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TRANSCRIPT
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C o u n t e r s
B y :
E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t
1
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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U p o n c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e c h a p t e r , s t u d e n t s s h o u l d b e a b l e t o : U p o n c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e c h a p t e r , s t u d e n t s s h o u l d b e a b l e t o : U p o n c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e c h a p t e r , s t u d e n t s s h o u l d b e a b l e t o : U p o n c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e c h a p t e r , s t u d e n t s s h o u l d b e a b l e t o :
. 1 U n d e r s t a n d t h e b a s i c c o n c e p t s o f a s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r a n d
s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r s , a n d t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e m .
. 1 . 1 D r a w c i r c u i t a n d T i m i n g D i a g r a m o f A s y n c h r o n o u s
C o u n t e r s
. 1 . 2 I n t e r p r e t t h e O p e r a t i o n a n d A p p l i c a t i o n o f a na s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r
. 1 . 3 D r a w c i r c u i t a n d t i m i n g d i a g r a m o f s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r s
. 1 . 4 I n t e r p r e t t h e o p e r a t i o n a n d a p p l i c a t i o n o f s y n c h r o n o u s
u p / d o w n c o u n t e r s .
. 1 . 5 D e s c r i b e h o w t h e c o u n t e r s i n . 1 . 1 a n d . 1 . 3 c a n b e
c o n n e c t e d i n c a s c a d e t o p r o d u c e h i g h e r m o d
. 1 . 6 E x p l a i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f c o u n t e r s i n D i g i t a l C l o c k
C o u n t e r s D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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I n t r o d u c t i o n – C O U N T E R S
� A c o u n t e r i s a r e g i s t e r t h a t g o e s t h r o u g h a p r e d e t e r m i n e ds e q u e n c e o f s t a t e s u p o n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f c l o c k p u l s e s .
� A s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r s
� S y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r s
� A s y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s A s y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s A s y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s A s y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s ( o r R i p p l e c o u n t e r s ) � t h e c l o c k s i g n a l ( C L K ) i s o n l y u s e d t o c l o c k t h e f i r s t F F .
� E a c h F F ( e x c e p t t h e f i r s t F F ) i s c l o c k e d b y t h e p r e c e d i n g F F .
� S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s ,
� t h e c l o c k s i g n a l ( C L K ) i s a p p l i e d t o a l l F F , w h i c h m e a n s t h a t
a l l F F s h a r e s t h e s a m e c l o c k s i g n a l ,
� t h u s t h e o u t p u t w i l l c h a n g e a t t h e s a m e t i m e .
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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� M o d u l u s ( M O D ) – t h e n u m b e r o f s t a t e s i t c o u n t s i n a c o m p l e t e c y c l e
b e f o r e i t g o e s b a c k t o t h e i n i t i a l s t a t e .
� T h u s , t h e n u m b e r o f f l i p - f l o p s u s e d d e p e n d s o n t h e M O D o f t h e c o u n t e r
( i e ; M O D - 4 u s e 2 F F ( 2 - b i t ) , M O D - 8 u s e 3 F F ( 3 - b i t ) , e t c . . )
� E x a m p l e : M O D - 4 R i p p l e / A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - C o u n t e r .
I n t r o d u c t i o n – C O U N T E R S
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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A s y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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A s y n c h r o n o u s ( R i p p l e ) U P C o u n t e r s
� T h e A s y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r t h a t c o u n t s 4 n u m b e r s t a r t s f r o m
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 a n d b a c k t o 0 0 i s c a l l e d M O D - 4 R i p p l e ( A s y n c h r o n o u s )
U p - C o u n t e r .
� N e x t s t a t e t a b l e N e x t s t a t e t a b l e N e x t s t a t e t a b l e N e x t s t a t e t a b l e a n d s t a t e d i a g r a m s t a t e d i a g r a m s t a t e d i a g r a m s t a t e d i a g r a m
P r e s e n t S t a t e P r e s e n t S t a t e P r e s e n t S t a t e P r e s e n t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e
Q Q Q Q 1 1 1 1 Q Q Q Q 0 0 0 0 Q Q Q Q 1 1 1 1 Q Q Q Q 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
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D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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A s y n c h r o n o u s ( R i p p l e ) U P C o u n t e r s
� A t w o - b i t a s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r i sA t w o - b i t a s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r i sA t w o - b i t a s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r i sA t w o - b i t a s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r i s
s h o w n o n t h e l e f t .s h o w n o n t h e l e f t .s h o w n o n t h e l e f t .s h o w n o n t h e l e f t . T h e e x t e r n a l c l o c k i sT h e e x t e r n a l c l o c k i sT h e e x t e r n a l c l o c k i sT h e e x t e r n a l c l o c k i s
c o n n e c t e d t o t h e c l o c k i n p u t o f t h e f i r s tc o n n e c t e d t o t h e c l o c k i n p u t o f t h e f i r s tc o n n e c t e d t o t h e c l o c k i n p u t o f t h e f i r s tc o n n e c t e d t o t h e c l o c k i n p u t o f t h e f i r s t
f l i p - f l o p ( F F 0 ) o n l y .f l i p - f l o p ( F F 0 ) o n l y .f l i p - f l o p ( F F 0 ) o n l y .f l i p - f l o p ( F F 0 ) o n l y . S o , F F 0 c h a n g e sS o , F F 0 c h a n g e sS o , F F 0 c h a n g e sS o , F F 0 c h a n g e s
s t a t e a t t h e f a l l i n g e d g e o f e a c h c l o c ks t a t e a t t h e f a l l i n g e d g e o f e a c h c l o c ks t a t e a t t h e f a l l i n g e d g e o f e a c h c l o c ks t a t e a t t h e f a l l i n g e d g e o f e a c h c l o c k
p u l s e , b u t F F 1 c h a n g e s o n l y w h e np u l s e , b u t F F 1 c h a n g e s o n l y w h e np u l s e , b u t F F 1 c h a n g e s o n l y w h e np u l s e , b u t F F 1 c h a n g e s o n l y w h e n
t r i g g e r e d b y t h e f a l l i n g e d g e o f t h e Qt r i g g e r e d b y t h e f a l l i n g e d g e o f t h e Qt r i g g e r e d b y t h e f a l l i n g e d g e o f t h e Qt r i g g e r e d b y t h e f a l l i n g e d g e o f t h e Q
o u t p u t o f F F 0 .o u t p u t o f F F 0 .o u t p u t o f F F 0 .o u t p u t o f F F 0 .
