corruption, an impediment to good governance in … · 2017. 9. 20. · corruption, an impediment...

Sahel Analyst: ISSN 1117-4668 5

CORRUPTION, AN IMPEDIMENT TO GOOD GOVERNANCE IN

NIGERIA

Oravee Aule, PhD1

Zayum, Solomon Sumumma2

ABSTRACT

The success of governance in Nigeria and elsewhere are dependent on how

citizens of the nation abhor corrupt behaviours. If the rulers and the ruled are

corrupt, it is usually difficult, if not impossible, for progress and development

to be experienced. The damage of the scourge of corruption to the economy

and the fabric of the society are seen in schools that are not built, hospitals

without medicine, the road that is not passable, and officials that cannot

discharge their occupational duties. The study has examined, among others,

the causes and effects of corruption on good governance in Nigeria using

qualitative analysis. Through the use of secondary information in journals,

textbooks, and the internet, the study observes that corruption and

mismanagement of resources have constrained good governance in the nation.

In order to reposition governance in the nation, the paper recommends,

among others, that anti-corruption agencies should be strengthened to

discharge their functions without fear or favour, the recalling of elected

officials who are found wanting should be in vogue to check corrupt habits by

politicians, and that only credible men and women should be appointed to the

governing board of public institutions, corporations and business to ensure

that public resources and assets therein are safeguarded and enhanced

rather than looted by their official custodians.

Keywords: Corruption, Development, Governance, Impediment, Nigeria,

Transparent.

1 Department of Business Administration, University of Agriculture, Makurdi Benue

State

Email: [email protected] 08063502340 2 Registry Department, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State. Email:

[email protected] GSM: 08034638023

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Sahel Analyst: Journal of Management Sciences (Vol.15, No.4, 2017), University of Maiduguri

Sahel Analyst: ISSN 1117-4668 Page 16

Introduction The public service is an important vehicle for national development in

Nigeria. It has the responsibility of initiating, formulating and implementing

policies, programmes and projects for socio-political and economic

development. The success of governance in the nation, and elsewhere,

therefore, depends on how effective, efficient and transparent are citizens in

the discharge of their official obligations. If the rulers and the ruled are

corrupt, it is usually difficult, if not impossible, for progress and development

to be experienced.

As a global phenomenon, corruption occurs in both the private and public

sector of the economy. It occurs when an individual is said to have illegally

and illicitly put personal interest above those of the people and the ideals he or

she is pledged to serve. It could involve promises, threats, or both and can be

initiated by a public servant or a client. Corruption could also involve the act

of omission and commission by an individual in the discharge of his assigned

obligation. Typical of corruption include bribery, embezzlement,

misappropriation, nepotism indiscipline, etc. sometimes, it is difficult

differentiating corruption from the normal. For example, in many societies in

Nigeria, it is difficult differentiating a gift from a bribe and it all depends on

the laws and customs of that society.

Corruption is more pronounced in the developing nations (Osagede, 2015) and

hence remains an impediment to good governance and sustainable

development. It erodes the socio-economic and political value of any nation.

The damage of the scourge of corruption to the economy and the fabric of the

society, according to Usman (2013), Ribadu (2013) and Adebayo (2013) are

seen in schools that are not build, the hospitals without medicine, the roads

that are not passable and the failure of our citizens to be inspired. The inability

of President Goodluck Jonathan to bring one of his Ministers (Mrs. Daziani A.

Maduake) to book on corruption charges (Malaye, 2013) and the primitive

accumulation of wealth by President Obasanjo, who assumed office in 1999 as

a poor politician (all his bank account amounted to about N20, 000), but after

eight years refurbished and expanded his poultry farm at Ota to be now worth

millions of naira (Oluwasanmi, 2007) have not inspired and endeared the

ruled to the government of the day, Malaye (2013) further reported. Because

of its sheer scale and level, corruption is no longer secret; it is celebrated

(Aleminka, 2012).

The ravaging effect of corruption constitutes a big challenge to good

governance in the country. Thus, every government since 1975 has introduced

elaborate laws and programmes to checkmate corruption; only for officials of

such laws/programmes to turn such into a fertile opportunity for corrupt

practices and enrichment. As a result, corruption is growing geometrically in

Corruption, an Impediment to Good Governance in Nigeria

Sahel Analyst: ISSN 1117- 4668 Page 17

the country (Adeshina, 2015). Some of the anti-corruption bodies that have

been established in the country are Corrupt Practices Bureau (1975), the Code

of Conduct Bureau (1979), Public Complaint Commission, and the Public

Accounts Commission, et cetera. Sometimes, the government sponsor media

campaigns against corrupt behaviours through War Against Indiscipline

(WAI), Mass Mobilisation for Social and Economic Recovery (MAMSER).

