Cerebral atrophy due to atherosclerosis of CACerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's diseaseAtrophy of brain and heart in aging (senile atrophy)Although total cessation of oxygen perfusion results in cell death, partial ischemia is often compatible with cell viability.Atrophic kidney in renal artists. This resulted, however, in neuroanatomydiscrepancies,inconsistencies, and even controversies among various communities in termsof parcellation, demarcation, grouping, terminology, and presentation.The present work differs from existing neuroanatomy primers. Our overall objectiveisto make the presentation of brain anatomy easy. To achieve this objective: The presentation of neuroanatomy is in three dimensions (3D) with additionalsupportive planar images in the orthogonal (axial, coronal, and sagittal) planes. The brain is subdivided inCerebral atrophy due to atherosclerosis of CACerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's diseaseAtrophy of brain and heart in aging (senile atrophy)Although total cessation of oxygen perfusion results in cell death, partial ischemia is often compatible with cell viability.Atrophic kidney in renal to structure, vasculature, and connections (white mattertracts); consequently, we consider structural, vascular, and connectional neuroanatomies.W.L. Nowinski (*)Biomedical Imaging Lab, ASTAR, Singaporee-mail: wieslaw@sbic.a-star.edu.sgChapter 2Introduction to Brain AnatomyWieslaw L. Nowinski6 W.L. Nowinski 3D cerebral models of structure, vasculature, and tracts are mutually consistentbecause they were derived from the same brain specimen. 3D cerebral models and the planar images are fully parcellated; each parcellatedobject is uniquely colored. 3D cerebral models and the planar images are completely labeled; as a terminology,weuse the Terminologia Anatomica [75]. 3D cerebral models are electronically dissectible into groups and individualcomponents.In this work, we use the digital brain atlases developed in our laboratory fornearly 2 decades [6369]. The 3D cerebral models have been created from multiple3 and 7 Tesla magnetic resonance scans of the same brain specimen (WLN) [69].The development of the atlases is addressed in [7680], tools for their developmentin [81], techniques for modeling of cerebral structures in [76, 82, 83], and atlasbasedapplications in [7780, 8492].2.2 Structural (Gross) NeuroanatomyWe present parcellation of the brain in 3D followed by sectional neuroanatomy. Thestereotactic target structures and functional (Brodmanns) areas also are outlined.2.2.1 Brain ParcellationThe CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain encases the fluid-filledventricular system and is parcellated into three main components (Fig. 2.1a): Cerebrum Cerebellum (the little brain) BrainstemThe cerebrum comprises: Left and right cerebral hemispheres Interbrain between the cerebrum and the brainstem termed the diencephalon Deep gray nucleiThe cerebral hemispheres are the largest compartment of the brain and are interconnectedby white matter fibers (see Sect. 2.4.2). The hemispheres are composed of: Outer gray matter termed the cerebral cortex Inner white matter encompassing the deep gray nuclei2 Introduction to Brain Anatomy 7Fig. 2.1 Gross anatomy of the left cCerebral atrophy due to atherosclerosis of CACerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's diseaseAtrophy of brain and heart in aging (senile atrophy)Although total cessation of oxygen perfusion results in cell death, partial ischemia is often compatible with cell viability.Atrophic kidney in renal erebral hemisphere: (a) brain parcellation; (b) lobes: la