� N o t e t h a t f o r s i m p l i c i t y , t h e t r a n s i t i o n sN o t e t h a t f o r s i m p l i c i t y , t h e t r a n s i t i o n sN o t e t h a t f o r s i m p l i c i t y , t h e t r a n s i t i o n sN o t e t h a t f o r s i m p l i c i t y , t h e t r a n s i t i o n s
o f Q 0 , Q 1 a n d C L K i n t h e t i m i n go f Q 0 , Q 1 a n d C L K i n t h e t i m i n go f Q 0 , Q 1 a n d C L K i n t h e t i m i n go f Q 0 , Q 1 a n d C L K i n t h e t i m i n g
d i a g r a m a b o v e a r e s h o w n a sd i a g r a m a b o v e a r e s h o w n a sd i a g r a m a b o v e a r e s h o w n a sd i a g r a m a b o v e a r e s h o w n a s
s i m u l t a n e o u s e v e n t h o u g h t h i s i s a ns i m u l t a n e o u s e v e n t h o u g h t h i s i s a ns i m u l t a n e o u s e v e n t h o u g h t h i s i s a ns i m u l t a n e o u s e v e n t h o u g h t h i s i s a n
a s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r .a s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r .a s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r .a s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r . A c t u a l l y , t h e r eA c t u a l l y , t h e r eA c t u a l l y , t h e r eA c t u a l l y , t h e r e
i s s o m e s m a l l d e l a y b e t w e e n t h e C L K ,i s s o m e s m a l l d e l a y b e t w e e n t h e C L K ,i s s o m e s m a l l d e l a y b e t w e e n t h e C L K ,i s s o m e s m a l l d e l a y b e t w e e n t h e C L K ,
Q 0 a n d Q 1 t r a n s i t i o n s . Q 0 a n d Q 1 t r a n s i t i o n s . Q 0 a n d Q 1 t r a n s i t i o n s . Q 0 a n d Q 1 t r a n s i t i o n s .
F i g u r e . 1 : M O D 4 A s y n c h r o n o u s U p C o u n t e r
W a v e f o r m
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� B e c a u s e o f t h e i n h e r e n t p r o p a g a t i o nB e c a u s e o f t h e i n h e r e n t p r o p a g a t i o nB e c a u s e o f t h e i n h e r e n t p r o p a g a t i o nB e c a u s e o f t h e i n h e r e n t p r o p a g a t i o n
d e l a y t h r o u g h a f l i p - f l o p , t h e t r a n s i t i o nd e l a y t h r o u g h a f l i p - f l o p , t h e t r a n s i t i o nd e l a y t h r o u g h a f l i p - f l o p , t h e t r a n s i t i o nd e l a y t h r o u g h a f l i p - f l o p , t h e t r a n s i t i o n
o f t h e i n p u t c l o c k p u l s e a n d a t r a n s i t i o no f t h e i n p u t c l o c k p u l s e a n d a t r a n s i t i o no f t h e i n p u t c l o c k p u l s e a n d a t r a n s i t i o no f t h e i n p u t c l o c k p u l s e a n d a t r a n s i t i o n
o f t h e Q o u t p u t o f F F 0 c a n n e v e r o c c u ro f t h e Q o u t p u t o f F F 0 c a n n e v e r o c c u ro f t h e Q o u t p u t o f F F 0 c a n n e v e r o c c u ro f t h e Q o u t p u t o f F F 0 c a n n e v e r o c c u r
a t e x a c t l y t h e s a m e t i m e .a t e x a c t l y t h e s a m e t i m e .a t e x a c t l y t h e s a m e t i m e .a t e x a c t l y t h e s a m e t i m e . T h e r e f o r e ,T h e r e f o r e ,T h e r e f o r e ,T h e r e f o r e ,
t h e f l i p - f l o p s c a n n o t b e t r i g g e r e dt h e f l i p - f l o p s c a n n o t b e t r i g g e r e dt h e f l i p - f l o p s c a n n o t b e t r i g g e r e dt h e f l i p - f l o p s c a n n o t b e t r i g g e r e d
s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , p r o d u c i n g a ns i m u l t a n e o u s l y , p r o d u c i n g a ns i m u l t a n e o u s l y , p r o d u c i n g a ns i m u l t a n e o u s l y , p r o d u c i n g a n
a s y n c h r o n o u s o p e r a t i o n . a s y n c h r o n o u s o p e r a t i o n . a s y n c h r o n o u s o p e r a t i o n . a s y n c h r o n o u s o p e r a t i o n .
� T h e 2 - b i t r i p p l e c o u n t e r c i r c u i t T h e 2 - b i t r i p p l e c o u n t e r c i r c u i t T h e 2 - b i t r i p p l e c o u n t e r c i r c u i t T h e 2 - b i t r i p p l e c o u n t e r c i r c u i t s h o w ns h o w ns h o w ns h o w n
h a s f o u r d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s , e a c h o n eh a s f o u r d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s , e a c h o n eh a s f o u r d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s , e a c h o n eh a s f o u r d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s , e a c h o n e
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a c o u n t v a l u e .c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a c o u n t v a l u e .c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a c o u n t v a l u e .c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a c o u n t v a l u e .
S i m i l a r l y , a c o u n t e r w i t hS i m i l a r l y , a c o u n t e r w i t hS i m i l a r l y , a c o u n t e r w i t hS i m i l a r l y , a c o u n t e r w i t h n n n n f l i p - f l o p s c a nf l i p - f l o p s c a nf l i p - f l o p s c a nf l i p - f l o p s c a n
h a v eh a v eh a v eh a v e 2 t o t h e p o w e r n 2 t o t h e p o w e r n 2 t o t h e p o w e r n 2 t o t h e p o w e r n s t a t e s . ( 2 s t a t e s . ( 2 s t a t e s . ( 2 s t a t e s . ( 2 n n n n ) T h e) T h e) T h e) T h e
n u m b e r o f s t a t e s i n a c o u n t e r i sn u m b e r o f s t a t e s i n a c o u n t e r i sn u m b e r o f s t a t e s i n a c o u n t e r i sn u m b e r o f s t a t e s i n a c o u n t e r i s
k n o w n a s i t s m o d ( m o d u l o ) n u m b e r .k n o w n a s i t s m o d ( m o d u l o ) n u m b e r .k n o w n a s i t s m o d ( m o d u l o ) n u m b e r .k n o w n a s i t s m o d ( m o d u l o ) n u m b e r .
T h u s a 2 - b i t c o u n t e r i s a m o d - 4 c o u n t e r . T h u s a 2 - b i t c o u n t e r i s a m o d - 4 c o u n t e r . T h u s a 2 - b i t c o u n t e r i s a m o d - 4 c o u n t e r . T h u s a 2 - b i t c o u n t e r i s a m o d - 4 c o u n t e r .
A s y n c h r o n o u s ( R i p p l e ) U P C o u n t e r s
F i g u r e . 1 : M O D 4 A s y n c h r o n o u s U p C o u n t e r
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D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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M O D 8 A s y n c h r o n o u s U p C o u n t e r
� T h e f o l l o w i n g i s a t h r e e - b i tT h e f o l l o w i n g i s a t h r e e - b i tT h e f o l l o w i n g i s a t h r e e - b i tT h e f o l l o w i n g i s a t h r e e - b i t
a s y n c h r o n o u s b i n a r y c o u n t e r a n d i t sa s y n c h r o n o u s b i n a r y c o u n t e r a n d i t sa s y n c h r o n o u s b i n a r y c o u n t e r a n d i t sa s y n c h r o n o u s b i n a r y c o u n t e r a n d i t s
t i m i n g d i a g r a m f o r o n e c y c l e . t i m i n g d i a g r a m f o r o n e c y c l e . t i m i n g d i a g r a m f o r o n e c y c l e . t i m i n g d i a g r a m f o r o n e c y c l e .