All these appear to have failed in checking the menace of corruption in the

country.

The central theme of the argument is that corruption has been instrumental to

bad governance in the country as it permeates and pervades every facet of the

society. Against this backdrop, the paper sets to examine the causes and

consequences of the social malady (corruption) on good governance in

Nigeria and to offer solutions to end its menace so that the Nation can grow

and develop.

Conceptual Issues

Corruption

Corruption is not easy to define because of an objective analysis of what it is.

Most discussions on the concept tend to generate emotions rather than

shedding light on the subject itself. As much as people talk about corruption in

clubs, on transit in vehicles, in beer parlous and other public gatherings,

incidents of corruption transactions are hardly documented. However, Anding

and Fjelstad (2011) define corruption as a complex and multifaceted

phenomenon with multiple causes and effects, as it takes on various forms and

contexts.

According to the United Nations (2012), corruption is the abuse of power for

private gain. Similarly, the World Bank (1998) defines corruption as the abuse

of office for private gain. The Transparency International sees corruption as

the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. Public office is abused for

private gain when an official accepts, solicits or extort bribes. A public office

could also be abused when private agents actively offer bribes to circumvent

public offices and processes for competitive advantages or profit.

A public official, as observed by Oravee (2016) can also be abused for

personal benefit even if no bribery occurs, through patronage and nepotism,

the theft of state assets, or diversion of public resources. These underlines

public trust whether the person concerned is elected, selected, nominated or

appointed; and it does not matter whether the person affected holds office or

not since anybody can be corrupt (Usman, 2013).



Good Governance

The concept of good governance has gained currency in societal discourse as a

result of contributions by scholars, and mostly International Financial

Institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF)

which consider good governance as the exercise of political power to promote

the public good or welfare of the people (Babawale, 2003). The public good

provided by good governance, according to Nwabueze (2002:8) embraces “the

norms and values of a free, fair, ordered and law-governed society as well as

those of happiness and good life”. This implies that good governance is the

effective process of leading the society, with the capacity of those concerned

to deliver services in terms of policy formulation and implementation, all

geared towards improving the living conditions of the ordinary people.

Without good governance, the rule of law, predictable administration,

legitimate power, and responsive regulation, no amount of funding, no amount

of charity will set us on the path of prosperity (UNDP, 1997).

The state, through governance processes, becomes an umpire, an arbiter

setting the standards and rules of the game to serve the interest of the society

since it is set up to perform that role (Olaitan, 1997). Corroborating this

viewpoint, Jega (1994:102) defined good governance as a desirable social and

political process involving the following basic elements: Responsibility and

responsiveness in leadership and in public service; Accountability in the

mobilisation as well as in the utilisation of resources; Discipline, effectiveness

and efficiency in handling public (as well as personal affairs); Selflessness

and impartial service to the people; and Popular participation and

empowerment of the people in the conduct and management of their own

affairs.

The above conceptualisation portends that good governance encompasses

processes wherein, public resources and problems are managed effectively,

efficiently and in response to critical needs of the society. This implies

effective public administration in relation to public policy formulation and

implementation in a bid to attain a high level of economic stability in the

society concerned. It also encapsulates issues of equity, justice and fair play in

the distribution of goods and services, and also to promote and enhance the

quality of life of people irrespective of their class, race and religion.

Theoretical Framework

The study adopts the principal-agent theory advanced by neo-classical

economist as an alternative to modernisation theory. In the view of these

theorists, corruption amounts to the principal-agent problem (Abu, 2007). In

this case, it is the state which is the principal that entrusts the task of

allocating rights to appropriate resources to its agents, i.e the administrators

whose responsibility is to coordinate capital projects towards executing some



development projects instead of siphoned and misappropriated for self-

enrichment of few group of undesirable public officials and their cronies to

the detriment of the populace and national development. This means that there

would be no corruption if the state had nothing useful for the private interests

to allocate selectively.

Methodology The paper is theoretical in nature and draws its argument from secondary data

such as journal publications, textbooks, and the internet. With the use of

qualitative research design, the study explored how corruption has hampered

good governance in the nation and proffered solutions therein.

Discussions of Findings

Classification of Corruption in Nigeria

Corruption can be broadly classified into two:- private corruption and public

corruption. Private corruption exists if individuals outside government

organisations commit acts of immorality (pervasion, a show of dementia, and

acts of fraud or scamming) loot, partake in acts of fraud in their companies, or

colludes with those in government to perpetrate sharp financial practices

(Osagede, 2015). It manifests in Nigeria as everyday bribery to obtain desired

objective‟s, breaking of traffic laws, piracy, plagiarism, alteration of school

grades, illegal inflation of petroleum pump prices by dealers, robbery, sexual

gratification for higher grades or promotion, et cetera.

