creating a robust and sustainable supply chain for high ...€¦ · 1 creating a robust and...

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Creating a robust and sustainable supply chain for high volume Cobalt precursors

CMC Conference May 2017Dr. Oliver Briel

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Use of Co precursors will increase in nexttechnology nodes

• Interconnects• Co liner and capping

• Cobalt as Contact replacement material• Lowers contact resistance• Offers more volume compared to Tungsten• Co allows annealing step to reduce

grain boundaries

Cobalt‘s pivotal role for continued device scaling

http://semimd.com/blog/2016/06/03/new-tungsten-barrierliner-fill-processes-reduce-resistance-and-increase-yield/http://blog.appliedmaterials.com/fins-and-wires-5nmhttp://blog.appliedmaterials.com/how-new-materials-can-solve-contact-resistancehttp://semimd.com/blog/tag/cobalt/

Source: Applied Materials

Umicore PMC - CMC Conference May 2017

http://semimd.com/blog/2016/06/03/new-tungsten-barrierliner-fill-processes-reduce-resistance-and-increase-yield/

http://blog.appliedmaterials.com/fins-and-wires-5nm

http://blog.appliedmaterials.com/how-new-materials-can-solve-contact-resistance

http://semimd.com/blog/tag/cobalt/

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• Umicore Introduction

• Cobalt within Umicore

• Cobalt Procurement Framework

• Umicore Precursors Activities

• Umicore Cobalt Precursors

Outline

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∼10,000 people, 66 manufacturing sites, €2.7 Bn revenues

One of three global leaders in emission control catalysts for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles and for all fuel types

A leading supplier of key materials for rechargeable batteries used in portable electronics and hybrid & electric cars

The world’s leading recycler of complex waste streams containing precious and other valuable metals

A global materials technology & recycling group


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Unique business model

Industry leader in sustainability

Our foundations

more stringentemission control

electrification of the

automobile

resourcescarcity

Supportive megatrends

Industry leader in sustainability

metals materialsolutions

recycling

applicationknow-how

Chemistry material science

metallurgy

Unique business model


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Vertical Integration Into Metals

Fully integrated metalstechnology company

Source for Platinum Group Metals as well as Co, Ni, Zn, Bi, Ga, In, Ge, As, Sb, Se, Te,...

Recycling capabilities (i.e.urban mining)

No physical dependenceon Chinese market


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Leadership in clean mobility materials and recycling

Reliable Metals access is

crucial for our high tech products

Providing innovative solutions across industries


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Turning sustainabilityinto a greater competitive edge

The purpose is to generate more concrete benefits from our sustainability efforts eg:

We have transformed Umicore into a sustainability leader over the past 15 years


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• Sputtering Targets (Al alloys, Ti, Cu, Precious Metals, Ta, NiCr, Ni, Cr, NiV, WTi, …)

• Evaporation Materials (Oxides, Flourides, Metals, Precious Metals)

• High Purity Germanium Materials (GeCl4, wafers, …)

• Cathode Materials for Batteries (LCO, NMC, NCA)

• CVD, ALD & MOCVD Precursors

Umicore in ElectronicsConsumables for electronics, optoelectronics, display, …


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• Global production 2015: 123.000t (mainlybyproduct of Cu & Ni Industry)

• Demand for batteries currently represents >40% of the demand for Cobalt

• CAGR of >5% over past years• Additional increase in demand mainly driven by

Electrification of Automotive industry• Cobalt is sourced worldwide, but Democratic

Republic of Congo represents approximately 50%

• Overall demand and supply are in balance, however the anticipated strong growth of thedemand for batteries will effect this balance

Cobalt – an IntroductionEssential Mineral in the path towards Electrification of Automotive


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• Umicore has over 100 years of experience in Cobalt sourcing

• Umicore recycles and refines Cobalt in-house

• Umicore is active in all main Cobalt applications:• Battery Materials• Ceramics• Super Alloys• Animal Feed• Catalysts• ALD/CVD Precursors• …

Umicore as a Cobalt PlayerLargest Cobalt Transformer Worldwide


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Umicore’s Cobalt Precursor Value ChainCopper or

Nickel mine & concentrator

Umicore PMC: Co

precursors

Umicore CSM Cobalt

Refinery

Umicore CSM:

Co intermediate

Tier1 suppliers

End-Users

Supplier / mining company

OC

Co

CO

CoOC COCO

COOC

OC

COCo

OCCo C

CoCO

OC

CH

COOC

OC

CO

CPCOCO CCTBA

DCOC

?