� I t w o r k s e x a c t l y t h e s a m e w a y a s a t w o - I t w o r k s e x a c t l y t h e s a m e w a y a s a t w o - I t w o r k s e x a c t l y t h e s a m e w a y a s a t w o - I t w o r k s e x a c t l y t h e s a m e w a y a s a t w o -
b i t a s y n c h r o n o u s b i n a r y c o u n t e rb i t a s y n c h r o n o u s b i n a r y c o u n t e rb i t a s y n c h r o n o u s b i n a r y c o u n t e rb i t a s y n c h r o n o u s b i n a r y c o u n t e r
m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , e x c e p t i t h a s e i g h tm e n t i o n e d a b o v e , e x c e p t i t h a s e i g h tm e n t i o n e d a b o v e , e x c e p t i t h a s e i g h tm e n t i o n e d a b o v e , e x c e p t i t h a s e i g h t
s t a t e s d u e t o t h e t h i r d f l i p - f l o p s t a t e s d u e t o t h e t h i r d f l i p - f l o p s t a t e s d u e t o t h e t h i r d f l i p - f l o p s t a t e s d u e t o t h e t h i r d f l i p - f l o p . . . .
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F i g u r e . 2 : M O D 8 A s y n c h r o n o u s U p C o u n t e r
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M O D 8 A s y n c h r o n o u s U p C o u n t e r
1
F i g u r e . 3 a N e x t S t a t e T a b l e F i g u r e . 3 b S t a t e D i a g r a m
P r e s e n t S t a t e P r e s e n t S t a t e P r e s e n t S t a t e P r e s e n t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e
C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A
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E x e r c i s e :
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M O D 1 6 A s y n c h r o n o u s U p c o u n t e r – ( N e g a t i v e T r i g g e r e d )
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F i g u r e . 5 : M O D 1 6 A s y n c h r o n o u s U p C o u n t e r
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� E x e r c i s e : D r a w a M O D 1 6 A s y n c h r o n o u s D O W N C o u n t e r
( N e g a t i v e T r i g g e r e d ) :
1
M O D 1 6 A s y n c h r o n o u s U p c o u n t e r ( P o s i t i v e T r i g g e r e d )
F i g u r e . 6 : M O D 1 6 A s y n c h r o n o u s U p C o u n t e r
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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A s y n c h r o n o u s D O W N C o u n t e r
1
F i g u r e . 7 : M O D 4 o r 2 - b i t A s y n c h r o n o u s d o w n c o u n t e r
J Q
K Q
C L K
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K Q
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1
� E x e r c i s e :
� D e s i g n a M O D - 4 r i p p l e d o w n - c o u n t e r
� D e s i g n a M O D - 8 r i p p l e d o w n c o u n t e r
u s i n g n e g a t i v e t r i g g e r e d .
� D e s i g n a M O D - 1 6 r i p p l e d o w n c o u n t e r
u s i n g p o s i t i v e t r i g g e r e d .
A s y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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1
� S o f a r , w e h a v e d e s i g n t h e c o u n t e r s w i t h M O D n u m b e r e q u a l t o
2 N , w h e r e N i s t h e n u m b e r o f b i t ( N = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 … . ) ( a l s o c o r r e s p o n d
t o n u m b e r o f F F )
� T h u s , t h e c o u n t e r s a r e l i m i t e d o n f o r c o u n t i n g M O D - 2 , M O D 4 ,
M O D - 8 , M O D - 1 6 e t c . .
� T h e q u e s t i o n i s h o w t o d e s i g n a M O D - 5 , M O D - 6 , M O D - 7 , M O D - 9
w h i c h i s n o t a M O D - 2 N ( M O D( M O D( M O D( M O D ≠ ≠ ≠ ≠ 2 2 2 2 N N N N ) ) ) ) ?
� M O D - 6 c o u n t e r s w i l l c o u n t f r o m 0 1 0 ( 0 0 0 2 ) t o 5 1 0 ( 1 0 1 2 ) a n d a f t e r
t h a t w i l l r e c o u n t b a c k t o 0 1 0 ( 0 0 0 2 ) c o n t i n u o u s l y .
A s y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s ( M O D ≠ 2 N )
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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M O D - 6 r i p p l e u p - c o u n t e r ( M O D ≠ 2 N )
P r e s e n t S t . P r e s e n t S t . P r e s e n t S t . P r e s e n t S t . N e x t S t . N e x t S t . N e x t S t . N e x t S t .
C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A
0 0 0 0 0 1
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3 3 3 3
5 5 5
5
4 4 4 4
R e s e t t h e s t a t e t o 0 0 0 2
w h e n 1 1 0 2 i s d e t e c t e d
A s y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s ( M O D ≠ 2 N )
F i g u r e . 8 b : S t a t e D i a g r a m
F i g u r e . 8 a : N e x t S t a t e T a b l e
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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A s y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s ( M O D ≠ 2 N )
� C i r c u i t d i a g r a m f o r M O D - 6 r i p p l e u p - c o u n t e r ( M O D ≠ 2 N )
J Q
K
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A ( L S B ) B C ( M S B )
J Q
K
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C L K
J Q
K
C L R C L R C L R C L R Q
C L K
D e t e c t t h e o u t p u t a t
C B A = 1 1 0 t o a c t i v a t e C L R . N A N D g a t e i s u s e dN A N D g a t e i s u s e dN A N D g a t e i s u s e dN A N D g a t e i s u s e d
t o d e t e c t o u t p u t s t h a t g e n e r a t e st o d e t e c t o u t p u t s t h a t g e n e r a t e st o d e t e c t o u t p u t s t h a t g e n e r a t e st o d e t e c t o u t p u t s t h a t g e n e r a t e s ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ 1 1 1 1 ’ ’ ’ ’ ! ! ! !
C L K
P r e s e n t S t . P r e s e n t S t . P r e s e n t S t . P r e s e n t S t . N e x t S t . N e x t S t . N e x t S t . N e x t S t .
C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A
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2
E x e r c i s e : D r a w M O D - 5 R i p p l e D o w n - c o u n t e r a n d U p -
c o u n t e r ( M O D ≠ 2 N )
A s y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s ( M O D ≠ 2 N )
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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2
I C I C I C I C f o r A s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r s ( I C 7 4 2 9 3 )
� 7 4 2 9 3 I C f o r A s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r w i t h R e s e t ( M R 1 a n d M R 2 )
M R 1
M R 2 Q 0 Q 0 Q 0 Q 0 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3
C P 0
C P 1 7 4 2 9 3
C L R C L R C L R C L R Q
C L K
1 1 1
Q 0 Q 0 Q 0 Q 0 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2
C L R C L R C L R C L R Q
C L K
C L R C L R C L R C L R Q
C L K
1
C L RC L RC L RC L RQ
C L K
Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3
M R 1 M R 2
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C P 1
K K K K
J J J J Q Q Q Q
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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� U s i n g 7 4 2 9 3 I C t o d e s i g n M O D ≤ 1 6 A s y n c h r o n o u s U P - C o u n t e r !