Public corruption takes place in government or by government officials and

their accomplices in the private sector. Thus, persons in positions of authority

exploit such positions to take from their clients. Public corruption has the

following dimensions:- political corruption, Bureaucratic corruption, military

corruption and other forms of institutional corruption as experienced in the

media and entertainment industries.

Political corruption is perpetuated in the three arms of government in a

democratic rule, namely executive, legislative and judiciary. Corruption at this

level is the highest because it involves state fund. This manifests in issues of

personal and primordial attachments in the appointment, the award of the

contract, as well as inflation of contract monies, embezzlement and

misappropriation of funds by the executive body.

The legislative body can also indulge in corruption, for instance when it

forsakes its oversight functions against the executive and judicial arms of

government. The judiciary also becomes vulnerable when it looks away from

an obvious case of crime, tries to downplay the varsity of a crime, or commits

a travesty of justice for a particular political interest. In recent times, the

Federal Court of Appeal has been in a state of crisis leading to the suspension



of its president on alleged complicity in election cases involving some western

states which the president was said to have served the interest of a political

party (Agbu, 2003).

Bureaucratic corruption involves technocrats and civil as well as public

servants who implement government policies. The corruption at this level is

the worst as the allocation, release and use of money is executed by

government officials. The bureaucrats are the ones that propose and submit

financial needs of the units or projects and they are the ones that transfer and

effect payment. Corruption at this point, according to Buhari (2015) becomes

rife. We have heard cases of heads of ministries and parastatals arraigned

before competent courts and tribunals on charges of high-profile theft and

fraud. Bureaucratic corruption in Nigeria also manifests in favouritism and

nepotism in appointment, promotion and reward systems in public offices as

some people get rapid promotion on the basis of the family, friendship, ethnic

or religious affiliations to the boss; while others never get a promotion

because of such frivolous considerations.

The military which saw itself as a correction regime struck into politics in

January 1966 to clear the nation of bad leadership and festering corruption.

However, we all know that the counter-coup of July in the same year was an

ethnic-motivated coup meant to avenge the assassination of some persons of

Northern extraction in the first coup. With this mentality, the professionalism

that formed the fulcrum of the “corrective‟‟ notion of the institution began to

fade out as corruption gradually crept in. By 1971, the army had become

debased as all sorts of allegations were raised against General Gowon‟s

ministers and state governors. This became worse with the Babangida and

Abacha regimes which came under the spotlight as the two most corrupt

leadership in Nigeria (Folarin, 2014).

The other forms of institutional corruption include that in the media and

entertainment industries and even in the labour movement. The media in

Nigeria is particularly known for the graft or “brown envelope” syndrome in

which news report is only publishable when certain individuals or group in the

story pay their way; or when an image publishing is done for those who can

pay the reporter for it; or negative stories are stepped down when money has

been paid to destroy such story (Osagede, 2015). Similarly, in the

entertainment industry, persons for musical or movie audition may have to

“sort” or “settle” with money or sexual gratification to be given roles in films

even when they are good or very bad. Labour groups are sometimes

compromised by the government not to embark on industrial action or to

betray the cause of the movement by “sorting” labour leaders through the

fattening of their accounts (Folarin, 2014.



Features of Good Governance

Scholars (Simbine, 2004, Onyishi, 2010 and Madhav 2007) have identified

Participation, Transparency, Responsiveness, Effectiveness and Efficiency,

Accountability, Rule of Law, Consensus-Oriented, and Equity and

Inclusiveness as features of good governance in Nigeria. Participation

involves freedom of association and expression, on one hand, and an

organised civil society on the other hand (Onyishi, 2010). Participation is

where citizens are engaged in formulating, implementing and evaluating

policies that affect them (Simbine, 2004). The need for participation exists for

the citizenry to contribute in governance, to help regulate individual conducts

in the society and provide for the good of the people in Nigeria (Madhav,

2007).

Transparency is concerned with the taking and enforcement of decisions in a

manner that follows rules and regulations. It is the available information

directly accessible to the affected by such decisions and their enforcement

(Sharma, 2006). Transparency also means that leaders in the Nation allow for

public scrutiny of what they do while in public office; the citizens attend

public meetings and are free to obtain information on what happens in public

offices, who makes what decisions and why are steps taken towards

accountability of the rulers. Responsiveness means that policy decisions

respond to popular needs and expectations; it is the fundamental interest and

ultimate purpose that defines the actions of government to represent the needs

of Nigerian people (Ojo, 2009). It ensures that public institutions serve all

stakeholders within a reasonable time frame.

