creating smarter cities 2011 - 04 - rudolf giffinger - vut - the need for place related...
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Because of different processes like economic restructuring, socio-demographic processes and technological progress cities are facing new challenges in the run of their recent trends of urbanization and metropolisation. These processes are assumed to have specific impacts on the cohesive territorial development in economic, social and spatial terms. As a consequence new strategic governance approaches became necessary steering development in different fields. In this context rankings have experienced a remarkable boom. In front of this development, this paper concentrates first on the question how to define a ‘smart’ city which is able to cope with such challenges. Based on this understanding the own ranking approach („European Smart Cities“) is described systematically. Based on a hierarchical approach with a sample of relevant factors the paper describes in short how cities cope with the results and what are typical reactions of local governments and stakeholders. In this context two specific urban strategies for steering development and processes of learning in general, but especially with respect to urban governance, are discussed within this paper. Finally, the paper elaborates that here the buzz-word ‘smart’ is not used in an explicit technology perspective but in a clear place based understanding similar to the EU-Territorial Agenda 2020. Accordingly an outlook describes how ‘smart’ will be used and understood in a place based and territorial perspective including technological impacts.TRANSCRIPT
European Smart Cities:the need for a place related Understanding
Department of Spatial Development,Infrastructure and Environmental Planning Centre of Regional ScienceOperngasse 11, 6. Stock1040 Wien+43 1 58801 26621http://www.srf.tuwien.ac.at/
Rudolf Giffinger Creating Smart CitiesEdinburgh Napier University
June 30 / July 1, 2011
Focus in this contributionNeed for positioning
• Urbanisation and technological innovations• territorial perspective on smart city
Place based Smart City Ranking (SCR) approach• Ranking based on urban characteristics• Basic features and results for medium sized cities
• Identifying a city’s specific profile– drawing lesson / Evidence based
Outlook: Smart metropolitan development • Enhanced concept in territorial perspective
• metropolisation and polycentricity• 2 hypotheses on smart metropolitan development
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introduction
technology based urban development • Urbanisation and industrialization • Metropolisation and competitiveness
differentiation of urban development• cities and metropolises show different standards
• only 10% of all European regions show corresponding standards of a knowledge society according to different indicators
What should we understand under ‚smart city‘?Why a place based approach regarding territorial development?Which challenges for research and for governance ?
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Smart City RankingNeed for positioning
• Urbanisation and technological innovations• territorial perspective on smart city
Place based Smart City Ranking (SCR) approach• Ranking based on urban characteristics• Basic features and results formedium sized cities
• Identifying a city’s specific profile– drawing lesson / Evidence based
Outlook: Smart metropolitan development• Enhanced concept in territorial perspective
• metropolisation and polycentricity• 2 hypothesis on smart metropolitan development
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Why medium sized cities?Medium sized cities
• Usually forgotten in discussion about • Challenges of globalisation and Trends of metropolisation
An important group of cities in Europe 27+NO+CH
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Source of data:Nordregio (2004),Espon project 1.1.1
Medium sized cities: EU27+NO+CHImportance in Europe:
• 270 million Europeans live in city regions > 100,000 residents• 120 million live in city regions with 100,000 ‐ 500,000 residents
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Smart City Ranking Approach for 70 medium sized cities in Europe
• to identify the position in a comparable way• to elaborate the profile of cities on different levels• to discuss future challenges
Selection of the city sample Cities
1 Functional Urban Area in Europe (EU27+NO+CH) 1,595
2 100,000 – 500,000 inhabitants 584
3 At least 1 University 364
4 Catchment area less than 1.500,000 persons 256
5 Covered by the Urban Audit database 94
6 Consolidation and adaptation by the project team 70
Definition of Smart City: www.smart‐cities.eu
„A Smart City is a citywell performing in these6 characteristics, built on the‘smart’ combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens.”up-to-now: drawing a picture of the current state of a city. perspective: a relaunch based on more recent data is planned
stimulating discussion through showing profiles and changes over time
Characteristics:
Smart EconomySmart People
Smart GovernanceSmart Mobility
Smart EnvironmentSmart Living
Endowments(Local conditions)
Activities(Application)
Smart City
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Description of Smart City: www.smart‐cities.eu
Smart‐City rank:result of 6 characteristics
6 characteristics:result of group of factors
31 factors:result of group of indicators
data base:75 indicators
Smart City
Characteristics
Factors
Indicators
Smart Economy
Smart People
Smart Governance
Smart Mobility
Smart Environment
Smart Living
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Characteristics & bundles of factors
Smart City: 6 characteristics are defined through bundles of factors in a comprehensive way
31 factors are operationalised through bundles of indicators (in total 75 ind.)
