Water, food and development The CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and

Food

Alain VIDAL, CPWF Director

CPWF and the Agricultural Water Productivity Challenge

CGIAR Challenge Programs

•CGIAR= Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research; 15 centres, 63 donor members, 5 challenge programs

•CGIAR Challenge Programs mobilise broad scientific input on most challenging issues in agricultural research

•Time bound and reform-oriented

•Help change the way the CGIAR does business, expanding range of partnerships

CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF)

Phase 1

Sixty-six research and capacity building projects

Value added through synthesis research

Over 200 partners, with research in 30 developing countries of 9 river basins

Around USD 65 million of investment from 12 donors in 2004-2008

AREO

CPWF aims to increase water productivity for agriculture in order to leave more water for other users and the environment

CPWF contributes to…

Food security at household level

Livelihoods of the poor

Health: Nutrition, reduced pollution, reduced disease

Environment: Water quality, sustainability of wetlands

2 - 5 litres

daily

20 – 500 litres

daily 500 – 3000 litres

per kg

Why focus on water productivity for agriculture?

2000 l/day - vegetarian diet5000 l/day - grainfed meat diet

A consequence: sectoral competition

For smallholder producers in Africa,lack of access towater and soil is the key constraint to production

Why Water Productivity and Poverty

The poorest people - 1 billion worldwide - depend on fish as primary source of protein. As rivers dry up, fish production declines and the poor lose as consumers and producers.

Why Water Productivity and Poverty

Many of the poorest, most drought-vulnerable families in Africa depend on livestock production. Animal feed production is the most important user of agricultural water in the Nile basin.

Why Water Productivity and Poverty

Water Scarcity 2000

1/3 of the world’s population live in basins that have to deal with water scarcity

17

What is the challenge ahead?

• Do we have enough water resources to grow enough food and meet future demand for biofuels?

• The Comprehensive Assessment answered…– No… with today’s practices, doubling food production in 2050 would

require to almost double agricultural water use (from 7130 km3 to 13000 km3)

– …Unless we change the way we think and act on water issues

• A simple and ideal scenario: if we would double the amount of food produced per m3 of water, we would be safe

Impact of rainfall variability on GDP and Agricultural GDP growth

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

19

82

19

83

19

84

19

85

19

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

year

%

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

rainfall variability

GDP growth

Ag GDP growth

Resilience to adapt to climate change

Source: Grey & Sadoff, 2008. in Water Policy: Ethiopia

CPWF achievements Phase 1 (2004-2008)

Partnerships for science

BASINallocation

SYSTEMdistribution

Hydrologicalinteractions

Surface &groundwater

Agro-ecosystems

Upstream-downstream users

Economic drivers

Poverty distribution & causes

Institutional aspects of management

FIELD

application

Linked Scales of Analysis

Rapid and complex world changes: climate, economic uncertainty, trade. Severe implications for the poor.

Innovative research approaches are required to solve them.

“Complex multi-sector problems need new ways of working: “The really important issues facing society … cannot be tackled by any organization acting alone” Huxham and Vangen, 2005

CPWF: New ways of working

CGIAR NARES ARI NGO

Total CPWF

Consortium members

Different institutions that participate

11 112 39 43

205 15

Different institutions that lead projects

10 7 8 9 34 8

Number of projects led by

36 8 10 12 66 34

% of project funds

42% 46% 7% 5% 100% 32%

Diverse actors involved

CPWF achievements Phase 1 (2004-2008)

Research results for development

Sahelian Ecofarming

Livestock Management in Nile River Basin

Multiple Use Water Systems

Projects from the First Competitive Call

Projects from the First Competitive Call

Livelihood Resilience in Dry Areas

Transboundary Water Governance

Community Based Fish Culture

Overview of CPWF research scope and results in phase 1

Components of field scale water productivity (water harvesting; conservation agriculture; stress-tolerant varieties)

Stakeholder dialogue and negotiation (multi-stakeholder governance and role-playing to develop it; payment for environmental services; multiple use water systems)

Integrated river basin analysis (ecosystem services and smallholder agriculture; integration of fisheries; livestock-water relations)

Policies and the global context (water rights; water transfer schemes; adaptations of small farm agriculture to climate change)

CPWF: Linking scales and disciplines

Example: RURAL AFRICAN ADAPTATIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Four levels of analysis: Household, Basin, National, Regional

New insights on local perceptions of - and adaptive capacity to - climate change at household and province level (U Pretoria, EDRI)

Combined global CGE model that includes agriculture, water& livelihood effects and distributional impacts of climate

change (IFPRI and U Hamburg)

Interaction with policy makers to develop national adaptation strategies (Ethiopian Economics Association, U Pretoria)

Local adaptation to climate change

Documented evidence in 5 basins and 10 countries of MUS that take poor people’s water needs into account

Reduced poverty and conflict, increased water productivity, gender-friendliness, ownership, willingness to pay, water quality awareness.