Effectiveness and Efficiency are when an institution makes the best use of

resources at its disposal. It covers the sustainable use of natural resources of

the environment; governance at the local government level makes adequate

values derived from government resources committed to government

programmes to achieve results for the needs of the society and use the

available resources at its disposal for development (Carsten, 2005).

Accountability is the responsibility to account for stewardship to the authority

and the people; this conforms to whom powers and responsibilities are

delegated. Accountability can be enforced with transparency, rule of law and

constitutionality (Potter, 2000). Accountability implies that those who will be

affected by decisions and actions in the nation are those appointed or elected,

and the personnel that man the institutions or stakeholders.

Rule of Law is the legal framework enforced impartially to protect human

rights particularly the minorities in the nation. The enforcement of laws

requires an independent judiciary and incorruptible police force to guarantee

basic fundamental human rights. An incorruptible law enforcement agency is

the pre-requisite for good governance in Nigeria (Sharma, 2006). Consensus



oriented is where the interest of people in Nigeria varies, and good

governance requires that this interest should be harmonised. The Nation must,

therefore, reach broad-based consensus on the best interest of the whole

community and how it can be achieved. This is a long-term process on the

need for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such

development (Simbine, 2004; Onyishi, 2010). Equity and inclusive involves

existing if citizens in the Nation are treated equally to have a stake in

governance, not to feel excluded in the society. It requires the inclusiveness of

all groups such as the minority groups in a multi-ethnic society like Nigerian

(Pryor, 2003). It entails equality before the law, and equality to realise

individual capacities without regard to one‟s race, gender, ethnic background,

religion or whatsoever.

Implications of Corruption on Good Governance in Nigeria

Corruption is poisonous to good governance in Nigeria (Aleminka, 2012) this

is because it increases the cost of administration through inflation of contracts,

cost supplies, kickbacks and the procurement/purchase of sub-stand, and or

fake items for public use. The situation becomes worse when the public

service ends up being something akin to a social security organisation; just

giving jobs to people to earn a living without thinking about their

qualifications and experience, and what they can contribute towards the

attainment of the goals of the government and the society. The great purge of

the public service in the 1970s (Abayol, 1998) and the multiplicity of electoral

violence and court cases occasioned by fraudulent electoral practices of the

April 14 & 21 general elections in 2007 (Ibokwe, 2007 & Lai, 2007), for

example are corrupt behaviours that have constrained good governance in

Nigeria.

Ijewareme and Dunmade (2014) had noted that corruption has largely retarded

the quest for sustainable growth and development in Nigeria because it has

undermined democratic values of trust, the credibility of the government, and

good governance, and distorts quality in policymaking. Corruption in Nigeria

slows down the pace of good governance because it weakens efficiency and

effectiveness of public service and discourages genuine prospective investors.

Also, corruption and mismanagement of public funds have a direct bearing on

Nigeria‟s collapsing infrastructure like potable water, security, good road

networks, standard education, health facilities, justice, employment and other

challenges which are interconnected (Ribadu, 2013). The issue of getting

share of the so-called National cake through corruption has crept into the

operation of Lower Benue River Basin Development Authority and National

Poverty Eradication Programme (NPEP), such that money meant for projects,

farmers and the general public have gone to politicians and nobles who have

enriched themselves at the detriment of the organisations and the entire

society (Oravee, 2015). Corruption remains the biggest barrier to ending



extreme poverty and stands in the way of progress in the development of all

areas mentioned here:- preventing funds reaching healthcare and education,

limiting individual abilities to access jobs and social benefits, corroding

systems of law and stopping aid working effectively in the poorest parts of the

world (Adebayo, 2013).

As corruption diverts public resources into private pockets, it changes the

values of hard work and industry to unproductive behaviour dominated by

excessive greed, cutting corners, sharp practices and all kinds of illegal means

to build financial empires at the detriment of others. The leadership from 1960

has criminally managed the country‟s affairs, accumulated wealth at the

expense of national development and throwing the people over the precipice

where they now wallow in absolute poverty, illiteracy, hunger, rising

unemployment, avoidable health crisis and insecurity (Ebegulem, 2012). The

former president Olusegun Obasanjo assumed office in 1999 as a poor

politician (all his bank accounts amounted to about N20,000), but after eight

years later he had refurbished and expanded a derelict agricultural (poultry)

farm at Ota in Ogun State to be now worth hundreds of millions of naira

(Oluwasanmi, 2007).