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Challenges in Cobalt SourcingHealth & Safety even as Social and Environmental Challenges

Challenges inherently linked to Cobalt mining

Social and Environmental• Social standards should be respected during the cobalt supply

chain (child protection, anti-slavery, anti-corruption…)

• Environmental standards are required to protect environment and communities

Health & Safety• Several Cobalt substances are CLP-classified as carcinogenic

• Inhalation of cobalt is linked to the prevalence of lung diseases

• Fatal accidents happen in unsafe working conditions


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Challenges in Cobalt SourcingMore than half of the world’s cobalt reserves originates in DRC

Artisanal Small-scale Mining (ASM) vs Large Scale Mining (LSM, mechanical mined)

ASM represents approx. 20% of DRC’s Cobalt output

Umicore currently does not accept ASM in its supply chain, on the basis of:• Bad Safety and Health Conditions• Health risks related to Cobalt Exposure• Child Labor• Human Right Abuses


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Report states:• “110,000 to 150,000 artisanal miners in

Katanga region” (both for Copper and Cobalt)

• “40,000 children work in cobalt mines”

Report mentions hazardous working conditions (illness, fatal accidents…), human right abuses, bribery…

Update on Report planned in 2017

Amnesty Report (January 2016)Eye-opener for Lithium-ion Battery Users & others


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Part II – Umicore’s ApproachSustainable Cobalt Sourcing

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• Recycling of Batteries offers an additional source of Cobalt

• Umicore believes recycling to be a Sustainable Source of Cobalt, driven by

• Resource Scarcity• Legislative Restrictions• Sustainability matters

Umicore’s Closed Loop ModelUmicore’s Battery Recycling in Hoboken, Belgium

metals materialsolutions

recycling

applicationknow-how

Chemistry material science

metallurgy


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Sustainable Supply Chain of Cobalt

We want to be sure that all upstream practices are in line with Umicore’s Standards, as listed in the Umicore Sustainable Procurement Charter.

• no child or forced labour;• business ethics and compliance to law;• environmental impact;• occupational health and safety

Umicore felt the urgency to go even beyond this Charter when it comes to Cobalt sourcing.


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Sustainable Procurement Framework forCobalt

• Framework was created in 2012 • PwC collaboration• Inspired by OECD’s 5-steps process• Applied to all purchases of Cobalt in Umicore • Overarching principles and guidance by

“Approval Committee”


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Third-party Validation

• Umicore received as first company ever third-party validation for its Cobalt DueDiligence Practices

• PwC Validation for reporting year 2015• Working on 2016-validation

By demonstrating its good practices andcommunication, Umicore aims to raise the bar for all players in the Cobalt industry

Watch Umicore website for ValidationStatement and animation!


http://www.umicore.com/en/cases/sustainable-procurement-framework-for-cobalt/

21Umicore PMC - CMC Conference May 2017

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Red flags

Child labour

Slavery / Forced labour

Torture or inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment

Supplier is not willing to accept principles stated in the Umicore charter

Evidence of bribery and corruption

Clear evidence of hand-picking and/or artisanal mining as a primary source

Orange& Red flags Definition


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Precious Metals ChemistryCompetence Portfolio for ALD / CVD / MOCVD Precursors

Handling and transformation of high value

products

Safe handling and production of

highly reactive chemicals

At commercial scale…all with the intent of enabling current & future technologies.

Ultra pure product quality &

confinement

World class analytical

capabilities

Safe handling and production of highly toxic

chemicals


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Precious Metals Chemistry Strategic Positioning of Business Electronics

Positioning tobecome the

preferredchemical

manufacturer of Tier-1 suppliers(gas companies)

Identifyingimportant growthopportunities for

Umicore

On goingdevelopment

of a commercial portfolio

of CVD & ALD precursors

Dedicated R&D, production & engineering resources

LONGTERM STRATEGY


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• GC, GC-MS • ICP-MS & ICP-OES

with detection limitsas low as 10-100ppb

• NMR, IR

Metrologyexpertise

R&DScaling Up Excellence

Advanced purificationtechnologies

State of the art scaleup to productionlevel volumes

Dedicatedin-house engineering (10 engineers)

Kilo lab forHigh Purityproducts

Scale up of toxic, sensitive& pyrophoricsubstances

Processdevelopment

10 Ph.D. Chemists10 lab technicians


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Cobalt Precursor ChemistryCPCOCO / CCTBA / …

Focus on bulk

Process chemistry

Dedicated equipment forsynthesis and

purification

Glovebox for sampling handling

packaging

Future CobaltOctacarbonyl

back integration

Safe and efficient manufacturing capabilites for multiple tons of precursors

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Other ALD/CVD and MOCVD PrecursorsAdvanced Precursors for Vapor Phase Deposition

TMGa

TBAs

W(O)(OR)4

Ru3(CO)12

(EtCp)2Ru

TMIn, TMAl – incl. Direct Vapor delivery systemTEGa, TBP

Co2(CO)8

WCl5 , WOCl4, W(CO)6

BTBMW, (iPrCp)2WH2

New Ru & Co precursors

TBTEMT

Available at scale Work in progress


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Thank you!www.pmc.umicore.com

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