cresent colege of technology,bhopal

8/7/2019 CRESENT COLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,BHOPAL

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CRESENT COLEGE OFCRESENT COLEGE OF

TECHNOLOGY,BHOPALTECHNOLOGY,BHOPALPRESENTSPRESENTS

TOPIC PRESENTATION ONTOPIC PRESENTATION ON

::MEMORY AND STORAGEMEMORY AND STORAGE

SYSTEMSYSTEM

ININ

COMPUTERCOMPUTER


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STUDENTS WHO WORKED INSTUDENTS WHO WORKED IN

THIS PROJECT :THIS PROJECT :1.AMAR MISHRA1.AMAR MISHRA

2.AMIT GUPTA2.AMIT GUPTA

3.AMIT KUMAR3.AMIT KUMAR

4.ANIL KUMAR4.ANIL KUMAR5.AKRAM JAVED5.AKRAM JAVED

IN THE GUIDANCE OF MY C.S.IN THE GUIDANCE OF MY C.S.

FACULTY:FACULTY:

MRS.MAYANK NAGARMRS.MAYANK NAGAR

ANDAND

MISS MAYOORI MADAMMISS MAYOORI MADAM


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DEFNITION OF COMPUTER:DEFNITION OF COMPUTER:

Computer,in general is made from the wordComputer,in general is made from the wordcompute means to calculate.Hence thecompute means to calculate.Hence thedefinition of a computer is that A computer is adefinition of a computer is that A computer is a

programmable machine that receives input,programmable machine that receives input,stores and manipulates data, and provides outputstores and manipulates data, and provides outputin a useful format.The first computer wasin a useful format.The first computer wasdiscovered by Sir Charles babbage in 1847.Nowdiscovered by Sir Charles babbage in 1847.Nowthe computer is used in every fieldsuch as inthe computer is used in every fieldsuch as inentertainment,medical,reserch and also in warsentertainment,medical,reserch and also in warsand aeronautical purposes.Now a days, aand aeronautical purposes.Now a days, acomputer stores so much of data in it.The datacomputer stores so much of data in it.The datawas stored in a device called MOTHER BOARD inwas stored in a device called MOTHER BOARD in

computer.computer.


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Image of a computer made by SirImage of a computer made by Sir

Charles babbage:Charles babbage:


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HISTORY OF STORAGE SYSTEMHISTORY OF STORAGE SYSTEM

AND MEMORY MANAGEMENT :AND MEMORY MANAGEMENT : In the early 1940s, memorytechnology mostly permitted acapacity of a few bytes. The first

programmable digital computer, theENIAC, using thousands of octal-baseradio vacuum tubes, could performsimple calculations involving 20numbers of ten decimal digits whichwere held in the vacuum tubeaccumulators.


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IMAGE OF ENIAC SHOWINGIMAGE OF ENIAC SHOWING

VACCUM TUBE:VACCUM TUBE:


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HISTORY OF MEMORY:HISTORY OF MEMORY:

The next significant advance in computermemory was with acoustic delay linememory developed by J. Presper Eckert in

the early 1940s. Through the constructionof a glass tube filled with mercury andplugged at each end with a quartz crystal,delay lines could store bits of information

within the quartz and transfer it throughsound waves propagating through mercury.Delay line memory would be limited to acapacity of up to a few hundred thousandbits to remain efficient


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HISTORY OF MEMORYHISTORY OF MEMORY

MANAGEMENT IN COMPUTER:MANAGEMENT IN COMPUTER: Two alternatives to the delay line, the

Williams tube and Selectron tube, weredeveloped in 1946, both using electronbeams in glass tubes as means of storage.Using cathode ray tubes, Fred Williamswould invent the Williams tube, which wouldbe the first random access computermemory. The Williams tube would prove tobe advantageous to the Selectron tubebecause of its greater capacity (theSelectron was limited to 256 bits, while theWilliams tube could store thousands) andbeing less expensive. The Williams tube

would nevertheless prove to be frustratinglysensitive to environmental disturbances


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MEMORY AND STORAGEMEMORY AND STORAGE

STSTEM IN PRESENT TIME :STSTEM IN PRESENT TIME :Now a days, the data is stored inNow a days, the data is stored incomputer in many devices such as incomputer in many devices such as in

mother board,SDRAMs,and magneticmother board,SDRAMs,and magneticcores.The use of these devices arecores.The use of these devices arebased on type of memory and databased on type of memory and datastorage.These devices are made up ofstorage.These devices are made up of

semi conductor,digital gates,andsemi conductor,digital gates,andI.C.s.I.C.s.