� E x e r c i s e :
� U s e 7 4 2 9 3 I C t o d e s i g n M O D - 1 0 r i p p l e u p -
c o u n t e r M R 1
M R 2
Q 0 Q 0 Q 0 Q 0 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3
C P 0
C P 1
7 4 2 9 3
1 0 1 0
I C I C I C I C f o r A s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r s ( I C 7 4 2 9 3 )
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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2
� E x e r c i s e :
� D e t e r m i n e t h e M O D f o r e a c h c o n f i g u r a t i o n s h o w n b e l o w ?
M R 1
M R 2 Q 0 Q 0 Q 0 Q 0 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3
C P 0
C P 1
7 4 2 9 3
M R 1
M R 2
Q 0 Q 0 Q 0 Q 0 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 C P 0
C P 1
7 4 2 9 3
1 0 1
I C I C I C I C f o r A s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r s ( I C 7 4 2 9 3 )
A n s w e r : M O D 8 A n s w e r : M O D 8 A n s w e r : M O D 8 A n s w e r : M O D 8
A n s w e r : M O D 5 A n s w e r : M O D 5 A n s w e r : M O D 5 A n s w e r : M O D 5
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2
� D e t e r m i n e t h e M O D f o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s h o w n b e l o w ?
M R 1
M R 2
Q 0 Q 0 Q 0 Q 0 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3
C P 0
C P 1
7 4 2 9 3
A n s w e r : M O D 1 4 A n s w e r : M O D 1 4 A n s w e r : M O D 1 4 A n s w e r : M O D 1 4
I C I C I C I C f o r A s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r s ( I C 7 4 2 9 3 )
1 1 1
1
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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2
I C I C I C I C f o r A s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r s ( I C 7 4 2 9 3 )
E x e r c i s e : D e s i g n A s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r s M O D - 6 0
u s i n g I C 7 4 2 9 3 .
S o l u t i o n : D i s c u s s w i t h y o u r L e c t u r e r i n c l a s s .
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
E x e r c i s e : i . D e s i g n A s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r s M O D - 5 5
u s i n g I C 7 4 2 9 3 .
i i . D e s i g n A s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r s M O D -
1 0 0 0 u s i n g I C 7 4 2 9 3 .
C A S C A D E c o n n e c t i o n t o p r o d u c e H i g h e r M o d C A S C A D E c o n n e c t i o n t o p r o d u c e H i g h e r M o d C A S C A D E c o n n e c t i o n t o p r o d u c e H i g h e r M o d C A S C A D E c o n n e c t i o n t o p r o d u c e H i g h e r M o d
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A s y n c h r o n o u s D e c a d e C o u n t e r sA s y n c h r o n o u s D e c a d e C o u n t e r sA s y n c h r o n o u s D e c a d e C o u n t e r sA s y n c h r o n o u s D e c a d e C o u n t e r s
� T h e b i n a r y c o u n t e r s p r e v i o u s l y i n t r o d u c e d h a v e t w o t o t h e p o w e rT h e b i n a r y c o u n t e r s p r e v i o u s l y i n t r o d u c e d h a v e t w o t o t h e p o w e rT h e b i n a r y c o u n t e r s p r e v i o u s l y i n t r o d u c e d h a v e t w o t o t h e p o w e rT h e b i n a r y c o u n t e r s p r e v i o u s l y i n t r o d u c e d h a v e t w o t o t h e p o w e r n n n n s t a t e s .s t a t e s .s t a t e s .s t a t e s . B u tB u tB u tB u t
c o u n t e r s w i t h s t a t e s l e s s t h a n t h i s n u m b e r a r e a l s o p o s s i b l e .c o u n t e r s w i t h s t a t e s l e s s t h a n t h i s n u m b e r a r e a l s o p o s s i b l e .c o u n t e r s w i t h s t a t e s l e s s t h a n t h i s n u m b e r a r e a l s o p o s s i b l e .c o u n t e r s w i t h s t a t e s l e s s t h a n t h i s n u m b e r a r e a l s o p o s s i b l e . T h e y a r e d e s i g n e d t oT h e y a r e d e s i g n e d t oT h e y a r e d e s i g n e d t oT h e y a r e d e s i g n e d t o
h a v e t h e n u m b e r o f s t a t e s i n t h e i r s e q u e n c e s , w h i c h a r e c a l l e d t r u n c a t e d s e q u e n c e s .h a v e t h e n u m b e r o f s t a t e s i n t h e i r s e q u e n c e s , w h i c h a r e c a l l e d t r u n c a t e d s e q u e n c e s .h a v e t h e n u m b e r o f s t a t e s i n t h e i r s e q u e n c e s , w h i c h a r e c a l l e d t r u n c a t e d s e q u e n c e s .h a v e t h e n u m b e r o f s t a t e s i n t h e i r s e q u e n c e s , w h i c h a r e c a l l e d t r u n c a t e d s e q u e n c e s .
T h e s e s e q u e n c e s a r e a c h i e v e d b y f o r c i n g t h e c o u n t e r t o r e c y c l e b e f o r e g o i n gT h e s e s e q u e n c e s a r e a c h i e v e d b y f o r c i n g t h e c o u n t e r t o r e c y c l e b e f o r e g o i n gT h e s e s e q u e n c e s a r e a c h i e v e d b y f o r c i n g t h e c o u n t e r t o r e c y c l e b e f o r e g o i n gT h e s e s e q u e n c e s a r e a c h i e v e d b y f o r c i n g t h e c o u n t e r t o r e c y c l e b e f o r e g o i n g
t h r o u g h a l l o f i t s n o r m a l s t a t e s . t h r o u g h a l l o f i t s n o r m a l s t a t e s . t h r o u g h a l l o f i t s n o r m a l s t a t e s . t h r o u g h a l l o f i t s n o r m a l s t a t e s .
� A c o m m o n m o d u l u s f o r c o u n t e r s w i t h t r u n c a t e d s e q u e n c e s i s t e n .A c o m m o n m o d u l u s f o r c o u n t e r s w i t h t r u n c a t e d s e q u e n c e s i s t e n .A c o m m o n m o d u l u s f o r c o u n t e r s w i t h t r u n c a t e d s e q u e n c e s i s t e n .A c o m m o n m o d u l u s f o r c o u n t e r s w i t h t r u n c a t e d s e q u e n c e s i s t e n . A c o u n t e r w i t hA c o u n t e r w i t hA c o u n t e r w i t hA c o u n t e r w i t h
t e n s t a t e s i n i t s s e q u e n c e i s c a l l e d a t e n s t a t e s i n i t s s e q u e n c e i s c a l l e d a t e n s t a t e s i n i t s s e q u e n c e i s c a l l e d a t e n s t a t e s i n i t s s e q u e n c e i s c a l l e d a d e c a d e c o u n t e r d e c a d e c o u n t e r d e c a d e c o u n t e r d e c a d e c o u n t e r .... T h e c i r c u i t b e l o w i s a nT h e c i r c u i t b e l o w i s a nT h e c i r c u i t b e l o w i s a nT h e c i r c u i t b e l o w i s a ni m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a d e c a d e c o u n t e r . i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a d e c a d e c o u n t e r . i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a d e c a d e c o u n t e r . i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a d e c a d e c o u n t e r .