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Ranking based on data 2001/2004
Ranking: best performing cities
‐ Luxembourg, Denmark, Finland
‐ poor in transition countries
‐ Ljubljana already on 17th place
Cities show different performance in its characteristics
Ranked groups of smart cities
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Smart City Ranking Results: www.smart‐cities.eu
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Smart City Ranking: drawing lesson
Good to have a look ‐ at ‚smart living‘ in Linz
‐ Cultural facilities, individual safety or Touristic attractivity
‐ …or at any other city perfoming better ..…
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… an effective way how a city may learn good practicein a specific field from another city …
Smart City Ranking: evidence based strategyCharacteristics at a first glance ‐Some strenghts in
‐ Smart economy, people and governance
‐Clear weaknesses in‐ Smart environment and living
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Factor values indicating low performance facilitate more evidence
‐ International accessibility‐ Sustainable innovative and safe
transportation system‐ Attractivity of nat. conditions‐ Pollution‐ some factors of smart living
Are there specific issues which are clearly interlinked factors? Are there specific topics which indicate strengths or weaknesses?Which strategic projects may meet specific challenges?
Outlook
Need for positioning• Urbanisation and technological innovations• territorial perspective on smart city
Place based Smart City Ranking (SCR) approach• Ranking based on urban characteristics• Basic features and results for medium sized cities
• Identifying a city’s specific profile– Lesson drawing / Evidence based
Smart metropolitan development• Enhanced concept in territorial perspective
• metropolisation and polycentricity• 2 hypothesis on smart metropolitan development
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Smart City Ranking approach for metropolises
metropolisation• a process of attracting
• high ranked functions• in particular knowledge intensive new activities• jobs and residents
polycentricity• a process of allocation of specific metropolitan functions
• based on a cities specific assets and potentials regarded as specific area based advantages
• often far beyond city borders in a larger metropolitan region
SCR approach in a territorial perspective will describe the characteristics of its territorial capital in these two dimensions
• recently done in ESPON project POLYCE
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policy relevance of a place based approach
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Metropolisation Polycentricity
Inclusion
Competitiveness
technologicalinnovations
economicrestructuring sociodemographic
processes
governance
smart metropolitandevelopment
Policy advice‐ identifying and
assessing impacts ofthree macro‐trends
‐ Assessing themeaning of techno‐logical innovationsregarding competiti‐veness and inclusion
Research • regarding economic restructuring & sociodemographic issues already
sufficient?• but scarce knowledge on innovation processes
• dependent on spatial diffusion and local adaption processes
Conclusions: from evidence to governance of smart city development
enhanced smart metropolitan approach‘Smart metropolis’ indicates the capability of a city with its metropolitan region to cope with the challenges of competitiveness and inclusive development steered by the attraction of metropolitan functions and through polycentric development which is enforcing its territorial cohesion.
Besides, this capability is not related to local facilities of endowment as potentials only, but it also considers covering the activities of self‐decisive and independent citizens in terms of awareness and participation of a city’s inhabitants in addressing and activating new potentials and supporting and strengthening existing assets.
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2 hypotheses (1) Even in next decades on the global level the process of urbanization and metropolisation is driven by and dependent on technological innovations. But only those cities will show ‘smart development’ in form of a balance between competitiveness and inclusionwhich are capable to introduce, adapt and diffuse technological innovations according to territorial conditions and needs.
(2) In particular, a place based Smart City Ranking approach which considers metropolisation and polycentricity in a territorial perspective will foster ‘smart metropolitan development’. This is in particular realized through governance initiatives based on …
• drawing lesson• not reasonable to follow best‐practice strategies at random
• relevant evidence • in form of comparative benchmarking or of differentiated profile assessment, and• activating potentials and enhancing existing assets
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