Aparitia si dezvoltare terminologiei ca disciplina; institutii si organisme Course no. 2

Origins and development of terminology Main concern – names and naming=> why? Initial interest – the relation – language

thought objects

Origins and development of terminology First basic text on terminology – Plato’s dialogue

Cratylus: Names have a natural link with the objects they designate

Nomenclature – 16th century ~ glossary, list of names, dictionary (<Lat. dictio, the spoken word)

Chambers (1728) – Cyclopaedia or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Science

Samuel Johnson (1755) – Dictionary of the English Language

Linneaus’s work on classification in biology (1735) Morveau & Lavoisier – chemical nomenclature (1780

on)

Origins and development of terminology

The spirit of 18th century: ordering the quantity of new beings (plants and animals), finding out similarities, implications

The Encyclopedic tree describes the branches going from the same trunk, representing all knowledge (Francis Bacon).

Origins and development of terminology “ Inventor” of the word terminology

(Terminologie) – Professor Christian Gottfried Schütz (1747 – 1832) at the University of Halle and Jena

William Whewell (1837) gave it a scientific meaning

Developments in technology called for specialised words: e.g. the processing of iron in England (1783), the textile industry

Manufacturing FUSTIAN Cutting was one part of the process. The yarn was sized and the

cloth was woven—there would be a high number of weft threads to warp. The ridges were manually cut, and the cloth sent to be finished. It was scoured to remove the size, and brushed to raise the nap. This was then singed over a gas flame, then bleached and or dyed. It was brushed again. It was now stentered to pull it out to the standard width. The cloth was woven at 31 or 32 inches and during processing has shrunk to 27 inches. Stentering would stabilise the width to 28 inches. The back of the cloth would now be filled to give it stiffness. This could be with a glue based mixture that could be formed from boiled bones. Each manufacturer had their own techniques. The cloth was now ready to be taken to the warehouse to be sold.

Origins and development of terminology

Industrial revolution – development of technology and science – new denominational needs

A special language devoted to science: ideally, signs must be monosemic and univoque

Transfer of knowledge and products – the need to standardize the elements that convey exchange – like money!

Some organism had to intervene on the term “market”

Origins and development of terminology Eugen Wüster (1898 – 1977) – electrical

engineer, manufacturer, founder of modern terminology, representative of the Vienna School

Beginnings in the 1930’ – main concern – practical aspects, methodology (methods for systematic term formation), standards

Later (1960 – 1975) – interest in theory, along with other linguists (Russian Dresen, German Schloman etc.)

Origins and development of terminologyPeriods in the development of modern

terminology (ap. Auger, 1988)

The origins (1930 – 1960) The structuring of the field (1960 – 1975) The boom (1975 – 1985) The expansion (1985 – present)

Origins and development of terminologyThree classical schools of terminology in the

1930s:

Austrian / Vienna Soviet Czech / Prague

Origins and development of terminologyThree major orientations (ap. Auger, 1988,

Cabre, 1999): Linguistic approach (terminology adapted to the

linguistic system (Vienna, Prague, Moscow) The translation approach (terminology for

translation) The amenagiste approach (terminology for

language planning)

Origins and development of terminology The linguistic approach

The Vienna school: developed a systematic corpus of principles and methods, focuses on concepts, focus on standardization (of terms and concepts)

The Czech school: influenced by the functionalist approach of the Prague group, sees terms as units of a functional / professional style. focus on standardization

The Russian school: focus on standardization due to multilingualism in former USSR

Origins and development of terminology The translation approach:

Meant to support translation, esp. in bi- or multilingual provinces / countries (Belgium Canada)

Forms the basis for the terminological activities of international bodies (UN, UNESCO, EU)

Creation of terminological databanks (TERMIUM in Canada, EURODICAUTOM now IATE in EU)

Origins and development of terminologyThe amenagiste approach – terminology for

language planning Meant to support the use of minority

languages inside larger sociolinguistic areas (ex. Quebec)

Institutions can influence languages and help them survive by fostering word-formation in the native language

Descriptive vs prescriptive/normative Dictionaries are produced using a purely

descriptive process. Terminology glossaries are normally

produced using two phases. The first phase employs a descriptive process in

which all terms which describe the same concept are grouped together.

The second phase is prescriptive, with a preferred term being selected from those identified as synonyms, i.e. as designating the same concept.

Descriptive vs prescriptive/normative

Lack of Terminology Resources Despite the importance of terminology, there is a general

lack of accurate, up-to-date, (re)usable terminological resources and literature. This is true of all applications of terminology and especially of its two primary markets: language industry products linguistic services, particularly translation. Few existing resources are reliable and available on-line; the maintenance of existing terminologies, especially in innovative and hence fast-moving areas, is an acute problem

Lack of Terminology Resources The lack of resources =>problems both in terms of

synchrony (absence of required resources at a given moment) and in terms of diachrony (difficulty of following neological development). The situation is particularly acute for lesser-used languages (Greek, Italian, Eastern European languages (where English is used as a "relay language").

The problem also affects mainstream areas in major languages (Spanish, French) and even English. The deficiency even applies in those areas in which dictionary production is commercially profitable .

Lack of Terminology Resources The majority of terminology work is performed in

the public and private sectors as an adjunct to or by-product of some other activity, and is often not designed for reutilisation, or subsequently made available.

Quality - a key problem. The quality of available collections varies widely, often it is simply inadequate (this applies particularly to multilingual collections).

Methods in terminology

There are four basic methods used in terminological work:1.      term identification;2.      contextual analysis;3.      term creation; 4. term standardisation.

Terminological institutions and resourcesTerminological databanks IATE, former Eurodicauto, the EU’s multilingual termbase

(Termbank of the Comission of the European Union) iate.europa.eu/ EuroTermBank a European project,

http://www.eurotermbank.com/ EUROVOC the EU's multilingual thesaurus

http://eurovoc.europa.eu/drupal/ BTQ (Banque de terminologie du Quebec)

http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/gdt.html NORMATERM (The termbank of the French Standards Institute

AFNOR) http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Association+franc%CC%A7aise+de+normalisation.&qt=results_page

Terminological institutions and resources TEAM (The termbank of Siemens A.G., Munich) TERMIUM (The termbank of the Canadian Federal

Government) http://www.termiumplus.gc.ca/site/termium.php?lang=eng&cont=001

TERMIUM Plus, the Translation Bureau's terminology database, with nearly four million terms in English, French, and Spanish: http://www.termiump lus.gc.ca/ tpv2alpha/ alpha-eng. html?lang= engBDÜ- the terminological bank of the Institute for translators and interpreters of Innsbrück http://www.bdue.de

Terminological institutions and resourcesOrganizations and institutions: ISO (International Organization for Standardization) TermNet, international network for terminology

http://www.termnet.org/index.php International information Centre for Terminology

http://www.infoterm.info/ EAFT (European Association for Terminology)

http://www.eaft-aet.net/en/index/ AFTERM (Association francaise de terminologie)

Terminological institutions and resources In Romania the Association of Terminology

TermRom (http://www.termrom.org.ro/) was founded in 1991 with the support of the Department of Terminology and Linguistic Engineering (DTIL) of The Latin Union.

In Chisinau the National Association of Terminology “TermRom Moldova” is based.

Other useful sites and sources REALITER Reţeaua panlatină de terminologie

http://realiter.net Reţeaua Internaţională Francofonă de Amenajare

Lingvistică http://www.rint.org Institutul European din România. Traducerea

acquis-ului comunitar. Bază de date, ghid stilistic pentru traducători etc.     http://www.ier.ro

Legislaţie comunitară     http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/