2
F i g u r e . 3 : A s y n c h r o n o u s D e c a d e C o u n t e r
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� T h e s e q u e n c e o f t h e d e c a d e c o u n t e r i sT h e s e q u e n c e o f t h e d e c a d e c o u n t e r i sT h e s e q u e n c e o f t h e d e c a d e c o u n t e r i sT h e s e q u e n c e o f t h e d e c a d e c o u n t e r i s
s h o w n i n t h e t a b l e b e l o w : s h o w n i n t h e t a b l e b e l o w : s h o w n i n t h e t a b l e b e l o w : s h o w n i n t h e t a b l e b e l o w :
� O n c e t h e c o u n t e r c o u n t s t o t e n ( 1 0 1 0 ) ,O n c e t h e c o u n t e r c o u n t s t o t e n ( 1 0 1 0 ) ,O n c e t h e c o u n t e r c o u n t s t o t e n ( 1 0 1 0 ) ,O n c e t h e c o u n t e r c o u n t s t o t e n ( 1 0 1 0 ) ,
a l l t h e f l i p - f l o p s a r e b e i n g c l e a r e d .a l l t h e f l i p - f l o p s a r e b e i n g c l e a r e d .a l l t h e f l i p - f l o p s a r e b e i n g c l e a r e d .a l l t h e f l i p - f l o p s a r e b e i n g c l e a r e d .
N o t i c e t h a t o n l y Q 1 a n d Q 3 a r e u s e d t oN o t i c e t h a t o n l y Q 1 a n d Q 3 a r e u s e d t oN o t i c e t h a t o n l y Q 1 a n d Q 3 a r e u s e d t oN o t i c e t h a t o n l y Q 1 a n d Q 3 a r e u s e d t o
d e c o d e t h e c o u n t o f t e n .d e c o d e t h e c o u n t o f t e n .d e c o d e t h e c o u n t o f t e n .d e c o d e t h e c o u n t o f t e n . T h i s i s c a l l e dT h i s i s c a l l e dT h i s i s c a l l e dT h i s i s c a l l e d
p a r t i a l d e c o d i n g , a s n o n e o f t h e o t h e rp a r t i a l d e c o d i n g , a s n o n e o f t h e o t h e rp a r t i a l d e c o d i n g , a s n o n e o f t h e o t h e rp a r t i a l d e c o d i n g , a s n o n e o f t h e o t h e r
s t a t e s ( z e r o t o n i n e ) h a v e b o t h Q 1 a n ds t a t e s ( z e r o t o n i n e ) h a v e b o t h Q 1 a n ds t a t e s ( z e r o t o n i n e ) h a v e b o t h Q 1 a n ds t a t e s ( z e r o t o n i n e ) h a v e b o t h Q 1 a n d
Q 3 H I G H a t t h e s a m e t i m e . Q 3 H I G H a t t h e s a m e t i m e . Q 3 H I G H a t t h e s a m e t i m e . Q 3 H I G H a t t h e s a m e t i m e .
2
A s y n c h r o n o u s D e c a d e C o u n t e r sA s y n c h r o n o u s D e c a d e C o u n t e r sA s y n c h r o n o u s D e c a d e C o u n t e r sA s y n c h r o n o u s D e c a d e C o u n t e r s
F i g u r e . 4 : T r u e T a b l e A s y n c h r o n o u s D e c a d e
C o u n t e r
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A s y n c h r o n o u s A s y n c h r o n o u s A s y n c h r o n o u s A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r sU p - D o w n C o u n t e r sU p - D o w n C o u n t e r sU p - D o w n C o u n t e r s
� I n c e r t a i n a p p l i c a t i o n s a c o u n t e r m u s t b e a b l e t o c o u n t b o t h u p a n d d o w n .I n c e r t a i n a p p l i c a t i o n s a c o u n t e r m u s t b e a b l e t o c o u n t b o t h u p a n d d o w n .I n c e r t a i n a p p l i c a t i o n s a c o u n t e r m u s t b e a b l e t o c o u n t b o t h u p a n d d o w n .I n c e r t a i n a p p l i c a t i o n s a c o u n t e r m u s t b e a b l e t o c o u n t b o t h u p a n d d o w n .
T h e c i r c u i t b e l o w i s a 3 - b i t u p - d o w n c o u n t e r .T h e c i r c u i t b e l o w i s a 3 - b i t u p - d o w n c o u n t e r .T h e c i r c u i t b e l o w i s a 3 - b i t u p - d o w n c o u n t e r .T h e c i r c u i t b e l o w i s a 3 - b i t u p - d o w n c o u n t e r . I t c o u n t s u p o r d o w nI t c o u n t s u p o r d o w nI t c o u n t s u p o r d o w nI t c o u n t s u p o r d o w n
d e p e n d i n g o n t h e s t a t u s o f t h e c o n t r o l s i g n a l s U P a n d D O W N .d e p e n d i n g o n t h e s t a t u s o f t h e c o n t r o l s i g n a l s U P a n d D O W N .d e p e n d i n g o n t h e s t a t u s o f t h e c o n t r o l s i g n a l s U P a n d D O W N .d e p e n d i n g o n t h e s t a t u s o f t h e c o n t r o l s i g n a l s U P a n d D O W N . W h e n t h eW h e n t h eW h e n t h eW h e n t h e
U P i n p u t i s a t 1 a n d t h e D O W N i n p u t i s a t 0 , t h e N A N D n e t w o r k b e t w e e nU P i n p u t i s a t 1 a n d t h e D O W N i n p u t i s a t 0 , t h e N A N D n e t w o r k b e t w e e nU P i n p u t i s a t 1 a n d t h e D O W N i n p u t i s a t 0 , t h e N A N D n e t w o r k b e t w e e nU P i n p u t i s a t 1 a n d t h e D O W N i n p u t i s a t 0 , t h e N A N D n e t w o r k b e t w e e n
F F 0 a n d F F 1 w i l l g a t e t h e n o n - i n v e r t e d o u t p u t ( Q ) o f F F 0 i n t o t h e c l o c kF F 0 a n d F F 1 w i l l g a t e t h e n o n - i n v e r t e d o u t p u t ( Q ) o f F F 0 i n t o t h e c l o c kF F 0 a n d F F 1 w i l l g a t e t h e n o n - i n v e r t e d o u t p u t ( Q ) o f F F 0 i n t o t h e c l o c kF F 0 a n d F F 1 w i l l g a t e t h e n o n - i n v e r t e d o u t p u t ( Q ) o f F F 0 i n t o t h e c l o c k
i n p u t o f F F 1 .i n p u t o f F F 1 .i n p u t o f F F 1 .i n p u t o f F F 1 . S i m i l a r l y , Q o f F F 1 w i l l b e g a t e d t h r o u g h t h e o t h e r N A N DS i m i l a r l y , Q o f F F 1 w i l l b e g a t e d t h r o u g h t h e o t h e r N A N DS i m i l a r l y , Q o f F F 1 w i l l b e g a t e d t h r o u g h t h e o t h e r N A N DS i m i l a r l y , Q o f F F 1 w i l l b e g a t e d t h r o u g h t h e o t h e r N A N Dn e t w o r k i n t o t h e c l o c k i n p u t o f F F 2 .n e t w o r k i n t o t h e c l o c k i n p u t o f F F 2 .n e t w o r k i n t o t h e c l o c k i n p u t o f F F 2 .n e t w o r k i n t o t h e c l o c k i n p u t o f F F 2 . T h u s t h e c o u n t e r w i l l c o u n t u p . T h u s t h e c o u n t e r w i l l c o u n t u p . T h u s t h e c o u n t e r w i l l c o u n t u p . T h u s t h e c o u n t e r w i l l c o u n t u p .