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TYPES OF MEMORY ANDTYPES OF MEMORY AND

STORAGE:STORAGE:There are two types of memory or storageThere are two types of memory or storage

are as follows:are as follows:

1.Volatile memory1.Volatile memory2.Non volatile memory2.Non volatile memory


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1.VOLATILE MEMORY1.VOLATILE MEMORY

Volatile memory is computer memory thatVolatile memory is computer memory thatrequires power to maintain the storedrequires power to maintain the storedinformation. Current semiconductor volatileinformation. Current semiconductor volatilememory technology is usually either static RAMmemory technology is usually either static RAM(see SRAM) or dynamic RAM (see DRAM). Static(see SRAM) or dynamic RAM (see DRAM). StaticRAM exhibits data remanence, but is stillRAM exhibits data remanence, but is stillvolatile, since all data is lost when memory is notvolatile, since all data is lost when memory is notpowered. Whereas, dynamic RAM allows data topowered. Whereas, dynamic RAM allows data tobe leaked and disappear automatically without abe leaked and disappear automatically without arefreshing. Upcoming volatile memoryrefreshing. Upcoming volatile memorytechnologies that hope to replace or competetechnologies that hope to replace or competewith SRAM and DRAM include Zwith SRAM and DRAM include Z--RAM, TTRAMRAM, TTRAMand Aand A--RAM.RAM.


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IMAGE OF SRAM :2GB SRAMIMAGE OF SRAM :2GB SRAM

MOUNTED ON P.C.MOUNTED ON P.C.


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NON VOLATILE MEMORY:NON VOLATILE MEMORY:

NonNon--volatile memory is computer memoryvolatile memory is computer memorythat can retain the stored information eventhat can retain the stored information evenwhen not powered. Examples of nonwhen not powered. Examples of non--volatilevolatilememory include readmemory include read--only memory (seeonly memory (seeROM), flash memory, most types ofROM), flash memory, most types ofmagnetic computer storage devices (e.g.magnetic computer storage devices (e.g.hard disks, floppy discs and magnetichard disks, floppy discs and magnetictape), optical discs, and early computertape), optical discs, and early computerstorage methods such as paper tape andstorage methods such as paper tape andpunched cards. Upcoming nonpunched cards. Upcoming non--volatilevolatilememory technologies include FeRAM,memory technologies include FeRAM,CBRAM, PRAM, SONOS, RRAM, RacetrackCBRAM, PRAM, SONOS, RRAM, Racetrackmemory, NRAM and Millipede.memory, NRAM and Millipede.


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IMAGE OF A HARD DISK:IMAGE OF A HARD DISK:


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MANAGEMENT OF MEMORY:MANAGEMENT OF MEMORY:

Proper management of memory is vital for aProper management of memory is vital for acomputer system to operate properly.computer system to operate properly.Modern operating systems have complexModern operating systems have complex

systems to properly manage memory.systems to properly manage memory.Failure to do so can lead to bugs, slowFailure to do so can lead to bugs, slowperformance, and at worst case, takeoverperformance, and at worst case, takeoverby viruses and malicious software.by viruses and malicious software.

Nearly everything a computer programmerNearly everything a computer programmerdoes requires his to consider how to managedoes requires his to consider how to managememory. Even storing a number in memorymemory. Even storing a number in memoryrequires the programmer to specify how therequires the programmer to specify how thememory should store it.memory should store it.


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TYPES OF MEMORY SYSTEM:TYPES OF MEMORY SYSTEM:

According to memory management,there areAccording to memory management,there arealso two types of memory system:also two types of memory system:

1.Virtual memory system1.Virtual memory system

2.Garbage memory system2.Garbage memory system


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VIRTUAL MEMORY SYSTEM:VIRTUAL MEMORY SYSTEM:

Virtual memory systems separate theVirtual memory systems separate thememory addresses used by a process frommemory addresses used by a process fromactual physical addresses, allowingactual physical addresses, allowing

separation of processes and increasing theseparation of processes and increasing theeffectively available amount of RAM usingeffectively available amount of RAM usingdisk swapping. The quality of the virtualdisk swapping. The quality of the virtualmemory manager can have a big impact onmemory manager can have a big impact on

overall system performanceoverall system performance..


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GARBAGE MEMORY SYSTEM:GARBAGE MEMORY SYSTEM:

Garbage memory collection is the automatedGarbage memory collection is the automatedallocation and deallocation of computerallocation and deallocation of computermemory resources for a program. This ismemory resources for a program. This isgenerally implemented at the programminggenerally implemented at the programminglanguage level and is in opposition to manuallanguage level and is in opposition to manualmemory management, the explicit allocationmemory management, the explicit allocationand deallocation of computer memoryand deallocation of computer memoryresources. Regionresources. Region--based memorybased memorymanagement is an efficient variant ofmanagement is an efficient variant ofexplicit memory management that canexplicit memory management that candeallocate large groups of objectsdeallocate large groups of objectssimultaneously.simultaneously.


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FUNDAMENTAL STORAGEFUNDAMENTAL STORAGE

TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY: As of 2008, the most commonly used dataAs of 2008, the most commonly used data

storage technologies are semiconductor,storage technologies are semiconductor,magnetic, and optical, while paper still seesmagnetic, and optical, while paper still sees

some limited usage. Some othersome limited usage. Some otherfundamental storage technologies have alsofundamental storage technologies have alsobeen used in the past or are proposed forbeen used in the past or are proposed fordevelopment.development.


