U.S. passports is very common, especially in major tourist
areas.[54][59]
Confidence tricks[edit source | editbeta]
Many scams are perpetrated against foreign travellers, especially in Jaipur, the
capital of Rajasthan.[54] Scammers usually target younger foreign tourists and suggest
to them that money can be made by privately transporting gems or gold, or by taking
delivery abroad of expensive carpets, avoiding customs duties.[54]
Such incidents occupy the traveller for several days. The traveller is then passed to a
new scam artist who offers to show the foreign traveller the sights. Scam artists also
offer cheap lodgings and meals to foreign travellers so they can place him or her in
the scam artist's physical custody and thus make the foreigner vulnerable to threats
and physical coercion. In the process, the foreigner loses his passport.[54]
Taxi scam[edit source | editbeta]
There are also taxi scams present in India, whereby a foreign traveller, who is not
aware of the locations around Indian airports, is taken for a ride round the whole
airport and charged for full-fare taxi ride while the terminal is only few hundred yards
away.[58] Overseas Security Advisory Council in a report mentioned the process about
how to avoid taxi-scam.[58]
Rape and sexual assault[edit source | editbeta]
Many of the alleged perpetrators are children of senior government officials or
politicians.[60][61] In September 1994, Gurkirat Singh Kotli, grandson of the then CM
Beant Singh, was accused of abducting and molesting a French tourist, Katia
Darnand, in Chandigarh.[62][63] In March 2006, Biti Mohanty, son of a senior police
official in Orissa, raped a German tourist in Alwar, Rajasthan.[64][65] A Japanese woman
was raped in Pushkar, Rajasthan on 2 April 2006.[66][67] In June 2007, a South Korean
was raped near Manali.[64] In September 2007, two Japanese women were gang-raped
in Agra,[64] a popular tourist-spot in India where the Taj Mahal is situated.
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The Indian state of Rajasthan – a popular destination among foreign tourists, with
one out of every three foreign travellers visiting the state – has been rattled by rape
cases of foreign tourists.[68]On 5 December 2009, a Russian woman was raped in Goa
by a local politician, John Fernandes. In February 2008, Scarlett Keeling, a British
national aged 15, was raped and killed in Goa.[69] In January 2010, a Russian girl aged
9 was raped in Goa;[70] referring to this and earlier cases, Russia threatened to issue
an advisory asking its citizens not to travel to the coastal state.[71] The USBureau of
Consular Affairs has warned women not to travel alone in India.[59] However in
contrast the British Foreign office only advise them to take normal
precautions.[72] most recently in 2013 was Swiss woman who was gang raped by 6 men
in front of her husband [73][74]
Murder and manslaughter[edit source | editbeta]
The following are reported cases of foreigners reported missing or killed in India.
NameA
ge
Se
x
Nation
alityDate
Circumst
ancesPlace State
Refere
nces
Graham
Staines
58 Male Australia1999/0
1/22
Burned to
death
by Dara
Singh &gang
Manoha
rpur
Orissa Link
Timothy
Staines7 Male Australia
1999/0
1/22
Burned to
death
by Dara
Singh &
gang
Manoha
rpur
Orissa Link
Philip
Staines9 Male Australia
1999/0
1/22
Burned to
death
by Dara
Singh &
gang
Manoha
rpur
Orissa Link
Michael
Blakey23 Male
United
Kingdom
2006/1
1/28
Neck and
Head
injuries
Dharam
sala
Himach
al
Pradesh
[75][76]
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NameA
ge
Se
x
Nation
alityDate
Circumst
ancesPlace State
Refere
nces
Stephen
Bennett40 Male
United
Kingdom
2006/1
2/11
Hanged in
a jungleRoha
Maharas
htra[77][78]
Elena
Sukhnov
a
24Fem
aleRussia
2006/0
5/08
Left
dismember
ed on rail
track
Revora Goa [79]
BrowneChapa
Sherian
ne Maria
Fem
ale
Trinidad
and
Tobago
2009/1
2/03
Suspected
poisoningAgra
Uttar
Pradesh[80]
Kirill
GusevMale Russia 2009
Suspected
poisoningPernem Goa [81]
Jean-Baptiste
Talleu
27 Male France2007/1
2/05
Missing
sinceBombay
Maharas
htra[82]
Anna
Bartlett25
Fem
ale
United
Kingdom
2003/1
0/02
Head
injuriesManali
Himach
al
Pradesh
[83]
DanielMountwi
tten
23 Male Australia 2005/08/05
Missingsince
Challal Himachal
Pradesh
[84]
Scarlett
Keeling15
Fem
ale
United
Kingdom
2008/0
2/18
Drugged
and
assaulted
Anjuna Goa [85] [86]
Leos46 Male
Czech 2007/0 MissingLeh Jammu
and [87]
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NameA
ge
Se
x
Nation
alityDate
Circumst
ancesPlace State
Refere
nces
Klimes Republic 8/07 since Kashmir