2
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� W h e n t h e c o n t r o l i n p u t U P i s a t 0 a n d D O W N i s a t 1 , t h e i n v e r t e d o u t p u t s o fW h e n t h e c o n t r o l i n p u t U P i s a t 0 a n d D O W N i s a t 1 , t h e i n v e r t e d o u t p u t s o fW h e n t h e c o n t r o l i n p u t U P i s a t 0 a n d D O W N i s a t 1 , t h e i n v e r t e d o u t p u t s o fW h e n t h e c o n t r o l i n p u t U P i s a t 0 a n d D O W N i s a t 1 , t h e i n v e r t e d o u t p u t s o f
F F 0 a n d F F 1 a r e g a t e d i n t o t h e c l o c k i n p u t s o f F F 1 a n d F F 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y .F F 0 a n d F F 1 a r e g a t e d i n t o t h e c l o c k i n p u t s o f F F 1 a n d F F 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y .F F 0 a n d F F 1 a r e g a t e d i n t o t h e c l o c k i n p u t s o f F F 1 a n d F F 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y .F F 0 a n d F F 1 a r e g a t e d i n t o t h e c l o c k i n p u t s o f F F 1 a n d F F 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y . I fI fI fI f
t h e f l i p - f l o p s a r e i n i t i a l l y r e s e t t o 0 ' s , t h e n t h e c o u n t e r w i l l g o t h r o u g h t h et h e f l i p - f l o p s a r e i n i t i a l l y r e s e t t o 0 ' s , t h e n t h e c o u n t e r w i l l g o t h r o u g h t h et h e f l i p - f l o p s a r e i n i t i a l l y r e s e t t o 0 ' s , t h e n t h e c o u n t e r w i l l g o t h r o u g h t h et h e f l i p - f l o p s a r e i n i t i a l l y r e s e t t o 0 ' s , t h e n t h e c o u n t e r w i l l g o t h r o u g h t h e
f o l l o w i n g s e q u e n c e a s i n p u t p u l s e s a r e a p p l i e d . f o l l o w i n g s e q u e n c e a s i n p u t p u l s e s a r e a p p l i e d . f o l l o w i n g s e q u e n c e a s i n p u t p u l s e s a r e a p p l i e d . f o l l o w i n g s e q u e n c e a s i n p u t p u l s e s a r e a p p l i e d .
3 0
A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r s A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r s A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r s A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r s
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� N o t i c e t h a t a n a s y n c h r o n o u s u p - d o w n c o u n t e r i s s l o w e r t h a n a nN o t i c e t h a t a n a s y n c h r o n o u s u p - d o w n c o u n t e r i s s l o w e r t h a n a nN o t i c e t h a t a n a s y n c h r o n o u s u p - d o w n c o u n t e r i s s l o w e r t h a n a nN o t i c e t h a t a n a s y n c h r o n o u s u p - d o w n c o u n t e r i s s l o w e r t h a n a n
u p c o u n t e r o r a d o w n c o u n t e r b e c a u s e o f t h e a d d i t i o n a lu p c o u n t e r o r a d o w n c o u n t e r b e c a u s e o f t h e a d d i t i o n a lu p c o u n t e r o r a d o w n c o u n t e r b e c a u s e o f t h e a d d i t i o n a lu p c o u n t e r o r a d o w n c o u n t e r b e c a u s e o f t h e a d d i t i o n a l
p r o p a g a t i o n d e l a y i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e N A N D n e t w o r k s . p r o p a g a t i o n d e l a y i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e N A N D n e t w o r k s . p r o p a g a t i o n d e l a y i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e N A N D n e t w o r k s . p r o p a g a t i o n d e l a y i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e N A N D n e t w o r k s .
3
A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r s A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r s A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r s A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r s
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A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r s A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r s A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r s A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r s
F i g u r e . 3 : A s y n c h r o n o u s U p - D o w n C o u n t e r s W a v e f o r m F o r 4 B i t U p - D o w n C o u n t e r
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� D i s a d v a n t a g e s o f A s y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s : -
� P r o p a g a t i o n d e l a y i s s e v e r e f o r l a r g e r M O D o f c o u n t e r s , e s p e c i a l l y
a t t h e M S B .
� E x i s t e n c e o f ‘ g l i t c h ’ i s i n e v i t a b l e f o r M O D ≠ 2 N c o u n t e r s .
� C a n n o t d e s i g n r a n d o m c o u n t e r s ( i . e : - t o d e s i g n c i r c u i t t h a t c o u n t s
n u m b e r s i n t h e s e s e q u e n c e
5 6 7 2 3 1 5 6 7 2 3 1 5 6 … . )
� S o l u t i o n , u s e S Y N C H R O N O U S C O U N T E R S .
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S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s
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S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s
� A s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r , i n c o n t r a s t t o a n a s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r , i s o n e w h o s e
o u t p u t b i t s c h a n g e s t a t e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , w i t h n o r i p p l e . T h e o n l y w a y w e c a n b u i l d
s u c h a c o u n t e r c i r c u i t f r o m J - K f l i p - f l o p s i s t o c o n n e c t a l l t h e c l o c k i n p u t s t o g e t h e r ,
s o t h a t e a c h a n d e v e r y f l i p - f l o p r e c e i v e s t h e e x a c t s a m e c l o c k p u l s e a t t h e e x a c t
s a m e t i m e :
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� N o w , t h e q u e s t i o n i s , w h a t d o w e d o w i t h t h e J a n d K i n p u t s ? W e k n o w t h a t w e s t i l l h a v e t o
m a i n t a i n t h e s a m e d i v i d e - b y - t w o f r e q u e n c y p a t t e r n i n o r d e r t o c o u n t i n a b i n a r y s e q u e n c e , a n d
t h a t t h i s p a t t e r n i s b e s t a c h i e v e d u t i l i z i n g t h e " t o g g l e " m o d e o f t h e f l i p - f l o p , s o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
J a n d K i n p u t s m u s t b o t h b e ( a t t i m e s ) " h i g h " i s c l e a r . H o w e v e r , i f w e s i m p l y c o n n e c t a l l t h e J
a n d K i n p u t s t o t h e p o s i t i v e r a i l o f t h e p o w e r s u p p l y a s w e d i d i n t h e a s y n c h r o n o u s c i r c u i t , t h i s
w o u l d c l e a r l y n o t w o r k b e c a u s e a l l t h e f l i p - f l o p s w o u l d t o g g l e a t t h e s a m e t i m e : w i t h e a c h a n d
e v e r y c l o c k p u l s e !