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SEMICONDUCTOR:SEMICONDUCTOR: Semiconductor memory uses semiconductorSemiconductor memory uses semiconductor--

based integrated circuits to storebased integrated circuits to storeinformation. A semiconductor memory chipinformation. A semiconductor memory chipmay contain millions of tiny transistors ormay contain millions of tiny transistors orcapacitors. Both volatile and noncapacitors. Both volatile and non--volatilevolatileforms of semiconductor memory exist. Informs of semiconductor memory exist. Inmodern computers, primary storage almostmodern computers, primary storage almostexclusively consists of dynamic volatileexclusively consists of dynamic volatilesemiconductor memory or dynamic randomsemiconductor memory or dynamic randomaccess memory. Since the turn of theaccess memory. Since the turn of thecentury, a type of noncentury, a type of non--volatilevolatilesemiconductor memory known as flashsemiconductor memory known as flashmemory has steadily gained share as offmemory has steadily gained share as off--line storage for home computers. Nonline storage for home computers. Non--volatile semiconductor memory is also usedvolatile semiconductor memory is also used

for secondary storage in various advancedfor secondary storage in various advancedelectronic devices and specialized computerselectronic devices and specialized computers


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MEMORY DEVICE MADE OFMEMORY DEVICE MADE OF

SEMICONDUCTOR:SEMICONDUCTOR:


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MAGNETIC:MAGNETIC: Magnetic storage uses different patterns ofMagnetic storage uses different patterns ofmagnetization on a magnetically coated surface tomagnetization on a magnetically coated surface to

store information. Magnetic storage is nonstore information. Magnetic storage is non--volatile. The information is accessed using one orvolatile. The information is accessed using one ormore read/write heads which may contain one ormore read/write heads which may contain one ormore recording transducers. A read/write headmore recording transducers. A read/write headonly covers a part of the surface so that the headonly covers a part of the surface so that the heador medium or both must be moved relative toor medium or both must be moved relative toanother in order to access data. In modernanother in order to access data. In moderncomputers, magnetic storage will take these forms:computers, magnetic storage will take these forms:

Magnetic diskMagnetic disk Floppy disk, used for offFloppy disk, used for off--line storageline storage Hard disk drive, used for secondary storageHard disk drive, used for secondary storage Magnetic tape data storage, used for tertiary andMagnetic tape data storage, used for tertiary and

offoff--line storageline storage


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IMAGE OF AN MAGNETIC TAPE:IMAGE OF AN MAGNETIC TAPE:


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OPTICAL:OPTICAL:

Optical storage, the typical optical disc,Optical storage, the typical optical disc,stores information in deformities on thestores information in deformities on thesurface of a circular disc and reads thissurface of a circular disc and reads this

information by illuminating the surface withinformation by illuminating the surface witha laser diode and observing the reflection.a laser diode and observing the reflection.Optical disc storage is nonOptical disc storage is non--volatile. Thevolatile. Thedeformities may be permanent (read onlydeformities may be permanent (read onlymedia ), formed once (write once media) ormedia ), formed once (write once media) orreversible (recordable or read/writereversible (recordable or read/writemedia).media).


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IMAGE OF AN OPTICALIMAGE OF AN OPTICAL

STORAGE DEVICE:STORAGE DEVICE:


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PAPER:PAPER:

Paper data storage, typically in the form of paperPaper data storage, typically in the form of papertape or punched cards, has long been used to storetape or punched cards, has long been used to storeinformation for automatic processing, particularlyinformation for automatic processing, particularlybefore generalbefore general--purpose computers existed.purpose computers existed.Information was recorded by punching holes intoInformation was recorded by punching holes intothe paper or cardboard medium and was readthe paper or cardboard medium and was readmechanically (or later optically) to determinemechanically (or later optically) to determinewhether a particular location on the medium waswhether a particular location on the medium wassolid or contained a hole. A few technologies allowsolid or contained a hole. A few technologies allowpeople to make marks on paper that are easilypeople to make marks on paper that are easily

read by machineread by machinethese are widely used forthese are widely used fortabulating votes and grading standardized tests.tabulating votes and grading standardized tests.Barcodes made it possible for any object that wasBarcodes made it possible for any object that wasto be sold or transported to have some computerto be sold or transported to have some computerreadable information securely attached to it.readable information securely attached to it.


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IMAGE OF PAPER STORAGEIMAGE OF PAPER STORAGE

DEVICE:PUNCH CARDDEVICE:PUNCH CARD


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THANKS TO:THANKS TO:

1.MISS MAYOORI MADAM(H.O.D. CS DEPT.)1.MISS MAYOORI MADAM(H.O.D. CS DEPT.)2.MRS MAYANK NAGAR SIR (CS FACULTY OF 12.MRS MAYANK NAGAR SIR (CS FACULTY OF 1STST

YEAR ME BRANCH)YEAR ME BRANCH)3.MISS ZEBA SIDDIQUI MADAM(T.G. OF 13.MISS ZEBA SIDDIQUI MADAM(T.G. OF 1STST

YEAR ME BRANCH)YEAR ME BRANCH)AND ALL MY SENIORS AND MY FRIENDS THATAND ALL MY SENIORS AND MY FRIENDS THAT

HELPED ME IN MAKING THE PROJECTHELPED ME IN MAKING THE PROJECT

THE ENDTHE END

cresent colege of technology,bhopal

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