Apart from the poultry farm, Obasanjo now possesses educational institutions

that run from primary level to university; he now has over two hundred

millions of shares in various conglomerates, most especially Transcorp

Nigeria Limited (Oluwasanmi, 2007). His efforts at combating corruption

made little or no impact in the war against political corruption as his friends

and officials under him were corrupt (Ebegbulem, 2012; Oluwasanmi, 2007).

Apart from the above, the people of Nigeria and the world over had observed

the low credibility of the past Goodluck Jonathan‟s administration. New

Times Newspaper of May 6th

, 2014 describes him as “leading a corrupt

government that has little credibility (Moris, 2015). Falana (2012) opines that

under president Goodluck administration, “some of the governors and his

party members under investigation posted their orderlies and relations to man

departments in the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC).

Falana further posits that corruption under president Goodluck was carried

with impunity as Mrs. Daziani Allison Madueke, the Minister of petroleum,

for instance, who was indicted for corruption by five different investigation

panel committee report at different times remained in charge of the ministry

unperturbed (Malaye, 2013), without the president demonstrating political will

to bring her to book.

Corruption is also a strong factor that has led to politics becoming one of the

most lucrative „‟industries‟‟ in the country (Oravee, 2016). Political offices

and appointments in the public service are seen as avenues to amass wealth



rather than service to the people. The primitive accumulation of wealth by

President Obasanjo and neglect of official responsibility by President

Goodluck Jonathan as captured by Oluwasanmi (2007) and Oravee (2016) in

the above expositions are evidence to this fact. This agrees with Mackintosh's

(1965: 21) assertion “To win an election means that you, your village, tribe or

region obtain all the top posts, the lucrative contracts. The road is tarred,

scholarships are provided, wells are dug, and new forms of industry

introduced. To lose is to surrender not only the good things but many of the

necessities of life’’.

This has compromised the morale and standards of the people in the public

service in Nigeria. Corruption has, in fact, eroded respect for Nigerian leaders

and weakens people‟s trust in government as our leaders are not able to lead

by good examples.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Corruption has thwarted good governance in Nigeria. Therefore, there is a

dearth of resources for investment in the social, economic and overall cultural

development of the masses of her people. Consequently, a country recognised

as one of the richest in Africa, and indeed the whole world paradoxically finds

itself in an inglorious unfortunate situation (Edoh, 2003). In order to roll back

the escalating phenomenon of corruption in our public life, the following are

therefore recommended:-

First and foremost, the rulers and the ruled should shun corruption out-rightly.

Corruption-fighting institutions such as the EFCC, ICPC, and Code of

Conduct Bureau among others should be strengthened to discharge their

functions without fear or favour. Effective leadership should be encouraged

and ensured in the provision of physical infrastructure, improved social

environment and proper handling of available resources to enhance the living

standards of the masses. In fact, people in governance positions should see

themselves as servants of the people and not the other way round. They should

contribute positively to the growth and development of their societies through

good examples.

The government should also empower the masses through skills acquisition

and human resources development so that they can be gainfully employed in

productive ventures. The National Orientation Agency (NOA) should embark

on rigorous education and value orientation and re-orientation aimed at

checkmating corruption and reposition governance for the overall good of the

citizenry. Apart from the above, the constitutional entrenchment of the

principle that the Nigerian people in their respective constituencies have the

power to recall at any point in time any elected official who has been found by

due process to abuse or betray the people‟s mandate should be in vogue.



Where this, elected officials who are found wanting will be called to order

through the recall process.

The constitutional requirement that only men and women with proven ability

and integrity should be appointed to the governing boards of public

institutions, corporations and businesses to ensure that the public resources

and assets therein will be safeguarded and enhanced rather than looted and

squandered by their official custodians should be strengthened and

maintained.

There should be strict adherence to freedom of information as an entrenched

legal norm to include the following: (i) The requirement of an open

declaration of assets by all public officers, on entering and leaving office

irrespective of rank or status. Such asset declaration should be available for

verification and monitoring by any interested citizen. (ii) Open and

uninhibited access by interested citizens to all documents relating to, or

dealing with any aspect of public policy, (this will mean, effectively, the death

of all secrecy laws, behind which past and present governments have covered

all manner of crimes against the people). (iii)s The constitutional

entrenchment of the principle of independence of the judiciary and the

insulation of the principle of independence of the judiciary and the insulation

of the appointment and tenure of judges from interference by political

decision-makers whose conducts might be subject to adjudication by the

courts should be applied strictly. These, if adhered to will curtail sharp and

corrupt practices in the Nigeria governance environment and pave way for

socio-economic and political development.

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