S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s
3 D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r s
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3
� F o r s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r s , a l l t h e f l i p - f l o p s a r e u s i n g t h es a m e C L O C K s i g n a l . T h u s , t h e o u t p u t w o u l d c h a n g es y n c h r o n o u s l y .
� P r o c e d u r e t o d e s i g n s y n c h r o n o u s c o u n t e r a r e a s f o l l o w s : -
S T E P 1 S T E P 1 S T E P 1 S T E P 1 : O b t a i n t h e S t a t e D i a g r a m .
S T E P 2 S T E P 2 S T E P 2 S T E P 2 : O b t a i n t h e E x c i t a t i o n T a b l e u s i n g s t a t e t r a n s i t i o nt a b l e f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r F F ( J K o r D ) . D e t e r m i n e n u m b e ro f F F u s e d .
S T E P 3 :S T E P 3 :S T E P 3 :S T E P 3 : O b t a i n a n d s i m p l i f y t h e f u n c t i o n o f e a c h F F i n p u t
u s i n g K - M a p . S T E P 4 :S T E P 4 :S T E P 4 :S T E P 4 : D r a w t h e c i r c u i t .
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� D e s i g n a M O D - 4 s y n c h r o n o u s u p - c o u n t e r ,u s i n g J K F F .
S T E P 1 :S T E P 1 :S T E P 1 :S T E P 1 : O b t a i n t h e S t a t e t r a n s i t i o n D i a g r a m
0 0 0 0
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S T E P 2 :S T E P 2 :S T E P 2 :S T E P 2 : O b t a i n t h e E x c i t a t i o n t a b l e . T w o J K F F a r e u s e d .
P r e s e n t S t a t e P r e s e n t S t a t e P r e s e n t S t a t e P r e s e n t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e I n p u t , J K I n p u t , J K I n p u t , J K I n p u t , J K
B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A J J J J B B B B K K K K B B B B J J J J A A A A K K K K A A A A
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Q Q Q Q N N N N Q Q Q Q N + 1 N + 1 N + 1 N + 1
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J K J K J K J K
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B B B B A A A A 0 1
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S T E P 4 :S T E P 4 :S T E P 4 :S T E P 4 : D r a w t h e c i r c u i t d i a g r a m .
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� L e t u s e m p l o y t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s t o d e s i g n a M O D - 8 c o u n t e r t o c o u n t i n t h eL e t u s e m p l o y t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s t o d e s i g n a M O D - 8 c o u n t e r t o c o u n t i n t h eL e t u s e m p l o y t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s t o d e s i g n a M O D - 8 c o u n t e r t o c o u n t i n t h eL e t u s e m p l o y t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s t o d e s i g n a M O D - 8 c o u n t e r t o c o u n t i n t h ef o l l o w i n g s e q u e n c e : 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 . f o l l o w i n g s e q u e n c e : 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 . f o l l o w i n g s e q u e n c e : 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 . f o l l o w i n g s e q u e n c e : 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 .
� S t e p 1 : S t e p 1 : S t e p 1 : S t e p 1 : D e t e r m i n e d F l i p F l o p U s e d a n d C r e a t i n g s t a t e t r a n s i t i o ns t a t e t r a n s i t i o ns t a t e t r a n s i t i o ns t a t e t r a n s i t i o n
d i a g r a m .d i a g r a m .d i a g r a m .d i a g r a m . ( R a j a h K e a d a a n )
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� S t e p 2 : S t e p 2 : S t e p 2 : S t e p 2 : C r e a t i n g p r e s e n t s t a t e - n e x t s t a t e t a b l e
4
H o w T o d e s i g n S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r
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� S t e p 3 : S t e p 3 : S t e p 3 : S t e p 3 : E x p a n d t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e - n e x t s t a t e t a b l e t o f o r m t h e t r a n s i t i o n
t a b l e .
4
H o w T o D e s i g n S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r
P r e s e n tP r e s e n tP r e s e n tP r e s e n t
S t a t e S t a t e S t a t e S t a t e
N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e P r e s e n t i n p u t s P r e s e n t i n p u t s P r e s e n t i n p u t s P r e s e n t i n p u t s
Q Q Q Q C C C C Q Q Q Q B BB B Q Q Q Q A AA A Q Q Q Q C CC C Q Q Q Q B B B B Q Q Q Q A AA A J J J J C CC C K K K K C CC C J J J J B BB B K K K K B BB B J J J J A AA A K K K K A AA A
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 0 X 1 X
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 X 1 X X 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 X X 0 1 X
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 X X 1 X 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 X 0 0 X 1 X
1 0 1 1 1 0 X 0 1 X X 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 X 0 X 0 1 X
1 1 1 0 0 0 X 1 X 1 X 1
E x c i t a t i o n T a b l eE x c i t a t i o n T a b l eE x c i t a t i o n T a b l eE x c i t a t i o n T a b l e
( ( ( ( J a d u a l U j a a n F l i p F l o pJ a d u a l U j a a n F l i p F l o pJ a d u a l U j a a n F l i p F l o pJ a d u a l U j a a n F l i p F l o p
J K J K J K J K ) ) ) )
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q J K
0 0 0 X
0 1 1 X
1 0 X 1
1 1 X 0
_ _ _ _
‘ X ’ i n d i c a t e s a " d o n " d o n " d o n " d o n ’ ’ ’ ’ t c a r e "t c a r e "t c a r e "t c a r e " c o n d i t i o n .
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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� S t e p 4 : S t e p 4 : S t e p 4 : S t e p 4 : U s e K a r n a u g h m a p s t o i d e n t i f y t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e l o g i c f u n c t i o n s
f o r e a c h o f t h e i n p u t s .