Workshops at WWF4 & WWF5 attracted 300 people for major discussion

Integrated investment opportunities among sectors

Policy influence: Multiple Use Water Systems

Diverse interdisciplinary team. Three basins. Produced “Small Reservoirs Tool Kit”.

A Project of the: Sponsored by:

Cross-scale research

Limpopo BasinRainfall ~250 - 1050 mm/yr

Issues include:

Poverty and food Low productivity rainfed agriculture Irrigation development Ecosystem degradation Loss of biodiversitySource: CSIRO

Broad donor base

“A particularly positive aspect is the breadth of the current donor spectrum and the resulting independence of the CPWF on individual donors.”

CPWF External Review.

Phase 1 budget (2003-2008) USD 65 millionProjected Phase 2 budget (2009-2013) USD 60-90 million

“We are continually faced by great opportunities brilliantly disguised as insoluble problems”

Lee Iococca

CPWF Phase 2

Focusing the strategy in phase 2

Focusing on the technical content found to be most promising in phase 1

Focusing even more on research that will begin development impact within the 15 year CPWF time frame

All research is interdisciplinary, includes cross-scale analysis and focuses on resilience

Phase 2: 2009-2013; intended Phase 3 to 2018

Focusing the strategy in Phase 2

Six river basins (Nile, Volta, Limpopo, Ganges, Mekong, Andean System) not nine

1-2 development challenges in specific parts of each basin (building on phase 1 results)

CPWF as the platform for partners to contribute their specialist expertise

With expected minimum budget of USD 60 million can handle one challenge per basin; aiming for USD 90 million and two challenges

Priority development challenges in each basin

Andes (7 small basins) Benefit-sharing mechanisms to improve water productivity and reduce water-related conflict

Mekong (especially the “3S” border area Laos-Cambodia-Vietnam) Multiple use of reservoirs

Nile (especially Ethiopian highlands) A landscape approach to rainwater management

Priority development challenges in each basin

Limpopo (Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa) Small reservoirs and rainwater management

Volta (Burkina Faso/northern Ghana) Small reservoirs and rainwater management

Ganges delta Integrated agriculture and aquaculture

Andes

• BDC: Benefit-sharing to improve water productivity and reduce water-related conflict in selected basins– Where “benefit-sharing” is understood to include “cost-sharing”. – Will build on experiences with existing instances of benefit-

sharing mechanisms (BSM) in different Andean countries

• Projects– Designing and implementing BSM– Anticipating and assessing the consequences of BSM– Learning from history: consequences of

alternative land and water use practices– Coordination

Ganges

• BDC: Integrated agriculture and aquaculture in the Ganges delta– Including the development of integrated solutions to saline

intrusion– Methods for improving the agricultural productivity of flood plains

• Projects– Agriculture in salt-affected areas– Water allocation between agriculture and aquaculture in coastal

zones (includes improved agricultural and aquacultural practices)

– Coordination

Limpopo

• BDC: Rainwater management and small reservoirs in Mozambique, Southern Zimbabwe and Limpopo Province of South Africa

• Projects:– Technical and institutional innovation in rainwater management

and small reservoirs– Targeting innovation and understanding its consequences– Scaling out– Coordination

Mekong

• BDC: Multiple use of reservoirs in the 3S border region that straddles the tri-point between Vietnam, Lao PDR and Cambodia– Understood to embrace water use in small and large reservoirs

created by new and existing dams, and– The downstream consequences for different water uses and

users of reservoir management strategies

• Projects: – Reservoir management and its consequences– Agent-based modeling (interim title)– Transboundary policy issues– (Helping displaced communities – uncertain) – Coordination

Nile

• Challenge 1– To improve rural livelihoods and their

resilience through a landscape approach to rainwater management

• Projects– Learning from past experience on rainwater

management research – Integrated rainwater management strategies

– technologies, institutions and policies– Spatial targeting of innovation strategies– Assessing and anticipating the cross-scale

and downstream consequences of innovation

Nile

• Challenge 2– The effective use of agricultural wastewater in the Nile River

Delta for multiple uses and livelihoods needs

• Projects– Improving technologies and planning strategies of the Nile Delta– Treated water for livelihoods– Opportunies from water reuse systems for poor people– Reuse of agricultural water for ‘new lands’ and resilience

of the Nile Delta agricultural and livelihoods system

Volta

• BDC: Institutional and technical mechanisms to develop, maintain and sustain small reservoirs and other rainwater management approaches to improve the livelihoods of the poor in the dry-lands of Southern Burkina Faso and Northern Ghana, taking into account implications for downstream users.

• Projects:– Small reservoirs and other approaches to improved rainwater

management – Institutions and governance – Coordination

Secondary development challenges

Andes (7 small basins) Strategies for Andean communities to adapt to global change

Nile (Egypt) Multiple use of agricultural wastewater in the Delta

Ganges delta The integrated management of groundwater

Mekong The sustainable management of upland agricultural water

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