E . g . f o r J E . g . f o r J E . g . f o r J E . g . f o r J 2 2 2 2 w e g e t : w e g e t : w e g e t : w e g e t :
4
H o w T o D e s i g n S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r
J J J J CC CC = Q = Q = Q = Q B B B B Q Q Q Q A A A A
U s i n g s i m i l a r t e c h n i q u e s f o r t h e o t h e r i n p u t s w e g e t :
K K K K C C C C = Q = Q = Q = Q B B B B Q Q Q Q A A A A
J J J J BB BB = Q = Q = Q = Q A A A A
K K K K BBB B = Q = Q = Q = Q A A A A
J J J J AA AA = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1
K K K K AAA A = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1
0 2 6 4
1 3 7 5
Q A
Q A
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
Q c Q B Q c Q B
0
1 0
0 0
1 1 1 1
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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� S t e p 5 :S t e p 5 :S t e p 5 :S t e p 5 : C o n s t r u c t i n g C i r c u i t
4
H o w T o D e s i g n S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r
A
A
A
A B
B
C
C
C
C
B
B
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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E x a m p l e : E x a m p l e : E x a m p l e : E x a m p l e :
D e s i g n a S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r t o C o u n t 4 , 7 , 3 , 0 a n d 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y
u s i n g J K F l i p F l o p n e g a t i v e t r i g e r e d b y s h o w i n g :
i . F l i p F l o p U s e d
i i . S t a t e T r a n s i t i o n D i a g r a m
i i i . E x i t a t i o n T a b l e / P r e s e n t s t a t e , n e x t S t a t e
i v . K a r n o u g h M a p & p e r f o r m S i m p l i f i e d F u n c t i o n
v . T h e S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r
H o w T o D e s i g n S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r
t h a t c o u n t R a n d o m n u m b e r
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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S t e p 3 : E x i t a t i o n T a b l e / p r e s e n t S t a t e , N e x t S t a t e S t e p 3 : E x i t a t i o n T a b l e / p r e s e n t S t a t e , N e x t S t a t e S t e p 3 : E x i t a t i o n T a b l e / p r e s e n t S t a t e , N e x t S t a t e S t e p 3 : E x i t a t i o n T a b l e / p r e s e n t S t a t e , N e x t S t a t e
S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r t o C o u n t 4 , 7 , 3 , 0 a n d 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y
D e c i D e c i D e c i D e c i
m a l m a l m a l m a l P r e s e n tP r e s e n tP r e s e n tP r e s e n t
S t a t e S t a t e S t a t e S t a t e
0
N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e N e x t S t a t e J C J C J C J C K C K C K C K C J B J B J B J B K B K B K B K B J A J A J A J A K A K A K A K A
Q C Q C Q C Q C Q B Q B Q B Q B Q A Q A Q A Q A Q C Q C Q C Q C Q B Q B Q B Q B Q A Q A Q A Q A
4 1 0 0 1 1 1 x 0 1 x 1 x
7 1 1 1 0 1 1 x 1 x 0 x 0
3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 x x 1 x 1
2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 x x 1 0 x
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 x 1 x 0 x
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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S t e p 4 : K a r n o u g h M a p a n dS t e p 4 : K a r n o u g h M a p a n dS t e p 4 : K a r n o u g h M a p a n dS t e p 4 : K a r n o u g h M a p a n d
S i m p l i f i e d F u n c t i o n S i m p l i f i e d F u n c t i o n S i m p l i f i e d F u n c t i o n S i m p l i f i e d F u n c t i o n
S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r t o C o u n t 4 , 7 , 3 , 0 a n d 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x x x x 1 1 1 1
1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
K - M a p F o r
J A = Q C J A = Q C J A = Q C J A = Q C
C B
A
0
3
4 2
1 5
6
7
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X X X 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
1 1 1 1 X X X X 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X X X
K - M a p F o r
J A = Q C J A = Q C J A = Q C J A = Q C K - M a p F o r
K A = Q C K A = Q C K A = Q C K A = Q C
S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r t o C o u n t 4 , 7 , 3 , 0 a n d 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y
C B
A
0
3
4 2
1 5
6
7
C B
A
0
3
4 2
1 5
6
7
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 X X X X 1 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X
1 1 1 1 X X X X 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X X X
K - M a p F o r
J B = 1 J B = 1 J B = 1 J B = 1 K - M a p F o r
K B = Q C K B = Q C K B = Q C K B = Q C
S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r t o C o u n t 4 , 7 , 3 , 0 a n d 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y
C B
A
0
3
4 2
1 5
6
7
C B
A
0
3
4 2
1 5
6
7
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X
1 1 1 1 X X X X 0 0 0 0 X X X X X X X X
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X 1 1 1 1 X X X X
K - M a p F o r
J C = Q A + Q B J C = Q A + Q B J C = Q A + Q B J C = Q A + Q B K - M a p F o r
K C = Q B K C = Q B K C = Q B K C = Q B
S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r t o C o u n t 4 , 7 , 3 , 0 a n d 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y
C B
A
0
3
4 2
1 5
6
7
C B
A
0
3
4 2
1 5
6
7
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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S t e p 5 : P e r f o r m C o u n t e r C i r c u i t S t e p 5 : P e r f o r m C o u n t e r C i r c u i t S t e p 5 : P e r f o r m C o u n t e r C i r c u i t S t e p 5 : P e r f o r m C o u n t e r C i r c u i t
B y u s i n g s i m p l i f i e d f u n c t i o n f r o m K - M a p , J A = Q C , K A = Q C , J A = Q C , K A = Q C , J A = Q C , K A = Q C , J A = Q C , K A = Q C ,
J B = 1 , K B = Q C , J C = Q A + Q B , K C = Q B J B = 1 , K B = Q C , J C = Q A + Q B , K C = Q B J B = 1 , K B = Q C , J C = Q A + Q B , K C = Q B J B = 1 , K B = Q C , J C = Q A + Q B , K C = Q B
' 1 ' / V d d ' 1 ' / V d d ' 1 ' / V d d ' 1 ' / V d d
S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r t o C o u n t 4 , 7 , 3 , 0 a n d 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y
J A Q A
K A Q A
J B Q B
K B Q B
J C Q C
K C Q C
C P , C P , C P , C P , C L O C K P U L S E C L O C K P U L S E C L O C K P U L S E C L O C K P U L S E
D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S
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S y n c h r o n o u s C o u n t e r
E x e r c i s e s :
� D e s i g n a c o u n t e r t o c o u n t i n t h e f o l l o w i n gD e s i g n a c o u n t e r t o c o u n t i n t h e f o l l o w i n gD e s i g n a c o u n t e r t o c o u n t i n t h e f o l l o w i n gD e s i g n a c o u n t e r t o c o u n t i n t h e f o l l o w i n gs e q u e n c e : 6 , 4 . 2 , 3 , 1 . s e q u e n c e : 6 , 4 . 2 , 3 , 1 . s e q u e n c e : 6 , 4 . 2 , 3 , 1 . s e q u e n c e : 6 , 4 . 2 , 3 , 1 .
� D e s i g n a c o u n t e r t o c o u n t i n t h e f o l l o w i n gD e s i g n a c o u n t e r t o c o u n t i n t h e f o l l o w i n gD e s i g n a c o u n t e r t o c o u n t i n t h e f o l l o w i n gD e s i g n a c o u n t e r t o c o u n t i n t h e f o l l o w i n gs e q u e n c e : 1 5 , 9 , 1 1 , 5 , 2 , 1 3 , 1 . s e q u e n c e : 1 5 , 9 , 1 1 , 5 , 2 , 1 3 , 1 . s e q u e n c e : 1 5 , 9 , 1 1 , 5 , 2 , 1 3 , 1 . s e q u e n c e : 1 5 , 9 , 1 1 , 5 , 2 , 1 3 , 1 .
� D o m o r e e x e r c i s e s i n P a s t Y e a r s E x a m P a p e r .
E n d O f T h i s T o p i c … . .
5 D I G I T A L E L E C T R O N I C S